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1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

HI 


THE   WORKS 


or 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT 


■ 


^^ 


THE    WORKS 


at 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT 


VOLUME   XXIV 


HISTORY   OF   CALIFORNIA 

Vol.  VII.     18(50- 1890 


SAN     FRANCISCO 
THE   HISTORY   COMPANY,  PUBLISHERS 

1890 


Entered  apcordinR  to  Art  of  ronRross  in  the  Year  1890,  by 

HUBERT  H.  BANCROFT, 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librnrian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


Til 


All  liitjhta  R(;nerved. 


Lea 


Cere 


T 


CONTENTS  OF  THIS  VOLUME. 


PAQB 


CHAPTER  I, 

TUE  UEVELOPME.Vr  01'  AaiiicaLTnitK, 

1709- 1889. 

ThoTlirec  Great  Branches,  Grass  Grain,  an,l  Fruit-Thc  Ago  of  Grass' 
— Pro-Amoricaii  Pariuing-Proccssej  an.l  ProLluots-Exhaustion  of 
Soil-Fanning  an.l  Macliinery-Irrigation-Arte.si.in  Welh-Ripa- 
nan  liigl.ts-Drougl.ts-Floods-Pests-Cl.mates  and  Soil.^-Tem- 
peraturo  and  Raiatalls-Coufigurations  as  Affecting  Agriculture ...       1 

CHAPTER    ir. 

CEREALS  AND     OTHER     rnODCCT.S. 

184S-18S9. 

Leading  Staples-Wheat  ami  Barley-Oats  and  Com- Yield-Effect  of 
Irrigati,.n-R.ce-Condition3  of  Culture-Quality-Vcgetal.lcs- 
C.>tton-FIax-Tho  .Sdkworin  Excitoment-Etroct  of  Le<rislation 
on  Sericulture- Fiasco  in  Tobacco  -Mustard-«ugar ° 2i 

CHAPTER  III. 


FRUIT-GROWING   AND  (1RAPE.S. 

1709-1889. 

Cere3  an,l  Pomona-Italy  Excelled-Comparativo  Yield-Fruit  Season 
and  flavor-Products  and  Pests-Drying  and  Canning-Shipping 
-tarm  Orchards- Apples-Citrus  Fruits-The  Orange-Pcars- 
Cost  of  Cultivation-Scale  fn.liction-Figs-Almonds  and  Other 
Nuts-The  Olive-Berriea-The  Grape-Wine-uiaking-Raisins- 
b  lowers  and  Forest  Trees ,o 

tJO 

(V) 


VI 


CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER  IV. 


I  I 


LIVESTOt^K. 


17G9-1889. 


PAOB 


Pasture  Cultivation — Eastern  Grass  and  Alfalfa — Early  iStoek -raising — 
Cattle  ami  Slieep — Notable  llanges  — Milk  and  Choeiie — Horses — 
linpi'ovuiiieiit  of  Breeds — Mules  and  Oxen — Wool-growing-Cloats — 
Swine — Poultry —The  Honey  llee — Agrieultural  Societies — Patrons 
of  Huahandry — The  Grange  System — Fanners'  Protective  Union 
League r>2 


CHAPTER  V. 


MANMTFACTURES. 

1848-1889. 

Mis.<ion  Work — Agricultural  and  Mining  Manufactures— High  Wages 
— Iron  and  Lead  Works — Luniuer  and  Leather — Pottery  and 
Paper— Conditions  and  Climate -Material- -Forest  Trees — Saw- 
mills—Cliarcoal — Pliiaing-mills — Siiip-luiiUliiig- Dry-dock — Wagons 
— Cooperage  and  Box-making — Willow- ware — Brooms — Furniture 
— Billiard  Tables  -Pianos  — Fisli-curing—  Wiialing  —Oysters — Flour 
— Confectionery — Beer  —  Spirits— Fruit-canning  —  Meat-puckiui;  — 
Sugar  and  Tobacco — Wool,  Cotton,  and  Silk — Clotliirig — Leather — 
Miscellaneous  Articles — Soap — Iron — Jewelry — G'ass  an<i  Clay 
Works — Soda— Powder tiS 


CHAPTER  VI. 


FOREIGN    COMMKRCE. 


1848-1889. 


Early  Trading  Vessels — EflFect  of  Gold  Discovery — Fluctuations  in 
Prices — At  the  Mines — Folly  of  Eastern  Shippers — First  to  Arrive 
— Influx  of  Vessels — Alternate  Scarcity  and  Plethora  of  Merchan- 
dise— Revival  of  Mining — Wages  and  Prices — Imports  and  Exports 
— Social  Influence  and  Trade  Revolutions  — Treasure  Export  -Trade 
Channels — Abandoned  Vessels  of  the  Argonauts — Advent  of  Clipper 
Ships — Ocean  Steamers — Later  Developments 102 


CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER  VII. 


fU 


ising — 
orses — 
roats — 
'atrons 
Union 


INLAND   ANI)    OVEKLAM)  TIUFKIC. 

1848-1888. 


Coastwise  Commorco— In  the  Bay— On  tho  Sacramento— Pioneer  Steam- 
boats—Heads  of  Navigation— California  Steam  Navigation  Com- 
paiiy—Coast  Lines— Shipwrecks,  Collisions,  ami  Explosions -Coa-t 
anil  liiver  Surveys— Harbor  Improvements— Liglithoiises— Custom 
House  Affairs— Revenue  Districts  and  Collectors— Roads,  Ferries, 
and  Bridges— Overland  and  Interior  Postal  Service— Tijo  Ex)'ross 
Businesa— fc)tag«  Liucs— Pack-trains— Telegraph  Linoa 

CHAPTEIl  VIII. 


rAHK 


130 


iVages 
'■  and 
-Saw- 
i^agons 
nituro 
Flour 

LiUi,'  — 

iher — 
Clay 


ts  m 
.rrive 
L'han- 
porta 
i'rade 
ipper 


nUaiNESS   METHODS   AND  ClIAnAOTERISTICS. 

1848-1888. 

Cliannels  of  Tradu — Auction  Houses— Business  Organizations— Insur- 
ance—Banking— Disastersaiid  Revivals- Savings  Institutions-  ( Jold 
Dust  and  Assay  OHices— Private  Coinage— Variations  in  Values— 
The  Mint— Speculative  Spirit  of  the  Flush  Times— Interior  Trade- 
Credit  System -Commercial  Catastrophes  and  Failures— Express 
and  Banking  Houses- Adams  and  Company  Failure— Mining  Stock 
Gambling— Its  Power  and  Influence— Its  Fall  and  Attend  mt  Disas- 
ters —  Biograpliy ^ j5- 

CHAPTER  IX. 

CRIMINAL   AND  JUmt'IAI,. 

1849-1879. 

Creation  of  Courts— Their  Powe  •  and  Position —Legislators.  Lawyers, 
Judges,  and  (Jovernors,  tlie  Laemies  of  tho  People  and  tiio  Friends 
of  Criminals- Early  Judges— An.l  yet  there  Iiave  been  Honest  men 
on  the  Bench— Weak  and  Unprincipled  Governors— California 
the  Murderers'  Paradise-Tho  Xohle  Profession  of  Highwayman- 
California  Banditti— Judges  who  sliouhl  liavc  been  Hanged— Pros- 
titution of  the  Pardoning  Power j^j 

CHAPTER  X. 

THE   JUWCIAHY. 

1850-1872. 

The  First  Supreme  Court-Personnel  of  tlie  Judges- Influence  on 
Opmion— Evils  of  au  Elective  Judiciary-Character  of  Cases  to  be 


YiU 


CONTRMTS. 


FAOI 


Dctcrininod,  and  Tiifluonccon  ImUntry— Land  and  Mining  Intcrosts 

-  KilocL  (pf  till!  Aniciidt'il  ComtiLiituin  -Ft'ilural  (-'ourti  iu  Cilifoi-nia 

—  i'liu  Mnniuipality  and   tin.-  CiUHolidatiou   Act — Puoblo   Lands — 
Coiupilatiou  uf  tliu  Luwij , , , , , 220 


CHAPTER  XI. 

LOYALTV,    Oil   DISUNION    AND   A    PACIFIC   IlKPUBLIO. 
1800. 

Tho  Legislature — Gwin-Wollcr  C'oinliination — Latham's  Policy  and 
Administration — Fcdural  Dissolution  and  State  Division  Lccomp- 
ton  and  Other  Conventions — A  Political  tVisin— Federal  Parties 
anil  Politics— Fight  for  Hrocklnridgo — The  San  Francisco  liidkhuad 
Scare — (Jhango  of  Constitution  and  Division  of  tho  State  -New  Elec- 
tijn — The  Statu  Loyal  to  tliu  Uuiuu, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 231 


CHAPTER  XII. 


PERIOD   OF   CIVIL   WAIl. 


18Gl-18(i5. 


Attitude  of  the  Legislature— Sentiment  of  tho  People — Tlie  Crisis — Loy- 
alty and  Disloyalty — More  of  the  Pacilic  Repuhlic — Representatives 
in  Washington — Parties  and  Politics— State  Rigiits  and  Secession — 
The  Pulpit  and  tho  Press — Coast  l)efcnscs — Conspiracies — Army 
and  Navy— Men  and  Money— Green  .cks  and  (iold  -More  Govern- 
ors and  Legislatures — Clubs  and  Conventions — News  of  the  Death 
oi  ijiucuiUt iiffiift*iitiiftf>iffiitf«t»*tiitifii**itfii***<<***  ^7o 


CHAPTER  XIII. 


PA.ITY   CUANOE8. 

1865-1868. 

Introduction  of  tho  Primary  System— The  People's  Party— Short  Hairs 
and  Long  Hairs — Bearing  of  the  Currency  Question — Tho  Boys  and 
the  Bosses— Death  of  the  Union  Party — The  Central  Pacific— Na- 
tional Republican  Party — Democracy  in  the  Ascendant — Legisla- 
tures, Representatives,  and  Governors — Conventions  tand  Elections 
^Taxation,  I^Iongoliani3nl,  and  Monopoly — Municipal  Politics 315 


COXTKXTS. 

ciiAiTEii  xrv. 


C1IINK8K,,     liri.;    I,\ii()i;   ACITATIU.N,    AND    roi.ITICS. 

1S03-1877. 


PAaa 


Coming  of  tho  Mongol ian.-Nnt  Wclconio  in  California- Attitude  of  tho 
Miner.-Di.sg.isting  an.l  Altogether  Dan.nai.le  Long  hut  Powerless 
Log.alatiou  Against  'J  l.em  Trcatie .  an.l  Comniissioni-Our  Masters 
of  tho  Ilo,l  an.l  .Shov.l-Koarn..yis„,-M„„opoli.st3  Dcnouncc.l  - 
San.ll,.t  .Si,eeche,--Ri„t3  nn.l  Arrest. -Safety  Con.mittoe-Lal.or 
Organuati„ns-Tho  Workingn.ou'.  Party  JJeoon.e.a  Power  Doclino 
of  Com.nuni..n-Moro  liicctioua,  Legislature.,  uud  Kci«c.cutativos  m 


CHAPTER    XV. 


THE    .•,!AV  CONSTITnTIoN. 

JG78-137a 

Proi.oscl  Constitufonr-l  Convontion-Dcicet.-,  of  tho  Con.tltut.on  of  1849 
-Non.cth.ng  ])i<r.:ent  Doairod  by  the  Freo-aml-oasy  Ruling  ¥.,,. 
oignor5-L,co:i  o  Vcr.us  Lil.erty-Attitiule  of  Kean,.;y  an.l  His 
Work,„g,nen'.  iV.rty- A.-t ,  of  iho  Cnvcntion-Provi.ions  of  the 
New  (,o..t.tut.ou_B.ll  of  Rights- Legislaturc-Appropriationv- 
D.vorce.-Lotterie.~Publie!)el,ts-Brii,ery-E.xeeutu-e-Ju.liciary 
-lax-at.on-Cori,orations-Railway,s-Chinese-K,lueation-Lahor 
-Mun.eipaht.o.-A.loptionancl  Workings  of  the  Now  Constitution- 
1  crsonnel  of  tho  Convention .„q 


CHAPTKR   XVI. 


POLITICAL  IIISTORy. 

1 879-1 SS9. 
Under  the  New  Constitution-State  Elections-San  Francisco  Charter 
-Munu.pal  Mattcrs-Our  Imported  Rulers-Legislation  under  the 
iNew  Regime-Irrigation  and  Riparian  Rights-An  Elective  Judi- 
ciary-Lxtra  Session  of  the  Legislature-Party  Issues-Grave 
yuestion.:-('„„test  for  the  Unite.l  State.  Senatorship-Brief  Period 
of  Qu.et-California  as  a  Type-I)i.turl,auoo  '  the  Public  Miud- 
«an,e3  of  Cmnties-Financo.-Fcd.ral  Expen.litures-Tu.lustrial 
Jinterpnse-Iaunigratiou-  Now  E;-a  of  D.; vclopnieut .  407 


CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER   XVII. 


MILITARY. 

1848-1888. 


TAOE 


California  Under  Military  Rule— Desertions— Quarters  and  Reservations 
—Lighthouses — Companies  Formed— Indian  Troubles — Posts  Estab- 
lished— Departments — Vigilance  Committee  Matters — War  for  the 
Union — Coast  Defences ^5 


hi 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

EXTERMINATICN   OF  TUB  INDIANS. 

1849-1887. 

Beating  up  the  Game — Treatment  by  Mexicans  and  Americans — Some 
So-called  Fighting — Congressional  Attitude  and  Action — Outrages 
and  Retaliations — United  States  Law  oi  Compensation — End  ot 
Indian  Affairs  and  End  of  the  Indians 474 


Oi 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

INCEPTION   OF  BAILWAY  ROUTES. 

1S32-18G2. 

Early  Transcontinental  Expeditions — Wagon-road  Projects — First  Rail- 
roads in  America — Agitations  and  Projects  for  an  Overland  Railway 
—Carver,  Plumbe,  Whitney,  Wilkes,  and  Others — Tiie  States  Mov- 
ing— Meetings  and  Conventions — The  Question  in  Congress— Pacific 
Railroad  Bills— The  Act  of  18G2 495 


Oil 


CHAPTER  XX. 


RAILROADS — CENTRAL   PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 

1852-1888. 


Organization  and  Legislation — Routes  and  Surveys — Action  of  Congress 
— Finances  and  Construction — Central  Pacific  and  Union  Pacific — 
Stock  Subscriptions  and  iSubsidies — Other  Roads •  <  t  <  t .  534 


r&OE 


ons 
;ab- 
the 


445 


CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER    XXI. 

UAILROADS— SOUTHERN    PACIFIC   SYSTEM. 

18G5-1888. 


XI 


I'AGB 


Incorporation  an.l  Charter-Relations  to  the  Central  Pacific-Legislation 
-^orl.a  Bnena  Tslan.l  as  a  Tennin.m-t'onsoli.ktion  of  Railroad 
Interests  m  Cahfr.rnia-EffcM.t  uj.on  H„.sinoss  an.l  Politics  593 


CHAPTER   XXII. 


[>me 

igea 
1  ot 


474 


MINING    AND    MINING    STOCKS. 
1 851 -1889. 


Ongm  and  Development  of  Quartz  Mining-Hydraulic  Mining-Effects 
Arising  from  Hy.lraulic  Debris-River-bed  Mining-Silver  Mining 
-\ield  of  Gold  and  Silver-Cost  and  Returns-Other  Metals  and 
Mmerals-Mmeral  Spriugs-Stock  Boards  and  Stock  Gambling. . .  636 


Rail- 
way 
lov- 
cific 
...   495 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 

rEOfJRESS  OF  HAN   FRANCISCO. 

1857-1889. 

City  and  County-Fraser  River  Excitement-Traffic  and  Improvements 
-Street  Railways-Effect  of  Floods,  Eartli.,uakes.  and  Overland 
Railway-Ev.l  Inrtuenee  of  Politicians-Stock  and  Labor  J^xcite- 
ments     Inflations  and  Depressions-Fu*"re  of  the  Metropolis  082 


CHAPTER   XXIV. 


;rcs8 
fie— 


534 


POPPLATIilN    AND    SOCIKTY. 


1849-1889. 


Early  Arrivals— Interc 


ommnnication-Dcclinc  and  Advance- National- 


;^.es  --Hea  th  and  D.eases-Beiievolent  In^im.:  Hv. Z  L 
Domestic  Life  Amusements- Drinking  and  Gambliu.- Mi  .  „, 
^^ck  Mania-Distinetivo   Traits-  E.U.cat.on-Art  -^^  ll^tera    r' 


iigion. 


095 


xU 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER   XXV. 


KECKNl'   lAKNTS. 


18S9-1890. 


Legislation — The  Judiciary— Police  and  Crime — Governor  Waterinan's 
Adiniuistratiou — Public  Inivrovcments— State  text-books— Farming 
— Irrigation — Fruit-rai.siiig  and  Fruit  Sliipnients— Wino-niaking — 
Raisins — Stock-raising — Tlic  Iron-niouldcrs'  Strike—  Ship-building 
— Railroad  Indebtedness — Alining — Commerce  and  Banking — Real 
Estate — Progress  and  Prospects 7:i4 


HISTORY   OF    CALIFORNIA 


CHAPTER   I 

THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE 

17C9-1889 

The  Tiirff.  Onicvr  Branches,  Grass,  Graix,  and  Fruit— The  Age  of 
Grass— Pre-Ajierican  Farming— Processes  and  Products— Exhaus- 
TioN  of  Soil— Farming  Machinery— Irrkjation— Artesian  Wells- 
Riparian  Rights— Droughts— Floods— Pests— Climates  and  Soils 
—Temperature  and  Rainfalls— Configurations  as  Affecting  Aori- 

CULTURE. 

After  the  close  of  the  pastoral  period,  the  three 
groat  products  of  California  were  successively  gold, 
gram   and  fruit.     Grass,  gold,  and  grain  have  each 
had  their  day,  and  the  epoch  of  fruit  and  the  vine 
IS  upon  us.     These  dominant  developments  had  each 
their  collateral  industries.     Thus  the  grazing  period, 
which  nourished  during  the  pastoral  times  prior  to 
the  gokl  discoveries,  was  attended  by  the  hide  and 
tallow  trade,  which  for  three  quarters  of  a  century 
constituted  the  basis  of  inland  and  coast  commerce. 
J)igging  for  gold  developed  a  new  commerce  and   a 
new  community,  wliile  with  grain-growing  and  fruit- 
raising  came  social  refinement  and  the  higher  culture. 
^  The  stock-raising  pursuit  of  the  Hispano-Califor- 
nians  was  attended  by  a  little  jjlanting,  only  enough 
for  food  to  sustain  the  inhabitants.     Horses  and  cattle, 
loft  to  roain  almost  in  a  state  of  nature,  must  look  to 
nature  for  tlicir  sustenance.     The  grass,  brouo-ht  for- 
ward by  the  rains  of  winter,  was  cured  by  llie'suns  of 

Vol.  VII.    1 


THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 


Hummcr ;  shelter  for  beasts  Mas  little  thought  of,  bams 
almost  unknown.  Horses  for  riding  were  broken  by 
quick  and  violent  methods;  few  were  used  for  draught. 
Little  or  no  care  was  taken  to  improve  the  breed, 
whicli  rather  deteriorated.  Ploughs  were  often  nothing 
more  than  crooked  sticks;  thrashing  was  performed  by 
the  feet  of  mares;  wagons  consisted  of  rude  frames 
upon  wheels  made  from  pieces  of  board. 

Enterprise  was  mostly  confined  to  the  slowly  inflow- 
ing foreign  element.  Sutter  had  in  1840  opened 
extensive  plantations,  and  drilled  Indians  to  cultivate 
them.  Before  this  example  Anglo-Saxon  occupation 
spread  southward,  and  to  the  north,  establishing  stock- 
farms  and  orchards  between  the  Stanislaus  and  Rus- 
sian rivers.  Gold  roused  the  country  from  its  leth- 
argy, and  engendered  new  ambitions.  As  surface 
mining  became  less  remunerative,  diggers  began  to 
swell  the  agricultural  ranks,  first  as  raisers  of  potatoes 
and  other  vegetables,  almost  indispensable  to  health 
among  miners  confined  to  a  salt-meat  diet.  Cereals 
followed,  first  barley  as  the  hardier  grain  for  the  dry 
and  sa.idy  soil,  and  in  demand  for  the  large  animal 
traflfic;  then  others,  and  by  1854  the  state  was  practi- 
cally self-supporting.  Then  came  the  revelation  that 
the  large  interior  valleys,  condenmed  as  arid,  were  well 
adajjted  for  wheat,  and  soon  afterward  began  their 
cultivation,  until  the  region  took  rank  among  the 
leading  wheat-fields  of  the  world.  Speculation  en- 
tered into  the  pursuit,  which  feature  was  rather 
stimulated  than  checked  by  the  uncertain  rainfall 
which  frequently  caused  a  failure  of  crops,  leaving  to 
die  the  herds  now  becoming  somewhat  dependent 
upon  them  in  default  of  large  portions  of  their  other- 
wise occupied  grazing-grounds.  The  drought  of 
18G2-4  gave  a  fiital  blow  to  the  aspirations  of  cattle- 
men, sweeping  away  the  pastoral  importance  of  entire 
counties  in  the  south,  compelling  tillage  and  the  sub- 
division of  ranges.  Thus  stock-raising  was  reduced 
to  a  subordinate  adjunct  of  the  farm,  with  greater 


t 
4 


)f,  bams 
)kcn  by 
Irauglit. 
3  breed, 
nothing 
rnied  by 
!  frames 

Y  inflow- 
(jpcned 
3ultivatc 
cupation 
ig  stock- 
nd  Rus- 
its  leth- 
surface 
)Oi;an  to 
potatoes 
o  licalth 
Cereals 
the  dry 
(  anhnal 
s  practi- 
ion  that 
ere  well 
their 
the 
tiou  en- 
rath  er 
rainfall 
iviug  to 
pendent 
ir  other- 
jght    of 
cattle- 
f  entire 
the  sub- 
reduced 
greater 


an 
ong 


J 


ADVANTAGES  AND  DISADVANTAGES.  3 

attention  given  to  sheep,  the  no-fence  laws  which  fol- 
lowed almost  putting  an  end  to  the  business. 

The  possibilities  of  orchards  and  vineyards  had  been 
early  understood,  but  the  inferior  quality  of  the  mis- 
sion fruit,  especially  the  grape,  oflered  but  little  em- 
plo3aiient,  until  in  later  years  tlie  gradual  introduction 
of  foreign  varieties  paved  the  way  for  flourishing  vine- 
yards and  orange  groves.  The  attendant  formation  of 
small  holdings  proved  a  gratifying  feature,  as  best 
adapted  to  the  general  prosperity  and  the  elevation 
of  agricultural  labor,  causing  a  superior  class  to  en- 
gage in  such  pursuits. 

Tlio  high  prices  and  the  ready  acquisition  of  wealth 
gave  the  speculative  sj^irit  a  bent  for  operations  on  a 
grand  scale  on  farms  of  vast  acreage,  no  less  than  for 
superficial  methods,  with  gang-ploughs  for  scratching 
rather  than  turning  the  surface,  and  with  frequent 
recourse  to  the  ready  yet  exhausting  volunteer  crop. 
To  the  predilection  of  Californians  to  experiment  and 
cliange  is  due  such  results  as  the  low  pruning  and 
other  improvements  in  vine3'ards  and  orchards,  the 
evolution  of  superior  breeds  in  stock,  the  promising 
silk  and  cotton  culture,*  and  the  numerous  labor-sav- 
ing implements,  as  multiform  gang-ploughs  and  com- 
bined header  and  thrasher,  which  are  here  more 
widely  perfected  and  adopted  than  elsewhere.  Few 
countries  possess  so  varied  a  cultivation,  or  a  flirm- 
ing  community  of  higher  general  intelligence  and 
enterprise. 

This  development  has  been  wrought  in  the  face  of 
obstacles,  notably  the  dryness  of  soil  and  season,  with 
periodic;  '    droughts. '^ 

'  All  tountriea  were  required  to  contribute  their  quota  to  the  rising  com- 
nionwealtii.  From  France  anil  Japan  were  obtained  the  silk-worm,  from 
England  and  Kentucky  horses  and  cows  of  superior  breed,  from  Asia  minor 
the  Angora  goat,  from  Mexico  cotton  and  a  host  of  other  plants,  and  vines 
from  half  a  dozen  regions.  The  methoil  of  making  sparkling  wines  and 
brandy  were  studied  at  Epernay  and  Cognac,  raisin-drying  at  Malaga,  etc. 
Every  lesson  and  experiment  was  noted— every  acliievement  of  science. 

'^  The  north  wind  is  withering,  producing  a  suffocating,  alkaline  dust, 
which  often  aflfects  the  eyes  and  air  passages.  Flies  and  mosquitoes  abound 
lu  aome  parts,  in  others  ground-squirrels  and  rabbits;  yet  on  the  whole  these 


THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 


The  prceniincnco  of  stock-raising  in  early  days  laid 
upon  fanners  tlie  burden  of  maintaining  fences;  but 
as  the  cultivation  of  the  soil  increased,  their  interests 
acquired  greater  weight.  It  was  shown  that  a  free 
raiine  for  cattle  should  not  be  allowed  in  the  sj^reat 
valleys,  wlicre  timber  was  scarce.  The  discovery  of 
the  value  of  the  San  Joaquin  plain  for  wheat-raising 
gave  emphasis  to  this  view.  After  a  long  delay,  the 
legislature  allowed  a  test  to  be  made  in  a  small  dis- 
trict, and  with  the  decline  of  cattle-raising  subsequent 
to  the  drought  of  18G'2-4,  less  difficulty  was  encoun- 
tered in  exten<ling  the  area,  until  nearly  the  entire 
agricultural  [)ortion  of  the  state  enjoyed  the  benefit.^ 

alllictiona  are  of  a  mild  nature.  Good  water  is  not  general.  But  while  the 
'Iryncss  is  forhiddiiig  in  some  respects,  and  at  timus  dulaya  plouyliing,  yet 
it  also  chcfl-.s  weods  and  ia  a  great  boon  in  harvest-time,  permitting  crop;5  to 
1)6  reaped  in  economic  and  convenient  security.  Tralnc  nionoi)()!y  lias  Ikjou 
iiivoighcd  again^st,  but  the  evil  i.^  not  wor.-;e  than  in  many  other  .'itatt's.  More 
formidahlo  iilun(l  monojioly,  in  taxing  cnter|TioC  and  retarding  iiniidgration, 
but  tlie  remedy  lies  with  the  people.  Against  these  drawbacks  stands  an  ovcr- 
whcdiuiiig  array  of  advantages  which  inspire  the  most  glowing  pride  and  hope. 
Cuhfoniia  occupies  one  of  tlie  most  favored  zones  on  tlie  globe,  and  compared 
with  the  sister  states  of  the  union  it  is  a  sunnnerdand.  iSo  attests  the  ever- 
iiicri.'ising  iiitlux  of  tourists,  who  seek  here  a  period  of  rest  and  enjoyment;  (if 
invalids  in  (juest  of  health  and  winter  homes;  of  immigrants  drawn  by  the  ex- 
pm  ling  fanie  of  vineyards  and  orange  groves,  by  tlie  perennial  spring  and 
b:dniy  air  of  the  coast  region,  with  evcr-hlooniing  banks  beneath  an  Italian  sky. 
Moreover,  the  land  lies  mostly  prepared  for  immediate  tillage,  with  no  heavy 
Kod,  or  sliruh,  or  stone  to  obstruct  the  farmer,  but  with  light  soil  and  clear  sur- 
face which  permit  gang-ploughs  to  cover  areas  much  larger  than  elsewhere,  and 
at  one  third  the  eo.st.  Tiiere  are  no  cold  winters  to  bury  the  ground  for  months; 
little  frost,  and  rarely  hail  or  levelling  rain  storms.  Nature  grants  extra  time 
for  unfoldmeiit,  as  shown  in  the  perpetual  green,  in  the  faster  growth  of  trees 
and  of  animals,  both  of  which  acquire  maturity  at  almost  half  the  age  as- 
signed in  tlie  eastern  states,  for  wi.h  these  the  comparison  is  fittest.  Ami 
not  only  can  the  harvesting  of  grain  and  fruit  bo  left  to  the  convenience  of 
the  farmer,  but  grain  may  be  cut,  thrashed,  ami  sacked  in  one  operation, 
ready  for  sliipment,  and  many  fruits  may  be  dried  in  the  sun  for  preservation. 
The  no-fenco  law  confers  an  economic  boon  on  tillers,  without  real  detri- 
ment to  tl:e  stock-raiser,  and  fanning  has  risen  to  supreme  consideration,  as 
the  leading  iiidu.-,try  of  the  state,  to  the  restriction  of  formerly  preeminent 
mining  rights.  Thus  safeguards  and  natural  advantages  lighten  toil  and  ex- 
pense, ruipply  more  wants  and  luxuries,  and  permit  the  formation  of  the 
nost  beautiful  and  comfortable  of  homes  and  of  prosperous  fruit-growing  col- 
iiiies.  See  chapter  on  birth  of  to^ns,  vol.  vi.  Colonies  were  formed  in  all 
larts  of  the  state,  but  flourished  best  on  the  irrigated  tracts  of  the  south, 
vhere  the  common  interests  centre  in  a  canal;  which  makes  ench  small  hold- 
ng  all-sufficient  for  a  family,  yet  impels  them  to  unite  for  harvesting  and 
other  operations,  as  wine-prossing,  drying,  and  canning. 

^  The  f  >H.s'«.*  of  ISSO  places  the  cost  of  constructing  and  repairing  fences 
in  187!)  at  $2,120,000,  the  farm  acreage  being  16,600,000,  while  for  the  entire 
union  it  stood  at  ^77,800,000  for  au  acreage  of  536,000,000.     Considering  the 


EVIL  OF  LARGE   FARMS. 


avs  laid 
les;  but 
ntorests 
b  a  free 
le  great 
)vory  of 
^-raising 
lay,  the 
lall  dis- 
isequcnt 
encoun- 
3  entire 
benefit.^ 

t  wliile  the 
lulling,  yet 

Ig   Cr(>l):5  to 

y  lui8  1ii:l'1i 
ti's.  More 
iiaigratioii, 
(Is  ail  os'or- 
i  anil  liopo. 
I  coriiparcil 
■i  tli(j  ever- 
DViiieiit;  of 
l)y  tlie  ex- 
pi'iiig  and 
taliaiisky. 
1  HO  heavy 
I  ck'ur  sur- 
ivlicre,  ami 
or  months; 
extra  tiiiio 
Ih  of  ti'oc's 
le  age  ns- 
est.  Ami 
eiiicncu  of 
operation, 
sorvation. 
"eal  (letri- 
ration,  as 
rei'inineut 
lil  and  ex- 
m  of  tho 
iwing  coi- 
ned in  all 
the  soutli, 
nail  hold- 
sting  and 


The  number  of  farms  in  1880  was  placed  at  36,000, 
a  doubling  witliin  20  years,*  and  tho  avera<,'e  size  at 
402  acres.^  In  1889  the  number  was  estimated  at 
55,000,  with  a  slightly  larger  average.  The  monop- 
olization of  so  nmch  of  the  best  land  is  due  par- 
tially to  the  old  land  laws  of  Mexico,  and  also  to  the 
ac(piisitioi.  of  large  valley  tracts  by  Americans  before 
their  agricultural  value  had  become  fully  known."    The 

small  value  of  tho  live-stoek,  as  compared  with  farms,  the  latter  have  tlie 
streiigtli  on  their  side.  Timber  fences  cost  as  high  aa  .^00  per  mile.  The  barhed 
wiie  1  ■:iee,  howsoever  harharoiu,  lias  by  its  comparative  cheapness  largely 
supplanted  the  superior  board  structure;  but  in  the  redwood  districts,  tho 
worm  and  post  and  rail  fences  naturally  sustain  themselves  bettc'r.  In  the 
south  the  cactus  was  in  vo^'uo  at  the  missions,  but  willow  hedges  were  fre- 
(jueuty  grown. 

*This  gives  one  farm  to  every  24  persons,  while  the  average  for  the  U.  S. 
is  one  for  every  dozen.  But  here  must  be  considered  the  j)osition  of  C'al.  as 
a  iiiiniiig  state,  with  the  cominercwil  and  manufacturing  incUistries,  and  tlie 
prevalence  of  .speculative  farming,  as  indicated  by  t!io  great  size  of  the  farms 
and  the  large  improved  acreaLje  in  each,  which  re(piire  the  service  of  a  con- 
siderable proportion  of  the  population.  Tho  increase  of  farms  from  18,70(J  in 
ISOO  to  23,70J  in  1S70  and  over  35,900  in  1880,  with  an  acreage  of  8,700,000, 
11,400,000,  and  1(>,GOO,000,  respectively,  fully  corresijonds  to  the  growth  of 
jiopulatiou,  from  380,000  to  5(50,000  and  805,000,  for  here  must  be  consitlured 
tho  relatively  greater  immigration  of  females  in  late  years  and  the  exi)ansion 
of  families,  wliicli  form  neutral  factors. 

■''  For  size  of  farms  California  exceeds  ijvery  other  state,  and  it  is  a  peculiar- 
ity favored  by  her  speculative  spirit,  which  delights  in  operations  on  a  large 
scale,  by  tlie  rapid  acquisition  of  wealth  through  mining  and  other  chance 
effort.!,  and  by  the  soil  and  climate,  whieli  favor  vast  farming  enterprises. 
Nor  ij  it  a  mere  holding  of  farm,  for  tho  percentage  of  unimproved  land  in 
these  tracts  is  only  35.7,  while  the  avi.Tage  for  the  U.  S.  is  46.9. 

"Of  the  Mexican  ranges  large  lots  were  sold  at  a  few  dimes  per  acre. 
Under  the  state  law  of  March  8,  1808,  which  set  aside  many  safe  restrictions, 
possessory  rights  perniittcd  tho  temporary  enclosure  of  tracts,  to  the  preju- 
dice of  preemptors.  Under  Indian  and  eastern  agricultural  college  scrip 
large  areas  were  bought  up,  one  person  obtaining  over  .300,000  acres.  Tlie 
railways  held  back  largo  lots  for  higlier  prices.  The  olKce  of  U.  8.  sur. -ge:i. 
for  (' il.  was  created  by  act  of  !March  3,  1851,  and  S.  1).  King  of  tho  land  clept 
at  Washington  became  tho  first  incumbent,  arriving  hero  on  Apr.  19,  1851. 
He  took  ))ossossioii  of  the  archives  then  hcl  I  by  the  military  govt.  J.  C  Hays 
succeeded  him  in  1853,  and  was  followed  iu  .Sept.  1857  by  J.  Mandcvjlk'. 
Meanwhile  extra  Avork  ha'l  devolved  upon  tlio  ollico  at  the  conclusion  of  the 
labors  of  tlic  land  commission.  E.  F.  Beale,  later  minister  to  Austria,  held 
oliico  lS(iI-4,  L.  Upston,  long  editor  of  the<!5'ac.  Union,  1804-8.  The  oliico  is  in 
a  measure  under  control  of  the  state.  Mount  Diablo  forms  the  base  point  for 
surveys.  I'rof.  Davidson  criticises  the  system,  ('(di/oniidii,  i.  ()0-3.  Reports 
of  work  done  are  given  in  d.  S.  Ooi\  J)or.,  Cong.  32,  fSess.  1,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  2, 
ii.  pt.  ii.  8-11,  4;>-9,  for  1851;  Id.,  8ess.  2,  Doc.  14,  iii.  1-11,  for  I8,')2;  I.tnd 
Off.  ItciU-t,  passim;  in  tho  preceding  act  and  in  separate  form,  witli  references 
in  C(d.  Jour.  Sm.,  1852  ct  serj.;  and  Id.,  .I.s.*.,  ap.  annually;  iL  S.  Cnn.st  Siir- 
v<y.  Of  the  101,000,0.K)  of  land  in  157,800  sij.  miles  in  Cal.,  over  52,00.),000 
had  been  surveyed  by  the  beginning  of  tliis  decade.  I5y  March  1857  over 
77,000  miles  of  survey  lands  had  been  measured.  Land-ofHces  wei'o  recoiii- 
meuded  by  the  executive  in  1851-2.   U.  S.  Guv.  Doc,  Cong.  32,  8ess.  1,  II. 


THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 


Ui 


evil  is  becoming  more  noticeable  of  late  years,  as  the 
increased  demand  for  small  settlements  reveals  tliat 
little  land  of  value  is  left  in  government  hands,  and  as 
tlie  riparian  question  points  out  that  numerous  holders 
of  both  small  and  large  sections  have  so  selected  their 
ground  as  to  control  still  larsjer  areas.^  But  the  abuse 
is  gradually  lessening,  under  the  new  horticultural  era 
which  demands  for  its  best  development  the  tenure  of 
small  sections.^ 

The  comparatively  high  value  of  farms  here  is  sus- 
tained by  the  favorable  climate  and  conditions,  the 
usually  unobstructed  ground,  ready  for  immediate 
cultivation,  and  the  immense  possibilities  of  the  soil.** 

Ex.  Doc.  2,  p.  15:  /(/.,  Sess.  2,  Doc.  1,  i.  pt.  i.  70;  aiul  by  act  of  March  3,  1S53, 
three  wore  established  at  Beiucia,  Marysville,  and  Los  Angeles;  in  185S  three 
more  were  added,  at  Humboldt,  Stockton,  and  Visalia;  and  subsequently  half 
a  dozen  more,  three  of  them  cast  of  the  Sierra  Nevaila.  Some  wore  consoli- 
dated. /(/.,  Cong.  33,  Sess.  1,  Doc.  1,  i.  pt.  i.  78-9,  etc.;  Duiilop's  Litir.t, 
1788-01;  V(iH  Jinren's  Rnimrkx,  1S.J2,  1-8;  Dowjlo.s  Speech,  June  2(5-8,  iSoO; 
Cd.  Polit.  Coilc,  48(i;  U.  S.  Gov.  Doc,  Cong.  47,  Sess.  2,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  45,  pp. 
1019  et  seq. ;  Cal.  Jour.  yl.s.s.,  passim. 

'To  the  virtual  exclusion  of  settlers.  Tlie  possessor  ot  a  small  spring 
may  comiuand  sections  of  land  dependent  upon  this  source. 

"'i  he  consequent  rise  of  land  vahies  also  promotes  subdivision,  by  tempt- 
ing the  largo  holders  to  .sell,  by  pressing  them  with  heavier  taxes,  and  ny 
reducing  their  percentage  of  gain,  particularly  when  compared  with  the  nuiro 
thorough  metluids  of  the  small  cultivator,  sustained  by  the  reserve  force  of 
tlie  family.  So  far  nearly  two  tliirds  of  the  farms  range  between  lOl)  and 
500  acres,  with  over  2,500  exceeding  1,000  acres;  but  during  the  last  few  years 
the  t^ale  of  20-aere  lots  for  viniculture  has  become  a  marked  feature  anumg 
land-holders  in  the  southern  counties.  Only  one  fifth  of  the  total  number  of 
farms  are  leased  to  tenants. 

"  Of  a  total  acreage  in  farms  of  1 0,600,000,  there  was  unimproved  about  one 
tliird,  or  5,920,000  acres,  of  which  only  1,(570,000  was  in  woodland.  Of  tlie 
improved,  0,(500,000  were  tilled,  including  fallow  and  grass  in  rotation,  and 
4,0(50,000  in  permanent  pastures,  orchards,  ami  vineyards.  Of  the  U.  S.  farm 
acreage,  53(5, 000, (X)0,  over  251,000,000  acres  were  unimproved,  mostly  in 
timber,  and  223,000,000  tilled.  Their  value  was  placed  at  §10,200,000,000, 
including  buildings,  equivalent  to  about  $20  per  acre.  In  Cal.  the  value  was 
.'?202,0(K),000,  equivalent  to  .§10,  which  nuist  be  considered  liigli  for  so  new  a 
country.  In  Arkansas  the  valuation  is  only  $6,  aiul  in  old  settled  Alabama, 
little  over  §4.  The  cost  of  constructing  and  repairing  fences  was  placed  for 
1879  at  )?2, 100,000.  Arkansas,  with  nearly  the  same  acreage  and  i)opulation, 
spent  only  §1,580.000.  From  the  other  two  tliirds  wore  obtained  proilucta 
valued  at  §59,700,000,  or  §09  for  every  inhabitant,  or  about  §750  for  every 
one  of  79,000  persons  engaged  in  agriculture,  although  the  improved  acre 
yielded  little  more  than  §5.50,  while  the  average  aero  in  the  union  brought 
nearly  .§8,  yielding,  however,  only  .§44  to  the  hdiabitant,  or  about  $300  to 
each  farm  worker.  In  1870  the  census  returned  for  California  §49,900,000 
from  0,200,(K)0  acres,  and  tlie  average  for  the  U.  S.  was  also  relatively  liigher. 
Tlie  value  of  the  11,400,000  farm  acres  was  tlien  §141,(K)0,000  in  Cal.;  for 
1800,  8,700,000  acres  stood  at  only  .§48.700,000;  and  for  1850,  3,900,000, 
nearly  all  unimproved,  at  §3,870,000.     The  value  of  live-stock  figured  for 


EXHAUSTION  OF  SOIL. 


spriiin 


^ 


Great  extravagance  lias  been  displayed  in  by  raisers 
of  (Train  in  exhaustin*;  the  soil  without  due  attention 
to  rest,  rotation,  and  fertilization.'"  As  a  rule,  the 
rains  of  November  soften  the  summer-baked  earth  suf- 
tioieiitly  for  ploughing.  Favored  by  the  hghtncss  of 
the  soil  and  the  absence  of  sod,  stones,  and  bushes,  the 
f)peration  is  mostly  performed  by  gang-ploughs,  cut- 
ting from  four  to  eight  inches  deep,"  and  ploughing 
from  four  to  eight  or  even  more  acres  daily,  so  that 
tlie  cost  is  reduced  sometimes  as  low  as  forty  cents 
per  acre.'' 

ISnO,  1S()(),  1870,  an.l  1880  at  S3..^-)0,000,  S.^->,GOO,()00,  838,000,000,  and 
.*;:$d.r)!)l),Oi»(),  nsiicctivuly;  and  farming  inndonients  at  §103,000,  .y_',riOO,000, 
.'?5,,S(M),0!H),  and  .*8, 450,000,  or  about  80  cents  per  iniprovcil  aire,  while  tho 
averago  for  the  IJ.  S.  was  nearly  twice  as  much;  but  then  C'al.  is  a  new  coun- 
try, with  ingenious  ideas  of  economy. 

'"There  are,  however,  numerous  instances  of  land  being  cultivated  year 
after  year,  especially  for  the  less  exhausting  barley,  with  only  a  little  falling 
off  from  tiio  original  productiveness.  The  only  manure  applied  in  these  cases 
was  from  the  burning  of  stubble  or  what  was  <lropped  by  stock.  iSome  divided 
their  land  into  three  parcels;  one  being  ploughed  to  lie  fallow;  another,  tho 
last  fallow,  being  simply  sown  and  harrowed;  the  third  was  plouj^hed  and 
sown.     Some  iicruiitted  volunteer  crops  every  other  year. 

"  In  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  from  two  to  five  or  even  ten  jilougha  were 
used  in  a  gang,  each  making  a  furrow  8  or  10  uiches  wide  and  4  or  5  deep. 
A  gani;  of  5  plouglis  will  turn  up  (i  acres  in  a  day. 

'-  Willie  on  small  farms  with  heavy  soil,  the  acre  may  cost  82  or  83.  In 
the  prevailing  haste  deep  ploughing  has  been  widely  neglected.  Farmers 
also  overlook  tlie  capillary  power  induced  by  ploughing,  for  tlrawing  moisture 
to  tlie  plant  and  attracting  solar  heat.  Some  attach  a  sower  and  harrow  to 
tlie  plough  and  complete  the  entire  work  at  once;  otherwise  broadcast  .sowing 
is  preferred  as  tho  cheapest  and  sjJeediest,  and  the  task  may  be  delayed  for 
weeks  after  ploughing.  A  broadcast  sower  with  2  men  covers  100aeri:a  a  day, 
givini,'  work  for  7  harrows  of  100  teeth  each.  Steam  ploughs  have  been  com- 
meiiiied  as  well  adapted  to  level  fields,  with  stationary  or  locomotive  engines, 
but  experience  does  not  favor  them.  Hewlett  gives  an  account  of  the  de- 
mand for  them  in  his  Stut.,  MS.,  as  do  N;ish  &  Co.  in  their  Jlcpt,  M.S.;  C'al. 
F'lniin;  March  11,  18G!),  describes  the  trial  of  steam  ploughs;  .S'.  /•'.  BidlHhi, 
Mareh  13,  ISO'.);  Feb.  8,  1851);  Nov.  22,  1800;  Sur.  Union,  Nov.  12,  1873;  S. 
./orii/.  To.  llixl.,  71-2,  ou  implement  manuf.  and  inventions  at  Stockton,  and 
ill  Yi>h>(o.  jr,4.,  44;  Alta  Cut.,  Oct.  8,  1857,  Aug.  13,  1858.  The  rarity  of 
rains  during  tile  summer  and  autumn  leave  harvesters  undisturbed,  (iraiu 
and  iii.iny  root  and  fruit  crops  may  be  left  untouched  for  weeks  after  matu- 
rity, for  the  latter  continue  to  thrive,  and  grain  capsuk's  retain  tenaciously 
the  kenul  until  moistened  by  rain  or  opened  by  the  thrasher.  This  gives 
the  farmer  ample  time  for  reaping,  and  he  may  safely  leave  tlic  grain  loose 
or  in  .sheaves,  without  stacking,  till  prepareil  to  thrash  it.  Usually  it  is  col- 
lected in  piles,  from  which  the  thrasher  is  fed  unless  the  cutting  is  performed 
by  tho  favorite  header,  which,  sweeping  over  from  20  to  00  acres  a  day, 
delivers  tho  grain  to  the  wagon  attending,  whence  it»is  drawn  up  and 
pitched  into  the  thrasher.  Latterly  a  combined  header  and  tiirasher  has 
been  introdueeil,  which  delivers  tho  grain  in  sacks  along  its  path  ready  to  be 
hauled  to  the  granary.  Thus  can  be  saved  the  expense  of  binding,  stacking, 
and  storing,  together  with  much  other  costly  labor  required  elsewhere.     The 


THE   DEVELOPMENT  OF  ACiUICUl.TL'UE. 


Tlic  peculiar  and  scanty  distribution  of  lain  in  Cal- 
ifornia renders  irri<j;ation  desirable  for  a  lar<j,e  jiortioa 
of  the  soil,  and  indispensable  for  some  sections.'* 
liesides  assured  and  augmented  crops,  with  irrigation 
is  combined  several  additional  bcneKts:  in  fertilizinLj 
and  renovatinij  the  soil;'*  in  destroying,  by  flocxling, 
numerous  posts,  such  as  squirrels,  gophers,  and 
phylloxera;  in  enabling  the  fanner  to  select  his  own 
time  for  planting,  thus  economizing  time  and  oppor- 
tunity, and  assisting  him  to  obtain  several  cro[)s  in 
one  season  ."*  Several  advantages  cond)ine  to  r.iise  the 
value  of  irrigated  lands  many  fold;  the  chiif  ob)(>ction 
lies  ill  the  sanitarv  nsix  -i,  but  this  is  slight,  and  so 
lar  applies  only  to  certain  conditions. ^^ 

Nowhere,  perhaps,  arc  the  benefits  of  irrigation 
more  appreciated  than  in  southern  California,  where 
many  tracts,  before  considered  almost  worthless,  have 
been  transformed  into  the  most  productive  l;ui(ls  in  tl  e 
state.  On  some  of  them  towns  have  boon  built,  as  in 
the  case  of  Pomona,  a  portion  of  whoso  sit<^  was  pur- 
chased in  1882  by  Moses  L.  Wicks,"  one  of  the  most 

macliincry  in  use  Iicre  is  on  a  larger  scale  than  in  tlic  east,  ami  suvcral  Cal. 
invontioMs  liave  lielped  reduce  the  cost  of  liarvesting  scimi;  ;";>  ]ier  cent. 
l)oscri|)tions  under  manufactures,  vol.  vi.,  and  in  Mount.  Dan.,  June  1,  1S78; 
Modi'sto  J\V(c.<,  June  29,  July  G,  1877,  etc. 

'^'I'he  rainfall,  excessive  in  t!ic  north,  decreases  going  southward,  render- 
ing cultivation  more  and  more  insecure.  The  foothills  horderini;  the  valleys 
are  favored  with  the  condensation  of  moisture  ))y  the  range  j,  a:id  the  coast 
feels  the  vapors  from  the  ocean.  The  melting  snows  in  March  and  April 
form  t!io  reserve  supply  of  water  on  which  irrigation  mainly  ilcjiunds.  Irri- 
gation is  hecoming  more  imjiortant  as  )>o])ulation  increases,  and  with  it  the 
desire  to  obtain  the  greatest  returns  from  thosoil.  Hence,  al<i),  the  growing 
necessity  tor  occupying  the  plains  of  the  south,  whose  arid  a-oect  jjossessea 
the  compensating  advantages  of  a  soil  and  climate  unsurpassed,  under  irriga- 
tion, for  productiveness  and  for  choice  and  varied  culture.  Tu'ir  treeless 
expanse,  devoid  of  sod,  lies  ready,  moreover,  for  immeiliate  cuUivation. 

'*  Dissolving,  aa  it  does,  theelenicuts  required  for  organic  life.  Niimeroua 
instances  can  he  given  of  fields  yielding  well  for  decinles  witliout  Dtluir  ma- 
nure. The  value  of  the  Nile  ovcrilows  is  generally  understood.  Tiiu  saving 
in  niamire  in  an  offset  to  llie  cost  of  irrigation. 

'•'  in  the  southern  jiurt  of  San  .Toaquin  valley  o  cuts  of  alfalfa  are  not 
nncoimiton.     Ejiyptiaii  corn  and  millet  have  yielded  three  crops. 

'"I'artly  because  the  cultures  ia  vogue  require  only  modi'iatt^  irrigation, 
and  hecan-ie  the  climate  has  features  modifying  the  inlluence  of  malaria.  It 
is  supposed  that  rice-fields  would  lie  less  healtliy. 

"  Mr  Wicks  was  horn  at  Aberdeen,  Monroe  county,  Mississippi,  on  the 
22d  of  .\i)ril  1S,V2.  His  fatiier,  Moses  J.  Wicks,  a  native  of  Savanna,  was 
a  pi'ouiinent  banker  and  railroad  man  of  Memphis,  Tennessee.     The  elder 


M 


IRUKIATION. 


enterprising  and  |)ul)lio-s[>irito(l  citizens  of  Los  Ange- 
lus  county.  On  this  propiity  water  was  obtained  hy 
sinking  more  than  a  score  of  artesian  wtHs  and  by 
conveying  to  it  in  pipes  the  waters  of  San  Antonio 
canon,  whereby  an  almost  desert  region  has  been 
convertetl  into  a  thrivnig  settlement. 

Irrigation  was  introduced  during  tlic  fir.'>t  decade  of 
Spanish  occupation,'"  but  progressed  in  a  .slow,  desul- 
tory manner,  at  lea.st  nortli  of  Los  An^eli's,  although 
aided  in  the  gold  region  by  mining  ditches,  Li  the 
seventies,  however,  with  the  extension  of  S'.ttlenients 
in  San  .Toa([uin  valley,  capitalists  turned  their  atten- 
tion to  it;  and  in  1S71  v;as  b(>gun  the  largest  canal  in 
tho  state,  the  San  Joa<|uin  and  King    river,"  carried 

Wicks  was  the  lirst  Olio  mIio  coiitrilmted  to  the  support  of  the  conioilfrate 
provisional  gnvcniiiuiit  at  .Moiitgoinory,  aixl  l>y  liiin  was  taken  its  lir>t  issuo 
oflioiiil.s.  Kiiteriiig  tlie  cuiitederato  service,  lie  raised  a  regiuieiit  of  cavalry, 
furnishing  niorethar.a  hiiiiilred  liorses  at  his  own  expense,  and  ]mrchasinj,'  a 
suiiply  of  arms  in  the  northern  states,  liis  son  completed  his  education  at 
the  University  of  N'irginia,  where  lie  coiiilensed  intoa  sinjle  year  tlie  stmliea 
of  the  two  years'  law  eiiiii'se.  In  IS7'>  lie  married  ,Miss  Kli/aln'th  I^ittlejnhii 
of  .Memphis  and  set  forth  for  his  hridal  trip  to  l.os  .ViiLieles,  ( 'al.,  sonii  at'Ur- 
ward  ojieniiig  ii  law  oliicu  at  Anaheim.  Heii!  ho  had  the  inisfoitiino  to  hue 
liis  wife,  a  most  aniiahle  and  ac^  miplished  lady,  her  death  occiirrinijf  four 
inonths  after  the  birth  of  her  only  son.  After  some  trto  years  of  sncees-fiil 
practice  at  Anaheim  and  later  at  Los  Angele  lit^  found  that  his  realeUara 
transactions  and  his  various  enterprises  demainled  all  his  attention.  No  man 
has  done  more  toward  developiujJ  the  resources  of  this  ]iortioii  of  the  state. 
Ill  addition  to  the  investment  aliovo  related  he  jiurchased  the  ])ryfus  tract, 
foruiiug  a  portion  of  tiie  San  llafael  raneho,  toi:ether  with  a  larij;e  tract  in 
San  Ikrnarilino  county,  and  the  Dalton  portion  of  tlie  San  .lose  raiicii, 
improving  and  siihdividing  them  so  that  inaiiy  of  the  purchasi  im  made  from 
1300  to  ;!00  per  oeiit  on  their  outlay.  Uniler  his  iiiaiiiy;emcut  tiie  jiropcrty  of 
the  'reineciila  Land  and  Watereompany  was  developed  and  iiicrea-cl  1  lively 
in  vrdiie.  He  was  one  of  those  who  organized  the  Savinjii  I'nnd  and  IJnilding 
association,  the  Los  Augeles  and  Siiita  .Monica  railroad,  the  .Mistract  aiicl 
'J'itle  Insurance  eonipany,  the  California  hank  and  others  of  the  Icadiiij,'  cor- 
porations in  southern  California.  On  iiniiroving  the  harhor  at  liallona  ho 
rxpeiided  large  amounts,  though  the  work  helouged  of  rig! it  to  the  government. 
He  furnished  the  hill  portion  <if  Los  Angeles  with  a  plentiful  supply  of 
water.  In  a  word  there  are  few  ]irominent  enti'rprises  in  tlii.-i  portinii  of  tho 
state  ill  which  he  has  not  heen  one  of  the  leading  promoters.  Li  IHSj  he  was 
niarrie<l  to  his  second  wife,  Mrs  .Jennie  L.  Ihitkr.  a  lady  wlio  has  liecn  to 
liim  in  the  truest  senseof  the  word  a  consort.  A  nianof  exeelleni;  judgment, 
of  rare  luisiue^s  ahility,  and  of  the  strictest  integrity,  there  is  no  one  to  wlioiu 
Boutlierii  (.'alilornia  is  more  imlehted  for  her  jiresent  era  of  ]iroi]iciity. 

'"Seo  preceding  vohinies.  The  .southern  coast  enunties  had  a  niiiiilicrof 
ditches,  small,  and  not  well  ])lanned.  San  ■Ioai|iiin  county  applied  tliciii  early, 
ami  likewise  Yolo,  which  hy  IST'.t  had  LS.OOO  acres  covered. 

'*Kxtended  hy  ISTvS  from  S.  Joaipiin  river,  at  Fresno  shuiLdi,  northwest- 
ward, about  10  miles  from  the  maiu  river,  for  nearly  70  miles  with  subse- 


10 


TIIK   DMVKLOI'MENT  OF  A(!KI('Ui;rUUK. 


I    I 

f 


by  1878  nearly  70  miles,  of  wliieh  tlie  first  40  were 
huilt  hy  .loliM  HeiiHloy,-"  hy  whom  was  iiieorporated 
tlie  San  Joacjuin  and  Kiiij^s  river  canal  and  irri^^ation 
company.  Tiiis  ho  aeconiplished  at  his  own  expense, 
and  under  the  most  adverse  conditions,  materials,  im- 
plements, and  supplies  heinj^  conveyed  at  enormous 
cost  over  a  mountainous  and  difficult  country.  Sev- 
eral similar  enterprises  were  undirtaken  from  Kern 
northward;  so  that  in  the  Ix'jrnnini;  of  the  eiuhties 
11)0,000  acres  were  irrij^ated "'  in  the  San  Joaquin 
vaHey,  tiie  price  usually  char<;(d  heingf  ^l.-OO  pt>r 
acre.  At  first  the  dry  soil  and  the  undeveloped 
]>lant  re(|uire  more  water  than  sul;s((|UentIy.  Al- 
thouu^h  fioodiiiijf  hy  means  of  tlitches  is  the  most 
])revalent  method,  lateral  seepin*^  \'n.n\  them  is  partly 
relied  upon  in  sandy  soil,  and  in  some  ])laces  where 
water  is  scarce  choice  cultivation  is  supplied  through 

qnont  sliglit  oxtonsion,  iiicliidiiig  over  I'JO  miles  of  lirnncli  diiolics  12  ft  wide. 
Tin;  t.il:il  I'ost  w.is  .SI,:«M),(K)0,  iin.l  tho  rii-ciiits  in  18M),  Iji'O.OOO,  h.ilf  of  it 
iii't,  fnmi  "J".!.!)'.)!)  iiort's,  while  I'JO.OOO  acica  iMiiild  bu  iriigiiled.  (liMinnaii, 
Millur,  and  Litx  taiipoil  the  Sau  J()a(iuin  1'2  niik's  aliovi'  its  lund,  and  lan  a 
thaniu'l  northward  for  'M  inil-.'S,  to  irrij,'atc  .^lO.tJOO  acrca  of  tlicir  own  land. 
Friodlaiidi.'r  an<l  others  opened  a  canal  from  Fresno  river  southward  for  10 
miles  to  cover  4(),0lt()  aeriH.  The  Kern  river  delta,  a  trianj;le  of  'J.")  miKvs  hy 
ahout  1(1  and  Iti,  fontainiiii;  nearly  1(J0,000  ucrea,  wa.s  suiiidied  liy  7  ditcliea 
of  (iii  niile.s,  costinj,'  $4,()()()  a  mile. 

■■"'  One  of  our  pioneers,  a  native  of  Mass.,  ami  a  j^radiiato  of  Columbia  eol- 
letfo.  11<!  was  among  the;  earliest  merchants  <if  Saeramiiit(i,  lint  after  the  lirst 
of  1S.")'_'  removed  to  San  l'"raiieiseo,  where  he  v  as  one  of  the  lirst  to  introdiu'e  a 
re-ular  supply  of  water.  He  was  on  the  lirst  I  eaid  of  trustees  of  the  (.'iti- 
zeiis'das  company,  tho  project. ir  of  the  I'aeitie  Kollin),'  mills  and  the  I'acilic 
Oil  and  Lead  works,  was  one  of  those  who  or;;anized  the  Kleetri('  Light  com- 
ii:uiy,  and  is  or  has  l)een  connected  with  other  leading  enteiprises.  He  tlied 
lu  June  ISS'.l. 

Moses  .].  Church,  w'lo  was  also  one  of  the  first  lO  develop  our  irrigation  sya- 
tom,  was  horn  in  Ch;  atujua  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  ISliS.  Coming  to  Cal.  in  18.")'2, 
after  eiiL'aging  in  vari  :s  occupations,  he  took  up  land  on  Kings  river,  near 
Centerville,  and  in  IJ-i  having  secured  a  franchise  to  divert  the  waters  of 
that  stream,  surveyed  d  laid  out  a  canal  to  Kiancha  er  ek.  In  the  face  of 
strong  opposition  from  'tickings  and  riparian  claimants,  he  pushed  forward 
the  work,  until  in  1870  ,  had  comjdeted  nearly  1,0(10  miles  of  main  and  lat- 
eral canals,  with  their  (>  'lies  and  feeditra,  tlierehy  materially  advancing  tho 
imlustrial,  eonnncrcial,  .  d  linaneial  developments  of  tho  state  a  thousand- 
f.dd. 

'■"  Or  T)  per  cent  of  t  e  total  irrigalde  amount.  A  larger  proiiortion  lay 
ready  for  irrigation.  Several  other  projects  were  vainly  waiting  for  aid  from 
the  government.  Petitions  in  I'.  S.  <r(»f'.  Dor.,  Con;^.  41,  Sess.  1,  Suu.  Misc. 
Doc.  31;  Val.  Jour.  ISen.,  18(J5-ti,  ap.  42,  40,  01;  1871-2,  ap.  35. 


WATKU  Li:(!ISLATI()N. 


11 


10  wore 

ligation 

IuIh,  im- 
loiinous 
•.  Sev- 
in  Kcru 
riy'litic'S 
.)(iii(}uiii 
,50  JUT 
.'vcloju'd 
ly.  Al- 
lie  most 
is  partly 
's  whore 
through 

sl'J  ft.  wide. 

0,  hall'  of  it 
('liiipi)iitn, 

1,  iiiid  liiii  a 
r  iiwn  litixl. 
rtaiil  for  10 
'J.")  iiiilrs  liy 
>y  7  ilitclies 


ti 


iiiliia  I'ol- 
itlif  first 
iitiiiiluce  a 
f  tlu'  Citi- 
tlic  racilic 
Liglit  c'oiii- 
lle  ilied 


illation  sva- 
in  \H:>'2, 
iviT,  iR'ar 
watt'i'H  (if 
the  face  of 
ed  forward 
in  a)id  lat- 
iiH'ing  the 
IhiiiiHaud- 

lortion  lay 
r  aid  from 
Sou.  Misc. 


porforatcd  ronuiit  pipes."  Kcst^rvoirs  in  tlio  numn- 
taiiis  ai'e  less  i'Xi)i>si'(l  to  evaporation.  Artesian  well.s 
,siip|)lv  coMsideraltle  tracts  of  field  and  .settlein<!nt 
tliroii'L,di  most  of  the  San  .roa<jnin  counties,''"'  and  in 
the  adjoiiiiiiir  wistern  valleys.  Altogether  there  is 
snfHcient  water  t.»  irrigate  most  of  the  valualde  soil,'-* 
sav  70  per  cent  of  tin;  eastern  valley  side  of  the  San 
.J(ta(piin.  The  western  side  is  not  so  well  provided, 
yet  with  winter  storage  the  limited  sonrc«'s  here  and 
southward  may  ho  greatly  extended. 

In  I  S;Vl  the  legislature  issued  an  act  for  the  ap])oint- 
ment  of  water  conimissioiu>rs  in  several  counties,  and 
under  acts  of  May  14,  18(11',  and  April  'J,  1H70,  most 
of  the  water  appropriated  ft»r  Irrigation  was  con- 
trolled;'''' hut  no  proper  measures  were  taken  hy  the 
state  to  investigate  and  promote  this  important  inter- 

''■  To  ohviato  the  great  evaporation.  To  lay  audi  pipea  costs  from  $\iO  to 
^W  ])er  acre. 

-■'  III  tlio  Sacramento 'Valley  tlu."  geologic  conditions  forsncli  \V(  llsare  rare. 
Round  Stockton  in  IS1S7  were  iialt  a  score  about  I,(HM1  feet  in  cicpth,  yielding 
on  an  average  l,"(0,(MM)  ifallons  per  minute.  In  Merced  tliey  were  fi'ehlcr, 
ag;,'regating  in  ISSt  a  llnw  of  fS.:!.")  euhic  f(U't  per  si'cond,  many  f;ivinj,'  also  gas 
for  illnminition.  In  Tulare  their  numlier  mereased  from  twnscoie  in  ISS'J 
to  over  KH)  in  I8S4,  a;,'i;regating  .'!()  c.  ft  piT  second,  and  supplyiu','  (!.(KX( 
acres.  ()l  the  scor )  in  Kern,  one  yieldi'd  a  nullion  gallons  a,  ilay  of  water 
faii'ly  free  from  the  alUali  which  rend(^rs  Tulare  Lake  ohjec^tionaMe.  Jn  somo 
parts,  as  S.  .Foaipiin  and  Yolo  counties,  water  was  pumped  from  wells  wronjjly 
called  artesian.  A  gardener  reported  that  such  pum]>ing,  by  steam  iustead  of 
windmills,  cost  ^'.M  a  month  for  I.")  acres.  J/i/hll  .1  Com.,  408.  l'uni|iing  from 
stnams  is  occasionally  done.  Sur.  union,  March  18,  ISti-t,  e.-.ti;natis  costs. 
New  methods,  in, V.  F.'Uiillr/i,,,  Oct.'JI,  Itec.'JI).  ISSl.  The  nnnd.er  of  artesian 
wells  in  KSS7  was  over  '2,(MM),  chielly  west  of  the  Coast  Range,  and  tlu'ir  usual 
depth  was  not  over  '-.'.')()  fetit,  though  the  range  was  from  KM)  to  over  1,0(M* 
feet.  The  7-inch  boro  cost  al)out  .tJ75  for  '.'IM>  feet,  !?450  for  'MM  ft.  The  lirst 
iliiwiug  well  in  Los  Angeles  Wiis  bored  near  Wilmington,  in  ISilS.  A.  Ainj. 
K.ii>.,  Si  [it.  7,  IS7'J.  For  early  wells  and  projects,  see  iitic.  Uiinm,  Aug.  1, 
IS.-).^.;  l)e,;.  'IW,  1S.57;  Jan.  1,  I'J,  '.>4,  1884;  Cal.  Jour.  .Isw.,  1S,V>,  ap.  14; 
IS.')!!,  Apr.  ID. 

■■"  Notwithstanding  the  incorrect  ideas  of  Oov.  Riley  and  other  early  observ  • 
ers  to  the  contrary.  //.  .V.  (Ho-  Dor.,  Cong.  .SI,  Sess.  1,  11.  \]\.  Doe.  17,  7.S.')  (>. 
The  Sac.  drains  •_'(>,till()  s(|.  miles,  of  which  4,(XM)  endirace  the  vail,  y  bed,  from 
the  Cosumnes  to  Iron  Camui.  The  S.  Joaquin  drains  ;n,7tK)  sip  miles  1  l,4(K) 
of  wiiich  forming  tht;  valley  bed,  7,700  on  the  east  side.  Ol  the  latter  m  irly 
70  per  cent  may  be  irrigated  from  current  water  supply.  On  the  w  est  side  (')f 
the  S.  Joaq\iin,  with  its  weanty  drainage,  only  one  tiftli  is  irrigalde.  This 
leaves  about  (J,00l)  sq.  miles,  or  3.800,000  acres  of  irrigable  land  in  the  .S. 
Joaquin,  of  which  up  to  1887  oidy  5  per  cent  was  watered. 

'-'■•Tho  civil  code  adopted  in  1872  provided  for  the  ac(piisition  of  rights  to 
use  water.  Yet  the  special  spasinoilic  efforts  of  tho  state  to  promote  irriga- 
tion brought  no  fruit. 


12 


Tin:  DEVKLOP.MEXT  OF  ACUICL'LTUIIK. 


,;iiii 


est  jirior  to  1878,  wlicii,  uiitlor  the  ineeiitivc  of  a  })rIor 
HU[H'i'Hcial  exaiiiinatioii  by  a  federal  ct)Uiiiiis.si()n,  an 
eiigiiieei"  was  a[)p()inted  to  ascertain  the  resources  and 
wants  of  the  coiuitiy  in  this  regard."'''  The  eonipK'tioii 
of  ]iis  task  n'(juires  time.  ^[eanwhiK^  the  ahseiice  of 
definite  laws  on  the  subject  lias  thrown  matters  into 
confusion,  witli  the  prosi)ect  of  endless  litiy^ation. 

Under  the  laws  establislied  bv  custtun  in  tlu^  earlv 
miniui:^  days,  jn-iority  of  occupation  and  ai)propriation 
gave  title  to  claims,  as  well  as  to  the  water  indlspcn- 
fe'al)lo  for  working  them,  ai»d  this  ri-^ht  was  r(|u  atrdly 
affirmed  by  the  courts  and  by  act  of  con'.',ress.-  Jhit 
wlu'ii  the  a[){)ro})riation  was  cxteiuled  from  the  uiuia\- 
i!*'ai)le  heatl-waters  of  minin''-  fields  to  agricultural  dis- 
tricts,  un».er  the  direction  of  companies  which  ])re[)ared 
almost  to  drain  several  tributaries,  then  rose  in  opjx)- 
sition  the  large  ri[)arian  land-owners,  many  of  whom 
hatl  acipiircd  tracts  by  the  score  containing  hundreds 
of  sipiai'e  miles,  with  a  view  to  control  the  water."'* 
Tlu-y  (|uoted  the  act  of  April  1  SjO,  adopting  the  com- 
mon law  of  England  as  a  rule  under  which  rijtarian 
land-holders  were  entitled  to  an  undiminished  flow  of 
the  stream  past  their  land,-^  and  this  claim  was  sus- 
tained l)y  the  supreme  tribunal  of  the  state."'^  There; 
are  manifest  equities  which  demand  that  a  common 

■-''Will  Hani.  Hall  was  appoiiitcil,  aiul  i>nliiiiiiiary  rt'iMirts  of  valtu'  aji- 
peari'il,  on  which  part  of  the  preceding  niatt>T  is  Iciseil,  but  lie  lias  luitliiieil 
a  very  cxhaiistivo  treatise  on  the  suliject  in  several  voliiiiies,  tiie  lirxt  of 
wliich,  i,s.sue<l  in  ISStS,  covers  the  history  of  irrii^atiou  iu  Europe.  Uiiilcr  act 
of  coniii'ess  of  March  '.i,  ISTIJ,  Con;/.  Oli'»\  Is7'_'-;?,  iii.  ap.  .■{il,"»,  .i  coiiiiiiissiou 
was  appointed  to  report  a  system  of  irri^'atioii  for  the  Sacramento  ami  >S. 
Joaip  valleys,  with  a  paltry  appropriation  of  .s't.tXH).  Its  report,  with  plan, 
!)1  pp.,  points  ont  hotli  the  need  and  value  of  irrigation.  L'.  S.  Wor.  Dw.,  Cong. 
43,  Ses->.  1,  11.  Ex.  Doe.  'JDil;  .Uni'hll's  Iii]f>it. 

-''  Of  July  'J(),  18()(),  eontiriiiing  also  riL;ht  of  way  for  ditches. 

""Tims  in  Kern  one  person  hougiit  up  'JOO.IIOO  acres,  which  controlled  all  tlu! 
availahU)  water  on  5(H), 0(K)  acres.  Small  preemptors  of  liX)  acres,  homestead 
or  timlier  privilei,'es,  gained  control  over  largo  atljoiuiug  regions  dependent  on 
the  springs  secured  liy  them. 

'^"For  water-power,  navigation,  and  fishing.  Although  they  acipiiie  no 
ownership  in  the  river,  no  deviation  of  water  is  pemiitteil  witlioiit  tiieir  con- 
sent under  Cal.  laws,  save  where  such  deviation  luia  been  made  for  live  years 
unmoh^sted. 

^^  As  late  as  May  1880.  ,9.  /•'.  Chmu.,  May  17  IS,  ISSli.  It  wa^  argued  in 
opposition  that  tiio  common  law  being  adopted  Ix'tore  Cd.  became  a  stiite,  it 
bIiouUI  not  1  j_>erate  on  titlea  not  then  vested  in  her. 


'<t 


0 


LAXI)   ANI>   WATKll    MOXOPOLISTS. 


13 


law,  liasuily  ado[)tc'd  from  a  country  so  dissimilar  in 
climate  ami  condition  to  California,  should  not  l>o  made 
applicable  when  it  imi)erils  the  vital  interests  of  sonic 
of  the  richest  districts  of  the  countiy.  The  setting 
aside  of  this  law  under  tlic  general  mining  custom, 
whicli  concedes  right  of  way  for  ditches  as  W(>11  as 
prior  appropriation,  has  given  a  precedent  fornnotlicr 
rulinu',  or  for  readv  leiiislative  amendment."'^  The 
interests  of  a  fiw  land  monopolists  should  not  be  al- 
lowed to  outweigh  those  which  all'ect  the  prosperity  of 
large  communities.  The  rain  falls  alike  over  all  the 
eartli,  on  hills  as  well  as  in  vales,  and  wIkmi  gathered 
in  chainiels  on  the  way  to  the  ocean,  the  pro[)erty  of 
the  nati<ins,  it  should  still  be  permitted  to  shed  its 
blessings  on  all. 

A  guiding  rule  for  riparian  decisions  lies  evidently 
in  the  universal  law  which  reserves  navigable  rivers 
as  public  property.  Some  nations  sec  the  necessity 
also  to  retain  for  public  use  all  constantly  running 
streams,  thus  extending  the  law  to  meet  their  S[)ecial 
wants.  Now,  California  is  an  exceptional  country  cli- 
niatieally,  and  not  being  sulject  to  the  common  mcte- 
orologic  laws,  she  nmst  perforce  be  governed  by  distinct 
rules  and  methods,  applicable  to  this  peculiarity.  Na- 
ture clearly  di'sigus  the  rain  for  the  land  where  it  falls, 
but  owing  to  trtpographic  features  beyond  the  remidy 
of  the  land-owner,  the  wnter  grantt'cl  to  him  ih-ains, 
un(ler  direction  of  t]o  sam<'  all-controlling  ])f)wer,  into 
si)riiigs,  pools,  and  streams  ujjon  adjoining  property, 
there  to  be  stored.  Now  sucJi  storage,  in'  the  case  of 
navigable  and  running  streams,  pertains  to  tlie  public, 
wheicver  it  is  of  value  to  a  district  for  carriage,  water- 
I)ower,  fishing,  and  so  forth.  Elinor  storages  arc 
abandoned  to  the  land  enclosinnc  them,  simplv  because 


frt 

tracts,  for  agriculture  and  domestic  use 


quent  rains  provide  a  sulHcient  su[)ply  for  adjoining 


^'  Aii.l  so  lias  tho  rejection  of  c.iHteia  fonce  l.iws,  under  tliffereiit  eonditiona 
ruling  m  C'al.     Even  England  has  recognized  appropriation  riylits  in  nianv 


lastaiicua. 


many 


■^ 


u 


THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 


li 


The  feeling  against  monopoly  has  been  vigorously 
expressed  by  meetings  and  conventions.^"  Aware  of 
the  danger,  on  the  other  side,  of  surrendering  the 
water  to  speculative  canal  companies,  many  wish  the 
state  to  assume  control  ;^^  but  this  mig}\t  lead  to  cor- 
rupt rings  for  the  manipulation  of  bonds  and  local  in- 
terests, and  the  work,  vast  and  ill  understood,  concerns 
only  crtain  districts.  The  state  certainly  should 
assert  its  right  of  eminent  domain,  and  condemn  to 
public  use  all  necessary  water;  and  in  view  of  the 
breadth  and  intricacy  of  the  distribution  system,  the 
common  good  demands  that  the  government  siiould 
plan  it,  leaving  the  execution  (»f  the  work  to  tlio  dis- 
tricts interested,  yet  retaining  the  supervision  of  it.^* 

If  properly  distributed  during  a  California  season, 

3'^Iiist;iiioc  that  at  Los  Angelea  in  1873,  Sac.  Union,  Oct.  27,  1873;  tliat  at 
S.  F.  in  l.SS(),  S.  F.  Chron.,  May'JI,  188(i. 

^^Tlii!  (|uusti(m  of  solo  right  to  sijrings  on  private  land  niiulit  ho  raised 
whoro  puhlio  hoiiotit  is  affected.  A  precedent  for  such  cncr<>;ichin('nt  lies  in 
rules  which  do  not  yield  the  ownership  of  minerals  to  the  holder  of  the  soil. 
S.'o  niino.i,  vol.  vi.  The  convention  of  1873  urged  that  tlio  state  create  a  de- 
partment for  irrigation,  with  superintendents  for  each  county. 

^'This  idea  is  favored  hy  the  U.  S.  com.  ref(!rred  to  ahove.  Farmers  are 
not  expected  to  readily  form  proper  associations  for  sucli  vast  enterprise,  and 
one  district  if  engaged  in  it  might  not  plan  well  and  economically  enough  for 
tliose  adjoining.  One  impartial  power  could  alone  give  the  system  inlelligent 
and  eompreliensivc  scoi)e.  This  being  outlined,  with  estimates  for  cost  and 
extent  in  cacli  section,  farmers  might  individually  or  jointly  undertiiko  local 
construction.  The  mere  announoenient  of  such  a  project  woidd  raise  values 
and  permit  tho  sale  of  enough  land  to  pay  the  assessment.  Tlie  state  an<l 
counties  would  benefit  by  increased  revenue,  and  could  aftbrd  to  aid.  Mr 
Ryer  advocates  that  farmers  form  districts  and  take  possession  of  all  avail- 
able water,  as  condemned  by  the  state,  heaving  owners  to  sue  for  damages, 
and  then  employ  engineers  to  plan  the  local  ditches.  Each  aero  should  be 
assesse.l  for  tho  cost  according  to  the  benefit  derived,  and  the  funds  deposited 
in  the  county  treasury,  subject  to  orders  fi,>m  tho  supervisors  for  actual 
work.  Contracts  should  be  lot  to  the  lowest  biii<"ers,  and  in  small  sections, 
so  as  to  enable  poor  men  to  pay  the  assessment  in  labor.  The  U.  S.  com. 
favored  tho  sale  of  such  water-rights  with  the  land,  but  this  has  been  tried  in 
Lond)ardy  and  found  to  bo  fraught  with  selfish  exactions.  Associations 
might  be  contndled  by  agreement  under  conditions  governing  highways. 
Franco  assumed  control  of  lier  water  after  a  long  struggle.  Chili  and  Italy 
control  tiioirs,  the  latter  adding  tax  exemptions  to  the  prizes  issued  for  en- 
couraging irrigation  works.  Under  Rome  constantly  running  streams  wore 
public  property,  not  others.  Concerning  the  claim  on  streams  for  navigation 
and  water-power,  it  must  be  remembered  that  tl»e  canals  do  not  always  need 
water,  and  least  at  the  time  when  navigation  most  demands  a  filled  bed,  so 
that  navigation  would  suflfer  very  little  m  behalf  of  the  other  greater  good. 
Riparian  owners  should  be  left  a  sufficient  quantity  for  use.  Specimen  cries 
against  water  moDopoly  are  given  iu  So/:.  Union,  July  19,  1873;  also  in  Lowe, 
the  Laborer,  1-68. 


DROUGHTS  AND  FLOODS. 


15 


orously 
ware  of 
Hi;  the 
Isli  the 

to  cor- 
ocal  in- 
oncerns 

should 
cran  to 

of  the 
em,  the 
,  should 
the  dis- 

I  of  it.=^* 
season, 

73;  that  at 

t  1)0  raised 
lu'iit  lies  ill 
of  tlio  soil, 
jreatu  a  do- 

i'armers  are 
;rpriso,  ;iiul 
enough  for 

intelligent 
ir  cost  and 
.-rtiiko  local 
■aise  values 
e  state  and 
>  aid.  Mr 
f  all  avail- 
damages, 
)  should  1)0 
8  deposited 

for  actual 

II  sections, 
U.  S.  com. 
len  tried  in 
ssociations 

highways. 

and  Italy 

ued  for  eii- 
eams  were 
lavigation 
Iways  need 
,ed  bod,  so 
later  good, 
jimeii  cries 
30  ill  Lovoe, 


a  rahifall  of  a  dozen  inches  is  ample  for  tlie  wheat 
crops;  hut  coining  too  much  together,  a  fall  of  less 
than  sixteen  inches  is  sure  to  result  in  some  failures. 
Of  sucli  the  state  has  had  fully  half  a  dozen  since 
tlie  gold  discovery,  the  driest  seasons  heiiig  1850-1, 
18G;»-4,  187'J-7,  indicating  intervals  of  tiiirtecn 
years,  a  peculiarity  also  noticed  in  colonial  days.^' 
Tlie  limited  extent  of  agriculture  in  1851,  save  in 
gardening,  gave  little  scope  for  damage,  and  the 
lighter  drouglit  of  1855-7  proved  more  severe  in 
its  effect.  Tlie  most  disastrous  drought  took  place 
in  18G2-4,  wlien  crops  foiled  over  vast  areas,  and  cat- 
tle died  of  starvation  and  were  slaughtered  by  the 
hundred  thousand,  completely  revolutionizing  agri- 
cultural industries.  More  than  one  southern  county 
changed  from  a  pastoral  to  a  farming  district,  and 
stock-inisin<;  received  a  startling;  curtailment  through- 
out.^"  The  sea.son  1870-1  was  a  disa.strous  one,  and 
that  of  187G-7  more  so,  approaching  that  of  18()2-4, 
with  losses  on  crops  and  cattle  of  some  twenty  million 
dollars.*"  If  future  observaticms  should  confirm  our 
past  experience  as  to  the  rainfall  and  the  periodicity 
of  droughts,  the  forecast  will  be  of  no  little  benefit  to 
the  agricultural  interests  of  California,  for  the  nature 
and  trt^atment  of  crops  could  then  be  adapted  to  fore- 
seen conditions.  As  matters  are  at  present,  in  the 
greater  portion  of  the  San  Joaquin  valley  one  good 
crop  out  of  three  or  five  is  all  that  can   be  expected 

^''  Ah  sliown  in  my  preceding  vols,  i.-iv.  Tiic  rainfall  of  ISoQ-l  was  only 
7  iiulios  at  8.  F.  an(l  4.7  at  Sac.  In  185.5-0  only  8  inches  fell  at  Stockton 
aii<l  i;{  at  Sac,  followed  by  still  less  in  1850-7,  and  attendant  suffering  and 
los.s  (if  stock,  especially  in  the  south. 

■"'  With  the  compulsory  subdivision  of  many  Mexican  grants. 

^'  Till'  average  rainfall  for  1802-4  at  S.  F.  was  little  over  1 1  inches,  at  Los 
Angeles  4,  and  at  Sac.  9.  In  1870-1  S.  F.  had  13  inches,  Stockton  (>,  Sac.  8, 
Los  Aii),'el<s  7,  Napa  10.  Details  of  these  droughts  and  their  efl'cct  in  S.  l<\ 
Jiidlitlii,  -May  1,  Nov.  1.3,  1850;  May  0,  1857;  Apr.  10,  July  'J,  Nov.  IS()3; 
March-Apr.,  June  '2i»,  Oct. -Nov.  1804;  Feb.  7,  March  1.'4,  18(15;  Oct.  11), 
1871;  Apr.  13,  1873;  May-Oct.  1877,  etc.;  Lou  Auiivkn  Jlfnild,  June  1(),  Nov. 
10,  1877;  A.  .1.  A'.i^).,  Jan.  13,  March  10,  Apr.  14,  Nov.  10,  1877;  Aiitlorh 
L,'il<lfi;  July  22,  1877;  Alta  Cai,  Apr.  29,  May  9.  1857;  Nov.  7,  1859;  Apr. 
2,  1803;  May  15,  1871;  Sac.  Union;  S.  F.  Vull;  H(ujt«  AmjvUs,  v.  40,  etc. 


16 


THE  DEVELOPMENT  01'  AGRICULTURE. 


l(\ 


h  '  'i 


\m 


witliout  tlie  a,i(l  of  irrigation,  tlic  harvest  frequently 
depending-  on  a  few  light  showers,  or  even  on  the 
direction  of  the  wind  at  the  critical  moment. 

There  arc  times,  however,  when  there  is  no  scarcity 
of  wat(T,  when  Hoods  sweep  over  the  land,  competing 
with  droiiglits  for  the  vexation  of  man.  Every  spring 
the  snows  of  the  Sierra,  melted  by  warm  and  heavy 
rains,  swell  tlie  streams,  wiiich  sometimes  overilow 
their  banks  and  cover  broad  lon'-lying  ti'acts,  to  the 
great  damage  of  the  inhabitants.  And  with  the  pro- 
gress of  time  overllows  are  becoming  more  frecjuent, 
owing  to  the  filling  of  tlie  I'lver-beds  with  mining  debris. 
The  first  great  Hood  since  the  gold  discovery  in  1849- 
50  did  little  harm,  because  the  settlements  in  the  in- 
terior valleys  were  ft>w  and  not  highly  improved;  but 
in  1852-3  the  iniurv  was  greater,  and  hi  1801-2  its 
course  was  marked,  es])ecially  in  the  northern  half,  by 
<lisasters  never  before  equalled.  In  Yolo  Indian 
mounds  of  great  antiquity  were  swept  away.  The 
Stanislaus  washed  down  banks  formed  centuries  ago. 
On  liussian  liiver  an  adobe  building  several  decailes 
old  disappeared,  and  everywhere  the  I'ivers  presented 
sccm^s  of  desolation,  bearing  along  trees  and  buildings, 
broken  fences  and  household  connnodities,  and  dead 
sheep  and  cattle,  with  now  and  then  a  human  victim.^*^ 

■'^Tlio  ollicial  report  of  tho  flood,  in  Cnl.  Jour.  Sni.,  ISd.*},  ap.  3,  p.  4'2-50, 
SI) -102,  points  to  tlio  cMu.so  ill  tlio  I'xcussive  snowfall  in  the  mountains  iluring 
Nov.  anil  J)ct'.,  follovt'd  l)y  unusually  lioavj'  and  varni  raiuM  in  Dec.  and 
•Ian.  Over  -'>  imlu  •<  frll  at  Ri'd  Dog  in  19  days,  of  which  1 1.;>2  iiicjies  were 
in  4S  liours,  on  .la'i.  1)1 1th.  At  S  ic.  ovur  14  inches  fell  hctwocn.Tan.  fltli  and 
22d.  It  Mas  shown  that  tho  straits  of  C'arquincz  liad  little  to  do  with  de- 
taininj^  the  Ih'W  fro;n  the  two  great  trihutarics,  for  tho  liighe.st  water  at 
lioniciii  was  caused  hy  an  unusual  tide,  several  days  before  the  highest  ilood. 
For  details  of  ilamago,  see  S.  F.  BitUdhi,  tiif.  Uiiinii,  and  AUa,  for  Dec.  ISdl- 
Felt.  ISOl',  exlemling  from  Klamath  soutliward,  the  hills  of  San  Alateo  not 
escaping.  The  legi  laturo  projjosed  measures  for  relief.  Flans  for  improved 
drainage  in  ('a/.  Jmn:  Sni.,  181j.%  ap.  iii.  2.")-31,  97-100;  Morses  W.  Per., 
MS.,  80;  Jiiini(t''s  ]i<roI.,  MS.,  ii.  2So;  Ifai/is'Mi.sr.,  127;  rei)orts  on  damage 
i'l  tlio  soutli,  II  i/inii.i'  Hf  t.,  ^iS.,  12;  Sldii/nu  Co.  Ajf.,  MS.,  27.  The  fullest 
a'jcouuts  are  collected  ia<V7,  Ihoil.^,  ,Si-ni]>s,  passim;  including  information 
on  previous  and  stthscqueiit  Hoods,  to  1)0  fouiul  also  in  Al/n  (ML,  March  !►,  .SO, 
fK-e.  20,  1S.-2,  etc.;  Nov.  l."),  IS.V);  March  2,  Nov.  14,  ISol;  March  (i,  18r)8; 
March  2S,  Jidy  1"),  Nov.  0,  IS.")!);  Plircr  Tiinm  ami  Trauncript,  March  21, 
1,S,V2,  etc.:  S.  F.  Hn-<tbl,  Juno  0,  1S.'>2;  Jan  .1,  ISJS;  Dec.  18G1;  2l<inim'Hlc 
Appriil,  id.;  county  historic  i;  Onis.'i  \'ii[.  ] )brctoi-y.  Tho  damage  at  Sacra- 
mento, Stockton,  and  Marysville  is  related  in  my  historic  sketches  of  tho.s(! 
towns,  in  my  lliit,  CaL,  vol.  vi.  Tho  legislature  wau  driven  from  tho  capital 
to  S.  ¥. 


GRAIN  AND  FKUIT  PESTS. 


17 


uontly 
)n  tie 

icarcity 
ipeting 
■  spring 

lioavy 
veriiow 
,  to  the 
:l)e  pro- 
■eijuent, 
f  debris. 
ul840- 
\  the  in- 
ed;  but 
^\-'l  its 
half,  by 

Indian 
,y.  The 
ries  ago. 

decades 
resented 
uildings, 
md  dead 

victini.^^ 

3,  p.  42-50, 

tains  iluring 
in  Dec.  anil 
incln;3  vcre 
.T:ui.  r>tli  tiuil 
Jo  vitli  (k'- 
j.sb  watiT  at 
ligliest  ilood. 
,r  DfO.  1S()1- 
II  Mateo  not 
i(ir  iiiiproved 
.7  V   M'.  P<'r., 
;s  on  (lainago 
Tho  fullest 
infoniiatiou 
ilarch  !),  SO, 
irth  (>,  ISoS; 
t,  March  21, 
1;  J/(nv/.sn7/c 
ige  at  Sacra- 
clies  of  thoso 
ui  tho  capital 


Warned  by  the  calamity,  Sacramento,  Stockton,  and 
otlici-  important  towns  took  the  precaution  to  improve 
still  further  the  levees  raised  after  previous  inunda- 
tions, and  so  place  tliemsclves  beyond  all  risk.  Farmers 
generally  heeded  the  lesson,  and  subsequent  slighter 
overflows  of  1807-8,  1871-2,  1877-8,  1880,  and  1881 
were  thus  lessened  in  their  damaging  effects.  In  the 
south  tlie  denuded  banks  offer  so  little  check  to  the 
accumulating  waters  that  in  some  places  the  dry  bed 
may  be  converted  into  a  raging  current  within  a  few 
hours.^* 

If  the  farmers  here  have  some  ills,  others  they  have 
not.  There  arc  fewer  than  elsewhere  of  the  evils 
arising  from  storms,  hail,  frost,  excess  of  moisture; 
and  we  suffer,  perhaps,  in  less  degree  than  people  to 
the  eastward  from  wheat  rust,  potato  blight,  apple 
worm,  orange  scale,  and  cattle  diseases.  Yet  there 
are  pests  in  plenty.  The  spermophile,  or  California 
ground-squirrel,  is  exceedingly  destructive  to  grain 
crops,  vegetables,  fruit-trees,  and  vines,*"  especially 
south  of  the  Carquinez  line,  wliere  they  materially 

^9  Details  of  these  and  other  later  and  partial  overflows,  in  S.  F.  Biillrtiii, 
Dec.  'J,  7  8,   1804;  Feb.   10,   ISO'.t;  Nov.  iT),   Dee.  2o-7,  1871;  Jan.  15,   Aiir. 

4,  1872;  Feb.  5,  1874;  March  1,  U,  1878;  Feb.  .3,  1880;  Jan.-Feb.  1881; 
witli  aecoiuit  of  broken  levees.  Sar.  Union,  AlldCal.,  S.  F  Call,  ('/ironirli', 
for  about  the  same  dates;  ML  Mi'.-i.'ii'iifjvr,  March  IG,  1878;  Feb.  12,  18S1;  Lou 
All;/,  \iirs,  March  12,  1SG7;  dan.  3,  18(JS;  Moiitercif  Itciii.,  Jan.  211,  1875; 
SniioiiKi  Di'iii.,  March  15,  1878;  Ainndor  Ledijcr,  Marcli  2,  1878;  Fi'rndole 
F.iitti-inisi',  .March  14,  1879;  Sod  Joii'.  Mercury,  Apr.  22,  1880;  Lot  Amj.  J/cnilil, 
.Ian.  'A,  ISHO;  Ororillc  Mnr.,  Feb.  4,  1881.  Among  severe  avalanches  which 
have  taken  place  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  S.  F.  Diill'fiii,  Jan.  10,  1857,  and  Feb. 
i),  1S.")!>,  refers  to  two  in  Pluuias  and  Shasta  which  kilkul  4  men  each;  S.  F. 
J'o-^t,  Jan.  21,  1875,  to  one  wliich  involved  the  loss  of  28  Chinese;  S.  F.  (  W.) 
(oil,  -Mareli  27,  1882;  Jd.  (/).),  March  12,  1884,  overwlielrning  Woodstock. 
In  1S78  the  gov.  refused  assent  to  a  bill  for  relieving  sufferers  by  the  liood. 
Col.  .Iniir.  Sni.,  1877-8,  342. 

■"'Tlicy  are  especially  abundant  along  tlie  central  zone  running  from 
Piijaro  to  Amador.  The  most  effective  remedies  a^^ainst  them  are  stryehniuo 
and  piinsphorus  poison  scattered  in  saturated  wheat,  and  sulphur  smoke  blown 
into  thi;ir  l)iirrows.  Gophers  are  treated  in  the  same  way.  The  pouclied 
ciieek  is  the  chief  point  of  difference  between  the  spermophiles  and  the  regu- 
lar Kipiirrel.  There  are  two  species,  distingui.shed  by  the  color  of  a  stripe 
along  the  spine.     That  with  the   yellowish  hoary  stripe  abounds  south  of 

5.  F.  Bay;  the  other,  with  dark  brown  stripe,  is  found  north  of  it  and  in  less 
nuiid)ers.  Concerning  remedies  and  enactments  for  enforcing,  see  Col.  Squir- 
rel Law;  Jiiirnett'ii  Uiroi,  MS.,  ii.  217-21. 

Hist.  Cai,.,  Vol.  VU.    a 


18 


THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 


l/'iM 


■'Ml    ■ 

i;! 


:i!# 


affect  tlie  value  of  farms  in  many  districts.  The 
s^oplicr  ranks  next  as  the  destroyer  of  roots  of  fruit- 
trees,  vo!4C' tables,  newly  planted  seed,  and  sweet  buds 
in  the  coast  valleys.  Along  tlie  eastern  slopes  of  the 
Sierra  grasshoppers  have  occasionally  denuded  large 
districts,  leaving  not  a  leaf  or  blade  of  grass.  The  first 
notable  ravage  occurred  in  1855  and  the  last  in  1885.** 

The  great  length  of  California,  subdivided  into  nar- 
row strips  by  several  ranges,  with  cross-ridges  and 
lateral  openings,  gives  rise  to  a  variety  of  climates 
and  soils,  Tlie  coast  has  a  very  equal)]e  tempera- 
ture, batlicd  as  it  is  by  warm  ocean  currents,  tempered 
by  almost  daily  breezes.  These  also  modify  to  a  great 
extent  the  heat  concentrated  within  the  interior  by 
tlie  enclosing  mountain  walls,  and  it  is  only  in  the 
desert  region  of  the  south-east  that  the  heat  becomes 
extreme. 

In  the  northern  part,  where  no  heated  interior 
basins  exist  to  draw  tlie  cooling  currents,  the  prevail- 
ing wind  is  north-westerly,  laden  with  summer  showers. 
Below  Cape  Mendocino  this  changes,  and  rains  depend 
on  south-westerly  currents,  which  are  very  rare  be- 
tween ^lay  and  October,  but  rule  through  tlie  winter 
months.  Their  opposite  exists  in  the  drea'^ed  Boreas, 
moisture  consuming  and  shrivcllinfr,  whether  hot  or 

IJ^42        -  -  -  -- 


CO 


During  the  six  months  beginning  with  No- 


*'  Trenches  and  smoke  are  the  only  partial  safeguards  against  them.  Placor 
lost  a  large  portion  of  its  crops  in  1855  \>y  their  raid,  and  Shasta,  Yolo,  Suisun, 
and  the  8.  Joaquin  east  counties  shared  more  or  less  in  the  disaster.  Tliey 
have  penetrated  to  the  coast  counties.  Other  visitations  are  mentioned  in 
III.,  May  8,  June  27,  ISoG;  June  21-2,  1859;  June  13,  ISOl;  S.  F.  Thuex, 
Apr.  1,  June  11,  1809,  in  Lassen;  S.  F.  Call,  June  27,  1871;  Folsoni  Tekg., 
June  8,  1872;  S.  F.  Bulletin,  June  14,  1858;  July  2,  1884;  June  8,  1885.  In 
U.  S.  (,'ov.  Doc,  Cong.  45,  Sess.  2,  Entomolog.  Rept  for  1878-9,  p.  xviii. 
322,  80,  arc  considerations  of  remedies.  In  some  parts  wild  geese  have  been 
so  destructive  tliat  bands  of  hunters  were  kept  to  exterminate  them.  S.  F. 
C'lttl,  May  7,  1882.  Prov.  Bee,  iii.  131,  alludes  to  the  chuhuistle  wheat  ravage 
in  1783,  and  to  dread  of  locusts.  Concerning  worms  injurious  to  fruit,  sec 
Trca/iiie  on  Fruit  Trees;  L.  Lake  Bull,  June  19,  1880;  S.  F.  Times,  June  G, 
18G7;  Onkl.  Tramcr.,  Sept.  1,  1877;  Cnstrov.  Arrfus,  Sept.  4,  1809;  8.  Josi 
Merc.,  Nov.  23,  1883;  Alta  Cal,  March  9,  Apr.  13.  July  22,  1859;  S.  F.  Call, 
July  18,  1871;  8.  F.  Bulletin,  Feb.  25,  Aug.  9,  1859;  Cal.  A'jric.  Soc,  Tram.; 
Rural  Press,  passim. 

*■*  Occasionally,  it  has  become  a  veritable  siroces,  as  at  Santa  Barbara  in 
.Tune  1859,  when  trees  were  blasted,  fruit  literally  roasted  on  the  trees,  and 
birds  and  calves  suffocated.  Sta  B.  Oazette,  June  23, 1859,  etc.;  Stockton  Aryua, 
id.;  8.  F.  BtUletin,  June  14,  1864. 


RAINFALL. 


19 


s.  The 
Df  fruit- 
set  buds 
s  of  tho 
id  large 
riic  first 
1  1885." 
nto  nar- 
ucs  and 
climates 
icmpcra- 
cinpcred 
>  a  great 
erior  by 
f  in  the 
becomes 

interior 

prevail- 
sliowers. 

depend 
rare  bc- 
le  winter 

Boreas, 
hot  or 

ith  No- 

em.  Placer 
olo,  Suisuu, 
stcr.  They 
entioncd  in 

Isoni  Teteij., 
i,  1885.  In 
9,  p.  xviii. 
c  liave  been 
Ithem.  S.  F. 
heat  ravage 
;o  fruit,  sec 
les,  June  G, 
Mi;  8.  JoKi 
S.  F.  Call, 
>oc.,  Trans.; 

Barbara  in 
e  trees,  and 
ckton  Ar<ju8, 


vember,  the  dried-up  or  shrunken  streams  are  replen- 
ished, at  first  from  the  rains,  and  8ubse(jucntly,  in 
March  and  April,  from  the  melting  of  the  Sierra  snow. 
Tlie  rainfall  varies  from  an  annual  mean  of  70  inches 
in  the  extreme  north-west  to  40  inches  above  (ape 
jNIendocino,  about  22  near  San  Francisco,  KJ  below 
Monterey,  and  10  inclies  at  San  l)i(>go.  A  corre- 
sponding decrease  takes  place  along  the  interior  val- 
ley strip,  with  a  relatively  lighter  fall  than  that  on  the 
more  humid  coast,  in  similar  latitudes.  Thus  the 
average  fall  at  licdding  is  42  inches,  at  lied  Bluff  24, 
at  Sacramento  18,  at  Modesto  i),  Tulare  0,  Sumner  4 
inches.  As  the  moisture-condensing  Sierra  is  ascended, 
the  fall  increases  to  34  inches  at  Auburn,^''  and  GO  at 
(,'isco.^*     The  general  average  for  the  greater  part  of 

*^0r  cibont  1  inch  for  every  100  or  130  feet,  wliilu  the  corresponding  lati- 
tuilo  in  tho  bottom  of  tho  viillcy  i.s  18  inches.  The  lava  beds  in  tho  north- 
oast  corner  arc  exceptionally  drier.  Vet  tlie  temperature  up  tlie  Sierra  sliipe.< 
remaina  as  warm  as  tho  valloy  for  tho  (ir.st  'J, 000  or  2,500  feet  during  summer. 
The  winter  is  colder. 

*'Tlio  appended  tables  of  temperature  and  humidity  in  connection  with 
tho  preceding  observations,  and  those  given  in  the  opening  chapter,  will 
siifDco  for  a  better  understaudins  of  the  present  topic.  The  peculiarity  men- 
tioned calls  for  a  statement  of  rainfall  by  the  season. 

< Temperature. v    Uainfall.  Kiev. 

.,      ,   „     .  Siitiinier.  \Viiiter.      Av.  .\v. 

toiuit  Ju'i/ioiu  i),,jr.  j,e.,r.  Ueg.       Inches.    Feet. 

Camp  Lincobi,  Del  Norto  CO 59.5  47.2  53.9  73.4 

Fort  Humboldt,  llund)oldt  CO 58.2  47.0  52.9  3,").9  50 

C.imp  Wright,  Mendocino  CO 74.7  58.8  57.8  43.9 

Napa,  Napa  CO 70.3  49.3  59.9  2G.G  95 

San  Francisco 58.0  50.1  55.2  20.7  1.30 

.Martinez,  Contra  Costa  CO 70.1  48.9  G0.3  16.1 

San  Jo.se,  Sinta  Clara  CO G(>.7  49.5  5G.8  i].4  91 

Monterey,  Monterey  CO 59.7  50.2  55.5  15.7  140 

Solodad,  Monterey  CO G6.9  48.8  57.8  7.9 

Santa  Barbara,  Santa  Barbara  CO..   .   C7.9  54.1  01.4  1G.2  20 

L(M  Angeles,  Los  Angeles  CO 73.2  5,").G  G4.9  12.0  2ii5 

Sill  Diego,  San  Diego  CO Gi;.7  5G.8  G2.0  !».3  G4 

Iiiti'rior  Sci'lioii, 

Fort  Joiie.^,  Siskiyou  CO 71.1  .34.1  52.3  21.7  2,.")70 

Ke.bling,  Shasta  CO 81.0  47.3  G3.4  42.1  .")5G 

R.d  Blufif,  Tehama  CO 80.8  47.5  03.7  24.0  308 

Mary.svdle,  Yuba  CO 78.7  49.5  G4.4  17.8  (17 

Sai  lanionto,  Saeramento  CO 71.8  4S.2  C0.8  18.7  30 

StoektoTi,  San  Joaquin  CO 72.5  48.2  G0.8  15.8  23 

Merco.l,  Merced  CO 79.1  49.0  G.3.4  9.7  171 

Fresno,  Fresno  co 84. 1  51 .3  G7.G  7.0  292 

Tulare,  Tulare  CO 83.8  45.9  G4.4  G.2  282 

Sumner,  Kern  CO 83.2  48.7  G7.3  4.2  415 

Fool/iilh. 

Anburn,  Placer  co 74. 1  45  4  58. fi  .34  0  1  ..ICiO 


n 


.? 


20  THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  ACRICULTURE. 

tlic  state  would  bo  utterly  inadequate  for  this  zone, 
but  for  its  distribution  durin<''  the  half-year  when 
most  needed,  leaving  the  sunnner  and  autunui  dry. 
This  peeuliarity  regulates  the  agricultural  system, 
making  the  winter  season  so  busy,  and  the  harvest- 
time  so  early  and  convenient. 

The  agricultural  value  of  districts  depends  in  Cali- 
fornia less  on  the  underlying  geologic  formation,  which 
forms  the  base  in  most  countries,  than  on  climatic  con- 
ditions, the  south  being  especially  dependent  on  the 
toj)ogra[)]iy  and  hydrography.  Yet  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada has  left  its  impress,  as  shown  b}^  the  sandy  sur- 
face deposits  in  San  Joaquin  valley,  and  the  more 
clayey  soil  in  Sacramento.  Owing  to  the  elevated 
slope  and  vast  drainage  area,  its  foothills  extend  in  a 


The  iiifortnation  ia  based  in  part  on  U.  S.  Gov.  Dor.,  Cong.  47,  Sess.  1,  H.  Ex. 
Doc,  vii.  li;{r)-(3,  SSf),  .'J(i5-iS4,  (i'JG;  Cal.  CliiwHc.  •Srni}>ii,  4  et  soq.;  Jf(ii/(.f'  Xat. 
I'/ii'iioni.,  i.-ii. ;  the  Sinitlimidiit  llcjmrlx,  by  the  railway  coinpanics  and  l>y  pri- 
vate individuals; /SV/toM'-s  Tclilin:  TttrriU's S'o/e.'i,  18-21;  Cal.  Ai/rir.  .S'oc,  Trnii-i., 
ISO.S  vt  se([. ;  lIMi'Wx  Res.,  U4,  etc.  Tlie  fnWowing  is  a  fair  average  at  various 
points  in  the  Pacitic  and  eastern  .states  and  in  Euroxie: 

/ — Tempo'  atnre.  — ,       , KainfiiU. , 

Degrees.  Inches. 

Jan.      Jnly.     DifT.  Spring.    Sum.       Aut.       Wint.      Year. 

Fort  Humboldt ... .     40        58        IS  1:5.5        1.2        4.1)         15.         :i4.(5 

Saeraniento 45        7:?         ^8  7.0        0.          2.(5         12.1       21.7 

•San  Francisco 49         57           8  G.(i         0.1         3.3         1.1.3       2.14 

San  Diego 51         72        21  2.7        0.5        1.2          5.9       li).4 

Fort  Yuma 5li        92        3G  0.3        1.3        0.9          0.7         3.2 

Astoria,  Oregon 1G.4         4.0       21.8         44.2       8G.0 

New  York 31         77         40  11.7       ll.G         9.9         10.4       43.7 

New  Orleans 55        82        27  11.3       17.3        9.G         12.7       50.1 

St.  Louis 12.9       14.1         8.7          G.3       42. 

Liverpool G.2        9.8       10.8          7.3       34.1 

Paris 5.5        5.9        G.5          4.7       22.G 

Rome 7.3        3.4       10.9          9.3       30.9 

Naples 4G         76         30  

London 37        02        25        

Storms  are  rare,  and  the  occasional  severe  ones  have  not  ii'flictcd  niueh  dam- 
age. Instances  in  ylfta(,'a/.,  Dec.  15,  1849;  Jan.  3,  1855;  March  2,  ISOl;  S.  F. 
IJullefln,  March  4,  1857;  June  14,  Aug.  6,  Sept.  10,  Dec.  2,  1804;  Jan.  2-9, 
1872;  May  30,  1878;  S.  F.  Coll,  Apr.  II,  1884.  A  small  district  in  Shasta 
was  on  May  10,  1850,  damaged  by  a  hail-storm.  Cloud-bursts  have,  on  rare 
occasions,  done  some  barm  in  the  south  and  in  the  Sierra.  L.  Aw/.  Exp., 
Jan.  .3.  1880;  Inyo  Imlrp.,  Aug.  1,  1874;  Vallcjo  L'econkr,  Nov.  18,  1870;  I.'id 
Bluff' Senliiit'l,  March 22,  1873;  (Jtiinci/  Union,  July  IG,  18G4.  Meteoric  showers, 
with  meteor  falls.  S.  F.  Times,  Feb.  23-5,  Aug.  7-10,  1809;  S.  F.  Call,  Nov. 
10,  1867;  Nov.  15,  18G8;  Aug.  12,  1809;  Apr.  21,  1871;  -S'oc.  Union,  May  7, 
1859;  Nco.  Gaz.,  Dec.  29-31,  18G6. 


I 

I 


s 

i 


m 


f!EOLO(iY  AND  CHEMISTRY 


21 


IS  zone, 
r  when 
nn  thy. 
systuni, 
liarvest- 


in  Cah- 

11,  wliich 
atic  con- 
;  oil  the 
■rra  Ne- 
ndy  sur- 
lic  more 
elevated 
;end  in  a 


ss.  1,  H.  Ex. 

jfdi/t  ft'  yiit. 

i  and  l>y  liri- 
Soc,  I'nniK., 
'o  at  various 


Witit. 
15. 
12.1 
13.:$ 
5.0 
0.7 
44.2 
10.4 
12.7 
I).  .3 
7.3 
4.7 
<).3 


Year. 
34.(5 
21.7 
23,4 
H).4 
3.2 
Sli.O 
43.7 
50.1 
42. 
34.1 
22.  (» 
30.1) 


I  much  daiu- 
,1801;  S.  /•'. 
i4;  Jan.  2  9, 
ct  ia  Slia.sta 
avo,  on  rare 

in-/.  Ej-p., 
S,  ltj'70;  Hid 
Driu  showers, 

CM,  Nov. 
lion.  May  7, 


long,  gentle,  talus-liko  slope,  which  forms  a  kind  of 
upland  plain,  witli  a  hreadth  in  the  north  and  centre 
of  50  to  70  miles,  hetwcen  the  elevations  of  500  and 
4,000  feet,  but  narrowing  in  the  south,  where  the 
traii.sverso  incisions  or  lateral  valleys  are  widely  hor- 
diM-ed  with  bare,  abrupt  blufi's,  while  in  the  Sacra- 
mento section  tliey  are  rounded  and  tree-lined.  On 
the  west  side  the  slope  from  the  Coast  range  is  from 
10  to  40  miles  wide  in  Shasta  and  Tehama  counties, 
after  wliicli  it  lessens  to  a  narrow  strip.  The  lower 
footliill.s  below  the  altitude  of  2,000  or  2,500  feet  enjoy 
tlie  same  tem})erature  with  greater  moisture,  and  yield 
the  same  j)ro(lucts  as  the  valley  land,  including  semi- 
tropic  plants,  fruit  thriving  relatively  better.^' 

Tlie  SacrauK-nto  valley  land  proper  is  gently  undu- 
lating, dtjtted  witli  hillocks  known  as  hog-wallows,  and 
linetl  by  strips  and  blocks  of  adobe  soil.  In  the  lower 
half  the  river  bottoms  on  the  east  side  are  widely  cov- 
ered with  mining  debri.s,  termed  slickens,  which  have 
converted  once  fertile  tracts  into  sterile  wa.stes,  and  so 
filled  up  the  river-beds  as  to  increase  the  fre(pie!icy 
and  extent  of  llo(xls,  and  to  cau.se  the  wider  spread  of 
this  desti'uctive  dejiosif*"  All  this  expanse  of  allu- 
vial laud  is  very  productive,  with  little  need  for  irri- 
gation;^' but  in  the  San  Joaquin  drainage  region  the 
ligliter  soil  and  scantier  rain  increase  the  need  for 
artificial  watering,  while  in  the  .south  it  becouics 
ab.-^olutely  necessary.  The  sandy  and  less  C()in{)act 
soil  does  not  retain  the  moisture  so  well,  and  tlie 
number  of  intermittent  streams  increase,  especially  on 
the  west  side,  with  its  bare  and  abra[)t    Coast  range. 

'  T!iiir  .soil  lias  a  general  similarity  in  its  oniiigL'-rcd  tint,  due  to  an  iron 
oxiik'  iiiliui.xtuie  of  4  to  12  or  even  more  ])lt  cent,  wit'.i  a  texture  varying  fioni 
iiio.loratcly  lieavy  loam  to  still'  clay,  with  rolled  gr:ivel  often  ia  exce.s.s.  Tlio 
lierceiitaue  of  li.ne  iuori'ase.s  towanl  the  central  eountij-t,  auil  dimini.dus  lie- 
yoiid  tile  Tuoluiiine.  Tlie  proportion  of  phosphates  is  low.  Deep  ploughing 
is  advi  alile. 

^"Tnie,  a  small  admixture  of  such  sandy  ingredients  isheiieticial  to  certain 
heavy  soil;  hit  wlii'i  a  succession  oi  1  lyers  is  laid.;,  tliu  l)enelit  lucoiiiei  an 
evil  which  cm  hj  remedied  only  hy  years  of  costly  effort,  with  special  plaut- 
in;,',  ]ilou';Iiin^',  au'l  counter-manuring. 

''  I'll  J  riiniall  iau','ing  from  40  to  20  inches,  with  usually  slight  snow  iu 
the  winter  and  frost  temperature  at  night  for  several  months. 


Ill 

i 


!  i::|i 


22 


THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  AORICULTirRE. 


The  Tulare  section  contains  much  delta  laud  easily 
irrii^ated/^ 

A  large  portion  of  the  valley  trough,  especially  tow- 
ard the  njouths  of  the  two  converging  main  rivers,  and 
round  the  lakes,  is  marshy,  and  known  as  tulo  land  i Voni 
the  rush  L!,rowing  upon  it/*  Another  large  area  of  such 
lands,  subject  to  overflow  from  salt  water,  lies  along  the 
coast,  hut  chit^ily  within  the  bays,  forming  in  all  some 
.'J, 000, 000  acres,  nmch  of  it  exceedingly  productive. 
A  portion  has  been  reclaimetl  by  levees,  but  tlieso  are 
in  many  placets  insecure,  owing  to  the  porous  and  buoy- 
ant nature  of  tlu^  foundation,  which  in  otiier  parts 
have  so  far  batMed  all  eflbrts  of  enu'ineers.  In  the  San 
Joa(|uin  delta  the  matted  tule  forms  large  floating 
islands.'"' 

*'■*  liuuiul  Visaliiv  u  tho  onu  heavily  wooded  oak  region  of  the  S.  Joaquin 
valley.  From  Merced  to  Sail  Joaiiiiiii  county  slrctcliea  an  irregnlar  liult  of 
blade  adolto.  Roimd  it  tho  noil  i<  isdcaruous,  tlio  liiiio  adniixturo  ran;,'in;j 
from  half  to  three  per  cent,  and  it  i<  conscumntly  voi-y  pro(hictivo  under  irri- 
j^atioii,  yot  vith  little  phosphoric  acid.  It  ha-i  tlio  ailvuntago  of  h.'in;^  doi^p, 
Ko  as  to  permit  roota  to  seek  compensatidn  for  dryticss  hy  wi.I.r  tiinhia;'. 
Ill  the  uplands  the  pliosphates  ^vi\\  .sonn  ho  exhaustod.  l:i  the  lake  di. strict  j 
tlio  jircvaleut  alkali,  which  dissolves  tho  humus,  noed.i  oidy  t!io  com^ctive  of 
gypsuiu,  for  the  soil  composition  is  otherwise  good.  IK'tweon  C  ;l:iverai  aid 
tlu;  American  extends  a  great  plain  of  rich  dun-eoliir<.'<l  hiaia,  brolicn  o;dy  hy 
timlier  belts  of  rivers  and  easily  tilled.  In  the  Sac.  valley  tlio  li;;io  aihiiix- 
turo  is  generous,  and  hy  retaining  tho  liunuia  tends  ti>  connturact  <h'ynes;i; 
potash  abounds,  but  i)hosphate3  are  rare. 

■''■'  Known  as  cat-tail,  or  tyjiha.  The  round  rush  proper  on  salt  marshes  is 
tho  srriiiii.t  li>riif(ri.->: 

•'■'So  that  tho  famous  floating  gardens  of  theiVztpoa  ho.T  find  their  counter- 
part. The  lake  region  is  so  strongly  impregnated  wllh  all;ali  as  to  re:ider 
roclaniatiou  unpromising.  Most  of  the  reclaimed  land  lies  within  the  delta 
region  of  the  continent  Sac.  and  San  Joacpiin,  protected  by  di!;es  of  ,">  tn  10 
feet  in  height,  witli  a  base  of  20  to  3i)  feet  and  a  sunnnit  5  feet  I)road.  Tlio 
cost  has  been  about  11  ei'iits  per  cubic  yard.  Tho  legislature  of  IST-  anthori/.d 
the  sale  of  bonds,  in  mortgage  on  reclaimed  districts,  to  promote  sucli  work, 
but  tho  scheme  did  not  succeed;  in  time  better  plans  may  bo  adoptod.  For 
suggestions,  reports,  and  state  measures,  see  every  C'.r/.  Jour.  iS'iu  and  .(•«., 
including  governor's  mes.sago  and  surveyor-general's  report.  C:l.  Ajrir.  iSoc, 
Tram.,  ISW),  285-9,  etc.;  J/ii>/,h  A.jr!,:,  'j;i:i-41;  /.'«/vfi /'rcss,  etc.  Tlio  iir.-t 
reclamation  act.  Cal.  Stutiifri,  IS."!,  401).  County  histories  of  ,S'.  Joaij.,  S-n:, 
Sutter,  Contra  Costa,  and  Yoh,  give  accounts  of  plans  and  worlc  done.  (/.  .S'. 
A(jrir.  licpt,  ISTtJ,  179-87.  Concerning  special  drainage  canals,  from  I'resno 
slough,  J'rporl  on  Camil  J'ro.n  Frr-ftio  Shnijhto  Anl'Mcli;  S<i<\  Un'on,  Kov.  11, 
188():  Jan.  17,  KSSl.  Tho  reclamation  of  Colorado  du-.ert,  by  turning  in  tho 
waters  of  Colorado  River,  has  been  widely  discussed.  ilea:iw';ilj  several 
oases  have  been  formed  in  this  quarter  with  the  aid  of  wells,  if.  S.  ('>r.  J^nc, 
Cong.  3G,  Sess.  1,  Sen.  Com.  Kept  270,  ii. ;  Cong.  43,  Se.;3.  1,  S.!:i.  Misc. 
Doc.  84,  i. ;  Coug.  41,  Sess.  2,  U.  S.  Statutes  .'177;  Wlireb'r's  Siirni/x,  1870, 
70  2,  109-25;  Cal.  SfMittc.^,  1S.')9,  2::8,  .'192;  Cal.  Aqrk.  Sor.,  Trans.,  1874, 
30:i-0;  y/iiyw'  S.  JJiojo,  i.  127-o4,  210-21;  Overland,  xv.  17-53. 


I 


4 


^ 


V ALLEYS  AND   HILLS. 


28 


easily 

ly  tow- 
•rs,  and 
id  IVoiii 
of  such 
;)ii<^  the 
,11  some 
luctivo. 
loso  are 
d  huoy- 
•r  parts 
the  San 
lloatinj^ 


S.  Joaquin 

lliir  belt  of 

iro  ran;;iii,'? 

Tiudcr  irri- 

bciii.^;  (locp, 

..r  isiiikiii}'. 

Uo  (li.itricti 

(im'ctivc  of 

l:ivcr:n  ii;iil 

,1  o;.ly  1)/ 

lu  ;ul:iiix- 

t  dryness; 

inarslio.i  is 

:ir  cmiiitor- 

tii  rc'.iilor 
ill  tlio  ilc;lU 

(,f  r>  to  10 

•oail.  The 
iiuthori/-tl 
such  work, 
il)to.l.  For 
aiul  .If.')., 

;//■.'.•.   SOC, 

T!io  lir.':;t 
JiVKl.,  Sjir., 
lone.    i/.  S. 

•o::i  l're.siio 
)/),  Nov.  11, 
niiig  in  tlio 

:ilj   Kcvi'ral 

r  :).'•.  J  hie, 

,S.::i.  Misc. 
(vvi/s,  187*5, 
•ans.,  ISiJi, 


A, 


The  terrace  foriuatioti  not(>d  in  the  great  valley 
raiiLTt'S  iVoiii  tlie  low,  rich  bottuin-laud  to  a  second 
j.oonr  hciich,  and  to  a  third  less  regular  surface  with 
coniparativcly  little  valuable  land.  The  coa.st  rrgion 
enjuvs  tlie  advantage  of  ocean  moisture,  comhined  witli 
a  soil  which  increa.se.s  in  heaviness  and  timber  wealth 
northward.  Thermal  belts  occur  in  several  part.-^^, 
cliiclly  near  the  bay,  which  arc  exempt  from  frosts. 

Witliin  recent  years  portions  of  (southern  Calif()rnia 
before  considered  almost  worthless  have  bet'ii  turned 
to  good  account  as  agricultural  areas,  their  virgin  soil 
])r(Khicing  abundant  crop.s  of  fruit  and  cereals,  under 
tlio  improved  methods  which  have  super.seded  primi- 
tive systems  of  farming,  ^[any  of  them  are  now 
occn|)ied  by  tliriving  colonies,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
Chino  raneh  in  San  l>ernardino  county,  wliich,  in 
1881,  pas.sed  into  the  hands  of  llichard  (iird,"""  a 
wealtliy  and  enterprising  citizen  of  southern  Califor- 
nia. Here  families  have  been  introduced  and  settle- 
ments founded  on  a  tract  of  more  than  'JO, 000  acres, 
set  apart  for  tlie  purpose,  every  ten  acres  of  which,  it 
is  estimated,  is  capable  of  su[)porting  a  family. 

'"'-  Riclianl  Ginl,  a  nativo  of  Litelitipld,  N.  Y.,  came  to  California  in  lS.')'i. 
ami  lii-^t  triiMl  hi.s  tortiiiiL'  at  tlio  iilaoiT  mini's  of  KI  Dorado  co.  Here  he  was 
jirostratuil  hy  I'.mama  fuvir,  eoiitrai-tA'd  duriiif^  the  voyai.'e,  and  afti'r  his 
rci-nviiy,  inua^^i'd  in  farminj;  in  SouDina  oo.,  which  occtiiiation  lu!  fnllowod 
till  lsr>.S,  when  he  emharked  for  Chili,  and  was  there  appointed  a  .surveyor  on 
tiio  first  railroad  Imilt  hy  Honry  Meigi^'s.  Keturning  to  this  cfia.st  in  1860, 
altera  lirief  \  i.sit  to  his  home,  ho  took  part  in  several  cxiicditions  aj,'ainst 
till!  Ajiiiehes  in  Arizona,  of  which  territory,  hy  order  of  the  legislature,  he 
nude  a  topofiraphical  survey,  and  puldished  wliat  is  to-day  the  only  utiieial 
mqi.  Ill  187-,  after  sufferinj^  hiisiness  reverses  in  San  Fnuicisco,  we  ae.iin 
find  him  in  Arizona,  where  he  arrived  with  a  capital  of  j^lO.  A  few  years 
liter  he  heeamo  a  millionaire,  being  one  of  the  discoverers  of  the  Tomh.stone 
mine,  and  disposing  of  his  interest  for  $1,000,000.  A  j)ortion  of  this  money 
he  ime-led  in  the  Cliino  raneh  of  30,000  acres,  to  wliieh  he  h.is  since  added 
1 1,000  aeres,  making  in  all  50,000  acres  of  the  dioicest  land,  all  in  one  l)ody, 
ami  under  one  fence.  He  also  owns  a  half  interest  in  yOH.OOO  acres  in 
Soiiora.  Mcx.,  together  with  valuable  oil  lands  and  brown-stone  fjnariiis,  is 
one  of  the  l;ir;.;est  sharediolders  i-:  the  KNinor  and  Pomona  railroad,  and  has  a 
controlling  interest  in  the  Farmers'  Exchange  and  Second  National  b:inks  in 
Sail  Bernanlino.  Ho  purposes  to  use  the  bulk  of  his  fortune  in  founding  tlio 
lari^est  industrial  school  in  the  world,  where  ori)han  children  will  receive  free 
of  charge  a  practical  education.  As  a  self-made  man,  a  self-denying  man,  a 
liliilanthropist,  and  a  benefactor  to  the  community,  this  gcutlcmau  has  uo 
superior  in  the  city  and  state  t)f  his  adoption. 


m 


!  Mil  ■■ 


' 


hil 


CHAPTER  II. 

CKREiVLS  AND   OTHKR  I'llODUCTS. 

1S4S  18,';9. 
1,1.  viHNo  Stapli-.s— WiiK.AT  AMI  Baulky — Oats  anti  f'onx — YiF.T.Ti — Kkkkci- 

OK  luKKlATION  — lliCK — ('oNniTIDNS  OP  ClM.rtJIlK — (il'At.lTY — VlUlK.TA- 
111, KS  —  CoiTOX  —  I'l.AX  —  TlIK  SlI.K-WOllM  K.\(  ITKM KN  T  —  EkKKI  r  OK 
LkUISLATION  O.V  .SElUCULTUiCi; — FlASOO   IX   TOUACCO — MUSTAUU — SuiJAK. 

NoTwiTHSTANUiNO  the  iiiany  other  growlii^^  indus- 
tries of  Ciinfoniia,  cereals  must  always  hold  a  oon- 
sj)icuous  place;  as  a  sta])le  product,  favored  by  oi\Hy 
tillaoi;  and  the  many  advantajj^i-s  «)t' climate.  Though 
not  always  the  case,  grain-growing  under  favorable  con- 
ditions is  still  proiitahle,  even  if  the  yield  does  not 
reach  the  foruKT  figures  of  70  bushels  of  wheat  and 
100  of  barley  to  tin;  acre.  The  latter  grain  was  tlu; 
favorite  during  the  fifties,  owing  t(j  the  demand  for 
animal  feed  under  the  increasing  traffic,  and  t<>  its 
special  adapta])illty  to  the  sandy  soil  and  dry  climate. 
In  U)52  more  than  2,000,000  bushels  were  harvested; 
and  this  quantity  was  nearly  doubled  during  every 
succeeding  d(!cade,  till  it  was  ostimatcil  at  20,000,000 
bushels  by  1888,  used  largely  fer  malting.^ 

1  Tho  crop  of  9,700  bushels  reported  in- 10  jO  rose  to  over  2,000,000  in  IS.'ci; 
and  altliou;;!!  kooii  yidiaii;,'  toMlic.it,  I'Lv-  i.^reaso continued,  iindor  tlio  grow- 
ing demand  for  horso-feed  and  ljrewi;i;-,  the  yield  for  ISOO,  1370,  and  1 880 
standing  at  4,400,000,  8,780,000,  and  l'_»,400,00a  Inulicli  rejpectiv.  ly,  tlu; 
list  from  533,000  acres,  Alamedu  county  loading  -Nvith  1, '200,003  liv.'luds. 
Tho  homo  consumption  i.i  estimated  r.t  210,000  tons,  of  whicli  ."2,000  v.vru  for 
brewing.  Co:inwrce  ami  Iii'l.,  2S2.  The  lower  pricj  r;'ceived  for  bail  y  v/as 
oll'.iet  by  a  larger  aud  surer  yield.  Tho  asse.-,.-.or  of  Mo.iterey  coanty  re- 
nortcd  for  1S53  a  crop  of  9,000  bushels  from  a  fial  I  of  100  acrea  in  Pajaro 
V'alley,  one  acre  yielding  149  bushel:;;  Ilurrell  of  8ui  Ci'uz  was  credited  in 
1859  with  a  small  field  ot  93  bushels  to  tlio  aero.  Sjeal.io  AUa  OxL,  Sept.  I.'), 
1851;  Apr.  19,  18,59;  S.  V.  BuUctin,  Juno  IS,  185C;  in  Yuba  100  acron  aver- 
aged G9  bushels,  Sac.  Union,  Jan.  27,  1858;  crop  ia  January.     In  volimteer 

(24) 


KINKS  AXI)  QUANTITIKS. 


KT,T> — KkFI-.CT 
I'Y — Vr.dKTA- 

—  Kkfki'i'    ok 

Mil) — Su(i.\l!. 

li^  iucluw- 
Id  a  con- 
by   (^-isy 
Tliouj^h 
rablc  con- 
docs  not 
lieat  and 
was  till! 
nnnd  for 
id  t;>  its 
r  climate, 
arvestcd ; 
ig  every 

),ooo,oob 


),000iul85-J; 

Lr  tlio  grow- 

0,  and  I8S0 

octivi  ly,  till! 

003    l.V.:;h(<l8. 

00:)  v.-vi-ii  for 
r  l):i:l  y  v.-!i» 
y  county  re- 
C3  i:i  Pairiro 
I  creiUteu  in 
il.,  Supt.  ]i), 
0  iicroi  iiver- 
In  volunteer 
24) 


Oats  siiflcr  under  the  conditions  I'avorahle  to  barley, 
thii\  iiiLf  well  only  in  tlie  northern  and  eeiitial  c(»ast 
counties,  with  an  averaL;('  yiehl  surpassing;;  that  of 
anv  other  cereal,  yet  with  little  i»ros|i('ct  for  increas«'d 
[)ro(hiction  beyond  the  jn'i'Sfnt  million  and  a  half 
bushels.''  Kye  and  buckwheat  are  only  slightly  culti- 
vatt'd. 

iNfaize,  or  Indian  corn,  is  likewise  limited  by  the 
diyjiess  of  the  soil  and  coolness  of  the  nio'hts  It 
thrives  best  in  the  sheltered  valhys  of  tln'  northern 
coast,  but  owiuL;;  to  the  iniierent  j)redilection  of  the 
Spanish  laee,  it  is  laised  cliietly  in  the  south,  and  with 
tlie  aid  of  irrigation  can  be  made  to  yield  two  crops. 
The  av<'rao(>  yield  within  recent  years  may  be  stated  at 
4,0(10.000  to  h, 000, 000  bushels/'  The  attempts  to  cul- 
tivate rice  have  so  far  been  unpromising ex[»eriments.* 

crcp|H,  liarli!}'  excels;  and  in  Yolo  a  lii'M  wa.s  said  to  have  yielded  live  in  snc- 
ii'-~iiin,  tlie  last  ot'  '.M  liiisliuls  to  the  acre.  J/it/iH'.i  /,'(,v.  Cul.,  '2',i\.  Tiiia  was  of 
tliD  n(.'|iuiil  kind,  which  sliaivs  nitli  the  t'iicwdici'  in  a  limited  cultivation,  tlie 
latter  lieing  used  chietiy  for  pearl  harley,  yielding  about  li")  per  cent  less  than 
the  idiiiini  .  i)arhy. 

-  Theiiroduction  forlSdO,  1870,  and  ISSOstandsat  1,043,000,  1,7")7,000,  and 
1,".4I,(K)I)  hushels  resi)ectively,  lluinlioldt  yieldinj.'  over  one  lourlli,  and  San 
Mateo  one  tenth.  In  18.")'_'  it  was  iU.OUO.  Hi'avy  crops  are  liei|iiently  re- 
ported, especially  from  Del  Norte,  as  hi;;h  as  I'J,")  and  even  157  iinsliels  to  the 
acre,  i'resri'iit,  ('.  liirnbl,  Oct.  1857;  in  Sta  Barbara  4  acres  gave  l.'i  tons. 
S'tc.  I'liloii,  July  (i,  IS.").").  Of  the  several  kinds  grown,  the  Feather  llo\a-islic.s 
best  ill  sandy  loam,  and  liare  and  Tucker  in  heavy  soil.  Tlie  other  leading 
varieties  are  Australian,  Juiglish,  and  Norway.  Of  rye  and  Itucku'heat,  the 
former  yielded  for  ISOO,  187(»,  and  1880  about  r)-J,0(K),  •_'(),(>():»,  and  181,000 
biisiicls,  cliietly  from  Sau  .loa(juin  county;  the  latter  70,800,  ;2'J,(J00,  and 
'J"_',.'!iM>,  one  third  from  Sac.  county. 

■Irrigation  is  as  a  rule  esteemed  too  costly  for  the  grain.  IJesides  the 
north  coast  valleys,  some  of  the  moist  bottom-lands  of  the  lower  Sac.,  and  ou 
the  Sau  ( Jabriel  are  favorable.  Ilussian  River  is  a  favorite  haunt,  says  6'(ec. 
Uiiiiiii,  Aug.  '2,  IS.")!);  .see  also  county  histories  of  Mi'iuhriiin,  Yii'ia,  and  Li).i 
Anidi.f;  l)ut  Los  Angeles  county  in  1870  yicldc<l  7.")'_',00l)  bushels,  from 
•J-J, 7 1)1)  acres,  out  ol  the  total  l,'.»ii;t,tK)0  bushels.  Hgyptian  corn,  though  as 
yet  little  known  or  in  demand,  roconimcnds  itself  as  ret|uiring  less  moisture 
even  t'.ian  barley,  producing  one  fourth  more  weight  of  grain  to  the  acre  tiian 
other  cereals,  and  yielding;  good  forage.  JSujni  I'l-f/i.ster,  Dee.  27,  1873;  A'. 
Di(':in  A't'fM,  Feb.  'JO,  1878. 

^The  planting  of  rice  was  early  suggested  by  the  iuflu.v  of  Chinese  and 
the  extent  of  svaiup-land,  and  under  the  spell  of  experiments  so  prcs'aleut 
in  the  tifties,  a  fceljle  attempt  was  made  therein.  The  state  f)tfercd  a  pre- 
miuin  to  encourage  it,  but  in  vain.  The  inducements  were  not  sullicicnt  to 
overcome  the  many  obstacles  in  the  way.  The  (I.  S.  ('<'ii.'<ii.-i  for  ISiiO  reports 
a  crop  of  2,140  lbs.;  J/ayi's'  .i,/ri,:,  ■_»4-i  4;  V<d.  Fnrwvr,  Sept.  1802;  Jan.  'ill, 
1871;  S.  F.  liiilli'tw,  Aug.  '2,  Sept.  3,  1850;  Jan.  29,  lS57j  March  3,  July  30, 
1802;  Sitlimw  Democ.,  May  1(5,  1874. 


26 


CEREALS  AND  OTHER  PRObUCTS. 


For  none  of  these  cereals  is  tliere  any  jironiising 
openini;'  heyond  the  local  r((|uiienient,  save  tor  wheat, 
wli()s(\  valuable  glutinous  quality  has  made  it  highly 
esteemed,  and  whose  flinty  dryness  permits  it  to  en- 
dure, without  special  prejiaration  or  care,  the  long  sea 
voyage  to  Europe'.  The  dirticulties  in  the  way  of  corn 
ohliged  the  Spanish-Calit'ornians  to  give  it  greater 
prominence,  and  before  the  g<tld  discovery  it  wa-^  raised 
to  SOUR'  extent  even  east  of  the  ('<»ast  lian<;e.  Toward 
the  close  of  the  fifties  its  production  began  to  surpass 
that  of  barlev:  but  it  was  not  till  the  value  of  the 
plains  of  the  great  valley,  especially  the  San  Joacpiin, 
burst  like  a  revelation  U[>on  its  decriers  that  wheat- 
lands  began  to  be  fully  appreciated.  Under  the 
facilities  tor  shipment  presented  by  a  largo  ilect, 
whose  predecessors  had  to  depart  in  ballast,  the  yield 
increased  rai)ielly  from  less  than  0,000,000  Inishels  in 
18C)0  to  over  ;)b, 000,000  in  the  early  eighties,  with 
Stanislaus  county  in  the  fmnt  rank,  followed  by 
Colusa  and  Sa!i  Joaquin.  Thr  crop  for  1881),  one  of 
the  larm-st  in  the  historv  of  the  state,  was  estimated 
at  nearly  50,000,000  bushels,  tlie  product  of  about 
3,250,000  acres,  and  realizing  at  tide-water  .S:)5,000,- 
000.  The  export  rose  from  ntarly  thrt-e  (juarters  of 
a  millif>n  bushels  in  18()7  to  more  than  treble  that 
amount  bv  I  888.  Under  hastv  methods  of  farminix, 
the  average  crop  has  fallen  to  al>out  Ki  bushels  to  the 
acre,  or  about  one  fourth  more  than  the  average  for 
the  union,  and  even  less  with  diminished  rains  and 
witlu'ring  north  winds.  Xevertheless,  M'hen  con- 
ducted on  a  large  scale,  it  is  still  a  fairly  pr(»litable 
industry,  even  at  the  low  prices  prevailing  within  re- 
cent yeai's.  With  steam  machinery,  now  largily  used, 
as  a  motive  power,  it  is  estimated  that,  where  cheap 
conununication  exists,  wheat  can  be  .sown,  reaped,  and 
forwai'ded  to  market  from  interior  valleys  at  a  cost  of 
from  thirty  to  forty  cents  i)er  bushel. 

•''  Ai'i'ordiiii;  to  the  census  of  IS.V),  ♦lie  crup  was  milv  ITt.ISS  luulicls.  IJy 
IS.'c'  it,  li:i.|  listiii  to 'J97, (»(»(»,  l.y  KStiO  to  ."i.'.NN»,(H;!»,  l.v  I'sTO  to  ilt),(M)0.0()0,  liy 
1S80  to  'J'J.OOO.OOO,  of  whicli  Colusa  couuty  leads  with  over  4,500,000,  Uloiiu 


OtI 
cull 

h.i< 

ot 
villi 

ill 

Tl;r 
tl 

*  O.I,' 

Ist.i; 

i   Cllli, 
/,   So,,, 

.     lln,'l 
■\\liri 

•  fo,-|| 
Tilr 

foic 
si,r,s 
tins 
S:i,r 
1.,.  ,s|, 


VECETABLES. 


27 


•  wlii'at, 
liigl'.ly 
t  to  cu- 
ong  sea 
'  of  corn 
groatiT 
!>;  raised 
Toward 
>  surpass 
li  of  the 
Joacjuiii, 
t  wlicat- 
ider    the 
go   lleet, 
the  yield 
ushels  ill 
;ies,  ^vith 
nved    by 
'.),  Olio  of 
stiuiated 
of  al)out 
?:55,00O,- 
larters  of 
■l)le  that 
fanuiniji;, 
'Is  to  the 
■ragc^  for 
iiins  and 
it-n    eon- 
)r<»litahlo 
vithin  ro- 
;cly  used, 
re  chea]) 
iped,  and 
a  cost  ot 


l.uulicl^f.    liy 

tl.(H)(),0(K),  by 
X),000,  Uloiiu 


After  the  gold  excitement  had  begun  to  subside,  at- 
tention was  tirst  of  all  directed,  as  1  have  said,  to  the 

\>c\uii  tlio  jjroiiiitnnt  farintr,  followed  by  San  Jiviqiiiii  witii  S.aOO.flOO  busliels, 
liiitic  uitli  •_',-_0.t.U()i»,  ;mi  Vclo  uikI  Sclaiio  with  •-',tMX),OlK)  tiK-li,  st\  cnil  otlicra 
Imviii^'  over  I.O,»ll.lX)i».      '.iy  1 SS."!  Stanislaus  lia.l  assuiiif.l  tlio  luad  with  4,(i()0,- 

000  biishi'ls  iiiit  i>i  a  ti>t:.l  i>t  ."{■J.i'.OO.OOO.  The  ISSO  hgurc  leiueseiits  an  aver- 
tty  yiiM  (It  Dill}   1(>.  I   bushels  to  llie  aire. 

The  tIisiiano-«  'aliioniians  plautcil  wheat  tVoiii  tlio  liivit,  and  at  the  opening 
of  tlie  eeiitury  it  was  sur|>as-^iu,'  the  favorite  maize  lor  whieii  tho  climate 
was  not  so  well  ;i<l:i|  cod.  Hy  ITSt  the  grain  erop  reaeiiel  •J.t.UUi)  fanegas  ami 
aliipnu  nts  from  .Mixico  for  "tho  j^irri-ons  were  ileiland  uitedlcss.  r.,7.  J'rur. 
LW..  i.  184.  Tlie  dryness  of  some  distriits  eoiiibined  with  liekleni's  ;  of  eliniate 
in  diseouraning  growers,  as  i:i  S.in  Diego,  where  crops  failed  in  ]77()  and  I'/M. 
S.  I>i'  '/o  Ai-rli. :  I'ln:  M".'i..  -1  et  seij. ;  l!"ii'/hi/,  Dor. ,'2,  etc. ;  Sta  I'xirh.  A  rrli., 
v.,  ix.-x.;  S.  r.  Mis.^.,  i.  IS,  (iS-71;  /Vor.  S.  /'.,  v.,  vi.;  D'j.f.  .S'.  /'.,  S.  Jo.e, 
i.  7-10;  Vi'L'jo,  Jhx:,  iii.  'JuS-oO.  .Mexicans  carried  it  ia  ISIUto  the  north 
side  of  the  bay,  where  Rn  -sians  had  prior  to  this  made  a  be-inning.  Sutter 
introduced  itwitli  the  forties  into  Sic.  valley,  and  in  1S4.')  it  was  cultivated 
in  Yolo  and  Placer.  I.i  K>t7,  \\uii  ilU'orni  i,i  of  July  lOth  boast.i  of  the  expand- 
ing wheat  culture,  which  h.id  I'rou^ht  llour  down  to  .^IJ  per  100  lbs.  at  S.  V., 
which  is  ouc  fourth  aliove  tlie  average  f,ir  the  U.  S.,  but  far  b.low  that  of 
several  larger  wheat-produci.ig  western  states.  Nevei'tiuless  it  is  widely  as- 
Buuied  that  the  soil,  iii  favoralile  season--',  and  with  the  precautions  prevabiit 
elsi  where,  can  be  ninl  •  to  yii  1 1  more  to  tlie  acre  tlian  ])erhaps  any  other 
country  on  the  glolie.  ISrcwer,  in  ('.  S.  ('ciinii-t,  ISSO,  ii.  ~S,  ad  nits  that  the 
soil  and  climate  are  peculiarly  well  adapted  for  wheat,  yielding  marN  i  Uous 
crops.  Several  eases  of  over  70  bushels  to  the  acre  were  reporti'd  to  him,  and 
he  saw  'crops  reputeit  to  In!  lu-avier  than  that.'  Uidwi'll  responded  to  tJM' 
jireuiiums  otl'e'vil  by  the  State  Agric.  Soe.  l)y  liarvestiu"  '  upward  of  7^1  bushels 
\wr  acre  on  b)  acres... in  the  prt'sence  of  witnesses.  Mission  records,  ubi 
sup.,  refer  to  :iO  and  ;>;!  fol  1  yields,  whic!i  Coltou,   T/ini:  Ynnv,  44'J  ."),  .spea!;s 

01  over  10.»-fold,  as  does  liryai't,  Cil.,  ."04.  At  S:in  Uanion  IH)  buslu-ls  to  the 
acre,  reports  tlie  .V.  /'.  <'it!l,  Oct.  .'5,  1MI5;  near  S.  Joic,  iS7  bushels.  .V  re.  I'lihn, 
Aug.  10,  IS.'i.').  S.'C  also  llilfiil'-i  I!-:.  ('•iL,  'I'll.  The  average!  was  higher  in 
earlitr  years  before  t!ie  non-rotatio;i  in  crops  tended  to  iiii[)overish  the  soil. 
Otiier  drawbacks  lie  in  volunteer  croiis  and  hasty  eidtivation  of  tlie  soil,  espc- 
eiilly  among  the  siieeul  itive  tillers  of  S  i!i  .Toaipiin  valley,  and  nn  ler  such  ne- 
glect the  averagi-  h.is  fallen,  as  in  1S7I,  to  ',)  bushels.  The  lack  of  timely  rain 
lias  been  the  trouble,  excess  of  rain  Ki-Mom  doing  hariii,  and  tl'C  b,'ati;ig  down 
of  crops  by  storms  is  rare;  but  hot  winds  come  at  '  lines  to  shrivel  llie  grain 
while  it  i.s  in  milk.  Smut  doe-i  comiiiratively  litu-  dainag<-  Allusions  to, 
ill  .s'l'-.  /';//()/),  June  I,"),  Oct.  l.'i,  Nov.  b"i,  l!S.">,i;  .l/.r  ,,(  Torsiii,  Apr.  '24,  KS7!*. 
T!'.e  .Vustralian  i-liows  the  greate-;t  tendency  towarii  this  tii.->easu.  As  it  is, 
the  tieatmeiit  witli  sulphate  of  copper  is  almost  general  among  whcat-growin's. 
Odessa,  or  old  Californiaii,  is  tie'  lavorite  variety  in  \\\v  southern  [i  irt  of  the 
St. lie.  illsi'wiicre  the  Ciiile  holds  the  swiy;  with  a  ileeiiled  concession  to 
chill,  red  Miilit'Tranean,  anil  iSonora,  and  a  jin^iortioii  of  Oii;;on  white, 
bald,  and  Kjy^itian.  The  last,  while  yielding  Well,  lacks  j;liiti  n.  The 
Soiii  ra,  while  smaller  in  head,  ripens  early,  .so  a;-  to  escape  the  shrivelling 
Iiorthirs.  Tlie  winter-wheat  of  the  east  tloes  not  tlirive  till  the  M'cond  year, 
vlien  it  has  become  acclimated  ami  converted  into  j-pi  iiigw  heat,  as  all  Cali- 
fornia varieties  may  be  i-d'  mI.  Red  seeds  ti'.rn  while  diiriiig  tiiis  coiivei  sioli. 
The  great  merit  of  i',\'  ,  :a  wheat  lies  in  its  gluten,  of  which  it  jiosscssis  ,1 
larye:'  proportion  than  that  of  any  other  North  Ameiiean  state.  It  is  there- 
fore sought  as  ail  ailmixtiiri'  to  the  weaker  grain  of  countries  not  favoreil  with 
.siinsiiineand  the  loose  soil  of  Kl  I)orado.  The  sheltereil  coast  valleys  excel  in 
this  respect  the  iiioister  ocian  slopes  and  the  over-luMted  San  .loiKpiiii  and 
Sacramento.  Another  advantage  is  its  extreme  dryness,  w  hicli  periiiit .  it  to 
be  shiipped  through  the  tropics  w  ithout  danger  of  sweating,  although  take»i  I'i- 


TWT 


W 


28  CEREALS  AND  OTHER   PRODUCTS. 

raisiiiijf  of  varicins  kinds  of  vci^ctablt'S,  imiiii,L!^raiits  and 
miners,  wlio  had  hitherto  lived  mainly  t)n  a  diet  of  salt 
meat,  havinof  a  more  decided  taste  for  Miese  ( seuleuts 
than  the  shiftless  Mexicans,  wh(>  cared  for  little  in  this 
respect  save  beans.  The  first  who  engaged  in  garden- 
ing were  rewarded  l>y  high  prices,  which  enabled  them 
to  make  money.  The  consequent  rush  of  competitors, 
especially  foreigners  of  the  Latin  race  who  liad  been 


iloea 
iiip- 


root  from  the  field.  Even  the  kiln-dried  and  ])re.ssed  flour  of  the  Altuntie  i 
not  keep  so  well.  The  hot  winds  of  the  great  valley  often  injure  the  phi 
lie.ss  anil  size  of  the  grain,  wjiieh  nevertheless  eoiiipares  well  witli  tlie  eastern; 
in  weiglit  it  exeoeds  eastern,  the  l)Ushel  lieing  ovi  r  GO  Ihs.,  seldom  le-s,  some- 
times ()•")  Ihs.  Whiteness  and  tliin  skin  appeiir  eoiirdinate,  for  where  the  eoast 
fogs  im^iart  an  exeeptional  darknes.s  of  color,  there  the  .skin  inereases  in 
tliiekness  and  lir.m.  01)jeetions  have  heeii  raised  to  the  laek  of  siltiiig,  and 
more  attention  is  now  given  to  grain  eleaner-s  and  separator;:,  as  iiis'anerd  in 
Sir.  Uiiinii,  Aug.  14,  ISti."i;  Jan.  1,  1.S81;  Xdji'i  Ifr;/.,  .Marrli  4,  ISTit;  /'>f<il. 
Ciiiifin;  Aug.  14,  1878;  and  to  inipi-oving  tlie  graile  of  the  llour.  S.  /•'.  <'/imii., 
Apr.  (■>,  18S1. 

AVheat-sowing  extends  during  the  last  two  and  the  first  three  months  of 
th.^  year,  preferahly  during  .(an.  and  Feb.,  the  lattir  .sui  leeding  I)est  with 
lii'avy  sjirnig  rains,  while  earlier  fields  pain  their  streiiL;th  from  mudi'nite 
liioistui'e.  <  ll'un  u.  ed  IK)  Ihs.  of  .seevl  on  early  fields,  an  !  10;)  Ihs.  for  late  sow- 
ing. In  Lo.i  Angeles  4."i  Ihs.  was  deemed  sullieient.  L'.  S.  C'ii-<iii,  IS.SO,  iii. 
7(>  7.  'i'lie  immunity  from  rain  during  the  .summer  and  early  autumn  allows 
the  gi'aiii  to  he  left  standing  for  weelis  alter  maturity,  while  aw.iiling  its 
turn  in  the  harvest.  Little  is  lo.;t  h^-  shaking  from  wind  or  maehi:iery,  tlie 
chill  grai.i  espeeially  holding  it.self  remarliahly  well  till  the  first  rains  lelix 
tlie  ea[isuUs.  Tiie  average  cost  of  prodiietiori  ranges  lutweeu  !;()  and  .'!'.•  per 
acre;  iiloiighing  i;*]  to.'?l.."iO;  seed  S()  eints  to  .Si. ■">!•;  sowing  and  hii'rowing  oO 
to7.")cenls;  iieadiiig  .'^l.liO  to.Sj  ."lO;  thrashing.Sl .-.");  saeks.^r^l;  hauling  Til)  cents 
to  .s| ;  add  rent  and  taxes.  In  the  great  valley  a  saving  is  widely  elleeted  hy 
comhining  the  sowing  and  harrowing  operation  witli  the  ploughing,  at  a  total 
cost  of  .'^1  per  acre,  and  ploughing  has  been  done  as  low  as  oO  cents.  With  an 
average  yiehl  of  1(>  bushels  there  is  a  fair  return,  even  with  wheat  at  ijl.li.") 
per  bushel.  The  lightness  of  tha  soil,  with  freedom  from  sod,  stones,  and 
shrubs,  permits  ready  cultivation;  combination  iiiachiiiery,  so  wiiUly  adopted, 
whether  rented  or  owned,  reduces  tlie  cost,  e.  peeially  of  man  power;  tin:  dry 
climate  gives  time  for  harvesting  and  obviates  the  iieeil  for  barns  and  attenil- 
aiit  handling;  aild  to  this  volunteer  crops,  aiidCal.  ])resents  numerous  advan- 
tages over  other  wheat  connti'ies.  Standing  crops  are  widely  insured 
against  lire.  l>y  burning  the  high  ntubble  left  by  headers,  the  injury  to  the 
soil  by  delieieiit  rotation  or  fallowing  is  greatly  counteracted.  Enuland  oilers 
the  bi'st  market  for  IV.I.  wheat,  which  there  eommaiids  an  extra  price  lor  its 
glutinous  propri'ties.  Frisliie, /i't'//((;/.,  MS.,  .'17,  s[ieakri  of  the  first  regular  caigo 
in  ISil;).  J.i  i;ii)7  nearly  a  ([iiarterof  amillioii  to:is  were  exported,  and  in  1881 
more  than  three  times  this  ipiantity,  leaving  nearly  as  much  belii:id  fur  lack 
of  tonnage.  High  freights  and  competition  from  Russia  ami  the  lasterii 
states  ill  the  li:;iited  markets  tend  to  reduce  jirolits,  so  that  the  average  net 
return  hat  fall 'ii  to  4  per  cent.  During  the  ]ireceding  <h  caile  p'riees  for 
wheat  ra-.ig ed  from  a  minimum  of  .'r'1.0.')  during  the  \\  inter  I. Mill -7' t,  r.iid  an 
average  of  ;  1..".')  in  IS7-,  1S74  .">,  '87(i,  to  a  niaximum  of  .SIl.'J)  i.i  1877,  and 
an  a\  erage  of  ."■.■(.  10  in  May  1N7I.  Hence  with  rent  and  heavy  h.tuUng  am! 
handling  iviii  lair  crops  faileil  at  times  to  remunerate.  <  ',il.  olitained  a  gold 
medal  for  cereals  at  tho  Paris  exhibition.  »S'.  /'.  7V/(«.v,  Aug.  '27,  1808. 


iufi'ants  and 
tlic't  of"  .salt 
e  cscuk'iits 
ittlo  in  this 

in  gaiden- 
abk'd  them 
)nijit'titois, 

]iad  been 

le  AltaiiHc  does 
uiu  tlie  jiluiinj. 
itli  tliu  ia.stt.rn; 
loiii  lus.-i,  soiiic- 
ivluiv  tl:u  tdii.'st 
in  iiHivasL'.s  in 
(if  sii'ting,  und 
as  iMs'ami'il  in 
4,  IS7!»;  I\t„l. 
r.  S.  /■'.  <'/ir(>ii., 

lircL'  iniiutlis  (if 

(lia;^  l)est  witli 

from  nKiili'iMte 

IS.  for  latu  Mi\v- 

M.-.7/V,   IS.SO,  iii. 

auluiiiii  allows 

.c  aw.aitiiig  its 

jiacliiaury,  tin? 

r.st  rains  relax 

i;!)  aiiil  V '.t  ]irr 

1  hariowinj; .")() 

aiiliiiif  TiO  cunts 

L'ly  ittritcd  Iiy 

ling,  at  a  tdtal 

nts.      Witlian 

cat  at  .'JI.L'") 

stdMcs,  and 

cly  adopted, 

cr:  the  dry 

..,  and  atlcn(l- 

ncrous  advau- 

'  Icly    insured 

injury  to  tliu 

:l.ind  (lU'ers 

;ii':cij   I'lir  its 

regular  car;,'(i 

land  in  IS8I 

lii:id   fur  lack 

.   llie    eastirn 

1  average  net 

Lcl(!  I'rices  for 

l!»-7.»,  ;ind  an 

i.i   1S77,  and 

li.'iuliiig  and 

tain;il  a  gold 

I  S(iS. 


(I 
i( 
t\\ 

IS 
I1C_ 

(le 

•I' 


COTTON   AND  xi^AX. 


29 


driven  from  the  mines,  rapidly  reduced  values,  but  an 
encoui'aL,''iii<jf  compensation  was  found  in  the  suspris- 
in,i,dy  lar^-e  yield,  the  uninterrupted  growth  of  most 
ve<>-otables  tlirou-'liout  the  year,  and  their  generally 
tiiriving  condition,  marked  by  size  and  weight  greatly 
in  excess  of  products  in  the  eastern  states,  pota- 
toes .sometimes  wcighhig  several  pounds,  cabbages  50 
pounds,  and  squashes  over  300  pounds.  There  was 
one  drawback  in  the  comparatively  inferior  liavor, 
owing  i)artly  to  the  rapidity  of  growth;  and  choice 
]iotatoes  were  imported.  Within  recent  years,  how- 
ever, tliishas  been  remedied,  and  in  188i)  some  "ioO  car- 
load's  'f  vegetables  were  sent  to  the  eastern  states.^ 

'Con.  :  ts  on  early  neglect  of  vegetables,  in  Cut.  Star.,  Mardi  11,  IS48. 
Miiirr.!  [  biitcd  pavclics  round  their  caliins,  after  tin;  lessons  taugiit  hy  scurvy 
and  '.,i:,^'cr,  and  gardeners  followed  the  atlvanciug  prospectors  to  w:\\\  a  rich 
liarvest."  (rardens  sprang  up  in  1S49  round  (.'olonia.  El  Dor.  Co.  //!■'/.,  110- 
11.  Lassen  raised  vigetaldes  on  the  Feather  in  1851,  Phlimin,  Id.,  '-".l."!,  and 
Siskiyou  Iioasted  oi  her  potatoe;  in  I.S,")'J.  KstaMished  farmers  around  tiio 
liav  and  ne  ir  S.ic.  a[iplied  tiieni^clvcj  with  esiieeial  zeal,  and  the  earliest  in 
tiie  lield  made  nuu'li  money.  l*"our  men  near  Sae.  received  §40,000  from  16 
acres.  A  tomato  ciop  of  1,'.  acres  was  valued  at  618,000.  .V.  /''.  IlvntOl,  Aug. 
1,  IsrK).  Honicr,  near  San  Jose,  cultivate  1  loOacres,  raising  potatoes,  onion.s, 
and  tomatoes,  and  realizing  over  .VL'l)(),()(M>  net,  for  IS.")0.  Several  gardens 
yielded  over  §3,000  per  acre  in  ISH).  Sm:  Tnni.'icript,  Oct.  14,  Nov.  •_':»,  Ksr>0; 
l"(li.  'J8,  March  14,  May  13,  18.")1;  [''itrnlnnii's  Viil.,  14l.'-;(;  Lainlirrfic,  I'oi/., 
'JOS  ',);  Mitlllicirson.^  StiiL,  MS.,  4-7.  Many  Frenchmen  ami  Italians  ahan- 
doned  tlio  gold-fields  before  Ang.'o-Saxou  persecution  and  sought  t!u;  safer 
occupation  of  gardening.  U'iL<i/'.i  Me  n.,  10,)  'J;  J/m/ci'  .\<iri<\,  \\)\  •_',  '_'l(i; 
.Vuc.  Dinrtori/,  l^ll,  7G;  Par.  A'c»'.',  Apr.  '-'(J,  May  ;!,  I8.")0; '.Ian.  'Jo,  l'"il>.  I"), 
1S.-,1;  f  V»/.  r'j,„vVr,  A'.g.  P,  Sept.  'J,  Nov.  l;i,  l>e'c.  'J7,  I8.")0;  Feb.  IS,  Apr. 
10,  1S.-.1;  ,S.  F.  Ilcr-li!.  J;m  <i,  KS.".l;  Alt  i  <  <il.,  Oct.  4,  Nov.  ]4,  IS,")];  'j;,;/. 
/();•".<  El  Dnrailn,  i.  !:..-'-4.  i'iio  high  jirices  brought  shipments  from  Oregon  to 
eon>p(!te.  •"\ith  llv -rowi.' '  prr^dui  tion,  and  carry  di.jaiipointment  and  l,iss  to 
many.  Oi  the  ojiei-  li^.id  cime  large  cropi,  and  general  surprise  was  created 
by  tiie  size  i:i  '  l).:iuty(if  the  fruit.  Potatoes  were,  as  a  rule,  nm(!i  larger 
tlian  t!io.c  of  X^'vv  ivigla:'d,  with  numerous  .'peciniens  weighuig  I  ll>., 
and  some  of  4Rnl  ov.  i  7  1'  :.  i'lija:  ValLy  tent  a  sack  of  tubers,  mnii) 
of  whieli  weighed  L...  •!,  ,n  .1  llii,  A  Santa  Cruz  farmer  r.iised  'J,.")0,> 
liiisliih  from  •_.').  ,*>'.  /'.  I'iftit/Hiit',  Oct.  '28,  lV/0.  Onions  have  been  displayeil 
measuring  '.J  iiiclu'S  in  circumference  and  weighing  47  oz.  liiirnitt'.i  line, 
MS.,  ii.  '_.!:)  (i.  Carrots  15.^  lbs.  dolilin  Elfl,  I>ec.  'id,  1808.  Turnips  of  '.'(} 
lbs.,  it  is  .-.aid;  tomatoes  2()  inches  in  circumferenct ;  one  vine  bore  (iOS  lbs. 
/'_/.,  Dec.  :!.»,  IS,V);  ,V.  /•'.  Toiicf,  Oct.  1',),  18(!!».  S.piashes  or  pumjikins,  'Jti,'), 
'J7!l,  ami  lU.I  lbs.,  with  several  fellows  ou  the  s.ime  vine  of  over  10)  llx.  e  leli. 
Alhi  Cai,  Oct.  r>,  'JG,  |,S.-.(i;  (Xt.  1,  18ri7.  Melons  04.1.  U.S.,  :i  welched  l,7si 
lbs.  /(/.,  .Seiit.  -JO,  1S,-,(J;  Oct.  1),  I8.KS.  I'ar.  AV/r.s  Aug.  I,  KS,"iO;  \[,\:  II, 
1S"(1.  ],H:U  '  ,11  po  is  grown  from  2  beani.  S.  E.  Bulletin,  Mardi  'JD,  I8r)(i; 
S(i<:  Union,  '!'■■•  I.  1S.")8.  Cabbages  of  over  50  lbs.,  with  solid  heads,  are 
recorded,  in-  \  .i.-rrs  (iiavi^rte  1  into  cverureen  tree-like  plants,  with  stalks 
several  feet  li,,;)..  .-Iltd  I'ul.,  Aug.  '2.'),  IS,");!;  Oct.  '2ti.  I85i»;  S-ir.  Union,  May 
3,    1800;    Sept.    '.:,    LSC'J,     Most  of   the   vegetables   can   be    found   in   tho 


CEREALS  AND  OTHER  TUODUCTS. 


)!■> 


if 


The  Spaniards  brouglit  witli  theiii  from  Llexico  tlio 
indigenous  cotton-plant,  and  one  niissiou  fatlicr  culti- 
vated it  to  some  extent  at  Pala,  for  a  time.  Subse- 
quently planters  from  the  southern  states  broui^lit  their 
knowledge  to  bear,  but  only  in  cx[)erimental  form, 
and  no  real  effort  was  made  until  the  offer  of  pre- 
miums by  the  state.  In  1805  several  fields  of  a  hun- 
dri'd  acres  each  were  exhibited,  in  Los  Angeles  and 
the  valley  of  the  San  Joa(juin ;  but  the  cultivation  was 
finallv  reduced  to  a  limited  section  in  Merced  and 
Kern,  where  a  yield  of  one  ton  to  eight  acres  brought 
an  estimated  pro^i^.  often  dollars  ]ier  acre.  With  im- 
proving niethodb  .k]  nuality  of  fibre  there  are  pros- 
})ects  for  a  revival  .         Itivation.^ 

market  tlirougliout  tlie  year;  otners,  as  pease,  melons,  tomatoes,  .'usparagus, 
enjoy  lieiu  ;m  extra  long  season.  Potatoes  were  foiinil  to  tlirive  l)e.st  in  llio 
liglit  .'san.ly  loam  and  nii.sty  atmosphere  of  tlie  coast  region,  notalily  from 
Tomale-i  to  P;ijaro,  and  along  the  warm  Sac.  sloiiglis,  wliere  the  sweet  potato 
Uouri  lie.!.  AtSuisun  l.")-lh.  specimens  hav(!  lieen  grown.  /</.,  Sept.  li'.l,  18.")7; 
Oct.  'JO,  18.")8.  Both  potatoes  are  inferior  in  flavor  to  the  eastern,  and  the 
lri.^h  i.s  suhjeet  to  hliglits.  Tliesc  as  well  as  many  otlier  roots  may  lie  left 
ill  tlie  ground  all  winter.  In  IS.VJ  the  state  raised  l,;jr)0,000  bushel.-s  Irish 
jiotatoes,  of  which  lJ77,(KK)  were  in  Stmoma,  which  also  hail  a  large  propor- 
tion of  the  li),0,K),()00  His.  of  onions  for  that  season.  In  18(10,  1870,  and 
1880  the  potato  cro])  stood  at  1,789,000,  2,040,000,  and  4,r)50,000  liu.shels,  in- 
creasing  to  5.000,000  liusliels  before  1800,  wiiilo  the  crop  of  sweet  potatoes 
diminisiied  during  the  same  years.  Par.  Jtiinil  Prcit,  Jiui.  l.'J,  March  3,  1877, 
etc.;  I/il/dl's  AV.S.  Cai,  '2:V2-S.  In  1880  over  10,000  tons  of  beans  were  for- 
warded to  the  eastern  states.  Lima  beans  are  a  specialty  at  C'arpcntei'ia, 
Santa  Puirbara.  At  present  vegetables  are  mainly  cidtivated  for  the  market 
bj'  Italians,  Portuijucse,  and  (^iiinese,  w  iiosc  windmills  for  irrigation  form  a 
striking  feature  in  the  outskirts  of  towns. 

'  For  early  efforts,  see  Jfi.-L  Citi,  ii.-iii.,  this  series;  S.  Dk'/o  Cu.  llitt.,  181); 
C<d.  Courkr,  Sept.  10,  18.")1),  commended;  and  .S'.  /'.  //('/•"/<(',  Oct.  *J1,  18.VJ,  re- 
ferred to  experiments;  and  Sir.  Union  of  Dec.  5,  18o4,  spoke  of  a  small  fourth 
crop.  In  I8">(j  the  state  agricultural  society  began  to  otl'or  premiums,  and 
reported  upon  a  patch  in  Los  Angeles,  where  several  subse(|Uent  elloits  weie 
made,  although  not  so  sustained  as  indicated  in  Lo^  Anijrlc.s  Co.  //id.,  85. 
Al/ti  Cdl.,  Oct.  0,  Nov.  8,  Dee.  0,  1850,  alludes  to  plants  raised  in  Shasta,  and 
in  San  Joaquin  by  Holden.  There  is  good  cotton  land  in  San  Diego  county. 
In  1805  Calaveras  had  a  112-acro  crop.  S.  F.  /inlkfin.  May  8,  18(i5.  In 
18li.'{  the  state  itself  oU'i.red  several  prizes  of  from  .SI, 01)0  to  .S:{,0OJ  for  planta- 
tions of  not  less  than  10  acres  and  for  the  first  100  bales  of  cotton,  and  Los 
Angeles  in  1805  obtained  .S^OOt)  for  100  acres,  the  yield  being  one  third  of  a 
bale  per  acre.  Several  other  plantations  existed  liere  and  in  Fresno  and 
Tulare,  here  one  of  l.'SO  acres.  ('<j/.  Si.  Aijrk.  Sor.,  Tritn>iii<'.,  1850,  et 
eeq.,  with  resume  in  187"J;  U.  .V.  A'jrli:  Rfy't.,  1804  et  s-ij. ;  J/ilijitnl'i  AV- 
j)oii,  7'-»-5;  yonl/ioff'n  Cat.,  225;  I/ni/rx'  Amj.,  vii.  201;  ihr.riind,  vi.  320-*15; 
xiii.  18-25;  Mr/'/ii'r.ion'.i  Awidi.^,  55-8;  Ak/.c  Co.  l/int.,  85,  refers  to  experi- 
ments in  the  Lake  valley.  Early  in  tlie  seventies  wider  efforts  were  made, 
and  San  Diego,  San  Bernardino,  Yolo,  and  Sac.  counties  entered  the  lield, 
which  soon,  however,  was  yielded  to  Merced  and  Kern,  the  former  varying 


•AS 


SERICULTURE. 


31 


!!exi('C)  the 
tlii'i'  c-iilti- 
\  Subse- 
uglit  their 
ital  foiin, 
T  of  pro- 
of a  huii- 
ufcle-i  aiul 
•ution  was 
•reed  and 
s  brouglit 
With  im- 
aro  pros- 


es, ius[)aragus, 

e  l)u.st  iu  tlio 

iiotahly  from 

I  sweet  i)(it;ito 

>ept.  :J'.>,  18.")7; 

stern,  and  tlie 

ts  luuy  lio  left 

I  biislul.-i  Iiisli 

lar^^e  proiior- 

1)1),   JSTO,   anil 

Itusliels,  in- 

■et't  jiotatoes 

ircli  H,  1S77, 

ans  were  for- 

C'arpi'utcria, 

)r  the  market 

atioa  furm  a 

lli<t.,  I8!»; 
•Jl,  IS.VJ,  re- 
small  toiirtli 
miums,  anil 
etl'di'ts  were 
V).  HiM.,  85. 
Shasta,  and 
iegd  county. 
8,  18i)5.  in 
)  for  planta- 
ton,  and  Los 
•ue  third  of  a 
Fresno  and 
'.,  IXoO,  et 
lil<l<inrH  lic- 

vi.  3'20-"i5; 
s  to  cx[)eri- 
wore  made, 
(I  the  field, 
nier  varying 


in 


Flax  wa.s  also  coininended  to  the  early  colonists  by 
the  authoritie.s,  but  ik  one  has  so  far  seen  any  j)rofit 
it.     Nevertheless    a    considerable   area    has    been 

anted  in  common  \vitli  castor-beans,  to  raise  seed  for 
oil-mills.  Asre«;ards  fibre,  attention  is  turning  rather 
to  the  somi-tropic  ramie  and  jute,  the  latttir  largely 
imported  for  the  manufacture  of  bags.** 

A  singular  episode  in  the  history  of  California 
agriculture  is  the  silk-worm   excitement,  which   had 

duriuf,'  1879-81  from  '.Ml),  OO,'),  and  550  acres,  the  yield  being  alioutone  ton 
to  8  acres,  bringing  )-'  cents  a  pound.  The  expenses  for  00  acres  in  Kern 
wer.>:  ploughing  .Sint..">0,  irrigatiii,:,'S120.50,  hoeing  .S'2'J5.50,  picking  .S578,  gin- 
ning and  baling  .S'.l'.KOl,  rope,  burlap,  and  seed  .S8'J.:n,  total  ^\,'1S~,A-1,  leaving 
a  -let  profit  of  ii\).'l\  per  acre.  Otlier  c'lculations  lower  tlie  cost  and  raise  tlie 
prospective  price,  so  that  the  outlook  is  'y  no  means  discouraging.  Further 
<let:iilsiu  J//  /  fill.,  Aug.  Ki,  18(il;  Sept.  1'7,  v  -t.  13, 1SG2;  Apr. -July,  LSlW,  etc. 
0:i  .Jan.  11.  18(>4,  it  speaks  of  the  first  cotton-press;  S.  /•'.  BnU-tin,  Oct,  2(1, 
18,il ;  Dec.  (i,  18()i>;  Feb.  11,  March 27,  18G;5;  Apr.  13,  1804;  Nov.  20,  1871 ;  Nov. 
'J.">.  lS81;.]an.  .'1,  1SS2;  Sac.  Uiik/i,  Jan.  11,  1S."J5;  Oct.  12,  1S,")8,  concerning 
Kl  Dorado;  Oct.  24,  Nov.  11,  18lil;  March  31,  1SG4;  Nov.  17,  18li8;  Com.  I/n- 
oU.  Nov.-Dec.  1870;  Stockton  L'cp.,  Nov.  .'iO,  1872;  Freim  E.r'po.-i.,  Nov.  20, 
1,S72;  Kern  Courier,  Nov.  30,  Dec.  7,  1872;  S.  Difjo  Unlaii,  Nov.  15,  1872; 
Siirllhi'i  Ari/u.f,  Dec.  7,  1872;  Bubrxiield  ('<il.,  .fuly  8,  1880;  Sla  A'omi  Dcm., 
Jan.  8,'  lSt.i;  S.  F.  Call,  Aug.  IG,  1874;  Jan.  31,  1882. 

''  Flax  grows  wild  in  California  and  has  led  many  to  advocate  its  cultivation, 
liven  the  colonial  authorities  of  the  preceding  century  souglit  to  foster  it. 
Azmizii,  Iit.-<lriirt.,  80;  (nl.  St.  P<ip.,  Sue,  iv.  G-7.  But  farmers  failed  to  be- 
come interested  until  the  establishment  in  tlie  sixties  of  od-mills  encouraged 
them  to  plant  it  for  seed.  The  stiilk  proved  vigorous  and  yielded  1,500  lbs. 
of  seed  to  the  acre.  In  18G7  they  j)ro<luce(l  150  tons,  partly  from  Sta  Cruz. 
.S'.  /'.  Bull' l! II,  May  .30,  1SG7.  In  1870  Los  Argeles  had  400  acres,  with 
j>r(>s[)ects  that  encouraged  otliers.  f.oiAwj.  Co.  IlM.,  ti2.  San  Mateo  held 
tiie  lead  in  productifin,  however,  witli  28,300  bushels  out  of  a  total  45,700  for 
llrit  year,  Ventura  following  with  13,000,  Sta  Barbara,  Solano,  and  S.  Joaijuin 
having  each  1,000  to  1,300.  U.  S.  CVh.-hv,  1880,  215,  reports  no  fibre,  oidy 
823  tons  flax  straw.  Vciiturit  Co.  I'M.,  24;  Awi/iciiii  Oiiz.,  Apr.  28,  1877;  TVi.v- 
f.ror.  Ar<pi.i,  Doc.  18,  18G0;  Nov.  20,  1870;  Pclnl.  Ar</ii%  March  20,  187S;  S'i,i 
Ji'  nilo  .ii/riuice,  Oct.  2,  1870;  L'dc  Dvimc,  May  24,"  1870;  S.  L.  Oh.  Trlhiaw, 
()<t.  27,  1877;  Stockton  Jivndil,  March  11,  1878;  Sue.  Union,  July  14,  1855, 
riports  a  crop;  S.  /•'.  TiincK,  March  22,  18G7;  .June  23,  18G0;  Cal.  Furncr,  Aug. 
20,  |S()7,  etc.;  Siicnfijic  /'/•(■."•.v,  July  IG,  1875,  et  acq.  Hemp  has  been  still 
iiiore  n.  elected.  Alta  Oil.,  Nov.  4,  1SG2.  Napn  /,V;/ ,  March  20,  27,  1880, 
points  to  the  soil  as  favorable  to  jute.  Arguments  for  ramie  culture  in  S.  F, 
C.ilt,  Oct.  9,  1870;  June  6,  1871;  May  31,  1872;  Feb.  3,  1873;  .Suliiiux  Don., 
Vii\  7,  1874;  A  ntioch  Lcdjer,  March  28,  1874.  S.  Jose  Mcrcurji,  Sept.  22,  1883, 
<lescrilies  the  pampas  plume  industry  at  Sta  Barbara;  Alta  Cul.,  May  1 1,  18G.3, 
connncuts  on  teasel,  and  Sue.  Union,  July  30,  1855,  S.  F.  Bulletin,  Oct.  31, 
18(i."),  S.  F.  Tinii.'<,  March  0,  1809,  give  accounts  of  broom-corn  fields,  whicii 
in  1874  yielded  191,000  Ibe,,  chiefly  in  Sutter  county.  Besides  flaxseed  the 
castor-bean  is  cultivated  for  oil.  Los  Angeles  having  in  1870  fully  3.")0  acres, 
yielding  525,01H)  lbs.  io.^  Aw/.  IIK,  02;  Sutter  Co.  Hist.,  84;  .V.  /■'.  Times, 
March  23,  1807;  Cat.  Farmer,  Oct.  27,  1870;  S.  J.  Merrurii,  Dec.  25,  1870. 
Tlie  sunflower  is  grown  to  a  limited  extent.  S.  F.  AUa,  Oct.  20,  1858,  illus- 
trates its  flourishing  condition.  Los  Angeles  grows  canary-seed,  and  the 
8oap-plant  or  amole,  c/Uorojalum  pomendiununi,  is  gathered  for  its  fibre. 


%,^ 

^ 


lii^ 


82  CEIII:ALS  and  other  rilODUCTS. 

its  Ix'ulnniiis^'  in  the  oxptriincuts  of  L.  Provost  ;it  San 
Jose,  ill  I8j;>.  Tlio  t'civoi-aMc  r('[)()rts  from  France 
u[)<)n  ]iis  products  lent  coulnmation  to  the  claim  that 
the  state  wai?  well  adapted  for  sericulture.  The  equa- 
ble climate  was  free  from  the  st(»i'ms  and  cold  which  in- 
terfered with  the  growth  and  (juality  of  the  nmlheriy- 
tree  and  silli  in  Europe,  and  i;ave  rise  to  destructive 
diseases  among  tlie  worms.  Trees  here  accjuired  in 
thri'e  years  a  growth  equivalent  to  that  of  live  years 
in  luirope,  [»roduced  more  and  superior  leave;.,  and 
showed  such  power  of  recu[)ei'ation  as  to  permit  the 
pruning  of  entire  hranches  for  feeding,  keeping  the 
leaves  fresher  and  cleanei',  and  atfording  the  worm  a 
more  .spacious  ficJd,  while  preventing  the  waste  of 
leaves,  and  enabling  one  ])erson  to  do  the  work  (,)f  six. 
Two  crops  could  be  raised  if  required,  with  an  average 
yield  for  eacli  cocoon  of  400  yards  of  silk,  more  than 
one  eighth  above  the  yield  in  Europe.  Ini})ressed  by 
these  advantages,  tlio  state  was  rashly  induced  in  18()(> 
to  offer  heavy  ])remiums  without  due  restrictions; 
whereupon  a  host  of  speculators  entered  tiie  field, 
intent  only  ui)on  planting  by  any  makeshift  proc(!ss 
a  sufficient  immber  of  trees,  and  raising  inferior  Japan- 
ese bivoltines  and  trivoltines,  till  innnaturo  trei^s  and 
diseased  cocoons  nir.ltiplied  uito  the  millions,  with  a 
])rospect  of  swamping  the  state  treasury.  The  alarnuMl 
legislature  hastened  to  reform  the  premium  act,  and 
the  governor  very  pi'oper'ly  refused  to  pay  claims  for 
worthless  productions.  The  bubble  burst  with  a 
heavy  loss  to  those  concerned.  No  market  havino-  as 
yet  been  opened  for  the  proportion  of  good  ware,  the 
enterprise  received  a  further  check.  In  1880  it  was 
revived  by  some  philanthropic  women  to  build  u])  a 
congenial  occupation  for  their  sex,  for  the  prospects 
had  again  brightened  under  the  efforts  of  a  few  stanch 
sericulturists,  who,  by  selecting  su})erior  trees  and 
annual  cocoons,  were  graduallv  finding  a  market  for 
their  silk.  The  culture  by  1888  was  developing  on  a 
sound  basis,  stimulated  by  the  wide  margin  for  profit 


TOBACCO. 


t  at  San 
Franco 
aim  that 
ho  i>(iaa- 
^liicli  iu- 
lullx'ny- 
stnu-tive 
^uiivd   ill 
ivo  years 
avc;.,  ami 
?riuit  the 
•ping   the 

0  worm  a 
waste   of 

)rk  of  six. 
n  average 
iiore  than 
jressed  by 
(l  in  ISOC. 
strictions; 

1  tiie   field, 
't  process 

ior  Japan- 
trees  and 
ns,  with  a 
10  alarmed 
n  act,  ami 
claims  for 
it   with   a 
having  as 
ware,  the 
S80  it  was 
)uild  up  a 
prospects 
few  stanch 
trees   and 
narket  for 
ping  on  a 
tor  profit 


held  out  by  the  import  duty  on  silk  fabrics,  and  by 
the  undeniable  advantages  of  the  climate  as  an  ofi'set 
to  iiigher  wages  and  other  obstacles." 

9  In  adilition  to  the  advantages  already  ineutioned,  the  comparative  clieap- 
ni'ss  of  land  must  lie  cniisidcred,  wliieli  permits  trees  to  bo  more  readily  given 
their  due  si)afe,  two-year-old  shoots  thriviiii,'  hest  when  stiuiding  from  1  to  '2  feet 
aiiait  in  rows  -i  to  4  fcrt  apart.  Two  crops  of  cocoons  can  be  raised  iu  May 
and  Jidy  witliout  need  for  kilns  to  kill  the  insect,  although  tho  annual  is 
prefi  rabh',  and  even  those  yield  an  average  of  400  yards  of  silk  each,  or  i  to 
.1  iiioie  than  in  Europe.  Details  in  Prrmst,  ^f<•l)l.  Silk  CitUiiir,  18G8;  Silk- 
,/roiixi:i'  Miiiiu'tl  of  ISSJ:  Pionc'r  Stlk-<iroiper'<'  llqpt:  Ncninanns  Mem.,  in  t'al. 
\limr.  Sen.,  1807-8,  ap.  24,  70,  84,  ii.-iii.;  1800-70,  ap.  103,  iii.;  Cal.  St.  Aijric. 
Sn,:,  Tmii-i.,  18(;4,  pp.  250,  280;  1800,  pp.  400-81.  Assisted  by  the  Swiss 
banker,  II.  llintseh,  of  S.  V.,  Prevent,  a  I'Veneh  nurseryman  of  San  .Jose  had 
in  1  S.">;i  4  planted  mulberry  seod  and  .sent  twice  to  China  for  eggs.  Both  eoii- 
s^iiiniiicnts  were  spoi'-^d  or  sent  in  unfertilized  condition  by  the  suspicious 
Orientals,  and  Trevost  in  his  disappointment  destroyed  a  part  of  his  2.'), 000 
troe.s.  llentsch,  in  18r>0,  obtaim'd  e^'gs  from  France  M'hich  produced  Uie 
most  encouraging  results,  notwithstanding  tho  drawbacks  attemling  a  first 
experiment.  Tiie  cocoons  were  in  France  declared  to  ))e  of  superior  (juality, 
and  several  orders  came  for  eirgs,  also  from  Ifcily  and  Mexico.  Prevost  con- 
tinued his  etl'orts,  and  pointed  out  zealously  the  advantages  for  silk  culture. 
He  olitained  several  small  premiums  at  the  fairs,  autl  in  1802  the  state  ofi'ered 
a  bounty  of  .s2,000  for  tiie  tirst  ten  bales  of  raw  silk,  lOO  lbs.  c?aeh.  Cal.  SUit., 
1802,  ji.  4I(>.  Herein  could  lie  no  imhieement  for  beginners,  and  so  in  1800 
till'  l.'gisl  ituro  rushed  to  tiie  extreme  of  oli'ering  for  4  years  a  premium  of  .^250 
for  tNicii  plantation  of  5,000  trees  two  years  old,  and  .s;>Ol)  f or  caeli  1,000  cocoons. 
III.,  lSO,")-0,  p.  000.  Sncli  liberality,  without  restrictions  as  to  metliod,  cpial- 
ity  of  trire  or  silk,  when  cocoons  brought  onl3'  some  !?2  per  1,0  K)  in  tlie  mar- 
ket, lu-ought  into  tlio  lield  a  nund>er  of  speculators,  wlio,  regardless  of  the 
future  or  for  tiie  re(piirements  of  real  iilantations,  souglit  to  win  tlic  bounty 
by  the  readiest  and  cheapest  means.  Die  iiiorH.i  )iiulU<(vdii  wi^ro  planted  in 
nursery  rows  by  the  tlmusands,  on  a  .space  suitable  only  for  a  hundred,  and 
tin;  best  annual  worms  were  discarded  for  tlie  inferior  Japanese  bivoltines  and 
trivoltincs,  which  produced  several  times  more  cocoons.  Trees  rose  by  the 
bun  be  1  tliousand,  and  in  1808  over  1,000,000  cocoons  appeared,  with  tiio  sure 
prospo 't  of  treble  the  quantity  in  1800,  and  <piadruple  this  nundier  for  1870. 
Legislators  tlien  demanded  the  repeal  of  the  act  to  save  tho  state  from  bank- 
ruptcy, but  were  in<luced  in  18l»8  by  tho  Pioneer  Silk  (rrowers'  and  Manuf. 
Assoc.,  then  formed,  to  issue  a  modilied  oflFer,  whereby  the  prize  of  !?250  was 
limited,  once  to  each  person,  for  properly  laid  out  plantations,  ami  S.'$()0  prize 
tor  U>(),Oi)0  cocoons,  t'nl.  Slat.,  18o7-8,  p.  000.  Concerning  tlio  s[(rcad  of  tho 
eidtuie,  see  ('(d.  St.  Aijric.  Sne,,  Tnni.i.,  and  county  histories  for  Los  Angeles, 
Contra  ( 'usta,  Sta  Clara,  Yolo,  Nevada.  ir".s<  Shore  (>'<tz.,  1807,  p.  l(M5-0,  anil 
not  ill  ■>  on  state  and  county  fairs  in  1807-71  in  the  journals.  \Vitii  unmetlioilio 
ciiltuie,  cocooneries  in  unwholesome  situations,  and  worms  mismanaged,  tlis- 
ease  broke  out,  wonns  died  in  large  numbers,  eggs  became  infected  and  cocoon.'j 
wortiiless.  In  addition,  the  governor,  sustained  by  tlio  courts,  refused  to  pay 
bounties  under  either  act  for  tiio  unmerchantable  ware,  and  tlie  disappointed 
speculators  retired  with  losses  entering  into  the  hundred  thousand,  doimwr'.t 
JA.s*<,;/e,  1S()0-70,  p.  3;{.  Sup,  court  opinion  in  ;{8  Cnl.  201.  Tho  legislature 
was  sutHciently  startled  by  tiie  stormy  claimants  to  repeal  the  act.  (.'dl.  Stiit., 
1800-70,  p.  70;  III.,  Jimr.  Sen.,  55-6,  ap.  G,  p.  6.  In  addition  to  this,  the 
Frauco-Cerman  war  intervened  to  cut  off  the  only  jiiarket,  leaving  a  largS 
supply  of  cocoons  and  eggs  upon  the  hands  of  producers.  This  caused  the 
aliandonment  of  many  excellent  plantations,  so  that  only  a  liniite<l  number 
were  left.  Kvcn  the  pion<>er  association  lost  interest,  of  wliicli  I.  N.  Hoag  of 
Sac.  had  been  the  sustaining  pillar.  Tho  depressed  condition  of  labor  in  the 
IIi.sT.  C.\L.,  Vol.  vn.    3 


84 


CEREALS  AND  OTHER   PRODUCTS. 


:■■} 


Tlio  scricultural  bubble  was  ft)llowc(l  by  an  equally 
costly,  tlioui^h  k'ss  wide-spread  fiasco  in  tobacco.  Its 
cultivation  liad  early  commended  itself  t(»  in wanderinp^ 
soutlieniers,  but  the  dry  climate  was  i'ound  to  be  de- 
trimental to  the  quality.  J.  1).  Culp  soui.;lit  a  remedy 
for  the  defect  in  a  patent  process  for  curing  the  leaf 
which  was  claimed  by  the  inventor  to  bo  economic  as 
well  as  improvinjj;  to  tlie  Havor.  A  company  undertook 
in  1872  to  carry  out  the  idea  on  a  large  scale  without 
due  preliminary  experiments.  The  process  proved 
less  satisfactory  than  expected,  and  reckless  manage- 
ment assisted  to  brini^  about  failure  and  discouraije- 
ment,  so  that  ])roduction  fell  from  1,240,000  pounds 
in  1874  to  7;i,000  in  1870,  yet  not  without  the  pros- 
pect of  a  gradual  revival  under  growing  experience. 


10 


latter  part  of  the  seventies  led  Mrs  T.  HittoU  in  18S0  to  organize  the  Silk  Cul- 
ture Association,  and  to  give  fresh  impulse  to  the  industry,  espeeially  amoiij; 
women.  Witliin  a  brief  [leriod  more  than  lialf  of  the  counties  in  the  state 
gave  evidence  of  participation  on  a  small  scale,  the  state  creatt'd  a  board  of 
silk  culture,  witii  an  appropriation  of  S">,<H30  toward  establisliing  a  lilature. 
A  school  was  estal)lislied,  in  which  young  women  were  taught  reeling  and 
other  arts,  and  two  factories  arranged  to  otler  them  employment.  (Jreater 
attention  is  given  to  cultivating  tiie  superior  morns  alba  tree  for  annual 
cocoons,  so  that  the  Cal.  silk  by  1SS8  was  rising  in  favor,  and  the  prospects 
for  an  exjiansion  of  tiie  industry  was  promising,  iloag  states  that  in  ISdS  lie 
cleared  l:f'5,!'-0  from  'AS,  acres,  while  the  expense  amounted  to  only  Si~'2.  The 
receipts  came  mainly  from  eggs  sold  at  i4  per  ounce.  He  calculated  that  even 
the  low  Japanese  silk  would  at  !?7  per  lb.  yield  ,*4,480  per  acre,  less  an  expense 
of  .?'2, 140,  of  which  $S(X)  was  for  cultivating  land  and  feeding,  §;.">()  for  rent  of 
land  and  cocoonery,  and  §1,280  for  reeling  (340  lbs.  of  silk  by  girls  or  China- 
men at  $1  a  day.  A  yard  of  silk  dress  goods  weighing  3  ounces  costs  the 
European  manufacturer  §2.]ij;  import  duty  and  freight  brings  the  price  in 
S.  F.  to  over  §4,  leaving  a  wide  margin  for  higher  wages.  Cal.  St.  Aijric. 
Soc,  Tntim.,  ISOG,  p.  4.')2;  1808-9,  p.  i'ol-C.  The  Cali/onm  Sill--;iroirn:-<' 
Maniinl,  14  ct  seq.,  sta.tes  that  5  acres  may  be  safely  Cc.lculated  to  yicM  4,000 
lbs.  of  cocoons,  worth  §1,400,  and  that  the  profit  cannot  fall  below  .S4'_'.").  For 
extent  of  culture  and  methods,  sec,  further,  tSdc  Union,  Jan.  1,  1884;  S.  F. 
Vail,  Apr.  21,  188:i;  Nov.  9,  Dec.  9,  1884;  ,S'.  /•'.  Bulletin,  Jan.  20,  1882;  S.  F. 
Chron.,  Feb.  8,  June  4,  1881;  C<il.  7?w.,  March  1881;  CroiiLse  Cnl,  393-5;  Cul 
Faniivi;  Dec.  9,  18(i8;  Sept.  Hi,  1809;  May  19,  1870,  etc.  See  also  under 
manufactures,  this  history. 

'"As  early  as  18.")4  a  number  of  planters  were  raising  the  leaf.  The  rise 
in  prices  with  the  outbreak  of  the  union  war  in  1801  gave  a  stimulus  which 
blinded  farmers  to  the  mediocrity  of  results  so  far,  and  opened  a  largo  area 
to  the  pliuit,  notably  in  the  Napa  and  Russian  River  regions.  See  county 
histories  for  Mcmlocino,  Butte,  Sta  Bdrlmro,  Lok  Am/elci:  Altn  Col.,  June  3, 
18M;  Oct.  28,  1857;  Feb.  7,  1859;  March  11,  July  17,  Sept.  22,  1801;  Aug. 
2,  20,  1802;  Feb.  14-1.5,  May,  3,  June  22,  1803;  Jan.  2,  March  13,  1872; 
Sept.  7,  1873,  etc.;  Sue.  Union,  Feb.  22,  Apr.  3,  May  18,  June  0,  Sept.  13, 
Oct.  31,  1855;  Feb.  13,  1850;  Apr.  22,  1858;  Nov.  12,  1801;  Sept.  17,  1SC3, 
etc.     Unfortunately  the  dryness  of  the  climate  proved  detrimental  to  the 


m 


RUfJAR  AND  TEA. 


35 


an  equally 
lacco.  Its 
waiulerinjj; 
.  tt)  be  tlo- 
;  a  remedy 
y  the  leaf 
•onomic  as 
uiitlertook 
,le  witht)ut 
ss  proved 
s  luanaufe- 
Hscourage- 
DO  pounds 
the  pros- 
:perience/° 

w  tho  Silk  Cul- 

jn'cially  iiiiioii;^ 

t's  in  tho  state 

toil  a  board  of 

liing  a  lilaturo. 

lit  rceliii!;  and 

incut.     Ureator 

rce  for  annual 

the  pro-;[)Ofts 

that  in  IStiS  ho 

ly  !?47-J.     Tlio 

itcd  that  ovin 

cssauexiii'iise 

$."»()  for  rent  of 

girls  or  C'hina- 

nccs  costs  tiie 

tho  price  in 

Citl.  ,S/.  Aijric. 

'   S!l/:-(iroirn\'i' 

to  yi.id  4,000 

ow  !?4'2r).     For 

1,  1884;  S.  1\ 

10,  1882;  S.  F. 

I.,  393-5;  Cut. 

ee  also  iiuder 

;af.     The  rise 

itinudus  ■which 

1  a  largo  area 

Sco  county 

Cnl.,  Juno  3, 

\   1801;  Aug. 

irch   13,    1872; 

0  G,  Sept.   13, 

ept.   17,   18G3, 

lueiitul  to  the 


Experiments  luive  been  and  continue  to  be  made 
witli  (lifreiTiit  j)lants,  chiefly  by  inodil  fanners,  and 
in  course  of  time  ad(htional  sources  of  profit  will  no 
doubt  be  revealed,  altliouj^h  there  is  so  far  a  sufficient 
number  of  incipient  productions  to  tempt  a  witle  ex- 
pansion. Tlie  mustard-plant,  which  is  a  veritable 
ptst  to  wlieat-fields  ii»  many  directions,  has  become 
valued  for  its  spice  as  well  as  oil;"  and  for  h«)ps  the 
climate  has  been  A>und  exceptionably  favorable  in   its 

quality,  and  tlic  decline  in  prici's  added  to  the  discouragcnunt.  A  decade 
later  .1.  1).  (.'idp  obtained  patents  for  his  ini]>roved  curing  process,  consistiucr 
of  alternately  piling  the  jihint  for  feruientation  and  ilrying  it  in  liori/ontal 
position  ill  close,  heateil  Imililiiigs,  ail  operation  of  3  to  G  weeks,  followed  l>y 
a  six  uioiiths'  staekiuL,'  in  bulk.  He  claimed  tliat  tliis  ntetlioil  not  only  over- 
came tli(^  climatic  diliieulties,  but  obviated  tho  <laniai;e  inllictcd  by  the  vari- 
able eastern  weather,  ami  imiiarted  a  superior  and  uniform  (piality  totlie  leaf, 
diminishiiiL;  tho  expense  of  curing  it  and  saving  more  tobacco.  So  promising 
VMS  the  showing  tiiat  the  Aiiierican  Tobacco  Co.,  incorporated  in  1872  to 
vicld  the  ]iatents,  planted  in  tho  following  year  some  4(J0  acres,  and  prepart'd 
to  cxtrud  the  plantation  to  1,000  acri's,  bcsidea  stimulating  a  largo  cultiva- 
tion in  other  counties.  The  jiroduetiou  for  1874  was  reported  at  800,000 
lbs.  in  Sta  t'lara  and  S.in  lieiiiio,  in  addition  to  nioro  than  10(),0(H)  lbs. 
cacli  in  Los  Angeles  and  Alameda,  70,000  lbs.  each  in  Sta  Cruz  and  Sta 
Harbara,  lj(j,()0a  m  1/ikc,  an<l  4(t,000  in  S.  Mateo,  total  1,240,000  ll)s.  C<i/. 
A'jnr.  ,Sii<:,  Ti<tn-^.,  bS74,  p.  287.  But  the  management  was  bad,  the  pro- 
ce-s  failed  to  Work  so  well  as  expected,  and  tho  com}»any  proved  a  disastrous 
fadure.  Tho  oxpcrieiice  served,  however,  to  guide  the  prudent  survivors  of 
the  tobacco  excitement.  The  acreage  for  1870  had  fallen  to  84  witji  a  \  ield 
of  7;{,;{;lO  lbs.,  of  04  acres  with  Tj'J.OOO  being  in  S.  Benito,  10  .'icres  with  8,200 
lbs.  in  Los  Angeles,  and  1  or  2  acres  in  several  other  counties,  chiitly  on  tlie 
niprthcrn  coast,  yet  tlie  prospects  in  18SS  were  deemed  good  for  a  steady 
i;rowih  of  the  industry,  as  sliown  also  liy  tho  increa.sing  production,  from 
I, (too  lbs.  in  18r)(),  and  3,ir)0  lbs.  in  INiO,  to  03,800  lbs.  iu  I87t>.  Metails  of 
prouressand  nictiiod  in  .V.  /'.  Call,  Nov.  24,  Dec.  2,  1808;  Apr.  21,  Juno  20, 
1871;  Sept.  7,  1872;  Jan.  20,  July  17,  Aug.  0,  23,  1873;  Aug.  IS,  Oct.  12, 
1>74,  etc;  Sl'icLtoH  Iiiil<']h,  Apr.  10,  1879;  Uhinli  Ihm.,  Sept.  21,  1878;  S/insUi 
Ci'iirii'i;  Sept.  14,  1878;  St<i  linrh.  /'/•ftv.'f,  March  1 1,  187t);  Antior/t  Ltihicr, 
Nov.  14,  1874;  H.  JJciiito  Adm.:  Salimts  Dvin.,  June  20,  hs74;  ('oni.  J/mild, 
Sept.  10,  18t)7;  Sept.  10,  1874;  Sricnt.  P)w.^,  Oct.  1,  1870;  March  23,  1872; 
iKe.  II,  187.").  It  is  pointed  out  that  tlie  plant  grows  wild  in  'i'ehania,  S. 
F.  /liillill',  Feb.  S,  ISoO,  and  that  the  long  seasons  |>ermit  4  crops  of  cigar 
an.l  2  of  chewing  tobacco. 

".>>.  F.  Villi,  Seiit.  21,  18G5;  Dec.  10,  1808,  etc.;  S.  F.  Bulbthi,  Nov.  24, 
1805.  Nutmeg-trees,  .V.  /•'.  liuUvtin,  Aug.  25,  1859;  March  Hi,  1809;  *r<-. 
L'liiun  reeommcnded  Juno  18,  1809.  Ked  pepper  grows  in  Los  Angeles. 
Coneerniug  peppermint,  see  S.  J.  Jfi-nild,  Mareii  12,  1877.  Camphor,  S.  F. 
All'i,  Apr.  2,  1.S59.  Sumach  is  found  wild  in  S.  Diego,  and  its  cultivation 
has  been  tried  in  Sta  Clara.  Alaiimin  Eiieimil,  July  20,  1878.  Chikcot,  or 
(iiant  Bitter  Koot,  is  treated  of  in  S.  F.  Biillcliii,  July  17,  1805.  Oiiium  cid- 
tare  in  Jd.,  Dee.  1,  1879;  Uta  I{osa  Tinier,  Dec.  17,  lh79;  Alia  Ctl,  Aug.  1.3, 
1871.  Insect  powder.  Pr.  Dent.  Zeitiimj,  July  13,  1878;  Jiukxnn  l.nl.jir,  July 
21,  1877.  Iniligo  and  cochineal  prospects  in  AUa  (HI.,  May  1.  1850;  Sept.  7, 
lS.-)9;  S.  F.  Bull, till,  Oct.  27,  1859;  Srieiit.  Pirxs,  May  0."l.s71.  These  and 
other  odd  cultures  are  considered  especially  in  the  /iurnl  /'renji:  CaL  A'jric. 
Soc.,  Tnina.;  Vommerceand  Industrks,  and  in  uumoroun  other  places. 


M 


CKRKALS   AND  OI'IIKR   I'IKIDUCTS. 


v'lMd 


Ipi'' 


frocdoin  from  siiniinor  rains  and  licavv  dowa  and  foijfR, 
which  produro  tlio  dL'structivo  hli^jhts  and  wash  away 
tho  strength  of  the  tlower.  Tlie  result  is  surer  and 
superior  crops,  as  well  as  safer  and  easier  means  for 
eurinu^  them,  than  in  the  eastern  states.  The  cul- 
tivation has  d(>velopcd  since  the  fifties,  3'ielding  by 
1880  a  million  and  a  half  of  pounds,  with  the  prospect 
of  a  large  increase.'" 

Several  materials  have  been  tested  for  sugar-mak- 
ing, among  them  grapt^s  and  melons,  which  proved  as 
unsuccessful,  from  an  economic  point  of  view,  as  the 
sugar-cane,  of  which  only  a  small  quantity  is  raised 
in  the  south  for  chewing;  sorghum  is  reserved  for 
fodder.  Suufar-heet  has  alone  been  found  to  answer, 
and  sufficiently  so  to  encourage  a  larger  cultivation  of 
it,  with  a  marked  increase  in  sweetness  that  places  it 
far  above  Euroi)ean  beets/^ 

'^  By  low  trailing  the  roots  are  sliolterod  from  excessive  heat,  and  throi; 
years  KutHcc  for  attaining  tlio  maturity  elsewhere  rtMiuiring  five  or  six.  An 
extruortlinury  projiortion  of  the  valued  lupuliiie  is  here  oUtainecl,  and  tlio 
fresli  green  color  is  well  preserved.  A  St  ileleiia  ero])  took  the  premium  at 
the  Centennial  lOxpositiou  in  ISTtJ.  Nit}HiCo.  Hint.,  11.  Tiie  total  yield  in 
1871)  was  l,444,0.)O  ll>.s.  from  I,  ill)  acres.  Sacramento  leailing  witli  ()S4,r)()i> 
lbs.  from  4!»L'  aeres,  followed  hy  .Mendocino  with  'J^'.l.liOO  llis.  from  "JT!)  acres, 
and  Napa,  S.  Joa(]uin,  and  Alameda  with  from9!(,0(K)to7.'{,OtK)ll)s.  The  census 
of  1870  reported  ()'_'r),0(M)  ll»s.,  and  that  of  18(50  only  80  Uis.,  .showing  a  rapid 
increase.  For  reports  on  di'veloi)inent  and  methods,  see  Pac.  liUnd  l'i-cs.t,  .May 
8,  1875;  Jan.  (i,  June  2,  1877;  July  G,  1878;  Najxi  Raj.,  July  lO-l.'t,  1878; 
Ami/ifiiii  (litz.,  Alarch  10,  June  !>,  July  14,  1877;  M<rc<'<l  ArijiK,  Oct.  I'i,  1878; 
Sii<:  Union  of  Dec.  11,  18.")"),  Jan.  I,  18S4,  records  attempts;  also  Jidy  11, 
Nov.  14,  KStW;  a.  F.  JInold,  Sept.  15,  1851);  *\  /'.  77;»('.s,  Feh.  12,  June  »», 
1808;  Aug.  12,  l.'KiD;  S.  F.Cnll,  June  (J,  Sept.  22,  1871;  Aug.  17,  1871;  March 
15,  1882;  SI  lltkmi  tStar,  Sept.  2!),  1870;  Aug.  3,  1877;  A".  /'.  BtilUtin,  Apr. 
IG,  1884. 

'^Chinese  sugar-cane  has  heen  cultivated  in  Los  Angeles  since  1854,  and 
syrup  nuule,  hut  not  successfully  enough.  Tlie  U.  S.  Vvuhuh  mentions,  how- 
ever, for  187!),  2,450  gallons  of  sorghum  molasses,  mostly  in  Kern  and  Tulare. 
Slitter  Co.  Jlist.,  84 — culture  abandoned  lately.  Sugard)eet  has  alone  an- 
swered. During  the  greater  part  of  tiie  last  decade  tlie  only  mill  in  opera- 
tion for  the  manufacture  of  heet  sugar  was  at  Alvarado.  Hesides  paying  .s4.5i) 
a  ton  for  boots,  it  otl'ered  premiums  for  beet  culture.  In  1887  a  large  relinery 
was  built  at  Watsonville,  and  has  thus  far  met  with  fair  success.  See,  fur- 
ther, under  manufactures;  Ln.i  Amf.  Co.  Hist.,  G2;  Com.  ami  /ml.,  540;  Cil. 
A<iric.  Soc,  Trims.,  18G8-9,  272-302;  1873,  323-444;  Unc.  Union,  Marcli  2.">, 
Oct.  IG.  1857;  Dec.  31,  1870;  Kern  Co.  Cat.,  Jan.  8,  1880;  S.  t\  Call,  Dec.  2:!, 
18G8;  Jan.  21,  1870;  S.  F.  Cliron.,  Dec.  29,  1880. 


■i\ 


As  one  who  has  done  much  to  develop  the  agricultural  and  other  interests 
of  Los  Angeles  co.  aud  of  south  jru  California  should  be  mentioned  James  Bouti 


PROMIXKNT  AORirULTUHlSTS. 


87 


and  foyfs, 
ash  away 
iuwv  ami 
nutans  for 
Thu  cul- 

'Idiuu:  l>y 

V  prospect 


Ligar-mak- 
provod  as 
uw,  as  the 
r  is  raised 
served  for 
to  answer, 
tivation  of 
t  places  it 


leiit,  and  throo 
\,ii  or  six.  An 
uned,  and  i\w 
,ho  invniiuni  ut 
total  yifld  in 
;witli  1)84,500 

oni  'J7'.)  acres. 
)3.  The  censns 
lowing  a  rajiid 

riiU'rr.'^s,  M;iy 
y  10-i:{,  KS7S; 
,  Oct.  1-J,  1878 ; 
;  also  .Inly  H. 
1).  12,  Jnnc  30, 
7,  1S7J;  Marcli 
UnUvtin,  Apr. 

iinco  18ri4,  and 
mention.-*,  liow- 

rn  antl  Tulare. 

lias  alono  an- 

/  mill  in  ojieri- 

les  iiayinf;!j;4.'"''l 

a  large  reliiiery 
icess.      See,  t'ur- 

Iml.,  r)4();  C"i 

ion,  Marcli  'J">, 
/'.  Call,  Uoe.  'j:!, 


I 


Laiikersliim,  wlio  came  to  San  Franei.sco  in  IS(iO,  and  after  gradnating  at  tlio 
lii^li  si'linnl,  liei,'an  fanning  i?i  connection  with  liii  fatiier,  tir-it  in  Krcsno  and 
tlun  in  .S,in  hii'^oco.  In  IS'i'A  lie  removed  to  l^w  Angeles,  where  he  wa.s  tlio 
lirst  oni'  to  eiii;age  exteii.sivcly  in  wiieat  rai.-iiiig,  and  t<i  jirovo  that  sui-h  tarm- 
iiii:  w.'i.s  |iri>litahle.  lie  helpcil  to  liniM  the  lii'>t  lioiiriiig  mill  in  l.os  .Xnj^eles, 
ainl  til  oii;iiiize  tiic  l.ankeishiiii  Lund  and  W  iit<T  coniiiany,  l'_*,tK>()  a<ri-.s  of 
wliosc  domain  \vere  sold  in  sm;dl  tracts  fur  eoloni/atioii  imiiiiiscs.  A  director 
«if  the  l''.iiiiiers'aiid  .Merchants'  hank,  the  I.os  An;;eles  ."Savings  limk,  and  many 
othii'  inomim  nt  institntions,  he  is  known  as  one  of  tlie  most  iiulilic  spirited 
nun  ill  this  purtioii  of  the  st.ite. 

I>.ini(l  Kieeman,  a  native  of  Ontario,  Canada,  wlio,  after  practising  for 
.som^  yciiw  .IS  a  hairister,  came  to  this  eoast  in  |N7."{,  was  .ilso  among  the  lir.st 
in  l,ns  .\iigrl('s  eii.  villi  eni;am'd  lai  jjt  ly  in  farming.  lAM.iinu  and  afterward 
]>ni'<'hasiMi{  frmii  ;i  .'>eotcli  liamnct  tiie  Centinela  raneii.  containing  more  tli.m 
•J.">.OlHI  Mercs,  ill'  licgaii  raising  cereals  in  IS77;  in  I.VS4  iii.s  crnp  was  ahont 
l,000,(H)l>  hiislirls.  Two  yc.irs  later  he  sold  one  half  of  tlii.s  estate  for  S-.'r»  an 
acre,  anil  in  IN.S7  most  of  the  remainder  for  ^i-'>  an  acre,  with  two  tilths  of 
the  ju'iilils  maile  hy  its  sale  and  snlniivision.  Here  the  town  of  Inglewood 
lias  since  hccn  laid  mit  hy  the  pnreliasin^  coiniiany. 

I'rnlialily  the  largest  farmer  and  kind-owner  in  Tiliama  county  is  .lo.:eiih 
S.  Cuiie,  on  whose  ranch  of  nearly  100,0(10  .icres  in  tlie  nei;;hl(oihimd  of  Iteil 
lliiitl'  tile  avcrai;"  ero|i  of  wheat  is  ll.'.'),0(K)  husiuls,  and  of  Wool  •J7.">,<KK) 
liiMiiiiN,  ill  addition  to  a  l.irge  amount  of  citrus  and  other  Irnits.  A  ii.iti\  e  of 
Alarietti,  ().,  and  of  nohlu  lilie.ige,  .Mr  Cone  eanie  across  the  Jilains  to  Cali- 
fornia in  IS.'iO,  and  after  engaging  in  various  occupations,  in  I.StJO  hegan 
stiiik  raising  on  .Miler  creek,  liis  present  estate  he  purchased,  as  opportu- 
nity i.threil,  lor  .•J.'>0,000.  In  KS7(i,  in  eonjnnetioii  with  «  harle.s  Cailwallader, 
he  estahlislied  the  h.ink  of  Tehama  eo.,  one  of  the  liio-.t  suceessfnl  in  the  state, 
and  of  w  hicli  he  is  vieepresiilcut.  He  is  also  ;it  the  head  of  the  large  mer- 
eaiilile  lirm  of  Cone,  Kimliall,  &  Co.  As  one  of  the  railroad  eommissioni'r.s 
.■^elected  under  tlie  new  constitution,  lie  rendered  most  faithful  and  ellieieiit 
service. 

One  of  flic  most  successful  among  those  who  adniited  the  couperative  sys- 
tem of  farming  was  the  kite  \Vm  F.  Kowniiig,  wlio  at  his  decease  in  I.SS7 
r.inked  iinioiin  the  wealthiest  men  in  the  Santa  Clara  valley.  From  his  hirtli- 
place  at  Xew.irk,  Mo.,  -where  he  worked  on  his  father's  farm  until  the  age  of 
twenty-one,  ho  started  in  IS.V.)  fur  I'ike's  peak,  Col.,  and  .some  two  years  later 
e.itiH'  toCal.,  where,  after  eiiLMging  in  various  occupations,  he  liegau  farming 
and  stock-raising  in  Santa  Clara  co. 

\Vorthy  of  mention  among  the  leading  farmers  of  northern  Cal.  is  \eu- 
.schwander  D.  dnlien,  a  native  of  the  Canton  de  Vand  in  Switzerland,  who 
came  to  this  coast  in  IS40,  and  after  engaging  in  store-keeiiing,  liotel-keeping, 
and  cattle-dealing,  hegan  fanning  and  fruit-raising  in  Siskiyou  eo.  lie  is 
also  connected  with  the  bank  of  Yruka,  iu  which  he  holds  a  oue-lifth  interest. 


1  other  interests 
mod  Jauiua  Uooii 


i 


^ 


(ilAPTlvK   III. 


FIiriT  (lUOWIN'C!    AND  CUAl'KS. 

17t>y-IS81». 

Ckhes  a\t>  Pomona — Itai.v  Kxcki.i.kh    CoMVAnATiVE  Yield — FnriT  Skasov 

AND    FLAViHt-rKOIilHTS  AM>    I'KSIS  -DUYIMl  AM)   C'ANNINc;    -Sllll'l'INtl 

— Kakm  Oiii'iiAifi's  -Ai'plks — CiriMs  Fiii'irs — Tuk  ()i!AN«!E— 1'kar.s— 
Cost  oi' Ci-i.riv ATioN-  ScAi.K  Iskmction — Fic.s-  Ai-monps  ash  Oiiiku 
Nits  -The  Oi.ive  BEiiKiia — The  tiuAi-E — Wlne-makinu — Raisins — 
Floweks  am>  Fouest  Tuees. 


Ililiil 


Fruit  cultun^  and  tlio  vino  are  the  risinuf  industries 
of  C  alitoniia,  juul  ultlioiiyh  (\'rc\s  may  n-tain  control 
over  tlio  largo  areas,  Pomona  will  count  undor  lior 
sway  a  LCreater  numhtr  of  subjects,  with  votaries  of 
high  intcllio(>nce  and  prosj)crity,  who  shall  vest  in  this 
Italv  of  America  the  choicest  treasures  of  st)uthern 
Europe, 

Few  countries  can  display  so  great  a  variety  of  ex- 
cellent fruit,  some  of  which,  like  the  grape  and  pear, 
seem  to  have  found  here  their  best  development,  while 
others,  as  the  apricot,  olive,  and  fig  thrive  nowliere 
better  throughout  the  United  States.  The  loose 
soil  and  sumiy  climate  combine  to  give  the  trees  and 
shrubs  a  strong  and  raj)id  growth,  with  (>arly  In^aring 
and  largo  antl  abundant  fruit.  As  compared  with  the 
eastern  states,  the  yield  is  about  doubK',  and  trees 
begin  bearing  at  half  the  age.  Vines  and  many  other 
plants  yield  about  twice  the  quantity  of  fruit  obtained 
in  Europe,  and  ibr  ])roduct  as  well  as  size  our  or- 
chards excel.  Cherries  are  in  the  market  from  May 
to  October;  strawberries  nearly  all  the  year,  in  the 

(38) 


I'ICKlNi;    AM'   IwrKINCJ. 


89 


FuriT  Sr.AsoN 

Nt;  -Suil'llNtl 
StlK— I'KAKS  - 
>S    .VM>  OlllKlt 

<ii— Kaisins-- 


imlustrics 
\\u  control 
uiuUt  lu'i- 

otiiries  of 


st  in  this 
southoni 


lety  of  ex- 

jiial  \)viiv, 
loiit,  whilo 
o  nowliero 
The    loi)so 

trees  ami 
ly  beurini;' 
(1  with  the 

and  trees 
nany  other 

t  i)l)taine(l 
AC   our   or- 

from  May 
ear,  in  the 


4S 
1 


sotitli.  Indet'.l,  frnit-iMekin;^'  nevrr  r(«ases,  ft)r  tlio 
citrns  si'ason  covi-rs  nil  the  nH)nths  whiMi  other  ov- 
rUiUiU  sltcp.  ()\vin;4  to  the  njuahle  tmiperatiuv, 
lailuri's  of  (-rops  are  rare,  ami  paitial  at  tlio  niost,  and 
pests  are  eoniparatively  few  and  niihl  in  their  rava'^vs, 
pMitieulaily  under  th.'rmieihal  measures  favored  hy 
♦•liniatc.  irrigation,  low  training'  of  Uvva  and  shi-ul>s, 
and  othfr  methods.  There  is  also  the  mlvantau'e  that 
fruit  mav  he  Kft  upon  tlu-  trees  lon^^'  after  maturity. 
""I'lie  prineijial  drawhaek  lies  in  the  inferior  llavor  of  our 
upi'lrs,  luaehis,  and  strawhiiries.  hut  other  fi'uits  eoni- 
]ian'  Well  with  foreign  varii'tii's,  some,  as  tlu'  jiear, 
b(  ino;  unsuipassi'd,  under  the  improvements  etl'eeted 
Nvithin  reeent  viars. 

The  state  has  cxperioneed  several  excitements  in 
liortieultui-e,  first  in  the  i»roduets  of  eold'-r  climates, 
then  for  vines  and  oranges,  with  relapses  due  to  rash 
(selections  of  seedlings  ami  soil,  iue\j)erience  in  methods, 
and  i>vcrstocked  markets;  hut  the  revivals  have  heen 
strenutheneil  hy  each  ordeal.  Of  late  yc>ars  hcttiT 
fat'ilities  are  oU'ert'd  i>y  the  railways  for  transporting 
fresh  fiuit  eastward,  and  t-annt-ries  assist  in  opiMiim^ 
Nvider  outlets.  Their  business  has  sti^adily  au«.;-mented, 
fi'om  4,r)00,000  cans  in  1S7J  to  more  than  11,000,000 
two-and-a-half-pound  cans  lit  18S1,  includin*;'  4,700,000 
cans  of  vi'L;etahK'S.  Thi'  climate  L^ives  tlie  advantage 
that  raisins,  iigs,  and  primes  can  he  sal'ely  and  chea[)ly 
dried  in  the  sun,  althoui^h  fruit  retjuirin;^-  slicing-  de- 
mands kilns  and  other  moans  to  protect  it  froiu  dust, 
insect,  antl  the  like.^ 

'Tlir  Ui.ij)aii()-t';iliforuiiins  planted  numorouH  orcliards  in  the  south,  cspc- 
rially  \\  nil  siini-tropic  I'niit  aiiil  poars.  a.i  shown  in  my  iin'ot'diiii,'  vohimi's, 
liiit  nio.-itly  iif  an  rnUrinr  kind,  and  wiiii'li  di'toiiorati'd  liy  iirgln't.  North 
of  tilt'  li.iy  Itussians  liad  plantrd  a  tV\\  slips,  and  in  tlii'  thiid  iLoado  the  niis- 
»ii)na"ii's  Inlinwid  the  cxamph',  ju'ovidiiiL;  al-o  means  lor  smvi-i'diiij;  Ann  rioan 
.sotllors  to  do  hkcwisi!.  Sai'ianunto  had  an  iirii;ati'd  oix'haicl  in  \Si\K  I'hirt^r 
ami  tonntii'-i  l.irthcr  uoi'tli  l)i':;an  to  i)laiit  in  !S4(>-.S;  Ti'mity  had  Irnit-tri'O.s 
in  IS.'iIt,  and  Siskiyou  ahout  tliu  saun'  tinu';  C'ohnna  lu-i'auio  tanions  tor  ifrtain 
Iniits.  Sl'i!  county  histories  for  Sao.  districts  and  iiortliw  aid.  Aiiu'rieaii 
<;ar(U'ii  si'fds  and  apiiK'  slips  w>iv  hroujiiit  from  On-goii  in  iS4it.  Or.  Sprrt'i- 
tnr,  Apr.  -Jit.  lS4!t,  /',ir.  \,  „■■<,  May  -JT.  IS.-^O.  and  .b\(c.  Tni )!.■<<•.,  i.  no.  ,".,  rolVr 
to  sc  ireity  of  fruit,  and  urge  jil  inting.  II.  Lowolling  of  N.  Carolina  rairicd 
buodlinjj's  to  Orcyon  iu  1647,  and  his  l)rotlRT  John  took  a  selection  from  him 


■M  •','  'i 


If:   ^1'!     ' 


40 


FRUlT-CROWIN.:;  AXU  CRAl'ES. 


TliG    predilection    of  Anglo-Saxons    for   apples    is 
marked  by  the  great  predominance  of  this  frnit  iu  the 

to  Cal.  in  1851,  establishing  an  orcharil  at  S.  Ixrenzo,  from  Mhicli  locality 
Boc'ils  wcTC  later  sent  to  many  foreign  countries.  Kiliiii;-n  of  Xa])a  had  a  jioach 
orchard  in  ISo'J,  the  trees  havi.ig  come  hy  sea  from  tlu;  cast,  li  uil'tl's  Sar., 
ii.  14 -"J").  (Jroeluy,  Jnunuij,  S'J8,  is  entliu.siastic  over  Cal.  fruits.  All  during 
the  fifties  orc-hanl-planting  kept  pace  vith  the  si>:e;id  of  settleiiient,  but 
tlie  cost  and  dillieulty  of  obtaining  good  seed,  and  the  inexperiiiico  with 
ri^gird  to  soil  and  irrigation,  led  to  numerous  failures.  In  the  sixties  came  the 
grape  cxeitement;  and  this  resulting  through  simihir  causes  in  more  disappoint- 
ment tlian  suei'ess,  orchards  revived  in  favor,  anjl  M'iih  more  discrimination, 
promoted  by  the  greater  choice  of  cheap  and  goo.l  varieties,  and  vine-jdantiiig 
sIkuhuI  suljsiMjueritly  in  tliis  improvement.  L.J.  Rose,  \V.  \Vol..s!iill  oi  .Vnue- 
les,  (.1.  (J.  liriggs,  near  the  Vulia,and  \V.  Meek,  were  among  the  leading  oreliard- 
ists  i  1  ISSS.  Lord,  B.  ('.  A'k^  '2oO,  says  that  a  peach  orcliard  of  "JOO  aena 
near  Mary.svilloyieMed  .^SO.OJO  for  tlie  year.  Alln  C-il.,  Jmiii-2\,  IS.'iS;  IfioU's 
Mitij.,  xxxi.  V19,  refer  to  another  Lirgo  orcliard  of  early  ihiys.  Tlie  rapid 
reenpi-ration  in  this  climate  encourages  the  replanting  of  inferior  orchards. 
For  tlie  suppo.scd  counteraction  ;i  early  decay  there  .seems  to  be  no  ground, 
for  the  old  mission  orchanls  snow  themselves  fully  as  eni'uring  as  the  eastern. 
As  for  growth,  thei'c  are  instances  of  cherry-trees  attainin.:  to  a  height  of  14 
feet  in  one  year,  ami  peach-tiee  trunks  to  a  diameter  of  i  f>r  3  inches.  Vaca 
and  Pleasant  valleys  ai'c  noted  for  early  s-pring  fruit.  Cherries  arc  in  the 
mar!;et  from  the  mid^lle  of  May  to  October,  yet  ^4//'!!  Oil.,  Jan.  ;jil,  IStj'J, 
alludes  to  ripe  cherries  iu  Ja:i.;  S'li-.  Un'ni,  of  July  14,  li>.V),  boasts  of  ripe 
peaches  and  apples  early  in  July;  straxvberrii  s  j.to-.v  iu  the  open  garden  in 
I»ec.,  observes  .y.  /''  Call,  Dic.  J8,  |S,;S;  //.,  i)ec.  '2\,  iSOT;  H-'r.  Union,  Oct. 
'27,  lS.-)7;  Mov  i!>,  18.,<t;  Oct.  D,  Ititil;  S.  I'.  B>iU.t;„,  Oct.  u,  IS.'X.,  refer 
glowingly  to  second  crops  of  pears  anil  apples.  The  second  crop  from  vines 
is  disc  (luraged  as  injurious  to  the  <juality.  The  .Sti  Barbara  region  failed  to 
respond  to  ellorts  for  raising  early  fruit.  Sli  BiirK  Co.  lli<t.,  \'C\,  ;{'.I8-'J. 
Instuici'S  of  large  fruit  exist  in  pi  ars  of  3],  lbs.,  cherries  S  inches  iu  eirci'ni- 
ferenco,  and  strawberries  \\  ounces  in  Mcight.  Tlie  st.ite  in  1S88  was  pvae- 
tieally  free  fioin  the  curcubio  pest;  plums  sutfered  but  little  from  the 
aphi<,  and  apjdes  froni  borers,  only  during  the  lirst  year;  yet  since  1877  the 
codling  \vorm  has  becoiao  troublesome;  in  some  j>art.s  bu;;s  and  bees  attack 
the  ai>ri^  *■,  peach  is  becoming  more  subject  to  the  curled-leaf  disease,  and 
the  scale  frightened  oramje  growers  a  while,  '-rt  these  troubles  are  not  exteii- 
.sive,  and  remedies  have  been  fouml  for  checking  .several  of  them.  ]'>y  train- 
ing trees  low,  with  the  lower  limbs  one  or  two  feet  Iri.:'i  the  gr<iu:id,  tiie 
trunk  is  protected  against  sun-seal  1,  and  the  roots  are  kept  moist,  the  eirect 
of  winds  being  also  lessened.  As  a  further  protection  against  sun  an<l  wi:id, 
trees  are  planted  near^  r  together  than  in  the  east,  without  diminishing  tlieii- 
pro  luetiveness;  the  iiiterveiiiiig  space  is  sehloin  usetl  for  culiivatioii.  Triiit 
can  h-i  left  on  the  trees  long  after  maturity  without  ri -k,  t!ie  citrus  for  over 
half  a  year.  The  outlet  for  this  growuig  interest  lies  jKirily  through  the  over- 
land railway,  with  its  improving  arrangements  for  s-pecial  cars  an'  speeily 
transini.ssion,  favored  by  the  early  maturity  of  fruit.i  here.  Cal.  ship^urs  can 
with  proper  precautions  be  assured  of  fair  profits.  Freight  trains,  oei  npying 
18  to  '1\  days  in  the  jeurney  to  N.  York,  charged  aJMiut  .*2.."i0  per  iCO  lbs. 
early  in  the  eightietj;  passenger  trains,  occupying  8  days,  ehar^eil  iloul.le. 
The  shipments  have  largely  increased  during  the  lust  I j  years.  The  chief 
outlet,  howevei-,  is  provided  by  iiuaiis  of  drying,  canning,  and  other  pre  ierv- 
ing  ](rocesses,  which  open  wider  markets  and  render  growers  less  ilependent 
oil  lluctiiating  demands.  The  growing  favor  of  such  g<MMU  attest  t!ie  (jualily 
of  the  fruit.  Raisins,  ligs,  and  iirunes  are  eheaply  and  .'^afi  ly  dried  i  i  tlie 
sun,  but  for  fruit  that  rerjuires  sliciii',',  and  woiil  1  sutTer  from  dust  and  insects, 
kilus  and  other  means  ore  used.     Several  sjKjcial  fniit-drying  factories  have 


■^1 


,\\ 


^r 


PEACH,  TEAll,  AND  OUAXOE. 


41 


apples   is 
nit  iu  the 


ihicli  locality 
>a  had  a  jtuiicli 

;.  All  during 
ttleuiL'iit,  but 
jiLi-ii'iico  with 
vties  canie  tho 
irc  disaiipoiut- 
iscriiniiu'.tinn, 

vine-idantinsi 
slull  <■!  Aii,L;e- 
uliiig  iircliiird- 
l  of  "JOO  acre  rt 
1,  ISr.S;  l/ioit's 
s.  The  rapid 
rior  orchards, 
hu  no  giiiund, 
lis  the  eastern. 
a  height  of  14 
inches.  Vaea 
ies  arc  in  the 
Jan.  'AX   ISjW, 

hoa.st.s  <if  ripe 
pen  garden  iu 
:r.  Union,  Oct. 

li,  1  «.">(>,  refer 
rop  froni  vines 
e<iloli  faded  to 

.  u;i,  :v.)>s-it. 

hcs  ill  circni- 
1SS8  was  prac- 
ttlo    from   the 
since  1877  the 
il  bees  attack 
if  disease,  and 
;ire  not  exteu- 
|jm.     I'-y  trahi- 
le  grouml,  tiu' 
loi.-t,  the  ctVcct 
sua  and  v.i-.id, 
iiiiiishing  their 
vatiou.     I'niit 
citrus  for  over 
■oUj^h  the  ovcr- 
rs  au.l  speedy 
1.  shipi'i  rs  can 
ins,  ocaipyin.L; 
0  per  ICll  Ih- 
lar^-cd  iloul.U'. 
rs.     The  chief 
other  pre  lerv- 
I'ss   ilepi'udi'ut 
t  t!ie  ipudiiy 
y  drit  d   i  I   tlie 
-t  and  insects, 
factories  have 


^1 


farm  oivliartl.s,  cxccctlinj]^  tliat  of  all  tlio  other  trees  of 
temiHTate  climes  coml>!:ie(I.  The  iteat'li  follows  with 
80(),<M)(i;  yet  tho  pe;ir,  only  one  half  as  iiuuu-rous,  is 
*>-aiiiin;j^  iu  favor  as  the  hi'st  anioii!]^  this  clas.s  ot  fruit, 
led  iiy  the  famous  Jiarllftt  which  is  liiKling  a  wide 
maikct  iu  the  ea.^^t.  Some  old  trees  bear  40  l.ushels 
aimually.  Apricots  arc  hoth  prolific  and  delicious, 
and  in  demand  eastward,  and  prunes  are  ac(juiriii;j;  a 
descnn-iiiL^  re[)Utation,  the  crop  for  18.s'J  being  esti- 
mated at  18,000,000  pounds.' 

been  start. d  to  thi>  eml,  as  .1  scril..- 1  in  A'.fjxt  AV;/..  duly  20,  1S7S;  .\ Dimlnr 
Li-il  irr,  .lulv  l-J,  1>77:  Ildl'-'Cl.,  -'•'>;  l.>-<  Anj.  Iii.4.,  7i),  \'u\  S  mnm  i'liimi 
Don.,  I'rc."  1.'),  1^77:  M  ircli  2:1,  1n7S.  llilKreiit  <lrier.;  are  d,'  <'!ihed  iu 
Cti-<fror.  .!;•'/«.<,  F.I..  2S.  1' 7.S;  Mwfrni  Dr.n.,  May  IS,  Jul/  ■J7,  IS7S:  C'lli- 
,r;vw  r,V;:.;,,  March  24,  Apr.  U,  LS77;  S.  L.  0>,.  Tri'nun,  N.iv.  lit,  1S7!». 
iy.-vcral  lar  ;c  canneries  tx;  t,  to  Ii^^  Ufiticed  iu  the  cJiapter  on  i;ianiifactur.s. 
In  f!ie  stress  of  competition,  bonie  linns  have  resorted  ti>  inferior  trnit,  glu- 
cose, poor  tins,  and  h.iv  \vet^.;lit,  to  tl.e  injury  of  the  stat.'.  Xrverthehss  their 
I)rodiicli'iu  his  stea  'ily  incre.isod  fro-ii  4..").),),(il)0  cans  of  2  Ihs.,  fruit  and 
vc-etahlrs,  iu  I S7 '',  to  over  I  l,():M>,{...t>  2V1I).  cans  iu  1>S1,  tl...  litter  indu.l- 
ini,'  4,7(iO.<X)0  of  vcLjetahles,  c!:ie.Iy  tomatoes,  and  70I»,()(K)  of  jams  a  i  1  jellies; 
.S.  F.  fiirni-lied  S.  •>.«»,<  MO,  aut  I  S'.Io.-e  2,0!)  >,(;()L).  Tlie  price  in  is. I  ran-ed 
betweeu  •'t  I..S">  and  ^'1.7iO  p.  r  •'.n.viiii  cans  of  taMc  fruit;  one  t!iir  1  I  ss  for  pie- 
fruit,  t'an.erics  l>aid  in  1  s  >()  .>'4()  to  fiii)  per  tou  for  pears  pliuiis,  ami 
peaclies,  .'70  to  ."ivSO  for  apricots,  s\:'.{)  to.':2!0  for  cherries,  t'onventions  of 
fruit-yiowers,  as  in.staueed  in  .V    /'.  CiiU,   Dec.  7,    l>Sil,  i:ave  taken  steps  to 


check  fraui 


At  t'.ie  clo.,e  of  the  li>t  d.c.ide  C  iK torn ia  was  Citimated  to 


possess  2,4;i.).()l);)  anple-trees,  8.iO,OiX)  peacli,  ;{.")1/,(I0,)  pe.ir,  2  i;),(-;K>  plum 
and  jiru.u,  :."vj,i!  ,o' apru^.t,  i:;,),OJ.)  cherry,  oO.OUO  llu,  :!,),(),H)  ncctarim, 
ir.>,(;tK)  leniou,  and  20  >,0:)()  oran;:es  in  bearin;,',  -vith  vaiiid  increase.  'I'lie 
value  of  orchard  i)rodiicts  for  1'>7.I  i;  jLiei'd  by  the  /'.  S.  Ccnsiii  at  ;  J,'.!7,(MK), 
in  wliich  Sta  (.'lara  leads  with  ;  -L\S,(;.).>,  followed  by  Alanie.la  wi;!i  .-210,000, 
S.ic.  i-.  170,(;0;>,  .SoiKima.Sli;!*,^!*;),  ho.;  Angeles  :  1 2:i, ('■'■',  then  Sidano,  Kl  Dorado, 
and  Napa,  with  from  .::'.)2,<;00  to  .^S2,0.(0,  I'lacer  ('..".,((),»,  Mo.h.e  au.l  Mono 
stau.lin;;  h>west.  For  detailed  information  ou  fri  it  culture,  I  refer  to  ('.  S. 
A[ini\  J.'poiti.  Cttl.  Aijric.  Sif.,  'J'runs.;  I'ni:  /,'io-i'l  Pir-'t:  ('(tl.  Iforf/nil.'iiris/: 
J/(t;/i:i'  Ai/ni:;  S.  Jo-i/.  Ajri:  Sor.,  Tninn.;  Oirrlnnd,  xi.  •2'M);  Xorif/iof'.i  Cui, 
li)(i-7"';  ('xik's  '/'rt<i(!.i<oit  I'nit. 

-.\l.hou';h  the  average  California  apple  is  inferior  iu  flavor  and  for  kcep- 
iiii;,  flic  diiicrent  cli'.nates  presented  by  lowland  and  foothill,  moist  ami  wimly 
coast  auil  warm  valleys,  pcrndt  many  exe.llcnt  varieties  to  be  j^'rown,  even 
of  the  socalleil  winter  apple.  Of  these,  the  Spit/.eui)erg  and  Wine  Sip  liourisli 
ut  1.0.1  I  I.I  :!.0i)0  feet  up  the  Sierra  Xivada  slope.  Other  kinds  are  namc.l  in 
Jlil'ilt  ■<  A',  v.,  2.'>'.t-()0.  For  size  and  beauty  they  are  iiusurpas.sr.l  aiivwiieru 
ill  till!  w.iil.1;  tliu  (iloria  Muii.li  attaining  t.i  'JO  ounces,  or  cvin  tn  2\  lbs. 
The  bcit  of  the  temperate  /one  fruits  is  tho  pear,  for  size  aini  dlicacy  of 
(lavor,  ami  for  abamlaiit  yicM.  It  tlirives  everywhere,  auiisuU'ei^  hale  from 
pests,  cxc.pt  the  codling  Worm.  It  was  the  favorite  amonj;  the  .\b\icans, 
t!ioii;;h  infi  rior  to  th.'  present  varieties.  .\t  S.  .lose  are  old  'rees  which  pro. 
due  2,."<0,J  lli.i.,  or  40  bii.h.  Is,  annually.  I'ho  Hartl.tt  tlourishcs  in  the  .so- 
c  dle.i  Uarthtt  belt  of  the  .Sac.  Vall.'y  foothills,  also  iu  Contra  Co.  t  >  lountv, 
nn.l  has  netted  .S'llHt  p  r  acp-.  Pcacfi.s  of  the  Sierra  foothills  eipial  t!ie  east- 
ern, surp.issiug  thoM'  of  the  eojist  aud  ahuig  the  Sac.  liarius,  (),:,  MS.,  IT), 
assumes  that  some  were  planted  ia  Butte  in  1S4'J.    Ti/ler's  liiilnvU'.-<  II, r,  MS., 


48 


FRUIT-GROWING   AND  GRAPES 


1,1 


The  orange  is  fast  oiitnuinbcriiig  the  preceding 
fruits  under  ])eriodic  citrus  excitements,  and  the  im- 
proved arrangements  for  export.  The  fruit  tlirives 
throughout  the  Sacramento  valley,  and  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  1,000  feet  it  here  ripens  earlier  thrn  in  Los 
Angeles,  the  centre  of  the  orange  region,  which  is  gen- 
erally assumed  to  be  south  of  35°  latitude.  The  crop 
for  1881)  was  estimated  at  about  850,000  boxes,  and 
its  total  value  at  nearly  81,500,000,  or  an  average  of 
$1.75  pi-r  box.  The  lemon  and  lime  form  a  larg<-  })er- 
centage  in  the  groves.  Irrigation  adds  to  the  ex- 
penses, so  that  the  care  of  an  orchard  for  five  N'l-ars, 
or  until  bearing  begins,  may  be  placed  at  from  $400 
to  $500  per  acre.^ 

The  fig  is  very  prolific,  and  flourishes  in  the  same 
zones,  but  the  black  Turkey,  which  so  far  forms  the 


■.i;,;i 


6-7.  S.  /■'.  Ihdhlin,  Sept.  1,  ISoS,  alluik's  to  trees  bearing  nearly  a  ton  of 
})e;iolit;.s,  soiiio  'I'l  ouiR'c.s  in  weight  ami  over  a  foot  in  circumference.  Apri- 
cots, almost  unknown  in  the  cast,  arc  liere  most  prolitic  ami  tlelicioii.s, 
e-specially  in  warm  di-ilricts.  Qiiinet's  are  increasing.  Clicrries  are  widely 
grown  ill  Alameda.  I'luiua  thrive  hest  in  Sonoma  and  adjoining,'  valleys, 
wlicrc  prunes  are  prf)duecd  eipial  to  all  Imt  the  vei'y  clioicest  French.  !i.  Jo.te 
Mcroirif,  .March  II,  ]iSS.">,  coimnents  on  the  spread  of  the  fruit. 

^()f  the  •2(K),0()0  oninge-trecs  iu  hearing!'  early  in  1880,  Los  Angeles  con- 
tained l!t;>,(Kl(),  largely  at  S.  Gahriel  an(l  Riverside;  S.  Bernardnio  had 
'.),()l)(),  S.  DioLjo  2,r)()(),  and  Sonoma,  Sta  Clara,  and  Placer  somewiiat  over  fi.OOO 
togetlicr.  Placer  had  several  in  IS'.'iO,  and  Solanoand  J$utte  a  few.  See  their 
county  liisto'iea.  W.  Wolfskill  appears  to  have  heeu  the  first  foreigner  to 
imitate  tlic  early  missionaries  in  pi  I'ltiug  the  citrus,  ajid  the  laru'i^  prolits 
made  by  I'.im  attracted  others,  L.  .1.  Rose  lieing  the  only  large  grower,  li.iw- 
cver.  'Ill''  ap[)earance  of  the  scale  p  'st  l)egan  to  cheek  progress  .as  eiily  as 
1S.")7,  and  tlie  prospect  of  liaviug  to  wait  lialf  a  doze i  years  before  the  first 
good  crop  eo\ild  he  ol)t;iined  was  not  enenuragiug.  Of  late,  however,  a  de- 
cided revival  lias  taken  place  in  fr\iit  cidturc,  the  nuinlicr  of  trees  by  bSSS 
enteriu','  far  into  the  niillions.  Tlie  net  ]iro!its  in  former  times  reached  !?.")(>() 
l)(!r  acrt^  In  KSS'i  sliipmcnts  were  maile  to  tlio  cast  at  $mM  per  car-load 
The  disadvantages  arc  exitosure  to  scale  hugs  and  goi)hers,  and  need  foi  irri- 
gation, with  only  a  slight  4lemanil  for  pn^serves.  Hut  with  increasing  railway 
faeilities  wide,  markets  are  wailing  in  tlie  east.  The  lemon  and  lime  form  a 
luge  percentagi'  ill  tile  citrus  gloves.  See  county  histories  for  I'eiiliini,  Sta 
Jldrltiini,  Jiitf/c,  and  .above  all  Aim  Aiti,i<'trs,  for  cletails;  J/ni/in'  A'/rir.,  and  other 
griieral  references  under  fruit.  A  valued  contribution  comes  from  Rose, 
,Sta/.,  MS.,  one  of  the  early  growers;  (,'iniii!.-<oii''i  J'liiiililc.^,  I5'd-~S;  Coiitnt  ('. 
(iiiz.,  of  Feb.  1S(;;{,  glows  over  the  first  open-air  priMlnct  in  its  vicinity. 
y>i})i  lli'j.,  Dec.  14,  bSTS;  CnlntsT'i.^  titni  11,  Apr.  '_'(),  1877;  /(/.,  C/iron.,  Ap.. 
14,  1877;  .S".  F.  (.'hmn.,  Feb.  1(5,  1S8."),  euneenis  liuttc;  y.o.^  .!»;/.  L.nt.,  oan. 
I(»,  isM),  on  frost  dani.iL'e.  77.,  Mareli  I'.l,  ]S74,  nlhidcs  to  the  liisccssioii  coii- 
cenimg  origin,  showing  that  S.  C.ibriel  f,u\  elaini  only  the  first  large  gro\  e, 
not  tlie  lira  tree.     Sec  'Jcvriiiid,  .\ii.  'IXt,  oil!);  and  i'alUJo,  Doc.,  x.\.\vi.,  no. 

iJ8:». 


fk;  axij  olive. 


43 


le  prccc(Jing 
and  the  im- 
fruit  tlirives 
at  an  eleva- 
tlu  n  in  Los 
k'liicli  is  gen- 
The  crop 
'  boxes,  and 

average  of 
3i  lai'j^i'  i)cr- 

t(»  the   ex- 
r  five  years, 

fronr  $400 

ti  tlio  same 
•  forms  the 


nearly  a  ton  of 
ference.  Apri- 
aiiil  (leliciuiis. 
Ties  are  viildy 
oiniii;,'  valleys, 
t'reiicli.  i).  Jo.1t 

IS  Ang(l<!s  con- 
eriiariliiio   liad 
vluit  over  O.OtX) 
Vw.     See  tlieir 
•st  forei;{iier  to 
lari,'(^  profits 
grower,  li,)«-- 
t!.ss  a.S   eiily  a;< 
K'fore  tlio  iir.st 
iiwever,  a  ile- 
trcc-i  Iiy  l.SS.S 
r.aelied  ii'tiU) 
piT  c;ir-lo:i(l 
iiecil  for  irri- 
asiiii;  railway 
I  lime  form  a 
VeiiUii-ti,  Sfri 
■ir.,  aiidiitlier 
I  from   Rose, 
7''^;  <  'out I'll  < '. 
its  vicinity. 
( '/iron.,  A  pi . 
L'.ni.,  oan. 
isct's.sioii  ooii- 
lar,i;e  gmx  e, 
,  x.x.wi.,  no. 


-.a 


staple,  is  not  in  favor  for  export,  and  varieties  sucli  as 
the  Smyrna  and  Wliite  Achiatic  arc  introduced  to 
imj)iove  upon  it.^  Ahnonds  phmted  in  Placer  county 
in  I8  1G  to(»k  the  premium  at  the  first  state  fair,  but 
in  j)arts  it  blooms  without  yielding  fruit.  Several 
otlur  varieties  of  nuts  are  grown,  from  walnuts  to 
jieanuts."  The  olive  is  a  promising  product,  for  which 
the  dry  and  otherwise  comparatively  worthless  hill 
lands  of  the  souih  arc  well  suited,  though  the  valley 
lands  are  better.  The  tree  is  exceedingly  healthy  and 
prolific,  free  from  the  pests  which,  ahjiig  the  ^fetliter- 
ranoan,  cause  failures  at  iVe(|uent  intervals,  although 
not  yielding  e(jually  large  crops  every  year."  Straw- 
berries, which  are  practically  in  bearing  nearly  all  the 
year  round,  are  cultivated  for  market  chieily  in  Sauta 
Clara  and  Alameda,  together  with  several  other  ber- 
ries." 

Chief  among  all  first  products,  however,  is  the 
gra[H',  the  cultivation  of  which   has,  witliin   the  past 

*  Nevada  had  li;;-trcts  in  18.')9.   .?'"•.  Union,  Nov.  *1\,  IS.V.t. 

''Concerning  ciuly  almllnll^^,  .see  I'lanr  Co.  lli.<l.,  'SM:  Stii  Jiiir'i.  and  Los 
An;/.  Co.  Ili4.  Allluiu;;li  Ic^.s  nninernus,  there  are  nion^  than  1:,(),()UI)  Kiig- 
li.-<h  Midiint  trees,  yielding  in  INJSI  ahoiit  10  Hm.  to  tlic  tne.  Owi.iu'  to  sluw 
growth,  ].")  I'l.)  years,  and  liliglits,  they  are  not  in  favor.  Madeiia  iiu;  s  •  i  t. 
III.;  al-i'  ''intiini;  S.  J>i.^i'  M' rriirii,  l)ec.  8,  INSO.  Che.tnnts  and  lintli  runts 
hive  hi  en  tried.  I'canuts  nf  a  tine  quality  are  grown  in  ililhrcnt  p  n's,  oil 
nlpout  .')'■'()  acres,  greatly  hy  Ciiinese.  lii  Les  An_ele,i  7.">  acres  yi, !  '.ed  7">,(MK) 
ihs.  Wi'lS.  (/i:~..,  Yolo,  j'i)l  (i;  ,V.  /'.  IjiiIL,  Nov.  7,  iMill;  county  h:  lories  of 
/.K.v  .\  II  I.  and  Jji  /fi.  rine-mits,  etc.  ('"l.  Si-!i  nt.  I'li  ■■<.■<,  M.iy  1.",  KS  )'.);  S.  /•'. 
'  •"//,  ( »et.  ':A.  1.S7'-';  Siu:  Cii'i'ni,  <  )et.  'J."),  is.'p'.t.  There  are  date.-:  an-l  hinaiias  in 
t'le.Minth.  .V.  /'.  J!iillr/hi,  iJec.  '22,  1^.H4;  An.x  .(/,;/.  TinK.i,  Nov.  17,  J8N."{;  iita 
Jlirh.  /'/OS  ,lnly  ".S,  1,S77. 

'■Itsslow  giuwtii  hasi  iiecUc.l  ^^li'jting,  and  in  tiie  hcginningof  this  dccado 
thi're  Were  only  i;i,()(!()    lees  in  orchard,  some  of  which  liavo  returned  i-.')!)!*  to 

:i.,  vii.  '2'A;  i'rlU'.'rninn, 


tiiC  acre.      Si'e  (  Vio^k /•",>■  j"r<fi/i.<i   ( Jlin^  MS.;    //ri/i:i 

Maieli   issi;  .V.  /'.  r  A/7),,.,   .Ma.\  "       "      ' 


■  ■••. ,  .  .  „,.., .,.,,    1".»,    KS7S;  ,!;in.  4,   ISS.*);   ,S',//-.   I'ulnn,   t'l  h.   10, 

lS."),'i,  rciers  to  early  he:iring  at  S.  .lose;  al-u  eonnty  historiiM  hr  S.  I 'iijr>, 

].!>■<  Al'  I.,  Si'l   llilih. 

'At  theilo^eof  tlie  list  deca^lo  there  were  l'J,0{H),00;)  straw  hei-ry  vin(,'s 
and  I.OOO.OOO  raspherry  l.u.-,hcs.  The  Alameda  raspherry  proihictli.n  i  ,  uhout 
1,"i(l01hs.  to  the  acre;  ."i  tons  troni4  acre.,,  s;iys  .1 //./ f ///.,  .Ian.  8,  l,s.",s.  Slraw- 
herries  for  the  S.  F.  markets  art^  supplied  chiefly  from  Alameda,  iind  near  S. 
dose.  Here  ;v)0  acres  are  under  irrigation,  .'U  of  which  are  said  toliive  yichled 
liK)  tons.  They  are  u-u;dly  cultivated  hy  Chinese,  on  shares.  ,S'.  ,/  </  /'innm; 
March '21,  1877.  states  tliat  Sin'lion  introduced  them  at  StaClira  in  IS.V2. 
Cooseherries  are  in  small  demand.  S.  /'.  //»///.,  Nov.  IG,  IbSl.  11  ispherrics, 
hlaekherrics,  and  currants  enjoy  fair  attention 


i 


i!  II 


44 


FRUIT  f.ROWlXd   AND  GRAPES. 


dcradc,  roused  tlio  interest  of  the  entire  connnunity 
and  al)sorbed  the  chief  attention  anionic"  intiowing 
land-tiHers,  who  arc  assisting  to  extend  our  neat 
and  attractive  vineyards  over  valleys  and  foothills 
throughout  the  state.  During  the  first  years  of 
Spanisli  oceupation  were  introduced  from  ]\[exict)  tlu; 
two  leading  varieties  of  the  deteriorati'<l  yet  hardy 
fruit  of  South  Spanish  stock  now  known  as  the  niis- 
sioji  gi'ap(%  first  the  reddish  black  grape  of  ]jos  An- 
geles, rich  in  sweet  juice,  then  the  fruitier  bluish 
black  Sonoma,  whicli  yields  a  lighter  wine.  Los 
Ang>'les  long  retained  the  su|)iemacy  in  viniculture, 
producing  in  1850  some  o7,000  gallons  of  wine;  but 
the  high  prices  realized  led  to  a  rapid  extension  even 
far  u\>  thi!  Saci'amento  valUy",  wliere  the  vine  had 
becMi  |ilanted  shortly  bi'fore  the  gold  discovery. 

A\'ell-known  varieties  were  brought  from  central 
Eui'ojxs  .such  as  the  Zinfandel,  yielding  the  j)opular 
red  talile-wine,  and  the  lleisling,  esteemed  for  its 
liijht  drv  wine.  Toward  the  close  of  the  fifties  it  was 
rt'cogni/A'd  that  these  foreign  cuttings  yielded  a  supe- 
rior product,  although  the  doubt  as  to  their  lelative 
value  si'rved  to  sustain  the  mission  g^'ape,  wliile  the  in- 
ferior (juality  of  the  wine  tended  to  restrict  the  culture. 
The  state  took  an  Interest  in  the  matter,  and  A.  Har- 
asztliy,  whose  efforts  in  behalf  of  the  industiy  have 
procured  for  him  the  appellation  of  father  of  vinicul- 
ture in  ( 'alilornia,  was  induced  to  visit  I'^uropc  as  com- 
missioner to  study  the  subject  and  liring  back  cuttings. 
The  ex])erinicnts  then  introduced  led  in  due  time  to 
another  fever,  which  ri'ceived  a  check  from  the  phyl- 
loxera, and  other  more  threatening  than  actually 
serious  troubles.  This  jiad  the  effect  of  confining  the 
business  more  among  thorough  viniculturists,  whoso 
experience  and  caution  induced  them  to  seek  superior 
and  reliable  varieties  and  improve  the  wine-making. 
Their  success  gave  rise  toward  the  close  of  the  seven- 
ties to  a  healthier  revival,  whieli  has  steadily  urdolded, 
stinndated  to  some  extent  by  the  misfortunis  of  i'Vancc 


coininurjity 

d    our   neat 

,nd   t'oothills 

st    yeui's    of 

^Icxici)  tlu! 

I  yet  liardy 

as  the  mis- 

ot'  ]jos  Au- 

litier    bluisli 

wine.      Los 

viniculture, 

)t'  wine;  but 

tension  even 

10   vino   liad 

very. 

roni    central 

the  })ojtular 

mod   lor  its 

lit'ties  it  was 

[Med  a  supe- 

leir  I'elative 

A'hile  tho  in- 

the  culture. 

md  A.  Har- 

dustry  have 

r  of  vinicul- 

•o]»c  as  coni- 

ick  cuttings. 

duo  time  to 

ni  tho  phyl- 

an    actually 

onfiniiiLj^  the 

irists,  whoso 

_'ek  su|>erior 

ine-niakinjj^. 

f  tho  sevoii- 

ly  uidoldeJ, 

sof  Francf. 


VINICULTURE. 


45 


Tho  south  still  retains  tho  preponderance,  retinforced 
by  tho  southern  counties  of  San  doacjuin  valley,  while 
tho  essentially  vinicultural  rej^ions  of  tho  north,  So- 
noma and  Napa,  are  stronu^ly  sui»j>leniented  by  EI 
])orado  and  districts  beyond  it  in  tho  Sacramento 
valley.  J^y  1889  about  150,000  acres  were  planted 
with  some  120,000,000  vines,  half  of  tlu'in  in  bearing, 
and  fnlly  half  as  yet  in  mission  grapes;  but  a  few  years 
hence  tho  area  will  be  doubled,  with  a  prepon<lerancc 
of  foreign  varieties.  In  1888  about  800  vines  were 
planted  to  tho  acre.  An  advantage  hero  gained  is 
the  self-supporting  stalk  al'ter  the  third  year.  It  is 
pruned  to  a  height  of  about  18  inches,  a  process 
which  hastens  maturity  and  reduces  tho  danger  from 
wind  and  frost.  At  full  maturity  a  yield  of  three  to 
four  tons  of  grapes  to  tho  aero  may  bo  expected,  al- 
though some  vineyards  ])roduco  double  that  quantity, 
ami  occasionally  even  IG  tons.  The  avera<»'c  from 
each  vino  may  be  plae(>d  at  seven  pounds,  and  from 
a  ton  of  grapes  may  be  obtained  130  gallons  of  wine. 
So  far,  about  half  tlie  crop  is  pressed,  two  per  cent 
exported  fi'(>sh,  four  pir  cent  made  into  raisins,  tho 
product  of  which  increased  from  1,800,000  pounds  in 
1881  to  28,000,000  pounds  in  1881),  besides  a  percent- 
age o(piivalent  to  2,000,000  gallons  of  wine  for  con- 
version into  one  fifth  that  amount  of  brandv.  Tho 
total  wi)ie  product  i'or  1881)  was  estimated  at 'l 4,000, - 
000  gallons,  with  tho  ))roniise  of  a  rapid  increase 
tlirough  the  growing  home  and  eastern  demand. 

With  nearly  double  tho  amount  of  sugar  contained 
in  European  y,rapes,  the  California  wines  are  as  a 
whole  strong,  and  lacking  in  delicacy  of  ilavor,  tho 
heavier  southern  resembling  thosc>  of  Sp:)in,  Jlungary, 
and  (Ireece,  while  tho  cential  and  northern  rescnib'je 
German  and  French  standards.  The  defect  is  greatly 
duo  to  tho  lowland  soil  and  irrigation,  which  being 
necessary  in  tho  dry  south  was  long  advocated  clse^ 
wh(>re,  and  favored  as  nioic  convenient;  but  liaraszthy 
ui)hold  non-irrigation,  and  it  is  now  becoming  reco<'-- 


'■f!'U 


j,, 

llli'i 


I  {, 


'i 


46 


FRUIT  oI^o^v^Na  and  fiUAPEs. 


nized  tliat  the  poorer  hill  lauds,  thouiufh  yielding  less 
and  involving  more  work,  arc  the  best.  With  the 
additional  care  bestowed  by  wine  merchants  in  jncss- 
ing  their  own  grapes,  the  iniprovenient,  already  so 
nuirkcd,  will  make  steady  progress,  until  the  brands 
of  California  acquire  a  general  recognition,  l)asi'd  on 
their  merits.  The  champagne  now  made  is  winning 
favor.  The  different  advantages  enumerated  tend, 
indeed,  to  sustain  the  claim  for  the  state  of  being  one 
of  the  best  grape  regions  in  the  world.** 

''hi  my  Ifisf.  Mvj-.,  ii.-iii.,  tliis  series,  rcftTcnce  is  made  to  the  iiitroiliic- 
tinii  a:i.l  sjiruuil  of  viuiciilturt;  in  .Mi'xico.  Lower  California,  as  tho  iiiotlur 
province  for  Alta,  (.'al.,  supplied  the  lirst  slips.  Vina  M;n!n>,  of  San  (ialirii  1, 
as  its  name  implit^s,  claims  to  l>e  tho  mother  vineyard  of  California,  Imt 
I'adre  Serra  and  I'.is  missionaries  made  tho  first  planting  at  San  iJiego, 
wlieiico  San  (iahriel  was  provided.  Discussion  in  Hayes'  IjujhI  HM.  S.  J>ic;ii>, 
i.  'J'.)  32.  Some  regard  this  vino  as  tlerived  from  a  Mal:igi  stock,  nnuli 
eliangeil  by  transplanting  in  Mexico;  otiiers,  like  IJarrow.-t,  iilentify  it  wilh 
the  Alicp.nte.  Los  Aii;/.  Co.  llisi.,  (U.  It  is  the  so-called  I.os  Angd.^s  grapi', 
to  lie  fonnd  in  all  old  vineyards,  and  tiu-oughout  tlie  south,  a  red<lish  hluk 
berry,  rich  in  sweet  juice.  The  Sonoma  grape,  introduced  north  of  S.  V.  Day 
about  18'_'0,  is  smaller,  of  bluish  black  color,  covered  at  maturity  with  a 
grayish  dust,  and  lias  more  meat  and  fruitiness  of  flavor,  yiiMing  a  li^liter 
wine.  It  is  ascriiied  to  Madeiran  stock,  and  prevails  more  wi  !ely  tlirou^li- 
out  the  northern  valleys.  Both  arc  classed  under  tho  term  of  ^lission,  native, 
or  I'alifornia  grape,  and  recognized  .as  liardy,  productive,  and  of  eavl  ,•  l)iar- 
ing;  but  even  in  these  qualities  they  are  surpassed  by  several  foreign  varie- 
ties, which,  as  a  rule,  far  excel  in  tiavor.  Los  Aiigili;s  was  the  vine  region 
of  the  Hush  times,  and  as  early  as  ISIil  its  present  city  limits  claimed  numer- 
ous vineyards,  covering  fully  100  acres,  with  half  of  the  nearly  'JiK),(K),)  vines 
of  the  country.  Hayes,  /yO.s  yl«;/., 'JO,  increa.scs  this  estimate.  Fmi '.d's  .\  h-:. 
Am.,  i.  5l21-'2.  The  census  of  Lsr)0  credits  Los  Angeles  with  57, •>u">  gallons 
of  wine,  and  Sta  Jlarbara  witli  700,  yet  Sonoma  and  other  sections  had  in  all 
a  large  ailditional  amount.  Vallejo,  for  instance,  expected  to  clear  SL',"),00i) 
from  his  small  cro[i.  tSiir.  Trtuiscrijif,  Oct.  14,  ISriO.  In  1S.")'J,  Sta  CI  ira  fig- 
ured for  1(),800  vines,  Solano  for  5,811,  Sta  Barbara  for  40  barrels  of  wine. 
U.  S.  <  riisHs,  1S")(),  1)8.").  Wilkes,  Kr.  I'^rp.,  condenmed  the  wine  as  '  miserabli 
stutl','  but  this  apjilicd  rather  to  the  liglit  kind,  for  jiort,  angelica,  and  otlier 
sweet  varii:ties  were  l)y  no  means  so  bad.  W.  Wolfskill  appears  to  have 
been  the  lirst  in  1841)  to  ship  wine  to  S.  V.  The  high  prices  realized,  espe- 
cially for  tlie  luscious  grapes — Sonoma  bringing  ',i  bits  a  lb.,  /'ar.  iVcws,  Oct.  1(1, 
1850 — led  (juickly  to  increased  planting,  even  in  tiie  mining  region.  A  man 
has  just  set  out  1,(H)0  grape  cuttings  on  the  Calavera.s — uoteil  for  its  wihl 
vines — and  quite  a  number  have  done  likewise  in  dill'erent  places,  oliserves 
>S<ir.  Tnttisnijit,  March  14,  1S51;  S.  Joixj.  Co.  Ilht.,  71--,  claims  wine-mak- 
ing for  Stockton  in  18,")0.  It  is  pressed  in  S.  Diego,  says  S.  F.  Ilcnilil,  Fel). 
'20,  185.'{.     llaraszthy,  wiio  had  planted  a  vineyard  hero  in   18.")l,  began  in 

1853  to  introduce  vines  froin  the  eastern  states  and  Europe,  notably  tlio  now 
famous  Zinfaiidel,  as  before  stated.  Not  long  after  he  bought  the  Kelsey  or 
Buena  Vistii  vineyard  of  Sonoma,  tlie  largest  north  of  the  bay.     Delmas,  in 

1854  and  later,  introduced  otiicr  varieties,  especially  tho  black  Malvoisie 
and  Cliarbonneau,  and  other  French  grape-growers  obtained  cuttings  of  dif- 
ferent varieties,  but  the  native  plant  commending  itself  as  the  readiest  and 
cheapest,  the  inexperienced  beginners  had  recourse  to  it,  so  that  few  out  of 


'■M 


1? 


MISSION  VARIETY. 


47 


ielding  less 

Witli  the 

ts  in  jncss- 

al ready  so 

tlie  IjiiukIs 

J,  based  on 

is  winiiiiii^f 

'a ted    tend, 

f  being  one 


to  the  introilno- 

1,  ii.s  tliu  iiii)tli(  r 

of  Sail  ( lal)iii  1, 

e'alifdniia,  Imt 

at  Sun  iJicgo, 

tl  Jli-I.    S.  J>ir;ln, 

gi  stock,  iiimh 
iiliiiitii'y  it  >vitli 
i  Au-^t  l.'.s  graiH', 
a  rc'ililish  lil::ik 
)rlli  of  S.  F.  ]Jay 
iiaturity  witli  ;i 
ii'Ming  a  li;;lit:rr 
\vi  k'ly  tIii'oiii;li- 
Jlissioii,  native, 
I  of  cavly  luar- 
il  foreign  vaiii' 
the  viae  region 
elainied  iiuiiier- 
ly'JiKt.OO;)  vines 

/'/■!)(  '.r/'\  J  111. 


57, -io.')  gallons 

ion.s  liail  in  all 

clear  SlT),0():i 

,  Sta  t'l  ira  tig- 

>arrel.s  of  wine. 

:u  '  miseraldr 

lica,  iin.l  otlitr 

ppears  to  have 

realized,  esin - 

A'(  irs,  Oct.  l(i, 

!gion.     A  man 

i'A  for  it.s  wild 

daces,  oliserves 

inis  ^^  inc-nuik- 

'.  Hn-at,/,  Fel). 

liS.")!,  ln'giui  in 

otaMy  tlio  iiow 

the  Kelscy  or 

'.     Uelnias,  in 

ick   Malvoisie 

iutting.s  of  dif- 

6  readiest  and 

:hat  few  out  of 


"Manv  of  tne  prt-eedin!^  plants  find  places  in  tli*3  or- 
namental f-ardenswliieli  Ibrni  so  attractive  a  feature  of 

the  l,r)(K),<X)0  ])earing  vines  reported  for  IS.")  were  foreign.  In  ISutt  three 
vi;uyardsof  Los  .\ngel.vs  hail  ■J.l,iMi>,  i.'(),O.M),  and  18,(HK)  vines,  nspeetively. 
'  1  iiave  l(j,()<)l)  vines,  eai  h  ]>roniising  a  gallon  of  wine,'  writes  Wliiti^  in  Sn: 
Uiii  til,  Oet.  I),  LH").");  Sept.  'J.'),  ]SiJ4.  The  grape  interest  was  carefully  nursed 
liy  tiie  press,  as  instanee.l  in  AlUiCal.,  Sept. '2.">,  Dec.  18,  18.')4;  .S'.  /'.  lUdlitin, 
^iay  1,  lsr)lJ;  Oet.  II,  l.'i,  J S.">l">;  and  by  such  publications  as  lliirit.-<zth:i\<  Tmi. 
tit''' nil  Culture  of  '•'nijit.i,  IS.'H,  1-'21.  Los  Angeles  continued  to  lead,  as 
shown  by  the  census  report  of  ISOO  conceding  to  her  10;j,()'.l(l  of  the  total 
24(i,.")Ol)  gallons  of  wine,  and  she  claimed  in  1S.'>S  nearly  2,(KM),0!)()  vines, 
lialf  of  them  in  bearing.  Sta  Barbara  and  .Mariposa  ranked  next  with  some 
lit,,'i()0  each.  Sonoma  figures  for  only  U,0;k»,  for  her  grai>ei  wiiit  to  S.  F. 
15efore  the  real  gold  excitement  began  vines  had  been  pl.mted  nnitli  of  the 
American,  on  Hear  ]liver,  Plmrr  ('„.  Hist.,  'J.'iil,  and  thence  it  spnad  12  or  .'{ 
yeirs  later  to  Sutter,  Yuba,  ami  llutte,  Trinity  boasting  of  it  iiere  aliout 
is.",;!.  (',.;■'.<  J »//(».'«■,,")('),  4:!,  177.  .Merced  had  started  the  lirst  vineyard  in 
l.S.").").  Mi'i-iril  <'o.  y//'>Y.,  ]'J1.  In  Fresno,  subsccpuntly  so  promising,  tlie  tirst 
vine  was  planted  only  in  1S73,  and  'JOO  gallons  of  wine  were  pressed  out  in 
1.S7.'..    Frt:<,in<;>.  //i.4.,  'Jll. 

'I'dward  the  close  of  the  liflies  it  became  recognized  that  the  foreign  grape 
Was  superior  to  tlie  Mission.  The  state  lentitsaid  toward  raising  the  standanl 
for  tlie  culture,  besides  ex<nijiting  it  from  tax,  Ciil.  Slnliitrs,  IS.'i'.t,  L'tit),  and 
Har.iszlliy's  importations  readied  ,")()0  varieties.  But  a  iioubt  long  prevailed 
as  to  the  rrlative  vabu;  of  tliese  strai^gu  kinds,  which  it  would  take  years  to 
solve,  so  that  although  the  Mission  vine  declined  in  apjireciation,  it  was  sus- 
tainecl  to  some  extent  by  tlie  niicertainty  and  by  its  value  for  certain  sweet 
wines.  Till!  planting  of  both  classes  continued,  stimulated  by  t!ie  record  of 
prolits  for  early  years,  and  by  the  belief  in  a  growing  foreign  demand.  But 
the  inferior  ([u.ility  of  the  wine  assisted  the  established  brands  of  llnrope  to 
oversliailow  it,  and  so  reduce  prie.s  as  to  remler  the  culture  largely  niiprolit- 
alile.  .Md<li'\v,  piiylloxera,  ami  other  troubles  came  to  rum  many  vi;ieyard- 
isls.  Nevertlieless,  the  steady  gains  of  certain  prudent  ones,  either  by 
imiiroving  the  manufacture  of  .sweet  wine  from  old  vines,  or  by  gaining 
reeognition  for  the  value  of  new  plants,  restored  conlidence,  and  toward  the 
close  of  the  seventies  a  sounder  excitement  set  in,  fostered  greatly  by  the 
misfortunrs  of  the  Frencli  vinicultnrists.  By  I88:i  she  had  about  Sl),(till> 
acres  in  \  ines,  which  at  an  averai'e  of  800  to  the  acre  indicated  i;4,(XtJ,(K)0 
vines,  of  wliieh  half  were  in  good  bearing  condition,  about  ecjually  divided 
bi'tween  Kiiropean  ami  Mission,  less  than  10  jier  cent  of  the  total  being  dis- 
eased or  valueless.  Ol  the  foreign  varieties  which  are  now  almost  exclusively 
planted  or  gr.ifted  upon  old  stock,  the  Ab  xandriau  Muscat  is  most  est 'erne  I 
for  its  size  and  llavor,  and  value  for  raisins  as  well  as  wine,  and  for  table.  It 
thrives  best  il,  gravelly  loam,  es))ecially  in  Sonoma,  where  in  good  years  it 
yields  ll.tHM)  lbs.  to  the  acre,  and  inclines  to  two  crops  a  year,  altiiough  this  is 
not  favored  by  prudent  culturists.  The  French  Muscat  is  esteemed  for  vine- 
gar. Zinfandel  yields  the  now  most  popidiU'  red  table-wine.  Reisling  is  in- 
sipid as  a  gra|ie,  but  growing  in  favor  with  its  dry  white  wine.  Larly  July 
graiies  are  the  Wiiite  St  I'eter,  Madeline  Blanche,  Black  July,  Sweetwater, 
Shassilas,  and  Fontainebleau.  In  Oet.  the  Alexandrian  Muscat,  Muscatel, 
Wlute  Malaga,  Rose  of  Peru,  Red  Tokay,  and  C'ornichon  become  abundant, 
lierger,  Malvoisie,  t'harbonneau,  and  seedless  Sultana  are  among  the  well 
>ielding.  Tlie  American  Catawba,  Isabella,  and  Concor.l  are  less  valued,  as 
inferior  in  yi.  Id  an.l  line  quality,  and  costly  to  train;  yet  tiie  Vitis  Riparia 
an. I  .Fstivahs  are  recommended  for  grafting  stock,  us  exempt  from  phyllox- 
era. 

The  long  absence  of  rain  led  to  the  planting  of  vineyards  in  bottom-lands 
open  to  irrigation,  which  also  proveil  more  convenient  to  cultivate      Subse- 


48 


FRUrr  <;ROWIN(i   AND  ORAPlvS. 


m 


Ji 


California  towns      Tlio  cliiiiato  admits  not  alone  a  vast 
variety,  but  forces  tiieni  rapidly  to  maturity,  and  keeps 

quontly  Harasztliy  ami  other.s  lu'gau  to  lulvocato  iion-irrigatioii  as  cnmhK'ivi" 
to  sin(,ii(ir  iiualily,  auil  of  Lite  yc.ir.i  liill  lamls,  ai  signilieaiitly  poiiitutl  out 
in  tlio  ( ui'iiiaiituwii  wciiiliurg,  are  gaiiiiii;^  in  lavor;  yet  tlio  value  of  tlooiling 
ill  tlic  ci  f  ipf'  I'.'itaiu  iK'sti  ll:l^^  ))ouri  ur^^'cl  with  cllcet,  anil  south  of  ■'».">■  jat. 
it  is  cdiniilfix'.l  iirecssary.     In  iilanting,  tin;  tlatteuotl  crowbar  is  j)reft'rrftl  to 
till'  Hiiiili'.     T!u!  vines  are  placeil  from  (lA  to  8  feet  a])art,  the  former  dt.stancc 
prevailing  in  Ln.i  Angeles,  tlie  latter  in  Sonoma;  wiilo  ap  irt  rows  gaining  in 
favor,  linn  Laving  plenty  of  room  for  the  l)ranehes  auil  cnltivation,  and  with 
frec|nent  i.it'r  ;eetioii  in  large-  liel.ls  for  wagon  roads,  to  save  ham  I  eairiage. 
Ill  old  vin  y  u'd  !  the  stalks  stand  ;i  to  .")  f.'et  hii.'h.     Now  tlio  custom  is  to  prune 
them  to   IS  i.iehe-!,  a  proximity  to  th,'  ground  which  hastens  maturity  aiicl 
reduces  tli;;  danger  iiom  wind  and  fmst.     During  the  tiist  year  there  is  little 
increase  of  wood.     Ii  the  si'eond  the  route  I  vines  may  bear  a  few  j_rapes. 
The  third  year. 'J  to  4  \\n.  of  grapes  should  Ito  ohtaiiied  from  each  vine.      After 
this  the  stalk  i  are  stdf-snpporting.     The  increase  in  yield  continues  till  full 
maturity  in  t!ie  sixth  and  si'Veiitli  year.     One  writer  refers  to  vines  70  years 
old,  fruitful  a  i  ever.     There  are  vines  in  difierent  parts  with  trunks  a  foot  in 
diameter  a  id  wiih  liraii'hes  sntlicient  to  cover  an  arbor  fourscore  feet  sfinaie, 
as  at  t'oloiiia,    S  ui  Hueiiaventura,  lilakes  in  Napa,  e'ajoii  Valley.     That  <>i 
Moiitecito,  ilaliu,'  since  IT'.'."),  is  widely  celebrated.   Alttl  Cnl.,  March  '2',  USHS; 
A'.  /■'.  <'(ill,  S.jit.  !■_',  Ill,  IS7");    Vi-ir/icr'a  MinK.,  41.     It  is  supported  by  an  ar- 
bor II.")  by  7S  feet,  and  his  borne  4  tons  of  grai)os  in  favorable  years.     Tho 
largest  vineyard  in  Cal.  and  in  tho  worhl  is  that  of  Iceland  Stanford  in  Tehama 
CO.,  named  the  \'ii"l:i.     In  1888  it  included  'AJuH  acres,  planted  with  'J.MiO.tNMI 
vinos,  and  formeil  a  part  of  tho  endowment  of  the  Leland  .Stanford  .lunior  uni- 
versity.     A  li-<t  of  others,  below  401)  a<Te8,  is  given  in  <'oiii.  nii'l  I  ml.,  ■-'44   "i; 
lldifiH'  A ii'jrli'-i,  V  4(i;  ////  /^/'.v  (,'riijh'  <  'iiUiirc,  ap.  I -ti,  '_'7-0.     Tlie  average  i)rodiie- 
tion  is  far  above  that  of  Kuropeaii  vineyards,  12,000  lbs.  of  grapes  per  acre  being 
cis  connnon  as  half  that  quantity  in  France,  and  "JJ.OOO  lbs.  not  iiiifreijueiit, 
while  ll»  tons  had  been  gathered,  or  ecjuivalent  to  'J,()iK)  gallons  «)f  wme. 
The  average  is  probably  7  ll's.  to  the  .■}4,0<K),0;tO  welLbearing  vines  of  1881,  or 
about  l'J0.Oi)0  tons,  half  of  which  may  be  set  asiile  for  wine,  efpiivnleiit  fe 
fully  8,0(K).0.H)  gallons,  at  the  rate  of  i;!i)  gallons  to  the  ton,  or  one  gallon  to 
ir»  lbs.;  about  4  per  cent  is  made  into  rai.aas,  "J  per  cent  are  exported  froli. 
leaving  a  very  large  amount,  s.iy  f(Uirscore  lbs.,  for  each  inhabitant,  to  be  cnu- 
sumed  in  the  country,  or  wasted,  and  a  percentage  corresponding  to'J.().K).(Hi<) 
gallons  to  1)0  converted,  into  400,000  gallons  of  brainly.     Sixty  percent  of  tin- 
wine  is  supposed  to  bo  received  at  S.  F.,  amounting  in  1881  to  4, 88."', 000  gal- 
lons, of  wliieli  Napa  ami  Sonoma  suiiplied  half,  ami  scnithern  California  oin- 
fifth.     In   1877  tho  S.  F.   receipts  were  3,:W7,00i)  gallons.     The  export  ler 
1881   rose  to  somewhat  over  3,0;X),(KM)  gallons,  with  .'i  slight  prei»omleranei. 
in  favor  of  railway  shipments,  .'^JO.OOi)  being  from  Sacramento,  and  4;>,(Mhi 
from  Los  Angeles;  of  the  total  1)8  per  cent  pas.sed  through  S.  !•'.     As  nnwi- 
vines  are  rapidly  coming  into  hearing,  and  as  each  acre  can  bo  c.itimatcil  ti' 
yield  .")00  gallons,  the  calculation  for  1880-7  might  not  unreasonably  be  placeii 
at  .S0,00;).OUJ,  and  yet  this  woidd  amount  to  only  \\  per  cent  of  the  yield  hy 
Franco  before  the  phylloxera  ravage.     In   18(i7  the  production  w.is  hardlv 
2,00i),00i),  by  1871  it  had  risen  to  4.."»40,01K).     Haraszthy  as.sumes  10,0()0,(KW 
gallons  for  1880,  less  than  7  per  cent  of  which  were  sweet  wine,  worth  on  an 
average  00  cents  per  gallon,  the  rest  dry  wine,  for  which  the  proilucers  oh- 
taincil  2."»  cents  from  the  wine  dealer,  the  latter  buying  within  10  months 
after  the  vintage. 

Owing  to  the  growth  oi  sm.all  vineyards,  a  large  portion  of  the  grapes  ire 
now  presseil  by  s|)eeial  wine  makers,  or  by  wine  dealers,  who  are  thii,-^ 
enabled  to  better  sustain  the  reputation  f>f  their  labels,  for  the  advantaj^e  cif 
tho  country  in  general,     ihe  lirst  of  tho  regular  wine  merchauta  was  Charles 


vl 
a 

ill 

•aei 
v 

..'tri. 

■*ti 

•I' 

Id 
Co  I 

m.'i 
in 


^w 


FLOWER  GARDENS. 


49 


mc  a  vast 
iiid  keeps 

as  coiulncivi- 
y  poiiili'tl  out 
uc  of  Uoo.Uiig 
ith  of  :!.'>^  l"t. 
IS  prcftrrtd  to 
iriuer  tlistancc 
,wd  gaming  ii» 
tion,  anil  wit" 
haiiil  cairiagi'. 
toinistojruiiL' 

iiiat\irity  ali<l 
r  thtMC  i-i  little 
•  a  fi'^v  i-rajii'^- 
.hvii.c.     Att.T 
^timuv^  till  full 
,  villi'.-*  70  y»ais 
ii-iuiks  a  foot  m 
[,rc  feet  s(iuaif, 
alloy.     That..,- 
March '27,  l^-'^: 
lorte.l  l>y  iii>  '"■• 
j)lu  years.     Tho 
nfor.l  ii>  'r>l>i»'"i» 
a  with  •2,«iiO,OtM) 
jfonl.luiiiorum- 

awl  l«'l>  -^\  •'■• 

p  avcrago  pi-o.liic- 

les  per  acre  being 

not  uuf  reiiuent, 

i-allonrt  of   wine. 

'viiie.^of  1881.  or 

u',  f<iuiv:'lcnt  to 

or  one  gallon  to 

fxportol   1re>li. 

,iUut,  to  V'  cmu 

,Uugto-_>.O.K).(H.O 

V  i.er  cent  ot  tlif 
to  4,88.-<,tKH)  g^il- 
-a  t  alifornia  one 
The  exiiort  tor 
it  iireitoiiilerainL 
..uto,  au.l  4a.(HKi 
us.  F.  A'"'"'* 
I  l>e  estimate  I  t. 
soual.ly  1.0  pliieci 
,t  of  the  yu'l'l  ;y 
ictiou  wa^i  l"""<ll> 

viae,  worth  on  an 
the  proilucer^s  «>  '• 
ithin  10  months 

„  of  the  prapes  nre 
■s  who  are  tnii!' 
r  the  a«lvanta^;o  ot 
jhauts  was  Charles 


most  of  tliom  <:rn>oii  t]irout;liout  tlie  uiiiter,  witli  larj^or 
and   l»iilli:int  tlowirs  tliougli  loss  prrrumc.      The  roso 


10'    1  11  MU     I  lU.     I  HI  S  III  I'M  ^    W  il-l    IlIII'MUi  l.lf  'I*--,     I'M  L     IVt  'lll«   I     .T    «    ill  ii  ...i..».:..im 

.•(xeili:il  in  louMiuL;  up  a  large  tra.lu,  ami  te  liini  was  largily 
io  given  to  vinicuhuiv.  liis  Win,'  rfi-tucilDii,  MS.,  dictatoil  lor 
furnislu'il  many  of  the  facts  licre  givon.  FiTmontatioii  liai 
tlccted  in  IKt-LMllon  casks,  at  first  lilliil  only  witli  ahout  II; 
;;illoiis  of  must.  Tlio  soiitliorn  «iiu^  stiiols  pivominciit  fur  .swcetnosw,  witl 
liucli  siiiritaiol  little  aroma;  tiie  Coast  R.in^'o  district,  esi.oci;iIly  of  Naj'aani 


K<ilil.  r,  a  (Joniian,  who  arrived  at  S.  F.  in  lS."i:i,  and  is  now  deceased.  In  tlio 
follov.  iuL,'  year  he  foriiu  d  a  |i  irtior-iiip  with  .).  Frolding,  wlio  hought  a  vine- 
yard in  L>M  Angeles,  while  Kohler  oiienel  and  inanageil  tlie  cellar  at  the  bay 
citv.  F"r  a  long  time  the  l.nsiiiess  was  iinprolitalde,  l»it  Ki  liler'.s  entlnisiasiii 
and  energy  suei 

due  the  imjiidse  ^ t-  •        i 

my  work,  has  furnished  many  of  the  facts  here  given.  I-ermentatioii  lias 
usually  Keen  eth'eted  in  ll(»-L.'anoii  casks,  at  first  tilled  only  with  alxmt   115 

g 

muiii  sj .  ■      -  f    1 

Sonoma,  yield  more  aeid  white  and  red  wines;  and  from  the  foothills  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  come  the  Lir;^er  jwoiiortion  of  slurry,  Ma.'.eira,  and  hi-h  aroma 
(ierman  wines.     Of  late  tho  vinieultnral  development,   particularly    in   the 
ijreit  valliV,  has  been  so  inimeiise  and  varied  astoropiire  a  new  elassilieation. 
The  grajie  iiiiens  so  rapidly  as  toprodiiee  anexeess  uf  siii:ar,  nearly  double'  that 
of  tluaverai;e  Kuropeaii.  '  Heiiei'a  haste  ti>  press  in  advance  ol  full  maturity. 
The  iMi^iiortiou  of  alcohol  in  tlie  li-hter  wine  is  from  10  to  14  percent,  which 
rend'  rs  lermeiitation  dillieult  and  lessens  the  dtli<-acy.  The  si  lection  for  cel- 
lars is  iniiiroviug,  and  the  advisability  is  considered  of  using  lire  to  modify 
the  temperature.     In  tlie  south  more  adol)e    houses  have  been  used.      Hill 
tuuMci^  are  commended.     Tiie  rejeetion  of  rotten  or  unripe  grapes  is  so  small 
•s  to  speak  liiolil^'  for  their  ijuality.     Grapes  were  .shipped  to  the  Atlantic 
itate.s    in    IS.'ii,    Jfni/r/  An;/.,    v.    Ul,   and  wine  consignments   began    soon 
'ilfter.      J?y  bSSI  the  latter  had  risen  to  more  than  :i,0(X»,(KX)  gallons,  ^,i  which 
Nia  per  cent  consisted  of  light  reil  wine,  '.io  per  cent  of  ligiit  white,  and  tho 
*remaiiiiler  of  port,  slierry,  and  angeliea,  the  latter  verging  toward  a  cordial. 
•i?Thi<  ]ii-i)portion  answers  well  enou;  h  for  estimates  of  the  total.     The  Ziiifan- 
<|idel  now  leads  the  dry  red,  and  Reisliiig  the  dry  whito.     <  lol  len  Chassidas  and 
'^Beig  r  follow  the  latter;  I'inot,  L'harbouneau,  and  Malvoisie  the  former.     In 
i'the  litter  part  of  the  .sixties  tho  eastern  lU'iuand  preferred  the  lioek,  port, 
i(\\heieof   l.")l),(tOO  gallons  sold  at  New  York  in  1.">1>7),  aniitlica,  slurry,  eham- 
,:-pi-ue,  muscat,  and  claret  in  the  order  named.   Cru-n'si's  Cul.,  .'J'.K).     t'alil'or- 
,;|iii  I  wdl  no  ihndit  in  time  assert  herself  for  sjiecial  new  brands,  rather  than 
fueling  to  imitations.      Noteworth}'  are  the  otl'orts  of  Ar[>ad  Haraszthy  to  foster 
:^B  t  i-te  for  pure  ehampagiie,  free  even  from  tin.-  llavonng  so  widely  practiseil 
>in  France,  and  at  a  sutiieiently  low  jirice  to  gain  advantage  i>vcr  the  mac  liine- 
laerated  jpi-oduetioiis   so  widi  ly  eiieulated  under  forged  labels,     (.■liampagiii! 
ivas  inaiie  at  S,  (iabriel  prior  to  bS.'ili.  Site.  L'ninn,  Oct.  \),  1>.").").     San  .evaiii 
I  tly  alter  to  mamifaeture  it  for  the  market,  but  failed,     llara.szthy 
I   the    process    at  K[ii may,   and    after  costly  failures  to  produce   the 
iUg   wine   he   attained   sueeess,   as  related  in  Cnm.  mid  ImL,  '1\\)-WI\ 
■//■■■,,  MS.,  21-'J.     Brandy  has  also  been  improved  in  iiuality,  after  long 
il.neiit  with  crude  ]irocesses  and  inferior  grapes.     Naglec  of   S.   dose 
IS  .-.pecialty,  IJalihviu  and  Rose  of  J^us  Angeles  rank  as  chief  producer.-* 
lie  south,  and  the  dolmson  and  Rrightoii  distdleries  <in  the  Sac.  had  in 
le  iioi-Ui.     t'odnian,  Rouml  Triy,  !(MJ-8,  deserilK.'s  Naglee's  t'lTort.s.     A  grow- 
g  propdrtioii  of  c'.ilturists  devote  themselves  to  making  raisins.     This  It.gan 
%8  a  1  industry  at  J..os  Angeles  in  liS.">'.l,  says  I. oh  Aii<j.  I'o.  Hid.,  (io,  but  it 
*l4at(<  eommercially  luily  since  1872,  when  the  first  good  American   rai.sins 
s^plie.in  d.     See    also   .V.    Biru.  Co.    Hid.,   and  S.    Din/o  Cn.    Jlist.     In    1S75 
(••the  erop  was  1S,(X)()  boxes  of  'JO  lbs.:  in  18S;) 


iiy 


prospect- 


0  laigj  increase.     Tho  raisin  region  extends   from  S.  Diego  far  into   tlie 

lac.  \'alley,  and  the  demand  in  the  U.  S.  alone  is  sullicient  to  encourage  a 

nde  -ultivation.     The  white  Muscats  are  preferred.     They  are  dried  in  the 

|un  oil  trays,  and  ready  for  the  sweatdjox  within  two  weeks.     In  IS.Sl  River- 

-"ile  growers  reported  a  yield  of  i»00  Ijoxes  to  the  acre,  wortii  nearly  $'-'  a  liox, 

lIisT,  Cal.,  Vol.  VII.    4 


60 


FRUIT-GROWING  AND  GRAPES. 


and  many  others  bloom  the  year  rouiul.  The  street;? 
of  the  interior  towns  are  as  a  rule  profusely  adorned 
with  trees,  whicli,  being  ever  green,  help  to  relieve 
their  plainness,  and  to  provide  the  shade  so  much 
ncedecl  during  a  rainless  summer.  The  Australian 
gum  is  preferred  for  its  rapid  growth  and  stately  bear- 
mg,  as  well  as  its  sanitary  qualities,  though  sapping 
the  soil  of  its  strength  for  some  distance  around.  Tim- 
ber cultivation  has  also  been  considered  for  the  bare 


while  the  cost  of  preparing  and  packing  amounted  to  only  one  third,  leaving  a 
net  yield  of  tf'JSO  per  acre.  The  common  price  of  grapes  for  wiiie  in  tiiat 
year  was  ^25  per  ton,  or  nearly  ^100  per  aero. 

The  foregoing  shows  that  California  hiis  excci>tionaI  advantages  for  vini- 
culture, and  may  be  regarded  as  perhaps  the  l)est  grape  country  in  tlie  world. 
The  yield  is  double  that  of  European  vineyards,  Mith  a  larger,  juicier  fruit  ami 
sounder  stalks,  which  iti  being  self-supporting  obviate  mucli  labor  and  risk,  us 
doeti  the  speedier  growth.  A  greater  variety  of  grapes  thrive  here,  and  fer- 
mentation is  easier  to  efl'ect.  Failure  of  crops  is  almost  unknown,  owing  tci 
tiie  e(|uability  of  the  climate,  devoid  of  the  severe  frosts,  hails,  and  storms 
which  do  so  much  damage  in  Europe.  Abundant  time  is  aflFordod  for  gathering 
tlie  grape.  Its  atHictions,  as  phylloxer.a,  mildew,  and  grape-Hy,  promise  to  l)c 
mild.  The  first  has  beset  one  eighth  of  the  tiehl  in  northern  and  central  dis- 
tricts, but  destroyed  only  a  small  proportion.  The  south  owes  its  imnmnity 
probably  to  irrigation.  The  mildew  is  arrested  by  sulphur  sprinkling,  and  tlie 
lly  by  letting  sheep  enter  after  the  crop  is  gathered  to  eat  the  egg-speckkd 
loaves.  Report  on  phylloxera  treatment,  i'nl.  Joitr.  Sen.,  ISlo-ti,  ap.  5."),  v. 
lS<.;veral  of  the  above  features  offset  the  prevailing  higher  wages,  while  the  b.ul 
situation  of  so  much  vine-land  and  the  inexperience  concerning  soil  and  metliods 
are  disadvantages  fast  dwindling.  The  comparative  cheapness  of  land  li^is 
helped,  to  draw  attention,  especially  after  the  disasters  which  reduced  the  pru- 
duction  and  quality  of  French  vineyards.  These  have  also  tended  to  open  a 
wider  market  for  wine  from  other  regions,  to  justify  the  rapid  expansion  of 
viniculture  in  California,  so  that  promises  to  become  the  leading  industry  uf 
the  state.  Grape-growers,  who  had  held  more  than  one  convention  before 
1872,  then  organized  for  the  protection  of  Cal.  wines.  In  1880  the  state  viti- 
cvdtural  commission  organized.  Sta  Rosa  Dem.,  Juno  5,  1850;  iS.  F.  Vhron., 
Apr.  20,  1883;  S.  F.  Call,  May  8,  1870;  Dec.  20,  1872.  In  ISJO  vines  ami 
olives  were  exempt  from  taxes.  Cal.  SUU.,  1859,  p.  210.  Resolutions  against 
wine  tax,  etc.  U.  S.  Govt  Doc.,  Cong.  38,  Seas.  1,  H.  Misc.  Doc.  7,  i.  8,  in  Id., 
Cong.  41,  Sess.  2,  Sen.  Misc.  Doc.  10.3,  etc.  See  also  essays  and  reports  iii 
CiiL  Aiftic.  Soc.,  Trans.,  1858,  et  seq. ;  Cal.  Jour.  Sen.,  18G1,  p.  253--l>0,  ap. 
13;  1802,  ap.  13,  28;  18C3,  ap.  27;  1805-C,  ap.  44;  1807-8,  ap.  72;  1809-70, 
ap.  43,  54,  etc.;  VUiruUure,  Id  An.  Kept,  et  seq.;  Cai  Int  Bien.,  Jiept  Lalw 
Stat.,  1883-4,  p.  178-80;  with  reference  to  openings  for  labor;  U.  S.  Pat.  Of. 
Ji'ept,  1858,  etc.;  OverUind,  Jan.  1884,  1-5,  etc.;  Harpers  Maij.,  xxix.  22-.'W; 
local  journals,  \\V.e  Anafvdm  Oaz.,  Napa  Reg.,  etc.,  as  well  as  scattered  articles 
in  S.  F.  and  Sac.  newspapers;  Cal,  Sports,  Scraps,  44,  eto.;  county  his- 
tories, passim;  Pet.  Crescent,  Jan.  31, 1872,  refers  to  a  daucr  in  the  then  largest 
vat  of  50,000  gallons;  Folsmn  Teleg.,  Jan.  20,  1872;  Jiayes'  Atuj.,  iv.  63;  v. 
40;  viii.  21;  Id.,  Misc.,  64,  76;  Jd.,  Agric.,  passim;  Id.,  CaL  Noteji,  iii.  79; 
Hunt's  Mag.,  Iviii.  387;  Mechanics'  Instil.,  Exhib.  Repts;  Langley's  Trade  Pac, 
i.  4-5,  15;  Potoers'  Afoot,  274-6;  Player- Fromd's  Cal.,  142-6;  McPhersoit'i 
Lns  Ang.,  14  et  seq.;  Codman's  Rd  Trip,  64-9,  lOO-lO;  Price's  Tvoo  Amur., 
196,  234;  Nordhoff's  Cal.,  215-22. 


i 


^^ 


TIMBKR   CULTUUE. 


SI 


ly  adorn*  d 
to  reliovu 
3  so  much 
Australian 
batcly  bcar- 
gh  sappin.i^ 
and.  Tini- 
)r  the  bare 

5  third,  leavinR  a 
[or  wiiio  ill  tliat 

■autages  for  viui- 
itry  in  thu  world, 
juicier  fruit  and 
labor  aud  risk,  ;w 
ivo  here,  and  fti- 
iknowii,  owing  td 
liaila,  aud  storms 
•dod  for  gathering 
tly,  promise  to  lie 
u  and  central  dis- 
wes  its  immunity 
[irinkling,  and  the 
■  tlie  egg-speekUil 
1875-0,  ap.  5."),  v. 
JC8,  while  the  \>aA 
g  soil  and  methods 
[Micsa  of  laud  has 
reduced  the  pr«i- 
„  tended  to  open  a 
•apid  expansion  of 
ading  industry  of 
convention  before 
880  the  state  viti- 
i.-)0;  S.  F.  Vhron., 
[u  18o9  vines  and 
^solutions  against 
Doc.  7,  i.  8,  in  Jd., 
ys  and  reports  in 
1)1,  p.  253-00,  ap. 
i,  ap  72;  18«i)-70, 
Bien.,  liept  Lulw 
or;  U.  S.  Pnt.  Of 
Mcuj.,  xxix.  22-:W; 
scattered  articles 
etc.;  county  his- 
in  the  then  largest 
ea'  Atuj.,  iv.  CS;  v. 
CaL  Hotv*,  iii.  "9; 

ngley"  '^'"'"^^  ^'"^V 
42-0;  McPhersoni 

Prices  Tmoo  Amtr., 


valleys,  for  wliich,  as  i.s  shown  by  the  several  j^rovcs 
of  ixiant  trot'S  so  much  admired  by  tourists,  tlioy  are 
veil  adapted."  The  plantinji^  of  forests  would  un- 
doubtedly ttnd  to  modify  tJie  objectionable  features 
of  the  interior  valleys,  and  promote  fj;reater  hu- 
midit}',  and  besides  providin;^  material  for  fuel  and 
fences,  would  dimini.sh  the  witherinj^  effect  of  the 
q,    northers.'*' 

•'Die  first  grove  of  blue  gum  planted  for  timber  wa.s  set  out  in  1869,  in 
Ca.stro  Valley,  being  over  10  acres,  with  nearly  1,000  to  the  acre;  seven  years 
lati  r  they  wero  tliiuned  to  100,  yielding  over  $900  net  for  fuel  aud  telegraph 
jidlrM.     A  rental  fur  grain  would  not  have  produceil  .so  niueli.     Tlie  gum-tree, 
howi'ver,  wa.t  intriMhici'd  i^arlicr.  S.  F.  ('<iU,  Dec.  8,  1S(»8;  Apr.  7,  l!>71;  Feb. 
27,  IS7;{;  Aug.  14,   1874,  etc.     Pertinent  poiut.s  for  tree  culture  are  given. 
Soiioi-'i  liiili'p.,  Jan.  0,   1877;  .\f'in)nr.  A]ij>f  il,  l>c<;.  13,  1878;  Mirce'l  Aniun, 
Die.  7,    IS7S;  CirMmrilU'  Anju.-i,  Sept.  4,   18(19;  Snlimw  Dfin.,  iixn.   17,   1874; 
Col'ii'.  Ciliziii,  June  22,  1878.     While  the  gum  is  valuable  for  fuel,  drainage, 
and  durable  wood,  otlier  u.seful  tree.*  could  I>e  added,  as  the  cork,  growing  in 
Sta  liirbara,  S.  F.  BulMin,  March  22,  29,  May  27,  1859,  the  bamboo,  Smiil. 
Prill,  Juno   19,  18G9,  tlie  Peruvian  bark,  the  Japan  varnish  tree,  etc.     The 
Qseful  date-palm  anil  banana-tree  are  grown.  S.  F.  C'llL,  Apr.  30,  1>>71;  July  1, 
.I-  1877.     Tran.iplanting  fniiii  nursery  soil  requires  special  care,  owing  to  the 
^  tciiilcncy  of  the  tree  in  this  drier  atmosphere  to  send  down  deep  pump  roots. 
"^  Despite  its  adaptability  the  country  has  furnished  few  of  the  garden  plants; 
:   the  econothus  is  the  chief  ornamental  shrub.     Yet  it  has  some  striking  pecu- 
liarities, as  in  the  mammoth  wywo/a  and  the  Monterey  cypress;  and  more  or 
■  less  broad  differences- stamp  the  vegetation,  as  may  be  exiiectej  from  '..lie 
isolated  position  of  the  state,  bo;iuded  on  one  side  by  the  oceauaud  ou  others 
by  lofty  ranges  and  deserts. 
V    ^      '"  '1  he  ltgi.-.latiire  made  a  wise  enactment  on  March  30,  1868,  in  encourag- 
'*    ing  tlie  jilanting  of  fruit  and  shade  trees  aloug  liie  highways.  Cal.  Utatutai; 
■     Oil.  Aijrk.  Sor.,  Traits.,  1872,  p.  27. 

11  One  of  the  earliest  fruit-growers  in  Cal.  was  O.  W.  Cliilds.  who  was  born 
y  in  Vt  in  1824,  and  came  to  this  coast  in  Aug.  IS.')0,  with  but  ."?I2  in  his  pocket. 
%  After  engaging  in  various  occupations,  he  liegan  this  business  at  Los  Angeles, 
a  cli  aring  in  a  short  time  ^100,000.  In  IS.'iO  he  purchiisud  a  tract  of  land  in 
^  the  suliiirbsof  that  city,  planting  it  as  a  nursery  and  with  fruit  trees,  whereby 
v  he  realized  handsome  profits,  though  the  bulk  uf  his  t'urtuuc  wati  uiade  by 
judicious  iuvestmcuts  in  real  estate. 


il 


■ttir'r 


iJ  ill  D 


i 


CIIAPTi:!!    IV. 

LIVE-STOCK. 

1709  1889. 

Pahtuiie    rt'LTtVATinv  —  Eastkun  (liiAss  ANH  Ai.FAr.FA  —  Kaim.y    St»mk- 
KAisiNii — Catti.k  am>  Shkhi'     Nor Aiii.K  J lANK ks     Mii.k  am>  Ciikksk 
HoitsKs— Imi'Kovemkn r  ok  |{iiK,r.i>s  — Mi'i.kh  ash  Oxk.n — WiMii.-uiiowivii 

— (iOAIN— SWINK.       riU'l.l'liV    -TlIK     lloNKV     UkI;  -  AlilflCl  1,11  l!AI,    SoriK- 
TIKS— PaTUONS  OF    HrsiSANllUY — TUK  (JllANOE   Sv.STEM— I'aKMEKm'  I'lio- 

TECTivE  Union  League. 

So  far  there  has  hcon  little  cultivation  of  j>asture. 
but  with  the  extension  of  farming  interests  and  tlic 
consequent  limitation  of  cattle  ranges,  and  the  effort 
to  imi)rove  the  breed  of  animals  for  different  purposes, 
the  industry  is  gaining  ground.  Among  the  reasons 
for  the  neglect  is  the  mildness  o,'  the  winter,  which 
obviates  the  need  for  special  winter  foddi'r,  and  tlic 
dryness  of  the  summer,  which  kills  most  of  the  favor- 
ite grasses,  and  obliges  freijuent  replanting.' 

*For  this  reason  the  alfalfa,  or  lucerne,  is  j,'ainiiig  favor,  as  it  sends  down 
deep  roots,  and  thrives  luxuriantly  with  irrigation.  Cal.  Ai/ri<-  Sm:,  Trtti.^., 
1877,  l.")0-0;  Al/a  C,il.,  June  'Ji),  IS.ll;  May  111,  18(iU;  Kiiirbt  Ti,i,i:i,  Sept. 
2<»,  1S77;  .S'.  /'.  /{iillrfiii,  Oct.  '27,  IS.kS;  Nov.  '_>(),  1871;  AVw)  Jmir.,  .June  |s, 
Sept.  '27,  1873;  May  'S.i,  1874.  Hay  wortli  l'_'  cents  per  II..  in  1819.  I\'n,.l. 
vm/'s  Sliif.,  M.S.,  7;  Kvni  Co.  llixt.,  113.  Knsil:i;^e  sy.stem  iiitr-odiieed  liy 
J.  W.  fJreen.  llitt.  Mont.  Co.,  IdH.  Of  wild  grasses,  the  hunch-grass  insiiiiijl 
(letached  tufts  atlorclj  almost  perpetual  pasture  ou  dry  hills,  in  heiiig  ih'h.i 
against  drouglit.  Tlio  llattencd  tufts  of  tlie  allilleria  also  endures  well,  'i  Im' 
lupin,  which  is  cultivated  in  France,  grows  here  wihl  among  tlie  sand  hilN. 
The  bur  clover,  mostly  in  the  south,  sustains  tiie  stock  during  autunni  wiili 
its  rich  oily  seed,  scattered  ahno.st  invisihly  on  the  ground.  Among  shee]i  it 
injures  the  wool,  anil  at  times  the  throat.  The  most  striking  pasture  is  j'lv- 
sented  l>y  the  wild  oats,  with  small  grains,  and  bent,  bearded  projeetinii'', 
which  is  freijuentiy  cut  for  hay,  yielding  ou  an  average  one  ton  jut  luiv. 
Cultivated  oats  are  preferred  to  barley,  which,  like  green  wheat,  is  wiili  Iv 
hcrvested  for  hay.  The  rough  tule-grass  saved  many  cattle  during  tlie 
drought  of  1804.     The  hay  harvest  occurs  about  May  Ist.     One  turning  ;uiil 


MKXICAN    HKKKhS. 


-Kaki.v    SrotK- 

.K   .\M>   ClIKKSr 

_.\Vi>ni,-<;iii>\viMi 

iCl  I.ll'liAl.    SoCIK- 
—  FaKMEUH'  I'llti- 


[I  of  pasture, 
ests  and  tlu- 
[id  tho  etVort 
L'lit  purposi's, 
the  reasons 
/inter,  wliieli 
tier,  and  tin- 
o\'  the  t'avoi- 

lljr.' 

r,  as  it  sends  ilown 
■C/cA-   So<:,  7'/<i'  -., 

tin  Jour.,  .Imu'   l'^, 

1),.  ill  isnt.   ir I- 

ti'iii  iiitfoiUici-'il  liy 
juinli-giMsaiutilii;ill 
ills,  in  hvwA  l'n".l 
L'liiliires  Will.  'I'l'i' 
lou^  till!  Hand  liilN- 
urinji  autiiinu  v  iili 
1.  Among  shoiii  it 
kin;i  pasture  is  I'n  • 
oartleil  prDJectmiw, 

one  ton  jxt  sun. 
m  wheat,  i  i  will'  ly 

cattle  thiriiiK  l'"' 
One  turning  iiiid 


f. 


Stock-r.iisinL;-  was  the  chii-t'  oeeiijiiition  of  eolunial 
(lays,  and  hides  wvw.  almost  the  only  mediiuii  of  ex- 
i'lianyc.     Tlu!  animals  introdueed  from  iMexieo,  of  de- 
teriorated  Spanish    hn-ed.   increased   rapidly,  until   in 
IS.IJ.  the  last  year  of  mission  prosperity,  they  num- 
hered  scores  of  thousands.      Tlu'V  loamed  in  untamed 
freedom,  and  a  portion  o\erran  the  interior  valleys  in 
a  wild  state,  a  conditit»n  which  hy  no  mi-ans  sei-ved  to 
iiiipi'ove  the  (piality,  distiniLj-uished  as  it  was  hy  'scrub' 
colofs  and  linlit  \veiL,dit;  the  cattle  l»y  lonir.  thifi  lei^s, 
heads  hi;^h   ami  slender,  \\  iile-spread  lioriis;  and  the 
sheep  1>3'  short,  coarse  wool.     Tim  incomini^  Auiei'i- 
cans  hroULfht  at  first  st(»ck  valued  chiefly  for  strength 
and  enduiaiiee.      A  lar'^e  special  importation  followed 
'i:   resjtoii>e  to  the  lii^h  prices  of  early  minint;'  days, 
paitly  for  hicedini,',  and  hy  ISd'J  the  numher  of  cattle 
had    increased   to  ovei    l.',()UO,00(),  as  coiujiared  with 
2(!i*,0()0  in  iS.'iO.      Then  came  the  disastrous  di'ouehts 
of  IS(;i2-4,  which  destroved  se\eral  hundred  thousand 
hy  starvation   and   forced   slaughter,  and   created   so 
wide-spread  a  uiistrust  as  ttt  j-reatlv  cuitail  the  indus- 
try.      It  made  a  perfect  revolution  in  the  business,  hv 
;4i>  ill  ;■  promini'iice  to  shee[».  hy  cliangine-  many  <'attle 
list;  .-ts  to  farming  regions,  and  hy  ohliging  tho  adop- 
tion   of   moi'e    careful    methods,  such    as    the   hetttr 
apportionment  of  cattle  to  j)asture,  and  the  widt-  inti-o- 
diictiou  of  fencing,  partly  undei-  comi)uIsoiy  laws.     J^ut 
roiiipensation  was  found  in  the  improvi-il   feeding  and 
I'lceding,  marked  also  by  greater  and   better  yield  of 
liref  and    milk,  and    bv  I'edueed    loss   from   di.seases 
and  accidents,  with  diminished  expenses  for  herding. 
Cows  calve  befori'  thev  are  two  vears  <ild.      The  biisi- 
iie-s  IS  now  mostly  cond>ined  with   farming,  with  a 
desiiv  t(t  still   further  raise  the  breed.      Few  of  tho 
Spani-]i  stock  remain,  f(»r  the  south  had  sufiered  most 
from   the  droughts.      The  census  for    i>s70  returned 

oiu  rlay'.-i  ciirini;  is  mon-Ii.  The  ('rnsiin  gives  tlie  hay  liarvest  for  lS.-.(),  ISCO, 
I  '70._,  .  I  IXMJat  •J,(NH»,  :!,).-..(HM,  ,V.I.IM),»,  ati.l  I,i:r..(MKt  Ions,  th.;  last  naiii,.! 
tnpiii  7.").S,<>''<>  aeris,  Sia  Clara  leailing  with  71,iiO.)  tons. 


54 


LIVE-STOCK. 


only  631,000  cattle,  and  the  increase  since  has  been 
slow,  partly  owing  to  the  increased  price  of  land,  un- 
der the  steady  encroachments  of  agriculture.  In  1889 
the  number  was  estimated  at  about  725,000,  worth 
from  $13,000,000  to  $14,000,000,  while  the  total  value 
of  all  live-stock  might  be  placed  at  nearly  $(J0,000,000.''^ 

'  The  first  live-stock  was  brought  with  the  first  exploring  expedition  from 
L.  Cal.   in  17C9,  followed  by  frequent    additiona    for    i>ris"ate  ainl   oflioial 
account,  as  shown  in  my  preceding  volumes.     By  17!>4  tlicTc  was  enough  to 
feod  the  settlers  regularly,  and  after  ISOO  even  Indians  were  not  stinted. 
Atmriulo,  Ilist.,  i.  32-3.     Horses  were  invoiced  at  ^9  in  1770.     In  17S1  they 
rose  to  §10,  mares  lf4,  cows  $5,  mules  S^O.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  i.  45. 
Otlicial  regulations  were  issued  for  the  care  ami  utilization  of  the  henls. 
Cows  were  r.X  permitted  to  be  killed  for  a  long  tx-'rio<L     Slaughterings  were 
ordered  for  May  and  June.     Settlers  were  loanetf  stock,  to  be  repaid  in  kind. 
The  18  heads  of  cattle  allowed  to  each  mission  at  founding  had  by  1784  in- 
creased, among  9  of  tlicm,  to  5,.384,  besides  5,G*J9  slu-ep  and  4,5294  goats. 
Pulou,  Villa,  172;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  i.  190,  SiU;  iiL  Ul-lii  vi.  154-5;  Dept.  St. 
Pup.,  S.  Jos4,  i.  11.     By  1800  there  were  reported  74,000  cattle,  24,000 
horses,  and  88,000  sheep.     Of  these,  a  Lirge  proi»ortion  belonged  to  the  mis- 
sions, but  their  secularization,  begun  at  this  time,  ltd  to  a  rapid  spoliation 
and  scattering  of  tlie  animals,  some  of  which  ran  wibl  in  the  ranges  and  vaJ- 
leys  to  the  eastward.  Pac.  News,  Dec.  28,   1S.">0;  ,"><«-.    Traiu<rript,  Jan.    14, 
1851.     The  stock  was  light  and  hardy,  tough  of  fiesh,  and  the  cows  yielding 
little  milk.     Emigrants  from  the  United  States  brought  a  superior  breed. 
Almost  every  early  journal  from  Aug.  to  Dec.  contained  notices  of  overlaml 
arrivals  with  stock.     Crow  left  Pike  co.  in  May  iSoO,  with  800  cows,  and  ar- 
rived witli  524  in  Sept.,  which  were  jilaceil  on  tlie  .Stanislaus.  Sue.  Tnimcrhtt, 
Oct.  14,  1850;  Feb.   14,  28,  1851.     Sao.  became  a  great  stfick  market.     The 
price  of  cows  fell  from  $300  and  $.500  at  the  close  of  1849  to  §.50  and  §150 
early  in  1851.     Haijes  A'jric,   13.'{-46;  jNVf.  Jour.,  Nov.    10,   18.54,  refer  to 
losses  froia  poisonous  grass  and  Indians.     Some  40,000  on  the  way,  writes 
Alta  ((li.,  Aug.   11.   1850;  Sept.  13,  18,57;  Cal.  Jour.  Sfii.,  1855,  pp.  4.*^  4. 
Oregon  and  New  Mexico  sent  special  droves.     Cal.  subsequently  repaid  liy 
export  to  adjoining  mining  regions,  etc.,  partly  for  breeding.     In   1880  slie 
sent  7,500  cattle,  180,000  sheep,  and  6,400  swine,  the  cattle  chiefly  to  Ori'gou 
and  Arizona,  the  sh.^cp  to  Montana  and  Utah.  C.  S.  C^iu<uji,  1880,  iii,  1045; 
Siiliii'is  Dein.,  Aug.  22,  1874.     The  increase  was  rapid  under  the  eflorts  to 
contiiuie  the  former  staple  industry,  and  with  free  and  va.st  ranges.     Tiio 
census  figure  of  202,000  cattle  for  1^50  rose  by  1800  to  1,180,000,  and  tlio 
generally  accepted  estimate  for  18(32  was  3,000,000,  the  maximum.     Then 
came  the  several  severe  droughts.     Those  of  1802-4  are  said  to  have  tlestroyed 
half  tlie  stock  in  Los  Angeles,  while  that  of  Sta  BaHwra  was  reduced  from 
20(),IRK)  to  a  mere  remnant.  Sta  Bdrh.  Co.  Hl^t.,  125.     Tlie  total  loss  by  ft.-.r- 
vation  was  estimated  at  300,000,  and  by  compulsory  slaughter  still  more. 
Tlio  loss  of  conlidenco  in  the  industry  led  to  wide  cnrtailmeuts,  and  by  1870 
the  census  returned  only  031, OCK)  cattle,  and  815,000  for  ISSO,  the  county  as- 
sessors giving  only  021,000.     I't-eference  was  now  accorded  to  the  hardier  and 
more  prolitablo  small  scoek,  notably  sheep,  which  increasecl  from  a  little  ov('r 
1,(M)0,000  in  1800  to  fully  0,000,000  within  a  few  years.     Of  the  cattle  on 
farms,  the  census  of  1880  enumerates  only  G(>4,00(.-,  of  which  210,000  were 
juiK-h  cows,  an<l  2,200  working  oxen.     Of  the  81.">,0iJ0  U>Ui\,  2.50, ttOO  were 
classed  as  Ameiican  stock,  a-ssessed  at  818,  425,0(M)  a.'*  seven  eighths  blood 
American,  assessed  at  ^10.39,  110,000  as  one  half  to  three  fourths  blo<Ml,  as- 
B<'sse.l  at  89.49   29,000  California  or  Sjwinish,  at  $8,  and  1.00(i  thoroughbred, 
at  $57.     It  will  be  seen  that  only  a  s»uill  proiiortic.i  of  the  Spanish  stock  rt>- 


CATTLE. 


66 


"e  lias  been 
of  land,  un- 
e.  In  1889 
,000,  worth 
2  total  value 
j0,000,000.2 

expedition  from 
rate  auil  oftieial 
;  was  enough  to 
ere  not  stinted. 
>.  In  1781  they 
Ben.  Mil.,  i.  45. 
n  of  the  herds, 
aghteringd  were 

repaid  in  kind, 
had  by  1784  in- 
nd  4,294  goats. 
ir)4-5;  Dejit.  St. 
>  cattle,  24,000 
jeil  to  the  niis- 
•ai>id  spoliation 
ranges  and  val- 
srript,  Jan.    14, 
a  cows  yielding 
superior  breed, 
."cs  of  overland 
l)  cows,  and  ar- 
?(?<".  Trama-ipt, 

market.     The 

0  $r)0  and  ^\m 
]S.>4,   refer  to 

lie  way,  writes 
So'),  pp.  43^  4. 
atly  npaid  by 
In  1880  she 
lefly  to  Ortgon 
1880,  iii.  104.'); 
the  efforts  to 
ranges.     Tiio 
>,000,  and  tlie 
iniuni.     Then 
ave  destroyid 
reihiced  from 
[  loss  by  Ft.-.r- 
er  still  more. 
,  and  by  1870 
he  county  as- 
e  hardier  and 

1  a  little  over 
the  cjittle  on 
210,000  wuro 
2.'»0,(K)0  were 
-ighths  blood 
hs  blo(Ml,  as- 
lioronghbriid, 
lish  stock  rti- 


The  new  restrictive  methods  are  particularly  ftivor- 
oraljle   to   the   development  of  dairying,  which  was 

mains,  under  the  constaiit  introduction  of  tlie  heavier  American,  which  is  far 
superior  for  milk  an<l  btcf,  though  excelled  for  special  purjjoses  by  .Jerseys, 
JMirhaui:^,  Ayrshins,  ami  Alderneys.     These  growing  favorites  deteriorate  on 
the  wild  pa.-ture.s,  l)ut  with  the  growing  price  of  land  and  expansion  of  faria- 
ii!g  and  hiirticulture,  the  ranges  are  l)e;ng  reduced,  and  cattle-raising   is 
b iCdiiiing  mure  and  more  associated  with  other  branches,  within  cultivated 
Ji Ms  and  pastures  more  suited  for  the  liner  breed.     The  greater  part  is  cnn- 
fi:it!il  to  farms,  serving  to  glean  stubble  and  weed,  and  returning  manure. 
.Senile  fanners  are  still  able  to  send  their  stock  to  the  mountains,  if  numerous, 
and  so  inijiart  to  it  the  W'.ietit  of  continued  p:isture,  tfigether  with  an  invigo- 
rating climate.     The  plains  Ix>gin  to  dry  in  July.     The  mountains  supply  the 
delicieiiey  better  until  Oct.;  tlien,  till  Jar..,  follows  a  season  of  scanty  feed, 
under  which  the  stock  grows  tli in,  aperv'jntage  dying  of  starvation  almost 
every  year.     The  available  a.'-eage  uinler  .  hese  conditions  is  greatly  reduced 
in  value.     In  the  rugged  nnrthern  border  coimties  an  average  ranje  of  .'ij 
acres  is  calculated  for  every  heacl,  from  f>hasta  to  .'{o"  hit.  25  acres,  idthough 
some  assume  5  acres  of  valley  land,  or  20  of  mountain  slopes,  to  si  lliee  in 
central  California,  and  so  in  Los  Angeles;  otlu.s  insist  njion  10  acre.'  on  .S. 
Joa(inin  plains.     In  the  more  humid  coast  c-  .mties  of  Humboldt  and  .^'"ndo- 
ciiio,  7  aeres  are  suliieient.     Of  sheep,  4  to  5  subsist  on  the  acrear^e  for  1 
cow.     The  return  [ler  acre  is  not   large  in  a  stock-raising  businesi  alone. 
The  effort  of  stiick-faisers  is  to  secure  ."'iter,  so  as  to  control  mr -h  of  the 
adjoining  government  land.     Tims,  Kl  Tejon  raneho  of  200,000  a, res,  wliieh 
contains  all  tlie  available  water,  controls  3(X),0(M) aeres  of  public  la  id.     Miller 
&  Lux  own  7;)0,000  acres,  costing  tliem  on  an  average  j^,  ri^K).' tK)  acres  I>e- 
ing  nncler  feme,  and  etimateil  to  sustain  one  head  on  cv  .-y  three  acres. 
Tlieir  success  is  due  to    n  a<lmirable  business  tact,  assoeiate.i  with  pru<leneo 
ami  personal  supen-i:  .on,  ever  eliminating  the  wasteful   isnd   applying  im- 
proved  methods.     Willia'n  l>unp'iy  and  tien.  llealo  rank  amcmg  tlie  iii-st  in 
iin|portaiue,  and  J.  D.  t'arr,  P,  .Saxe,  C.  Younger,  and  J.  Bidwell  are  among 
leading  breeders  of  line  stock. 

Mr  Dunpliy  was  a  pioneer  of  1S40,  a  m.TU  of  great  ability  and  merit.  Mho 
assoeiate.l  himself  with  T.  Hihiretli  to  form  one  of  the  loading  catth,'  lirms  on 
the  coast,  with  Nevada  aa  chief  range  f.>r  his  2lt,0<>0  head  ..f  eatth",  and  .S.  F. 
fnr  a  market.  In  the  north-i^ast  section  of  the  state,  chielly  iledieated  to 
stoek-r.iising,  Irviii  Ayres  holds  a  corresponding  i>osition.  He  was  born  on 
Mirc  li  :W,  1832,  in  Montgomery  county,  N.  York,  wliere  his  father  jirac- 
tised  as  physici.in.  Reaching  Calitoniia  in  1S53  ho  beeame  agent  for  tlie 
t'  d.  Stage  Co.  at  Tehama,  ami  drifted,  after  a  brief  expcricMco  as  livery-stablo 
k.t[..r,  into  the  trading,  notably  at  Fort  Bidwell,  at  present  as  member  of 
the  tirin  of  I).  L.  Beck  it  .Son.s.  During  tlie  union  war  ho  drilleil  .several 
coiiipanies  f -r  service,  and  was  barely  restrained  liy  business  pressure  from 
jniiiing  tiie  fortunes  of  his  brotlier,  Tien  R.  B.  Ayres,  a  gridiiate  of  \\'est 
I'oint,  ,-t  itioned  in  Cal.  in  18.">4  and  IS.")'.),  who  aeheived  a  brilliant  recoid  as 
one  of  tiie  live  foremest  artillerists  during  th.'t  war. 

Milhr.^  Lux  are  able  to  brand  Jh)  per  cent  of  calves,  wliile  on  some  of 
tlie  open  rmges  of  Kern  only  (K)  per  cent  are  branded,  Th.-  increase  Ju 
We'ght  .sinre  ,ii  l.S.">."),  under  improved  breed,  feed,  and  method,  lias  been  fullv 
•JiMl  llw.  p.T  he  ill,  the  average  weight  of  yearlings  in  INV)  being  2.")0  to  4(»0 
ll>s.  net,  and  m  bvS.1,  400  tj.  4."rt),  and  of  beeves  4.")0  to  TmH)  lb,s.  as  c.i 
witli  7."K)  to  S<K)  in  In 


onijiared 


.    -ght  of  American  three-and-adiah-v. 
old  Ikvvcs  is  placed  at  1,100  lbs.,  worth  .«:4;    graded   Ameriian   l,l.-)0"ll 
worth  .M*,");  tliree  fourths  American  !t.'>0 
11 


bs.,  ,*2I;  halt'breeil  Caiit'ornian  87,5 

'')).<((.<,  ISSO,  iii.   \^\X^.     The  aver;. go 

I":  "f  calvtw.  .«7.     Kvery  KM)  cows  arc  estimate.!  to  dr..].  M) 

calves,  7:1  surviving  to  yearl.ng*.     The  percentage  of  loss  among  cattle  over 


>.s.,  ?i2l;  California  MX)  llw..  §|!l.    r.  .s\  C, 
Value  of  CO' 


mwM 
I: 


I    ul 


iiii 


5G 


UVE-STOCK. 


much  nc'glcptod  by  the  Spauisli  colonists,  partly  bo- 
caus(i  their  cows  i^ave  but  little  milk.  1'he  Americans 
infused  now  life  into  the  business,  and  liastened  to  im- 
prove their  stock  for  dairy  pur|»oses  from  the  best 
eastern  and  Eni;lish  sources.  In  1881)  there  wciv 
ahout  'J()0,000  milch  cows,  the  ])roduction  of  butter 
l)"'ini;-  then  placed  at  17,000,000  pounds,  and  ••hecsc 
at  3,000.000  pounds.  Tlie  business  is  chietly  conlincd 
to  the  moistcr  pastures  of  the  coast,  especially  north 
of  and  near  San  Francisco,  as  the  i)rincipal  market* 

12  iiiniitlis  rill  was  ill  ISSO  placed  at  4.0.  Tho  ruliiifj  diseases  arc  lii;:  liead 
«»r  IiIl'  jaw,  Mciat,  Mack  Ic:.',  alisi'cs.s  nf  liver,  ami  Texas  or  siili'iiie  fiver. 
Tlie  liU' r,  (iriLiiiiatiiiji  ]iriil)al>ly  alxuit  'I'lilaiv  T-ake,  killiil  IO,()(K)  liea:l  fur  a 
Korii  liivcilcr  ill  IST!'.  Tlu;  reiiiedy  seems  to  lie  reiimval  fioiii  low  to  <  lev.it.d 
tlisti  lets,  tliu  e,\erei-c  it.<i'f  lieiuj;  lieuelieial.  The  liner  breeds  sutler  iiio,<t. 
Alisre:  .  of  liver  i  <  siijijiosed  to  result  lioiii  excess  of  dry  food  and  fromalkd;, 
the  latter  rediieiii^  more  siit'oilily  tlie  Iireediiiu'  power.  Stoniis  ami  iMii^oiinu-f 
grasses  assist  to  luiiiii  the  loss  in  some  i)arts  oi  Kerii  to  5  or  7  per  cent.  'Ihc 
loi'o  jil.iiit  and  its  ctleet  is  eoiisiilen(l  in  /'.  .V.  Ai/rir.  ]!<]>(,  1S71,  l.V,(-(il). 
Wi;h  i  lerea.scd  feieiiit;,  liiidiiij^  e.Npoiiscs  anj  ^'really  reduced.  Miller  it  Lux, 
with  IOi),(K)0  cattle  and  N(I.0;M>  sheep,  recjuife  'JlKI  rcijul  ir  imn.  (.)iie  nun  looks 
after  .'Several  paatL'res.  Hiainliiig  lakes  place  alioul  April  1-t.  'J'he  marki  t 
flea.^oIl  for  ]ruri!y  j.'rass-fc<l  cattle  is  from  I'ohniarj'  to  .Inly,  when  tiio  iiastiire 
f.iils,  aliiiouj^h  hect  is  turneil  otl' at  all  times  for  S.  1''.,  whiih  in  flic  luuiuniiii; 
of  this  d.c.ido  coiisuiiied  annually '.KJ.OIM)  hecves,  21. CKH)  calves,  •M(I,(MM»  sheep. 
22."'),(l.li)  l.iinhs,  and  1. ">;»,(»,);»  liois.  Com.  (iml  /m/.,  \H)S.  IJiie  hull  for  20  cow ^ 
is  il(!ctiieii  hi'st.  Cows  calve  hcl'oro  they  are  two  year.s  old,  with  iiisijiiK.  s 
hel'oro  attiiniiii^  the  age  of  It  or  IS  months.  Calves  suckle  from  ti  to  10 
iiioiiilis.  The  largest  herd,  [irohalily  in  San  lieiiiardino,  nunihercd  aliout 
l,;!(>0  lieail. 

The  i-odeo  has  lost  the  gay  and  romantic  aspi'ct  imi>.'irted  to  it  ihiriiii,' 
Hispano-t'alil'ornian  times,  whin  faiiiiliesgathered  iroiii  alar  in  fistive  as.-!eiii- 
My,  the  older  folk  to  i^xchan-e  hu.^iness  ideas  and  go.<si[i.  tic  young  to  court, 
with  sci-en:ide  a.nl  dance  and  spo"ts,  the  eavaliers  strixiiig  alioxo  all  to  \\\n 
admiral  'ii  hy  dashing  feats  of  horsemuiiship  dnriiig  the  ro''i'o,  or  diirin,' 
games  atttinding  it.  Ju  tliosoiilh  a  g  iiheiiiig  of  owinrs  is  still  lull  for  piilvin4 
out  straye.l  stocl-,  hut  as  ,1  rule  it  now  iiM]ilies  merely  a  driving  in  of  aiiimals 
for  the  .■muual  hranding.  .Several  regiilalioiis  appe:iied  in  colonial  days  con- 
cerniag  lirands.  In  case  <if  freipieiit  sale  the  shoiil  !er  ;is  well  as  hip  lieco!ue 
<'o\(  re  1  with  marks,  dil.  S/n'iiim  havi^  regiu.ited  tliesi-  niattirs.  A  law  of 
IM.'il  maile  tho  iinni.il  roduo  compuNory,  and  ^^ivc  uiiinaiked  cattle  to  the 
owner  of  tlic  ranelio  where  found  when  tlu^  niolh'is  wcic  iinknuwu.  This 
cave  ris  !  to  niiieli  stealing,  <iliscrves  IJartoii,  '/'iilnr,  MS.,  [2.  Amcriiiii 
herders  have  heeome  exiieit  in  the  use  of  tli>'  re.it  i  or  r.i->»'  hide  ropo  for  lasso- 
ing. Furiher  details  on  vu'thods  and  development  are  gi\en  inCi'/.  Aiji'o. 
Hoi'.,  'ri'iiit.;  S.  Jd'iij.  A'/rir.  Sm:,  Trtut.*.,  lM>l,  etc. ;  ll'iiiis'  Ai/rii'.:  l'(ii\ 
Itiinil  I'rtis:  ('ill.   F'lni.ir.  mirvi'yor  reports  in  Cil.  Jaiir.  Srn.;    t'lrxt  X'U. 

<'inirrii/ii>ll  ('ilt'lriiivil,   l^ri»-i'n/lii;l'i,    I  S,S4,   12    IIJ;   Sfili'iii.-i'  /iii/lls/ni,',\'   (IS;    Jim- 

uton-'-i  .S/ft/.,  1»;  J/i)li;.-'f.<i-'x.'<l(i'.,  .MS.,  11;  and  C'll.  /'ti.-^/ortil,  this  series. 

•'The  Ml  .xicans  did  not   t  dee  k:iidly  to  milking,  and  little  of  it  was  iloin 
Bdvo  for  the  cliildrcii,  ami  for  a  lilth^  cheese.      Americans   introduced  lii^ii 
bred  animals,  th.it  is,  eastern,  crossed  with  British  stock,  together  with  a  hw 
of  imre  Mnoil,  for  |irodiicini;  tlii!  he  ;t  ipi.dit  v  and  flu^  laru'e-t  i|iiaiitity  of  milk 
The  census  of  lo&O  cuuuicrales  210,0J0  iiiiich  cows,  and  i2,0(K»,0()0  gallons  i  i 


*■ 

^sy 


-| 


I 


^■i 


s,  paitly  bc- 
o  Aiiu'iicaiis 
teiu>(l  to  ini- 
>in   the   bust 

theri!  Were 
m  of  biitti't" 

and  cliccM' 
I'tly  conrnicd 
'cially  north 
il  iiiarkit.^ 

;fes  ill'.'  lii^  lieail 
or  siiliiiio  fi'vor. 
IO,(<(K)  Ikm^I  for  a 

111  low  to  rU'Vatoil 

L'i<l!s  sutler  most. 
I  iuul  from;illi;ili, 
iii.s  ami  i^i.^oiiou-r 
7  per  ci;lit.  Tin; 
\if,  ISTJ,  l."<)-(j(l. 
I.  ^lillrnt  I,u.\, 
Gill'  iiitii  looks 
st.  'J'ln-  iiiiiikit 
rthi'ii  t!iu  past  lire 

ill  (llO  ln;;iillling 

■s, -UdJHMtsIntii. 
ull  lor  'JO  cnvs 
1,  witli  iiisijiiK  I  s 
dc  fniiu  (i  to  10 
iiuuiIm  rcil  ul(out 


HOUSES. 


57 


Tlio  nclii<'V('in(  nrs  lati'ly  pfrOu'inod  on  oastorn 
courses  hy  C'aHtbrhia  race-liorscs  have  u^aiiicd  lor  the 
state  a  wide  reputation  as  an  exee[)tioiiaIIy  tavoi'able 
brt'e(h.iL;"  i^round,  both  for  «\vift  and  elldurin^•  animals. 
Th(i  Sji^uiish  Intrsc,  introduecd  by  Cortes  into  ^[oxico 
n.ii(l  thence  into  Cahfornia,  is  small  and  defielent  in 
strength  and  i)eauty,  and  little  fitted  for  cart  o'  \  VuL;h, 
Vet  (juiek  and  tou^h,  and  with  a  record  since  184G 
for  n  markable  rithni^  feat-,  lie  is,  however,  of  a 
base  and  hlotchy  eohir,  and  neithei-  honest  nor  ^cntlo. 
Tiiis  stock  by   iS,S8  was  reduced  to  h'ss  than  a  fourth 

milk  snM  or  sent  to  factoi-ics.  Of  KiittiT.  1  ,'().•).), 00  t  llis.  wore  iii;i(li\  !i,L,riiii.st 
8,nil»,on,l  in  IsTO,  ,'!,  IOI,0,»0  in  iNiO,  aad  7.».'i  in  IboO;  ol'  flK.Mc,  "J.rioD.OUO  iit 
18.S0,  ii-.iiii.st  ;!.tO.l.O0.)  in  IS70,  l.iUO.O.M)  i:i  ISdO,  aiil  l.'O  in  IViO.  S.  F.  is 
plaif'l  i.ir  iilmvL!  any  otli.  r  (.'ouiity  as  a  iii;l!c  pro.hu'rr,  v.  iJi  ovir  ."i.  100, (Mill 
galli!is,  peril. ii'-i  witlii  at  iliie  ereilit  for  suiiiilies  ftnm  Sii  Mateo,  wliieli  i.< 
Creilitid  v.illi  n:ily7t0.0.),)  e:ill,,ii.s.  M,."iii,  |.ro|ierly  tlu:  1  ■ailing  ilairy  county, 
is  aeeonle.l  ."i,  170,000  j^mIIoiis  of  milk,  L'.oO.I.O.M)  llis.  of  Gutter,  its  staple  article, 
an  1  I.'),!!,)!)  il)s.  lit  ciui  ■  •.  Next  collies  Sac,  partly  owini;  to  its  swamp  land, 
V.ih  I. •_' 10,000 -illonsot  milk,  o  10,0,10  11  IS.  of  liuttcr,  aiel  I  Si:,0;iOll)s.  of  cluese; 
til.  11  ,S.  .Matuo  with  U>;!,0,M  lli>.  <if  Imtt  r,  iiml  2S8,00i)  Ihs.  of  clieesu.  lioth 
nr  ■.  liowover,  siiipas.-.cil  as  liultir  cniinties  liy  Sonoma,  witli  l.'.l)  ).f';M)  lbs., 
S.  I.,  (.lii.^po  Willi  I,  I. ".0,00)  U.S.,  a:i  1  llnml.nMt  with  H'.l.'i.OO.)  lln  ,  whil  ■  Santa 
(  1  ira  leaii.i  a.s  a  cIicl'su  ].iiHliker,  willi  7  I  >.00.l  IKs.,  foUowi  .1  1  _,  S  Mateo  anil 
Se:i..,iia.  Th(!  iiiimeiiato  vicinity  of  S.  !•".  excels  in  milk,  ami  tliu  l.ir;,'est 
111. Ik  dairy  ia  tliu  stale  is  the  .Jersey  faiiii,  near  S.  l>runo,  wliii  li  milks  .".(hI  or 
(iiiit  cows  da.r,-,  yicl  ling  40(),()00  gall.i;u  ii  year,  nearly  all  cart  1  into  S.  F. 
1  he  ne.N't  nearest  line  predomin.ites  in  1. utter  aad  cheese,  as  shown  l.y  Snii 
Mateo,  Soiioiiia,  and  Sta  (  lara.  Jhe  chief  1. utter  district  i.s  I'nint  Jleyes,  ia 
^larin,  eovi'red  l.y  (i  daily  tracts  of  .")-t,(KK)  acre;,  with  ultoiit  5,0, •:(  cows,  upon 
jioiiie  ;!0  tenant  larnis.  Thi;  proprietor.-)  lease  tii.in  at  a  rental  of  .'s-JO  or  .'tlT) 
for  each  cnw  and  a  portion  of  the  calves.  K.ich  cow  yields  nearly  I'iK)  ll.s.  of 
Latter,  ei|aiv.ile:it  to  .slO.  (Itlur  Hources  jiro  liu'C  ?I0  moro.  The  aver.;i;e 
lie  of  a  cow  lA  10  ye.irs.  J.  llass  of  lluiiil.ol  't  sustained  over  "J.O.K)  cows  on 
J  !,7>).)  acres.     iJctails  in  Jfninliiili/t  Co.  ///•'.,  i:!.")  et  seij.,  and  Mn-in,  1,1.;  al.so 


f.M-  S;,i  Ii  irli.,  S/'i  ( 'riiz,  etc.     C'l 


leese  IS  m.iilo  as  a  rul  ■  iioiii  iiiiskimnK 


na 


ilk 
while  new.  The  l.,inilnirger  and  Swi.-s  varieties  arc  Well  imit-ituL 
A  i  u  I  letoricscxi.t,  yet  luge  dairy  men  ]iri  I'er  to  mauulacture  fur  tliem-i  l\es. 
T!i  1  ir-est  cheese-makers  are  Steel  Ihothers  of  .S.  Jj.  ()iiis|i(i,  m  ho  keep  fully 
].."o.»  cows.  S.  /,.  ()'>.  Co.  J/\f.,  'J'Jl-7;  /'."•.  \' •<■■<,  Apr.  'M,  ls."(»,  comm.nds 


tie   iheise  male  l>y  Wilkes  lie.ir  San  .Jose,      lu  ports  on  dairies  ill  /'.  .S'    .1;/ 


".»,  etc 


C'l.  .1 


iiu::i  ■riiies  a 


Iread 


III'- 


'  i-'h, 


11 


i\i 


y  given. 


reniiam  cheeses  inentiolie 


d  i 


d  otli 


II   .V 


■r  geiier.i 
l>e, 


:<,  I  I...".;  >>pt.  -Jl,  IS.)'.I;  S.  /■'.  J:>,l!,i;„,  Dee.  ."i,  ImW,  Oct.  '-'4,  lS7:t.     Oleoinar 
^i;iiie  was  rousing  attention  alreaily  iii  \u;\.   ,S'.  /•'.  ri,n,ii.,  Sept.  "JO  •_»,  M.ircli 

" le   dependence   o;i   iii.ligeliotis 


Oct 


l.>71 


l.vd 


■<  <'ii,  ;i(ks  70.     T 


i:ries  is  indicated  liy  tin;  gre.it  lluetaatioa  in  Latter  prices,  fniiii 


al.nl. t  -J  ccats  from  April   to  .lane,  to  40  cents  from  Oct.  to  Di 


ilail'Miieii  i4    tl 


it  valley  drive  their  cows  to  tlr 


M 


letuiiiiiig  111  Oct.  with  their  Latter  to  seek  tin 


dell   .if; 


iioaiit  tins  altiT 
iket       Vit 


M 


any 


».V, 


.<! 


nil,  Leets,  and  alfalfa  is  cultivated  lor  Lntter  dairies.      l!-.nm| 


S  r.  refuse  m.ilt  iilarii  ly  >;iveii  to  .stimulate  t!ie  yiel  1  .  f  milk,  iiotwithstaud- 
iiig  the  deteriorating  ctlect. 


08 


LIVE-STOCK. 


aiuoii;^^ 


of  tho  total  2r>r,700,  <r\vvn  by  tlic  census  of  1880, 
uiuKr  constant  adnilxtun;  >vitl».  tlio  laru^er,  finer,  and 
stronu^cr  Anu'iican  breed,  Avliieli  is  also  more  truc- 
tiibk',  tlioujjjh  less  tou;jfli  and  healthy.  Its  furtlit  r 
ini;  rovenirnt  witli  tliorouj^Iibnd  Mood  is  promoted 
by  the  jjiencral  and  coninuMulable  amblt'ou 
farmers  to  possess  fine  animals.* 

j\i  ulcs  are  rcjj^ardtd  by  small  farmers  as  too  dear 
and  unattractive,  but  for  j)a(kin<r  and  liauling  trains 
they  pr(>sent  the  advantai^i'  of  sujierior  strength  and 
en«hirance,  ^vith  less  need  for  care.  Working  oxen 
aro  condennied  as  too  slow  in  this  progressive  land.'' 

♦  I,fl;iiiil  Stanford  liiis  ilono  much  to  rniao  tho  grailo  of  Cal.  liorscs  ami 
(icliiivo  ;i  record  in  tins  t^isti;rn  Jiililn.  Ili.s  Ktock  farm  at  I'aln  Alto  is  jm.li- 
iilily  tlio  I'Kist  coniiilcte  l)<ir«ii-l>rct'ilingt'stalili.iliiiu'iit  iu  the  worM,  oeli'liratril, 
lUijriiiN  iT,  for  nrw  traiiiiii;;  luetluHls.  Tlio  iicciiliar  features  of  Palo  Alto  uru 
till)  lilitiral  (<c"al.!  on  vliieli  the  brciiling  .'inu  training;  iti  l)«'rf(^rlncll,  tlu;  grr.it 
uart!  given  to  tlu^  Iirooil  mares,  with  (liio  u»o  of  HtalU,  Biieils,  an>l  lirlds,  tjjo 
feediii)r  of  I'olt.s  with  steanu'd  grain,  and  their  daily  itaddoek  praotiee  at  lii^h 
s|ii!ed,  thoii;;h  of  short  duratinu.  Over  5(K)  horses  of  the  finest  Mood  have 
l)e('n  collected  lure,  two  costing  S'Jo.OiK).  In  iMiSl  the  liest  eastern  recm-il 
(or  two-year-uld  tiottiTS  was  here  reduced  to  '2.'2\,  and  that  of  yearlings  to 
2..'{(i\.  Like  other  live- stock,  th'j  lior-ie  develoiis  in  C'al.  faster  in  Wei'^Iit  and 
other  qualities.  Of  Spanish  lior.ses,  a  liru'c  jiroportion  is  still  alloweil  to  run 
seini-wiid,  in  hands  of  ;U)  or  M,  leil  hy  the  garafion,  or  stallion,  which  guarils 
the  mares  «  itli  jealoUH  care,  ami  exhihits  remarkahlo  iiitelligenco  in  seekin;,' 
out  i!oiid  pastures,  and  thwartiiij;  the  interference  of  lierders.  The  mares  feal 
with  great  regularity  hefure  tlie  third  year.  Colts  aro  weaned  at  8  or  ID 
months  old,  and  hnikeii  in  tho  thinl  or  fourth  year,  after  whicii  they  aro  sciii 
to  the  hi'iiken  hiid.  Mevicaiis  h.ne  a  jirejudiee  against  hreaking  mares.  S. 
Joai(nin  and  .Sonoma  have  tin;  laru'cst  jn'oportion  ot  iiorses,  J;{,()1H)  aiul  IO,7(Hi, 
resji.'.  Mvi  ly.  The  lot:ds  for  lo.'!),  I  Mid,  and  1S70  stand  at  'JI,7(K),  l(;i»,(Hiil, 
and  !'.•-  IIIH),  respectivi  ly.  Pisseii  ions  have  risen  concerning  the  first  Ann  'i- 
can  hoi'sc  here,  in  tSm:  Uiiimi,  .liily  (i,  187-;  Yriku  Unimi,  July  10,  iMii; 
Miirii'triHi-  AyjMiil,  iJec.  *J(1,  l>S74,  which  refer  it  to  1S41I,  hut  inimigrai  '•» 
hrou'glit  the  animal  long  liefoic.  .S'.  /•'.  (.(//,  May  :{,  |S7I;  Mln  Cat.,  Apr.  \''\ 
KS7.H;  .V.  /•'.  liiMiiii,  Anr.  l'.»  'Jti,  |.s7;i,  In;,".,  \tc.  Knglish  and  American 
thoroughhreds  »rc  widely  dislrilmtcd,  trotters  ]i;iving  ^o  far  Ikhmi  the  faxur- 
ites.  'i'lie  niyilesilalc,  cnisselwilh  liotli  American  and  Spanidi  stocks,  hil 
siip|)lied  most  of  the  heavy  dr.iught  horses.  A  h.di'ldood  ot  this  lireeil,  fi"iii 
Spanish  .slock.  Weighs  l,;iH»  wlicn  four  years  old;  a  three  (|u;trler  IiIoimI, 
l,.'>(N)  His.  I'ltc.  Xiir.H,  .Ian.  10,  !>>.">•,  relVrs  to  4  stallions  liroiiglil  fnnn  N.  w 
.Soutli  Wales  for  liieediug.  Si'e  also  Alia  Ciii,  M.iy  ;tl,  I.'S.'>7.  ('oncerniii^' 
a  Iv.mtages  for  lireediiig,  \\i>-i',  ,</iit.,  \'t  I'.t,  has  gli'wing  opiuions,  See.'il-D 
//■ii/is  Miiiil.,  'J.t'.t,  etc.;  J!iiit/'s  /';»  unif  I'mni,  III- 14;  <  W/.  .I'/nc.  .V  • , 
TniiiM.,  eti!.  Although  horses  ran  wild  in  .S.  .In.iipun  Valley,  S.  /■'.  /ln-"tl. 
prices  were  Iiigli  at  eai!>  mining  camps;  .i^KK)  for  hroki  u 


.Ian.  l(t,  l>s.i:t,  yet  pi 

horses,    ."j."»0   for  wild.     /Snmr'n  Sf<if.,    .MS. 

nii 


Liter 


ISM',    N'alUjo 


ires  and  siallion  .it  ?i.'0.    \'<iWjn,  />,„-.,  xxxiii.  •.'(»;»;     ilf^t  r,il.,  .Uwiv  (i,  IWJ, 


And  liave  .leclined   from '-'fi. 0(H)  in  ISCiO  to '• '2!H)  in   Is80.     I 


hui'M  trioil  in  tho  south,  Imt  a)>aniloii(<d.    Vmcher'i*  <  nl .  (ill 


bIs  h: 


.lack 


id  sli' 


asses    were    early   iiitrodiii-cd,   costing  in    17^4  •'•'5.    I'rti'.    /ffi\,   iii.   '24il  •"•(>. 
Fully  1(H)  mules  camo  ill  li'TG.  Paloii,  Tw^a,  vii.  209-11.  Illackwureprefurrel, 


f-' 


J 


SHEEP. 


59 


;  of  1880, 
finer,  atitl 

noro   tnic- 

ta  furtlit  r 
proliKitrd 

1)11    aiuoii;^' 

,s  too  dear 
lin2  trains 
•engtli  and 
[•king  ox  I' II 
ivc  land.'^ 

C;il.  Iiorsea  ami 
ill.  Alio  is  i>ri.li- 
irlil,  ix'lil>r;iti'l, 
of  I'Jilo  Alto  uru 
.rmcil,  till!  gi'Liit 
,  and  tiilils,  tlio 
pnictico  ;it  lii^h 
Iiest  Mood  li;ivi; 
t  fast*^rii  rcroi'l 
t  of  yiiurliiii^s  to 
iT  in  wi'i:j;!it  and 
ll  allowed  to  niil 
111,  wliith  guai-.ls 
iencu  in  HOi'kinj' 

Tho  liiari's  fi'.il 
med  at  8  or  I') 

h  th<'y  aro  stiit 
ddiig  maivs.     S. 

0(K)aMd  lO.TtKt, 

o|.7(H),  n;i»,(Hiii, 

Iho  first  Allien- 
.Inly  10,  !;>'■•; 
mt  iMimij^rai  * 
r  Cal.,  Apr.  1  ', 
and  Anii^rii  Ml 
Im'i'U  till.'  lav.'i- 
-li  stocks,  ll  1 1 
i^  lirei'd,  fl'Ml 

|uarl.r  Mon,l, 
uj^liL  from  N.  w 
»7.  (.'oni'i:rir.ni> 
iiioDH.  Sc;o  al-i) 
',(/.  ,!</'■''•.  .V'"", 
S.  /■'.  Iln-.'il. 
SKWI  for  lin'k'  M 

.hL»,     VallljO     i.nll 

/.,  .[iinc<i,  ]>■'-■ 
i  'aniels  li:i\'' 
Jacks  ati'l  -'i  ■ 
,v,-,,  iii.  •i4'.l  ."•<>. 
k  were  i»rcffn<  I, 


•y 


California  may  not  be  especially  adapted  for  largo 
Icattlo,  despite  its  early  pastoral  rank,  yet  for  sheep  it 
presents  exceptional  advantages.  The  mild  climate 
permits  an  uninterrupted  growth,  so  that  at  two  years 
of  age  tluy  are  as  well  developed  as  those  of  three 
yi«ars  in  the  eastern  states.  They  give  a  larger  hi- 
creaso  and  more  wool;  they  require  only  grass  for 
food,  and  little  care,  save  shelter  in  some  parts  from 
wild  hearts,  and  are  remaikahly  free  from  disease.  The 
low  grade  Si>anish-Mexican  stock,  introduced  also  dur- 
ing (  ally  mining  years  from  New  Mexico,  and  marked 
by  short,  coarse  wool,  were  mostly  consigned  to  the 
butclu-r;  and  wool-raising  hegan  properly  witli  the 
introduction  of  American  slieip  in  1853.  Attention 
was  soon  given  to  improve  the  breed  with  Spanish 
merinos  from  A'erinont,  till  the  high-grade  merinos 
liund)er  three  fourths  of  the  total  of  about  4,000,000 
assigned  for  18SU.  Altliough  checked  like  cattle  by 
^IroU'^lits,  tlieir  hardier  nature  induced  stock-raisers 
larg'ly  to  turn  i;>  tliem  afttT  the  disaster  of  18(52-4; 
eimi;  when  their  predv>ininance  dates.  The  profit  on 
,theni  is  increasrd  by  thiir  adaptability  to  cheaper 
pastures,  their  large  natural  increase  of  fully  HO  per 
cent,  sustained  by  a  large  pr-oportion  of  twins,  and  the 
heavy  yield  of  wool,  averaging  in  1888  over  seven 
.pounds  for  ewes  and  wetiiers,  from  two  clippings,  as 
lagain.'^t  ."our  p«»unds  lor  the  I'nited  States.  The  clip 
for  1880  reached  ii.'],000  tons,  after  which  it  declined. 
Till'  average  price  for  a  dozen  years  has  exceeded  ID 
prills  j»er  jiound.  It  may  be  asserted  that  no  branch 
)r  agiiculture  has  paid  so  well  throughout  as  sheep- 
•aising,  and  with  tlio  rej)utation  accjuired  by  Calif(»r- 
lia  wo«d  factories,  tlie  prosj)eet  continues  favorable.® 

;S»H  liarilii-r.  .l/iv/vnA),  Hiit.,  i.  HI.  If  nmlcs  "0  years  oM  arc  IiroiiLjIit  to  Cil. 
)*fri'iii  tile  cast  tii.y  take  a  Nicniid  f;n»\vtli,  olnerves  MelJanirl,  Lnli/  hin/t, 
f||j|s..  10.  Till!  (',  iisii.i  of  1.S80  liln:c8  the  iiilliilxTof  mules  aii.l  ;\-siw  at  'JS,;t'M», 
:44.'»>'<>  ''••iiiU  i"  «'oiiisa,  and  •J,(HK)  in  Stanislaus,  la  KS'>0,  l.SlMt,  and  1S7S 
-f till  IV  Mere  I, (ilk),  ;<,(iN»,  an<l  IT.olH),  rc>.|iectively. 

^;|       '  III  llu!  early  cojunial  iieriiid  tiicre  w.ie  larv;<'  Ihveks  in  tlic  south,  of  a  )>oiir 

-,^ti"l<,  with  Mhort,  coarse  wool;  Imt  they  were  mostly  killed  atlcr  the  scciihiri- 

Mtiiiiiii,  the  rest  i.dliii;.;  into  iiei'lcet.     Similar  hiw-u'rade  animals  were  lnoiit^ht 

111  l.irjj'e  iiuinlMiro  from  New  Mexico  to  siijiply  the  mining  markets.     In  IS4',)-5l 


lit    .       :i 
I    . 


Ji 


1,1  ■• 


I'.l; 


00 


LIVE-STOCK. 


Goats  nrcivo  little  Jittontioii,  .iltlioni>li  a  iinmLor 
arc  always  lomul  in  the  outskirts  of  towns  and  vil- 

lariri'  iniiiiliors  imiiio.  ('irniti'.t  /'iinilMiiii/i,  MS.,  .■{',)-4();  IS.VJ,  4il,()  10,  sumh' sell. 
iiii;  fur.-.  I(';  ill  |>.");!,  l.'>."i,(IO(),  xcUiii^'  I'lir  !<'.(;  anil  l>_v  liS.'iS  ovit  ;!7ti,0.»il  iiiiui!, 
with  [iri'iM  I'lilli:!:,'  to  .S!.;>7.  Till'  111  -i  oil  l!io  way  troiii  ilii-it,  tliir-t,  linlian.s, 
fti'.,  t.iid,  il  to  .slop  till' tiMllic  ill  IT  IS,;0.  //ii/isA/iir.,  I'JT  :{•-•;  /•/.,  ///(/..  i. 
i!ll  111;  .ll'di'il.,  \\'\>.S.  I.S.'iJ,  I'tr.,  Iiir  imiiorts  i>rior  to  lS.'i;t;  tor  sMli-icinnnt, 
set!  II 'Jim'  J//.v,\,  (it;  V'lii  'I'lH  iip'.M  .17/'.,  .'!.)(■»;  I'.  S.  (\  iisii.m,  ISs.i,  111.  Iti:;."). 
From  ILiwaii  i-aiiii'  soiiu-  in  ls|7.  /'/■•/'//'<  I! i ]«>■<.,  !.').  Tlu'  lirst  to  iiitroiluiu 
AnifriiMii  ^lu•(■l)  for  wool-rai-iii  .'  wa.s  W.  W.  llolU.stir,  in  IS.'ilt,  ami  lie  <niii'kly 
madf  lii.s  I'orliiiio  tin  riliy,  as  nliti'l  ill  liis  SI  it.,  MS.,  •_'  4.  llu  li.i'  iinc  llio 
Woitliy  ma  ;natti  ot'  S.  IJ.nito  roiiiity,  uliicli  lia.-t  named  its  .srat  alter  liim. 
Flint,  li.xliy,  and  ( 'oli-  were  other  |ironiiiniit  liieiiiri-i.  Mnnlrrifi  ('.i.  Ihii., 
l."»7,  ete.  Alt!  iitioii  was  speeially  direeteil  to  iiii]irove  the  h: ced  with  S|i  iinsh 
inerino<,  for  wl.ieh  Venao'it.  raiilved  as  tlie  eeiitie  in  tiie  l'.  S.,  ainl  diliiiiL; 
the  ra|ii  1  growth  of  the  iiidii  .try  iliiiim;  '_'()  years  7">  per  eiiit  of  llie.sheip 
Iiave  li.eoiae  hi  di-,nr.ide  iiieriii<H.  ,\mo!i:^  thi' 1  irL:est  lloeNs  is  Stroliiid^;!  . 
ill  ll.i\  war  Is,  whuh  has  liroti;;lit  an  avera  ;e  of  .S"n  for  lireediiij;  ewes.  A  few 
}<oiitiichiwii-i  and  (  otswol  Is  Were  here,  ami  it  is  Mi|Plio>ed  that  \Mth  liiu  liioihli 
eat  ions  of  eiosersetthiiieiits,  tiie  Hie  li.-li  sliei  |i  will  L'row  in  fa\  or,  \\  illi  itsloni;(i 
lleeeeaail  .savory  unit  ton.  Iloyt  of  .-^ui-:nn  is  the  leailiii,'  hrei-d  r  of  Sh  re  i|>-iliirr~ 
So  f  ir  t!ie  SjKiiii  .li  thrives  ln'.^l.  'I'lii^  /'.  .V.  ('(;/</(.<  of  ISit),  iii.  T^I.Olii,  assigns 
(aliforiii  i  l.  l."n(.(MI;»  sill  ep,  exelii-ive  of  sprint;  lainlis.  and  nii'iiiiineiated  raii-i 
Jltn-ks,  whiili  would  make  the  total  ."i.TnO.ttttlt.  Fresno  and  l.os  .\ii  ;eles  h.i.i 
from  the  lii-  t  total  with  oS.i.dilO  aul  :;;iO.(»i>i»,  respectively,  followed  l.y  M.ii- 
ilueino  wi;ii  •:'.lo,(Hl.t,  jliinilioldt  iNti.O.Kt,  S.  .loaipiin  l.v_'.(».K),  Colusa  I'lW.tKKl, 
Mereed  Iii7,0lt0,  Sonoma  l."it),(t.lO.  (oirilo;i"s  report  iu  hi.  raises  the  nniiili.r 
greatly.  '1  lie  total  eensns  li-nres  for  ISiO,  l.s.n',  l.Sl»lt,  and  |S7(I  stand  .it 
17,.">.;ii,  ;!.">.iS,).',  l.dSS.dilO,  ami  •J,7riS,(!(H),  re-peetiNily.  In  |s7."i  li  ihedept  ni 
a-rieidliire  raised  the  total  to  (!.7(t.>.ll<M»,  rediieint!  it  t'ii:!,7l>ll.(>  K)  in  |S7!».  liic 
ilierea.se  li.is  liecli  eheeked  liy  .severe  ilroiii;hts,  siu-li  as  in  US.il  "J  aiiil  KSll.'i  t. 
when  several  siinthern  dislriets  were  aliiinst  stripped  of  sliee|(;  in  IS71  thy 
lo^t  •_';*  per  e.'iit ;  in  IS77  alioiil  'J.o.dl.O.X),  it  is  eliinied,  owin^  to  overstm  k  I 
ji.istiires;  IS7I  .">  and  1S7'.I  M)  were  partieillarly  srvire  for  the  north.  'I'lic 
j;io\\  ill  of  :,ettleiiients,  with  inerea-ed  eost  of  land  and  leiiee  laws  is  now  im- 
jiosiim  ree,  rietions.  'J'lie  aver.i:^e  r.iiiL;e  n'lpiirid  is  two  aeres  lor  eaeh  sin  |r 
in  the  iioilli  one  ai'ro  is  freipieiilly  elioilL;li.  The  expeil.so  is  e.iliiil  iled  al  ;i.i 
to  ,">,(  eeiil  i  per  head,  exeliisive  of  land,  whieli  can  he  Ica.sed  al  It)  to  'J.")  (nils 
jier  aere,  or  liiiiij^lit  al  .■:•■_'  to  .S").  See  / '.  S,  I  ■(■//.<vv.  1880,  l(i;>7-4;i,  for  e.>tiiii.iti\ 
Only  a  pio|)orl  mn  of  the  line  hreed  reeeive  slnlter  and  eiiltivated  food.  I  In' 
sli.i  |i  .11'. •  iickoned  at  .yJ.'-V)  a  he.id.  The  rei'eipts  may  lie  plaeed  at  Sl.."tl  inr 
Wool,  and  the  imrea.ie  at  fully  80  per  eeiit,  an  average  siislaiiied  liy  eirly 
lieaiin.;,  oUcii  lietore  the  slu'ip  are  a  year  old,  and  by  a  lar^e  pro|iortiMii  .  i 
twins  j'.nd  trildets,  the  avera^ie  twin  luaiing  Iieiiig  over  .'tO  p  r  eeiit  liit\>rui 
the  tliir  i  and  tenth  year.  A  loss  of  ten  [ler  eeiit  may  he  asenhed  to  stray  nii: 
and  ne;.;l  ■  t,  to  storms  and  wild  leasts  and  dogs,  poisonous  weeds,  and  ili.v 
eise.s.  'J'lie  only  « idespread  malady  is  seali,  wiiieh  exists  only  in  mild  fnriii. 
Fluke,  water  on  the  hrain,  and  fool-rot  are  still  less  prev.ilent.  !>roiiulit.>, 
lliietnating  priees,  and  had  inanagemeiit  Ining  oee.isioual  heavy  inllul  miii>. 
The  twoannii.il  shearings,  in  M.iy  and  Septemher,  l.iinhs  preferaMy  in  .Inly 
and  .Viiyiii  1.  y  uld  4  Ihs.  and  .'{  Ihs.  '  in  the  grease,"  respeetivtly.  The  aver.i.f 
ill  188.)  was  iS.  1 1  Ihs.  from  wethers,  ti.o.'!  from  ewes,  and  5.40  iioiii  lainlis.  Tlif 
avcragi'  for  the  I'.  S.  is  little  over  4  Ihs.  The  aim  is  to  iminove  the  hnid  t.' 
a  l.irgir  \  irld.  Stnhriilge's  merinos  yielded  an  average  of  ".'.>  Ihs.,  and  tui,' 
zly's  n-month-old  lleeee  weighed  4"-'  Ihs.  II,I/,U'.h  /,'.>•.,  'J7;t.  Shrop>liii'< 
yield  7  to  14  Ills.  The  loss  in  seouriiig  is  ahoiil  (i."i  pi'r  cent.  The  Oiii;.ii 
annual  li  Ui.  lleeee  loses  til)  per  ee  at.  The  rainier  north  ilislrnts  have  i  I.  imr 
Wtiol.  hill  ihe  .southern  claim  heavier  lleeces  from  their  more  noiiiishing  tli   >iJ. 


1 1  a  miinl)or 
/MS  mid  vil- 

4tl,0  »(),    SUIIII'  M'U. 

H'f  l!7*'>. ••>''•  lin>iu, 

I-,    tlUl--(,     llllllilll.H, 

:  :!J;  hi..  Iwl..  i. 
;!;  fur  slllisi'ilUi'Ut, 

^.^,  is.si.  111.  lo:;.'). 

lirst  to  iiitrniliiic 
•:!,  ami  111'  c|iiii'Lly 

111)  It.iMllli'   tliu 

s  scat  at'U'i'  liiiii. 
f.mlirii/  <'.>.  /I<4., 
•coil  with  S|iaiiisli 
i'.  S.,  ainl  dunii'; 

(•(■lit    of     tllO  sllL'til 

I'Us  is  Striiliiiilno 
liiifj  cwi's.  A  li« 
it  w  itli  llie  iimiUli 
vor,  Willi  itslimmi 
il  ruf  Sliii>i>sliir>x 
II.  7-«l,tHii,  aH(*i):iis 
i'iiiiuu'iali''l  viiu.i 
I  l.m  Aii:i'li'-i  1<  I'i 
follow. il  iiV  M'U- 
K»,  foliisa  IliS.dtHI, 
raisr.s  the  miiiilvr 
iinl  ls7(t  st.iiiil  .it 
1S7,"(  ()  the  tlfpl  >il 
1.0  Kl  111  IS7'.t.  Tlie 
l.S.il  -Jt  an. I  ISIi:i  I, 
li'ip;  la  IST I  th  y 
iliii  to  ovcrstoi  l>  I 
r  tlie  iiortli.  Hi'' 
ci"  l.iw.s  is  now  mi- 
res for  oai'li  she.  \<: 
is  caliul  ili!il  al  ;i."> 
■il  at  10  to  'J."i  <iiit.< 
7-41!,  for  o.-itini;itis. 
livalt'.l  f<io'l.  Till' 
lilacr.l  at  .•?l.."'0  h.r 
siistaini'il  l>y  iMily 
laruc  |)io|iorlioii  nl 
I)  |i  r  criit  lilt  Willi 
.sciiIkmI  to  .stray  iiii: 
Ills  wi'cils,  aiiil  ili.v 
,  only  ill  mill  foi'ni. 
amIc'iiI.  l>iou-lit.>. 
.1   lu'avy  iiillii-t >• 

[ircfiralily  la  ■^»\s 
vily.  Till-  avi  ri.'' 
i)  lioiii  laiiilis.  I  II' 
Minovf  tlu:  1)11 1'l  '■■• 
if  -J.)  Ills.,  ami  '-ii 
,  '21'.\.  Sliroii>liii'< 
ci'iit.  The  Oiv.^.ii 
istnrts  iiavi!  I'lriiur 

iioiirisliiii''  tli.'ii-t 


ri(!s  ANi>  ron/ruY. 


61 


lui^'i's.  AiiiLjoms  wcro  intnxluci'd  with  ^iviit  flourish 
in  tlic  fiitics,  hut  fnilcd  to  uu'ct  fxpcctjitioiis.  Thry 
ttiid  lilt'  cMshincivs  form  llu'  only  herd  uuiniais,  hut 
with  VI  i\'  I'fW  *.)['  hij^h  ^nulo,  and  not  t>l"  yrfut  value 
foi'  the  wool.' 

Tho  raisin-;' 111'  swine  i.s  rrstrictctl  hy  dry  pastures; 
:tlii"  warm  diniatf  intrrfcrcs  with  |>ork  packiiiLr,  and 
ffui't!  laws  havt'  provrd  a  chtck  in  some  (jiiarlris; 
ii«'\( fthc'lt'ss,  thcri'  ai-i'  luvorahK'  lucalit irs,  rs|>t'rially 
in  the  tulc  1  'ijions  of  San  .loa<juin  and  Sacramento, 
an<l  the  rapid  inorfaso,  thr  rr:u\y  maikt'ts,  and  th<^ 
gitiwth  of  irriLjatioii  arc  [)romoting"  the  expansion  of 
the  iiuiustiy.^ 

(dry  aii'l    lmr-iiifr.--t>'il   ]ia.stnro<:  ami   tlicy  as.-«iinif  tin-  ailvanta^,'o    in  luvoil. 

U'  >'.  '  I  iisiiy,  iNStt,  1(>4;{.  Tlu'  t  al.  wool  is  liiif,  tlioii:,li,  ami  I'.ir  lno.aicts  of 
.Jlor  facloru's  art!  wiilily  tstci  iiitil.     Ori-.ir's  ta'..l,  s  iil.icc  lli,:  tol..l  wool  yii'lil 

at  I."i0  tons  ill  iNVi,  I, '."00  in  |:>(i,»,  l.),0!K)  i.i  l:.7.>,  -S.t..);*  in  l:.7ti,  -  >,liK»  in 
iJ87S,  •_';!,():):»  in  Ks.SO,  aal  •_l,.''i«;j  in  1  I.  'I'litMTH-.ii.i  iimIiicci  liio;  I'lia  ;  iKa'oo 
llor 


'or   1  •' 0  to   H'.,K,l.>,(!()()  U.S.  froi.i  4. 1.'..»,(,.;0  .slii'fii.     'J'lio   iirii'o  ro.ii'   from    14 

cunt  i  \'i  r  111.  ill  INTO  to 'J".>  in  1:.7-',  ilnKai'  1  ^'lailiialK'  to  I  I '.  in  IS7i'>,  ami  ro- 

-vivi  1  to*„'in  iSSO;  avoiagc  f,  r  II  years  l'.:|  cfat-s.  fiiiiival.iit  to  .V7\ilH»,(HM>. 

jploviow  in  r.//.  .l;/;ji'.  iVo'-.,   Tunis.,  iiot.ilily  lS7.'{-7;  coin'i'miii}^  fr.imis,  Cdl. 

%Joiir.  Sill.,  U'o7-.S,  \\ir.  i>l.    Wool-;  rowirs'i'oiivi'iitioiis  toiieliinj,'  tliisi^  |ioiiits, 

cti'.,  aiiMiotnl  ia  ,S'  -•.  I'liiiii,  S,|)t.  •_.»,  1;  ol;  S.  F.  ('nil,  .l.ia.  'J'-',  IS71.     Vi  lato 

year  1  oaly  oiua.  io;;;.l  clioi.u  ai.'itnah  hivo   ln'iii   ilitroiliiii'il,  lir.t    tlm  i-.port 

■^  has  1  lien  "grow!  a;;,  fro:.i  ■'",, »,(;(),» ill    l;.77  I. >  nearly  l."i(),t)l)!)   in    l.i;;j  to   li'ialio, 

:feMonl,i;.a,  ..\rizo:i;i,  a  ;.l  New  Me.-.leo,  v.  1.1.  Ii  1 ;'.  i.r  neek«  tlie  laiperior  imrilioH. 

(M'Tlie  I'.rive  aero.i  Ari/ona  oeenjiies  fully  b.v.  a  i.ioiillis.     Ia  t'.;l.  ono  raia  can 

t  serve  l();(t'«-  a  fer  (l.r.-  >  year.s.    A  fewilo-  i;:rii  u.^ed.    One  .'.liejlienl  i  i  re.",arili  tl 
as  iiillieieiit  for  1,'.  .  .)to  'J.(.'!K)  f;lu  i  ^i.     'i  lie  lloek  is  n.iii.ally  ihlven  i.ilo  eorral.-» 
..  or  |ieas  (lariii'j  f  l.eliij^Iit  to  e  ii'ajiij  wilil  aniai.iLi.     'I'lio  eliaa -e  of  ]ia..;i:re  from 
:,  til  •  ilryiii;;  v.'iUeys  lo  tlie  laoiiataiiis  ia  niiiai.ier   is  iiiiiloiiliteilly  1  eiulieial. 
^Wi.li   j'ro|i;  r  earo  I'liriii;,'  eerlaiu  tsea.soa.t,  e-ijieeially  afler  rains,  tlie  ranges* 
vMTailn  r  )>ro'it  I'y  hlieep,  ill; lion; -li  Home  elaiiii  t!i:!t  the  tjuality  of  the  ;;rass  ile- 
^^Ktci  iiirates. 

^^H  'Nit  tiny  !;io  l.,.n.y,  t.L.ily  l,er«l>  .1,  i.ii.l  tin  re  i  i  room  to  e\[iauil  ia  onlep 
•^tt)!.!!'.  t  ti.e  (li.ai.iil  for  sl.in.i,  i.'.c.  T!.e  Sierra  \e\a''a  .'.lo|ii  s  j  :'e.  at  tlio 
.Im'.i.  iiioiiii.l  f,  r  i:n..i.  y ''..'.  y.'(o-../y'm-{.  May  Jo,  |,S7.'>:  .May  HI.  .1;:  .«!  7,  I' 7'.'; 
■  Si  I  r«ir'i.  I'll  :.^,  .);.n.  X,  M.reli- Ar.^'.,  Kov.-Dee.,  I.i7i"i;  S.  ./.-.  •  T:  ..is,  Aug. 
2(>,  1S711;  (  '.III.-:  I , 'inn,  .M.yL7,  1:  7.'.;  J.xUm. /.nli/i,;  Mar.  li  JJ.),  i;i7o;  J'l  m-o 
Hi]>ii'i.,  .Ian.  II,  l.7i';  -Manli  '-..'.,  K'7>':  ^\'r/.^,llll■illl^  Tnurcr.,  .In  a-  •_»,  1;>77; 
Sej.t.  i:i,  l;i7;';  Y.'li  Uiii.ni,  Oct.  117,  l;i77;  Oct.  '_\>,  K;7o;  7'-.'  /.  (\.iirivr. 
Dee.  -Jl,  l;;;.  ;  .'•'. ./..  <  \  Tii'.um;  IVl).  •.':•.,  1S7S;  S.  r.  <V'//,  May  tlS,  .li.ly  Jli, 
Dee.    ilil,     I,,,  I;   iVjit.  i.'l,  137.";   VV.'/..  ,.,-<   .VV.,    .luie    l.",    l;i7'J:   S.  J'.   Ii,illrt:.i, 

Oit.    ."I,    lo,.^;.liily  17,   iSi:;;;  .l,:!y  t.,'i,   I;.Vl;.I.a.   L.'i,    KSNO.      For  l.ws   t,» 

nvitr.ii.i  ami  [  ro'.eet  .slieep,  s,.c  t   ji.cl.dlv  C  V.  >S:  :lii/i.i,  1,..".7,  --7;   l'".'\  111."; 

18.V.»    111):  I ;;(K I,  :;:;•.•;  abo  I.,;_',  ];u;,  l;",7(),  I.S71;  'noiii]>.<nii'.H  I.   ."'/  i\:n,:; 

..  o«.say  a  a..  I  r.ji  ;•;.(  <  n  Klieep  i  I  (',./.  .!  ,T,V.  (Voc,  Tniiis.,  VMW,  i;:i-!.";"  l;ii"4-.''), 

I   0:«  .">,  •.:,'.»  .",(),  4,x;;   I..74,  4:.)  :\\  5.;.;-".);  lUilln-'n  Mim/rn  j,  I  I    K;  C  I.  Jour. 

>f   Si'ii.,   ISt;."!  C,  r.ji.  I.",  iji.  i:!-l.";  (;c,  ;-/(tH(/,  viii.  4.S<M»7;   xii.  ."i.Vi  (',:,;  y,<r,ll,off'n 

#    Viii,    •_:U-7;   A.  .I;e/.  /,'.-■;..,  N.  v.    IL',    l:vS:i:   lliiij,.-,'  A.,ii.:,   ,->.!  7,  t>.">,  <'t  seii.; 

:|    A'/./c/y/'s  /.;/;,  iM;;.,  ru.     C.  r,.  J'^iilcyof  WiulsWorth,'  Ncvatla,  ii  the  leailing 

M    breeiler  <if   .\iigoras,  owning  7.(HK). 

^  "TIlo   numhcr  of  (twine  lias  increiweil   from  •J,7<I0   in    KS."iO  to  4ri(i,(N)0  in 


M 

11  ' 

f' 


OS  LIVE-STOCK. 

Poultry  have  been  profitable  on  a  small  scale,  but 
attempts  to  extend  the  business  liave  for  the  m(i>t 
part  proved  failures." 

The  honey-bee  was  not  found  in  California  prior  to 
1852,  when  tlie  first  hive  was  broui^lit  from  the  east. 
Although  suflbrini^  in  some  di.stricts  from  drouujht,  it 
increased  rapidly  along  the  streams,  and  especially  in 
San  Diego  county.^" 

1S()0,  4t4,0(J0  in  1870,  ami  60.1,ri00  in  1880.  Tulare,  with  its  rich  tule  ngion, 
Il'uiIh  with  3(i,(KX>,  fullowt'd  liy  Los  Angeles,  rich  in  niai/.u-fiiKU,  with  .'W,(A)0; 
hyColusa,  Ventura,  Sonouia,  Yolo.  For  oarly  iliovt's,  seo  A(w  .Iw;/.  Co.  7//.'., 
ami  Siitioiii'i  /tl.;  ami  for  first  arrivals,  J'mi:  St.  I'up.,  Ben.  Mil.,  i.  18;  »!/..»- 
leri'i/  I'iirr.,  2'J.  Horkshircs  wuro  introduceil  in  IHtt.  J'irLiU'n  Krjiim.,  J,"); 
.Ufa  Oil.,  Nov.  l.'.,  18')7;  S.  F.  Jliilktln,  July  11,  18.")9;  Nov.  21,  Jsik),  eto.; 
Sin  Bih-h.  /'/vv-s  March  9,  1878;  May  17,  187'J. 

•Tho  collection,  excKeditig  say  oflO  hens,  attracts  a  swcoping  aiwiilcctio 
epidemic.  Artificial  hatching  establishments  are  increasing.  The  ci-nsus  of 
1880  iilaoes  the  number  of  poultry  at  l,(i<)0,000,  producing  5,770,0t»O  d<./.n 
eggs  in  1879.  Alta  Cul.,  Aug.  8,  1854,  coninienta  on  tli«  growtii  of  iioultry- 
r.iising.  Prov.  St,  Pup.,  Brn.  Mil.,  i.  18,  refers  to  intro<Iuctions  m  ITT'.'. 
Ostrich  farming  has  of  late  years  become  an  industry  1  i  Los  Angeles.  iS.  P.  W. 
('■III.  Dec.  21,  1882;  S.  P.  Bull.,  Oct  18,  188;i;  Oct.  30,  1886,  refer  to  it« 
introduction  from  South  Africa  and  the  favorable  progress, 

"  VV.  A.  IJuckley  brought  tho  first  hive  from  New  York.  Alta  Cat.,  July 
1,  18.VJ.  T.  Sliilton,  wrongly  claiuKul  to  bo  the  first,  in  iS\  J.  Pioneer,  J.in. 
27,  IS77.  He  obtained  12  swarms  from  a  di.sgusted  passenger  at  Aspinw.ill, 
a:id  himlod  one  in  safety  in  Man  i;  18.">.'i,  which  threw  off  three  swarms  the 
first  siason.  Two  of  these  sold  in  Dec.  18."i3  for  $105  and  $110.  Tho  kiihc 
year  some  of  tho  small  and  stingless  Mexican  boea  arrived.  In  ISTiS-G,  st  v- 
eral  largo  importations  were  made,  from  which  honey  sold  at  $1.50  to  ftJ  fur 
lb.  Auumg  the  importers  was  Harbi.son,  subsequently  the  leading  apiarist  nf 
the  state,  who  published  The  Bfr-liejyrs  Dirert^ni,  S.  F.,  1861,  12°,  440  pji., 
to  guide  tho  rising  imlustry.  This  in  IS.VJ-tiO  embraced  6,000  swarms,  li\it 
soon  met  with  reverses  from  diseases  and  inexperience,  and  from  dceliiuiii,' 
prices,  25  cents  per  lb.  in  18(i7.  Crnni-sc'ii  dil.,  373.  lios  Angeles  was  then  tin' 
leading  producer.  Harbison,  so  far  nt  Sacravv  uto,  opened  about  this  time  i'l 
Nan  Diugo,  which  soon  assumed  the  head,  claiming  20,000  stands  iu  1880.  It 
was  followed  by  S.  Bernardino,  Nta  Barbara,  V^entura,  Los  Angeles,  Kern. 
and  S.  Joaquin,  whoso  production  of  honey,  according  to  the  U,  S.  Ceifm  <f 
1880,  stand  respectively  at  91,000,  83,600,  S^.OOO,  48,000,  44,500,  29.7(H),  au.l 
2.'),000  lbs.,  the  total  for  tho  state  being  574,000  lbs.  of  honey,  and  14,600  of  wax. 
It  was  at  tirst  supposed  that  the  bee  could  not  thrive  in  so  dry  a  summer  re- 
gion, and  indeed,  heavy  losses  have  occurred  through  tlroughts  as  iu  1877,  but 
they  do  well  along  streams  and  also  in  mountain  regions.  Many  a  hive  has 
m;ule  200  lbs.  iu  a  season.  Horticulturists  have  fre(iue!itiy  raised  an  outcry 
against  them,  JJhi/im'  MonUiry,  90,  Tuylnr'a  Bet.  Outfit,  268-9,  for  feeding  on 
grapes,  and  especially  apricots.  Tho  wild  sago  of  tho  mountains  yields  a  tiiif 
honey,  and  some  apiarsts  of  the  great  valley  used  to  send  their  hives  to  the  Siirra 
sloi)ea  for  fresh  pasture.  Tho  honey  of  tho  coast  valleys,  with  their  varid 
fiowers,  has  a  peculiar  flavor  resembling  that  of  Mt  Hymcttus.  Tliat  from 
the  honey  dew  deposited  by  the  aphis  is  coarse  an<l  unfit  for  market.  Tlie 
great  enemy  of  tho  l)ee  is  tho  bee-moth,  which  enters  tho  hives  and  nuns 
them,  unless  closely  watched ;  the  bee-bird  and  lizard  confine  their  raiiN  t" 
l»oes  on  tho  flowers.  Estimates  of  exiienses  are  given  in  Com.  and  /ml.,  -Tr>: 
in  Htxi-hUon;  McP/ierson's  Loa  Amj.,  32-4;  Ilaifes  Affric,  186;  UawUyt  Ainjc 


^ 


AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETIES. 


63 


all  scale,  l)ut 
for  tho  most 

irnia  prior  to 

rom  tlio  east. 

in  drou<:fht,  it 

especially  in 


ts  rich  tulo  ngion, 
(i(  Ida,  with  'XiMM; 
l,im  .•!«</.  <  '(>.  J/i-'., 
II.  Mii.'i.  18;  J/wi. 
'irkeU'it  K-ryoi.,  l."i; 
iov.  21,  ISOO,  etc.; 

wcoping  ai>oi)k'tti(; 
ng.  The  ci.'iiMiis  of 
ig  5,770,0(K)  <l..-'iu 
growtli  of  jiiniltry- 
oihictiim.'*  m  1T7J. 
)  Angeles.  S.  /'.  W. 
1885,  refer  to  it« 
I. 

rk.  AUa  Cal,  July 

S.  J.  I'ioHfer,  .Ian. 

nger  at  Aspinwall, 

f  tlireo  swarms  il;e 

id  $110.     Tho  sjiiiie 

tl.     In  I8.'i5-G,  SI  V- 

I  at  fl.50toi:2v'r 

J  leading  apiarist  nf 

ISCl,  12°,  440  IP  , 

6,000  Bwartns,  Imt 

and  from  dci-liiuiLi; 

iigeles  was  tln-n  tlie 

I  about  this  time  i'l 

sUuds  in  18S0.     It 

j08  Angeles,  Kern. 

tho  U.  S.  Ci-ii'Oi-i  <■( 

44,500,  29.7(H),  an.l 

,andl4,C)00ofw;ix. 

o  dry  a  Bummer  re- 

jilts  as  in  1877, 1'ut 

Many  a  hive  has 

iy  raised  an  outcry 

8-9,  for  feeding  on 

ntains  yields  a  tiiu' 

ir  hives  tothe  Sierra 

with  their  varu  1 

iettus.     Tliat  fr.nii 

for  market,    ll"' 

10  hives  and  nnii» 

nfine  their  raiil^t" 

""nm.  ami  Itul.,  -"•'': 

80;  hawky'$  Awjc 


Ai^MJculturists  took  an  early  opportunity  to  impress 
upon  the  eonnniniity,  by  means  of  exliibition.s,  that 
thf  wi  ahli  of  California  was  not  restricted  to  tho 
fitlds,  hut  tliat  hcT  counth'ss  valleys  contained  the 
most  prolific  of  soils  and  the  most  attractive  features 
f(ir  huildinj,'  homos  and  yielding'  sure  competence  and 
even  riches.  Enterpris(\s  of  this  nature,  l>ein<^  left 
to  private  efi'orts,  were  Kd  by  T.  Shelton,  who  in 
Novtinbor  ISf)!  |L(ave  at  San  Franci.sco  a  di.splay  dig- 
nified by  tlic  a[>pellation  <»f  a>;ricultural  and  mineral 
fair,  M'itli  line  s[»ecimens  from  farms  and  gardens  in  the 
b;iy  countiis,  and  even  from  Nevada  and  Tuolumne." 
His  suceoss  induced  Warren  &  Son  to  open  a  more 
inijiosing  exhibition  at  Sacramento  on  SeptemlKT  20, 
li<)-2,  and  another  at  San  Franci.sco  on  Oct(»ber  5, 
IS.').".,  with  mineral  collectiotis,  art  treasures,  lectures, 
and  other  attraction.s,  and  a  number  of  valuable  pre- 
niiunn.'" 

Witli  so  encouraging  an  example,  a  number  of 
jinnninent  agriculturists  united  to  organize  in  1854 
the    State    Aufricultural    Society,'^  which  henctjforth 

/. -■,  lOl-'J;  <\,iln,->l,  .July  IS8-J;  ,•?.  /•'.  tVinm.,  Nov.  12,  ISS.3;  diL  A  r<jir.  Sor., 
Tr  ■„.■<.,  l6o!),  '-tf-'-WS. 

"  Vot  eliii'tly  f'-oiii  Sta  Clara.  A  few  prizi's  were  distriliutcd,  notably  one 
t'l  a  hat  itialiufaotiii'  r.  .V.  /'.  l/trald,  Nov.  II,  l.Vil;  AU't,  itc. 

'-  111  cups,  medals,  tto.  la  <)ct.  IS.').'}  a  ciiurcli  congreiiitioii  licld  a  World's 
Mini  ituro  Vairwith  curious  and  artistic  exliibits  ri|irf»»'iitin;;  ditfi-reiit  coun- 
t  :  s.  Al/aCal.,  Oct.  0,  18.V1;  /-A,  Sept.  20  to  Oct.  IS-VJ;  Oct.  H.  Nov.  11,  18.V<; 
7/  .-ii/i/,  etc.;  Cal.  Sinle  FairSrnijK,  0  et  soq. 

'"  I'udLT  the  prcsiilency  of  F.  W  Macoiidray,  with  «ix  vice-prcs.  Im-or- 
.  tiiir  itfd  May  l;{,  lS,"i4,  with  powur  to  liuy  land  and  eri-ct  bt;d>ii:ijs  for  modul 
•  1...  IS  aii'l  fxliiliifioiia.  After  sliiftiiig  from  place  to  ]ilaof  it  w;u  in  IMJO  jier- 
At..  i  :..ly  loiati'il  at  Sac.  By  act  of  March  20,  IJs.kS,  the  niaiiageincnt  was 
,i;i::.;  Uil  to  a  board,  consisting  of  a  president  ami  nine  directors,  to  Imj 
cl..  U'l  ailtT  1802  by  an  annual  convention  of  memln-TS  of  said  society,  and 
»lcl.;;;,iU's  from  county  and  district  agric  societies.  An  act  of  March  21, 
L'.TJ,  aiMiropriated  ,*.".,000  for  the  society,  $3,000  for  the  Bay  District  Agric. 
Soo.,  and  $J,(XX)  each  for  a  number  of  county  an<l  district  societies,  solely 
ttiward  prcMiiumH.  Any  person  was  ailmitted  a  member  on  i>aying  $5  a  year, 
wivh  privilege  to  use  the  library.  ^7.  StUut'H,  1S.">4,  ls.".8,  lS7i^  etc.;  Oil. 
Ajrii:  Soc.,  '/V<(;m.,  prefaces,  etc.  It  long  struggled  under  a  debt  wliich  at 
one  tinie  reached  $30,000,  but  this  was  cloare.l  olf  by  1>.70.  Tho  need  for 
n.  w  biiilding.s,  grand-stand,  and  improvements  in  tlie  park  caused  an  cxikju- 
<litureof  .'JI.->,000  in  1S72-,".,  toward  which  the sUto contributed,  W-.sides  adding 
to  premiums,  leaving  oidy  $1G,0(K)  debt.  Since  then  the  society  h;w  pros- 
pered. Report  in  Cfl.  J<„>r.  Snu,  1S7.V6,  np.  4:i;  /./.,  18C2,  ai*.  34;  1854, 
\'}S1'  ****•»  J^'fteWs  Code,  ii.  KJGO.     Ta-k  inauijuratioa.  AUi  Cal.,  July  24, 


:'     \> 


1 


f"i 


64  LIVK  STOCK. 

assiimrd  11|M  lead  in  siicli  i'\liil)iti()n.s,  Ix'^lnniiii^  with 
IH.")  I,  jiiid  t'ostt'iiii!^  imj)r()voim.'iits  in  lUnnin;^,  liorti 
niltuiv,  stock-hrc'cilinjj,',  aiul  coijn.iU!  inilu.strio.s,  Jiiclcd 
by  tli(!  state  with  prciniums  ami  means  to  sustain  cx- 
jxriintntal  ^rounds.  Jt  In'ramo  tlio  licad  I'or  tliu 
countvand  district  ai^ricultural  socit.'tios,  wliich  spraiiLj 
up  tliit)ui;li(»ut  the  state,  with  similar  local  aims  and 
ex  hi  hits.'' 

These  oi'^ani/ations  lent  inten.'st  to  the  |Ljener;;l  and 
special  meetinjj^s,  such  as  conventions  of  stock-raisers, 
^vheat  and  iruit  growers,  «;ardei:ers,^''  and  sericultur- 
ists  lor  ]»roniotin_iif  certain  ohjects.  Tlicy  did  much  to 
sustain  the  excitement  in  vaiious  industries  that  a<4i- 
tati'd  the  state  at  ditlerent  times,  and  to  seek  protec- 
tion aLij'ainst  opposiuL^  inteicsts.  At  one  time  apiarists 
and  horticulturists  wire  in  array  aL»;ainst  each  other. 
Then  raisers  of  cer(-'als  an<l  live-stock,  durinij^  the  t'ence- 
law  moNCUK'nt  of  the  sixties.  Then  aijain  all  theso 
united  together  to  face  the  merchants,  freiijht  carriers, 

'*  An  ai't  of  lS(i((,  Ctil.  Sfiilntci,  souulit  to  fiicmiragi' tlicir  forniatioii,  ami 
l)y  act  ipf  IST-  !;  -',(•■•<)  I'arh  wiTi;  }.'iaiitf(l  fur  prumiiiiii.s  to  tliosu  of  St.i  Clara, 
S.iiionia  aii'l  Marin,  S.  .luacniiii,  N<irtlifru  ilistrict,  l']>iiir  Sac,  Si-ki.'oii,  I.(n 
Aiigi'li's  J>ay  District  llnrticiiltiiral  and  Cal.  Vine  ( irower.-!.  Fur  llicir  dc- 
vrliipiiicut,  NCI'  S.  Josi'  /'iiiiiii r,  Juno  S,  1S7J<;  Jini/  J>l-<t.  J/orfir.  Sm:,  Tniiii., 
177-,  etc.;  S.  Joi"/.  .l;/rii:  Sni\,  TniiiK.,  ISOl,  I'te.,  tlio  latter  orgaiii/cd  in 
IS.")',).  V  111  II  Sac.  also  inrmed  a  .^ixcid  agric.  soc.  'I'liu  Smitliera  Cal.  Ay. 
Soc.  had  trouldcs  iu  1S7.<.  Tlie  Sunuiiia  foniied  in  18.")."),  and  also  tli.,'  Viiha- 
Sutter.  .V"c.  L'liini,  May  14,  .lidy  •J4,  An;.'.  17,  IS.'io.  Tlio  .state  horticultural 
m)ciety  jiroposed  a  fair  ii»  l.',.")ii.  A/.,  l)ce.  lit,  IS."l>.  The  transaction.!  of  many 
fif  these  socielir.s  are  puhlishcd  in  <'■./.  Ai/rii:  iVoc,  Truu-i.  Sie  al  o  county 
histories  in  ]liiii'.<  A'/rir,,  dil.  /''nniii;  Hitnil  I'r<s>!.  Citrvis  fairs  have  lately 
hciMPine  a  feature  in  l,os  Angeles,  Sta  IJiirhara,  and  S.  l>iegi>.  L.  An  /.  Ilinilil, 
.M  inh  C,  issa-  .March  17,  'h,  \hS\;  May '-'4,  1SS2;  •S'.  /'.  Coll,  March  hi,  IS.SL'. 
S.  K.  and  Sac.  follow  the  example.  S.  F.  <  /iio,i.,  -Ian.  14,  '20,  IfSSti.  In  early 
days  female  e(|uestriennes  formed  a  featniv  at  the  fairs.  At/d  CaL,  St'[)t.  12',l, 
1S."m.  Later  gandiling  has  risen  into  an  evil.  Agric.  ilisplays  form  a  feature 
also  in  the  industrial  exhihitions  under  auspices  of  the  Meclianies'  In.ititute, 
(irgani/.i  d  in  I8."),">,  and  opening  its  lirst  fair  at  S.  F.  on  Sept.  7,  18t")7,  for 
three  Weeks.  Mir/,.  Iii.-tit.,  /,'(]>(irl  Fiivl  IiiiIiikI.  Ex/i.,  1  l.")7;  W'UlidliiK'  Stilt., 
MS.,  1(J,  comment  on  its  site,  corner  of  Sutter  and  Montgomery  sts,  and  its 
snci'css.  A  It  I  i  III.,  li'ilii  I'm,  Sept.  18.")7.  The  legislature  created  a  state  agric. 
hoard  to  fo-ter  tanning.  See  report  hy  it  in  (Jul.  Jour.  Sen.,  18Go  0,  ap.  lo. 
Hut  the  agiic.  soc.  carry  out  its  aims  cijually  •well. 

'■'  A  gener.d  convention  held  at  Sac.  in  18.")5  is  reported  in  IFwjvh  Aijric, 
4(5  .")();  Ski-.  I'ldmi,  Apr.  l!(i,  18.").").  Wheat-growers  pr»)poscd  an  organization 
in  1881.  .V.  /•'.  I  /iron.,  S.'pt.  1."),  1881.  Kruit-growera  met  in  enthusiastic 
spirit  in  IS.')!>,  .S'.  /'.  Bnllitiii,  Sept.  10,  18.")'.),  and  organized  in  1885.  S.  /'. 
i'/inm.,  Oct.  1."),  Nov.  12,  1885;  .Ian.  'J*-',  188G.  The  Gardeners' Aa».,  dating 
itincu  1874,  is  composed  chiully  of  Italians. 


"i 


I'ATIUt.NS   UF   liU.>UANl»llY. 


65 


',!jriimliii,'  witli 
niiiiig,  jiorti 
ustries,  aitkd 
o  sustain  ex- 
it 'ad  ibr  till' 
kvJiifli  spraiiLf 
cal  aims  and 

!  <?oner;;l  and 
-stock-raisers, 
d  st'riciiltui'- 

d\d  imicli  to 
ies  that  ai:i- 
seek  iirotoc- 
iino  apiarists 

eacli  otlior. 
v^  tlio  tV'iice- 
lin  all  those 
uj'ht  carriers, 

r  fiirni.ition,  ainl 
)s(j  (if  Sti  C'liini, 
c,  Si.kiM.u,  J,(n 
For  their  dc- 
■f'f.  ,S;ii:,  Tram., 
ter  org.iiii/cd  in 
utlifrii  ( ':il.  A^. 
il  also  til,,'  VuIki- 
:ito  hortit'ultiiral 
sactioii.i  of  iriaiiy 
Sec  al  o  county 
fairs  liuvu  lately 
A.  A II J.  Ilrrald, 
Maicl'i  Itl,  18.S2. 

ISiSO.  Jii  early 
I  (al.,  Sept.  t>\), 
a  form  a  feature 
allies'  Institute, 
l>t.    7,    1S,")7,  for 

WUliniiiH  Slot., 
lery  sts,  ami  its 
:il  a  state  ajjric. 

18tjj  0,  ap.  1"). 


and  otlior  middlu-mon,  who,  not  content  with  j^Towini,' 
rich  at  the  fxpi-nso  of  producers,  combined  in  rinj;s 
and  nionoi)<)lies  t<t  niani}mlato  markets  and  rates  Ibr 
uinoiis  extortion.  Tht  se  evils  had  already  roused 
tlie  lanners  of  the  eastern  states  to  organize  in  18(17 
thi!  oKJir  of  patrons  of  husbandry,  eentriii'4  in  a 
nati..n;d  !;ran.;e.  After  an  i\X\  iiipt  in  l!S7l  to  er<-aj,o 
a  special  union,  the  farmers  of  California  in  187^} 
joined  this  successful  movement  and  fornu-d  a  state 
<4run.;i',  which  within  six  months  counted  more  than 
100  subordinate  *,aani,'es,  in  -\  counties.  At  first  an 
established  business  Hrm  was  chosen  to  export  and  sell 
their  .suri)his  t^rain  and  itroduc-,  and  fift(>en  carj^oes 
were  despatched  in  1874;  but  this  house  failinj;,  the 
*'r;in'4t  rs'  Imsiness  association  was  oij^anized,  which 
also  undertook  by  direct  arranjjfement  with  ini|H.rters 
anil  manufacturers  to  jirocunsand  forw.'ird  imidemeiits, 
groceries,  and  other  Lr'">ds  at  low  rates.  The  grange 
and  its  branches  further  promoted  the  establishment 
of  farmers'  banks,  warehouses,  and  cooperative  stores 
in  sewral  towns,  even  the  construction  (jf  I'ailways; 
all  aiming  to  defeat  s])eculators  and  extortion,  and 
obtain  i(M<ly  and  diiect  markets,  siiving  in  commis- 
sions and  profits  fi-om  a  to  50  per  cent,  on  sales  as 
well  as  purchases,  and  benefiting  the  farming  commu- 
nity tlirougliout  by  forcing  competing  middle-men  to 
greater  comjiliance.'" 

'"This  very  coinplianc*,  ami  the  growth  of  earryiiig  enterprises,  in  which 
many  lanners  were  interested,  sirved  iii  a  measure  to  clii  ek  the  .anlor 
whieh  111  ukeil  tlie  first  enrolment  lor  tlie  grauju  anl  its  tributary  uiiileit.ik- 
iiiL's.  'J'luy  jirosper,  nevertluless,  siillieieiitly  to  conlimie  tin  ir  l.i-k  mi  wi  I>  ly 
lieiiclieeMt,  direct  and  indirect.  The  hiiccis.s  of  the  uo-feiice-l.iw  agllatioii 
h.id  served  to  reveal  to  the  farmers  their  growing  strength,  and  to  ciicourage 
thiiii  to  haail  for  resistance  against  other  extortions  and  nuioachnitnt-i. 
'I'hi  y  liad  long  clamored  against  tiie  inerehaiit.s  and  miihlle-meii,  who  availed 
thiiiisi  Ives  of  tile  hrljile.ss  condition  of  a  large  proportion  among  liu.-liandnieii. 
Transport, it  ion  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of  iiKinopolists,  who  forced  the  pro- 
ilucers  to  ]iay  eiioiiuoiis  prices  fjir  moving  their  grain  and  fruit.  The  banks 
al>o  conspircil  todemaiiil  a  higher  percentage  for  lo.ms  upon  county  pmiierty 
than  upon  city  estate.  For  these  ills  lay  remedy  in  eiMijieration.  On  Oec. 
7,  1S7I,  a  farmiTs'  clul)  was  formed  at  Sac,  followed  l>y  similar  a.ssociatioiis 
in  ot'.ier  towns,  and  swin  after  their  representatives  met  in  eonveiiiioii  to 
organize  tlie  I'armers'  J'rotective  I'nion  jA'agnc,  of  which  J.  Hidwrll  liecame 
the  lir-t  prr-i^Ient.  At  tlic  lirst  meeting  of  the  board,  in  .Taiiiriry  ]S7l?,  were 
discusseil  plans  for  a  proiluce  exchange,  loan  bank,  etc.,  with  appeal.-!  for 
llisT.  Cal.,  Vol..  VII.    D 


I;i''  '■ 


i-  ■'+: 


M  LIVE-STOCK. 

local  clulta  to  form  fta<l  nustuiii  them.  Ciil.  A'ji'i''-  Snr.,  Tmns,,  1872,  777  84. 
Tho  S.  •Iii«4{iiiii  FiinncrM'  Uiiimi  foniiol  at  MUicktnii.  and  ho  forth.  At  thu 
Hecoml  iiiurtiiijj  ill  Aiiril  \S~',\,  iH^titiuiis  wi-ro  Iraniuil  for  tlio  K'KiHliiturt)  to 
advocatu  reiiuctioii  ot  duty  on  Ha<-kH,  juto,  I'tc.  Hv  this  tiiiio  tho  iiiuiiihfrti 
h;id  hi'coiiio  iiiiproHxi-d  with  the  miiKirior  foaturcx  of  the  irraiige  inovi'ment  in 
thi!  uiiMtcni  Rtatt'H,  and  this  iitcctiiiK  with  ^ciivral  favor,  tho  tinioii  liMliiinded. 
().  II.  Kelluy,  nf  tho  hurttau  ofagrit'idtiiro  at  Washington,  liad  in  I8(i*i 
lic'cii  Nlrui.'k  hy  tiiu  Iwdjih^MS  condition  of  the  farndng  int(t^c'^^t.4,  and  conferring 
with  W.  M.  Irchiiid,  of  tiie  ixMt-otllcu,  and  othon*,  no  coniiiilud  u  iil.iii  for  tho 
Or'l.Tof  I'atronsiif  IluHhandry.  W.  Saunders,  of  tho  agricultural  di'pt,  gave 
it  hi.i  active  sujiport,  and  cstahlislietl  thu  National  Grange  on  ))<'c.  4,  IMiT. 
Mhi-Hii'h  IIUI.  </riiii-jf  Mi>iviiifiit.,  401-9.  At  lirst  tlie  exiioiuion  was  gradual, 
and  in  I87.'(  it  cinhracod  only  10  states,  hut  hy  1 M74  over  30  had  juiucil,  and 
i:i  is;.')  over  1,4(K),(XK)  iiieinl.ers  stcxKl  eniintid,  v.ith  oviTS18,0«K>.0(MHnveNt.d 
in  Warehouses,  elevators,  mills,  haj?  factories,  fniit  canneries,  cotton  gins,  ete. 
In  Iowa  more  than  half  tho  elevators  wero  controUctl  hy  Patrons.  Tim 
fjrangu  |>roinoted  tho  fonnation  of  mutual  inHurance  coiiipanioa,  puhlislicil 
inforination  on  crops  and  markets,  fostered  arhitration  in  lieu  of  costly  liti^.i 
tion,  and  estahlished  agencies  in  all  parts  forcxchangiug  prmluce  aiidarraii^'- 
iiig  for  cheaper  groceries,  implements,  clothing',  etc.  In  Indiana  alone  the 
agency  did  a  husiness  of  over  $'.'.')0,(KK),  saving  to  I'atrons  on  implements  .'i.'i 
to  .'>()  per  cent,  and  on  {groceries  and  clothing  6  to  '20  per  cent.  W,  JI.  Haxter, 
of  N.tpa,  had  commiinioated  with  the  national  grange  in  1871,  and  reeeivi d 
a  eoiiuiiission  as  deputy.  Hu  took  i>art  in  thu  delilierations  of  the  Farmers' 
Union,  and  prepared  the  way  for  the  siK'cial  deputy,  N.  W.  <!arretson,  wjio 
organized  tho  reipiisite  nuiiuxT  of  sulioriiinatu  granges  toward  forming,  at 
Nai)a,  on  July  lo,  IS73,  the  Cal.  State  «!nuige  of  I'atrons  of  Hushandry, 
with  J.  W.  A.  Wri;;ht  as  lirst  ma.ster.  Its  mendiers  to  he  composed  of  mas- 
ters of  Huh-granges,  and  their  wives,  as  matrons;  its  otiieers  to  hu  eho«en 
every  two  years,  including  an  executive  committee  of  six;  meeting  annually , 
on  the  lirst  Tuesday  in  Oct.  Any  (Kirscm  interested  in  a>;ri<'ultur.il  pursuii  * 
might  Ix!  admitted  as  a  iik?mher  of  suh-granges;  fee  fj't  for  males,  ii'J  fur 
females;  minimum  monthly  duos  10  cents  from  each  mendier,  a  percentag:! 
going  to  the  state  grange;  otiiccrs  'de(;tcd  annually;  the  sick  must  ho  vi.ili  .1 
and  cared  for;  cruelty  to  animals  forhidden.  Furtlier  general  rules  and  hy- 
laws  iu  Carr'a  llituhnmlnt.  I.VI-7.  Si>ocial  laws  in  I'lilrmin  of  llusUunliii, 
I ji mh' n  Omnije.  (no.  50),  Constit.,  1-21.  At  tho  lirst  annual  meeting  hehl  in 
Oct.  187^1,  at  S.  .Jose,  104  granges  from  '24  counties  wero  represented.  Atiii 
i'aL,  Oct.  1"),  187.'1.  It  was  hero  residved  to  emidoy  husiness  agents  at  S.  F. . 
and  the  best  proposals  coming  from  A.  F.  Walcott,  of  tiio  lirm  E.  K.  Mor- 
gan's Sons,  of  N.  York  and  Liverpool,  ho  received  the  appointment,  (i.  1*. 
Kellogg  heing  the  lirst  speeial  agent  for  the  grange  to  watch  the  oiHTations 
of  this  linn,  and  arrange  with  importers  and  dealers  in  implements,  grocer- 
ies, etc.,  for  reduced  rates  to  Patrons.  Roused  by  this  independence  of 
action,  the  opposition  Ixistirrcd  themselves  to  intlato  the  market,  to  transfer 
to  Walcott  their  chartered  vessels  at  a  heavy  advance,  and  to  excite  him  to 
make  heavy  advances  and  rash  purchases.  Tiie  grange  of  <mly  one  year's 
•  xistenco  saw  with  pride  the  deiiarture  of  15  vessels  in  1874,  la4len  with  their 
grain;  hut  before  they  reached  their  transatl'.iitic  market  Walcott  had  suc- 
euMd>ed  in  bankruptcy,  leaving  a  host  of  farmers  to  me  their  coutidenei^ 
Tho  grange  had  nevertheless  demonstrated  its  value  by  the  large  s.-iv- 
i:igs  etiectcd  through  its  own  agent  on  graio.  commissions,  shipping  charges, 
ami  tonnage,  and  on  implements  and  groceries,  by  promoting  dealings  direct 
with  principals.  Carr,  HnHlHimlnj,  ItiO,  estimates  the  saving  to  patrons 
alone  at  over  $0,000,000  for  the  hrst  year.  Tliis  prospect  had  encouragetl 
the  grange  in  April  1874  to  promote  a  system  of  warehouses  and  banks,  con- 
nected with  a  central  establishment  at  S.  F.  Tliat  yi>ar,  accordin;;ly,  tho 
tiraiigers'  Bank  of  California  was  organized,  with  a  capital  of  $.'>,Ov>0,(NK). 
Witiiinayear  1,'>00  patrons  subscribed  for  half  the  capital,  and  others  helped 
to  bring  deposits  to  $'2,  000,000.  A  Farmers'  Saving  and  Loan  soiucty  had 
formed  in  Stanislaus  in  1873,  aud  now  other  farmers' banks  o:>eiied  iu  Solano, 


THE  (illANCEUS. 


67 


rnltiia,  nnil  olsrwhorp.     At  MmlcHto  ami  ntlier  jilncpi!  were  o|>rnc(l  granKi^ra' 
\t  iri-li'iiiHiM  mill  ciMiiKT.'itivi'  unions  iiiul  Mtorc'*,  imu  ut  S.  .Iimt'  |)i'iiviii({  u  iii.'irkvil 

hill M,  iIimIiiil;  as  it  <lhl  in  aliniMt  cverytliiiijf  ri'<|uiri'il  liy  tlio  cuiiiiininity, 

iiiiplriiif iitM,  griiocriex,  cti'.,  and  all  at  gri^iilly  ruiliicuil  |iric<>i«.  Fur  rnlcit 
^iiV('i'iiiii);  HUili  .'t<>ru.'«,  Ki'o  Ctirr'n  J/irilxiiiiliit,  107.  A  fanntTM'  Miitii.tl 
iisiiiMiicu  Company  wax  forincil,  aiiil  aitrr  W'liicntt'H  failure,  tliu  xraiigu  |irn. 
iiiiiti'il  tlit^  or^aniitition,  on  Fel).  \H,  \H'\  of  tliu  <iran|i;L>rM'  liiisinoxs  Ammo* 
I  iittioii  of  California,  uitli  a  capita!  of  ti|,i)iH),(NN>.  Hy-lawit  in  A/.,  'J«i7  !).  It 
irc>|ioH*-i!  to  dual  in  all  kimlH  cf  |)rodii<-<!,  ^'4miiI)<,  iiml  ini|ilonic>nts  and  act  nit 
ai'tors  and  lirokuM  in  Mlii|i|tin){  and  Hilling  ^^raiii.  In  IMM'J  it  axMiiint'd  widi-r 
iHiWrrM  to  borrow  nionvy,  acijniru  real  t-Mtate,  «'tc.  ,S.  F.  4 'nil,  March  10,  IfMS".'. 
riic  iinidunt  niaiia){(Mnuiit  of  itd  L-li.-vun  <liroctorH,  annually  cli'ctud,  liaH  pro- 
iliici'il  most  gratifyinj}  rcKultii.  A  fiirtlicr  inHtanou  of  tlii:  energi^tio  vtrortH  of 
till'  graiigcrK  itxisti  in  tliu  narrow -({aiigi'  railway  from  Maliuan  to  Muntervy, 
atroi'iliiig  a  clu'ap  outlet  for  the  grain  of  thia  valLy. 

Tlie  largest  atnck-raisnr  in  Cal.,  nnd  nnn  of  the  largoHt  in  the  world,  is 
Hrriry  Millur,  a  nativu  of  Itrackcnhciin,  Wurtcmlinrg,  who  eanio  to  San 
Fr  iiiiMHi'o  in  IS.'tO,  and  hiioii  afterward  Ixiranu!  tliu  luadiiiK  whoIcHalo  liut<'her 
III  ihc  stati'.  In  IK,*>7  he  eiitured  into  a  partniTNliip  with  Cliarltm  Lux,  wliii  li 
l.iiti'il  until  the  duceaMe  of  tho  latter,  inoru  than  a  qiiartur  of  it  euntury  after- 
Wiiril.  I'liruhiiMing  landi  and  Htoik  ax  opportunity  otfurud,  they  hucaniu  the 
ouiuTMof  7'><>.00t)  aeres  in  eleven  counties  of  Cal.,  Itusidus  largi-  po.sKetisioiis 
ill  Or  and  Nuv.  On  them  were  depastured  in  IN88  aliout  l(N),(NN)  eattlu  and 
,Si).iN)i)  Nheep,  the  Hali!s  of  meat  amounting  for  that  year  to  $1, .*>()(), (MN>.  To 
Ml'  Miller  is  largely  duo  tho  Hiiecessful  operation  of  tlin  San  Joa(|uiii  and 
Kin;^'-i  river  oanal  eomiNiny,  the  largest  irrigation  cnterpriso  on  thu  coast. 

;\ lining  others  in  southern  Calitornia  is  JetTunwin  (>.  ,laiiies,  a  .Missourian 
liy  I'lrtli,  who  came  to  this  country  in  IS.'>(),  and  after  a  liriuf  mining  experi- 
eiii'i'  en:.'aged  ill  cattln-fariiiiiig,  lirst  in  Los  AngoleHco.,  and  afterward  at  the 
lii'.'k'l  of  Fresno  Mlough,  where  hu  was  one  of  the  pioneer  Htock- raisers,  and 
vlii'i'i!  art!  still  Ins  headquarters.  Here  and  at  other  points  he  now  controls 
aliiiiit  l(N),)N)0  ,'ieres,  on  which  arc  depastured  some  I '>,(IUll  head  of  cattle.  In 
I.SM'  lie  was  elected  to  the  S.  F.  Uiard  of  Hupervisors,  and  in  1888  tu  tiie  lioard 
of  nliii'iition,  rendering  go(Hl  Hurvice  in  hoth  capacities, 

.'Mlirrt  li.  I)eniiy,  a  nativu  of  New  Jersey,  and  one  of  tho  oldeHt  Hettlcrs 
ill  Si<,kiyou  CO.,  is  also  ono  of  the  most  successful  Httn^k-raisers  and  mercliantti 
ill  tli.'il  section.  U'lcching  Cal.  in  IM.VJ,  after  a  somewhat  harsh  ex|ierience 
at  tie-  mines,  ho  Itegaii  dairy-farming  in  the  Shasta  valley.  In  l>St>**  he  en- 
ga^'  il  in  liiisiness  at  thi^  town  of  Callahan's,  where  the  sales  of  his  lirni  up  to 
IV.IOexi'cuilud  ;it|,UO(),(NM). 

.\iiiong  other  stock-raisers  of  Siskiyou  co.  may  lie  mentioned  Samuel 
.hu'k^iiii,  a  proinineiit  citixeii  of  Yreka,  and  a  n.ttive  of  Frederick  co.,  Va. 
Lninliiig  ill  San  Franci.sco  in  IH.VJ,  after  a  Momewhat  cheirkored  experience  on 
a  iiiiiier,  a  farmer,  and  in  varit'Us  other  occupation.s,  he  liecamu  the  owner  of 
isevir.d  valualile  ranches  in  >Siskiyou  co.,  to  the  iiianagunient  of  which  his 
attention  is  now  devoted. 

One  of  the  leading  cattle-farmers  in  Hiimlioldt  co.  is  fly  Ciirtner,  a  native 
of  Fmiiitain  co.,  Ind.,  who  came  to  this  coast  in  iKiVJ  with  ^2H  in  his  pocket, 
anil  i'4  now  the  owner  of  several  large  ranches  in  Cal.  and  Nev.,  and  of  sev- 
eral tliiiusand  head  of  stock.  In  I8')7  he  engaged  in  fruit-raising,  his  orchard  in 
the  tlici  uial  belt  uf  the  Alameda  foothills  heiii^  among  the  choicest  iu  thu  state. 


'■I- 


If 

' 

':  m 

li 

1    fn-^ 

1 

CTTAPTKll   V. 


MANLF.UTntFX 

I. VIS  iss;». 

Mission  Work — A(ini(Ti.Tn:Ai,  ami  Mimni;  MAvrFArrrRrs— ITioii  Waciw 

— lllON  ani>Lead\V'oI!K<—  Ij  Ml;ll:  AM>  Lkathkii— I'nr  I  KI;Y  AM>  I'aii  i; 
— CoMirriovs  AND  (.'r.niviK     M  \iki:ial— FuiitKsr  Ti!K.i;>    Sawmills 

t'lIARroAL — P1.AMXU-MII.I.S-  Sllir  HI  ll.l>INi:  —  I>KY  iMii  K  WMluNS 
Cool'KliAi.K  AMI  li4tX-.MAKINt;  Wii.LiiW  W  Altt; — HhihlMS  Fi  liMITliK 
HlLLLMili-TAtlLKS  -       I'lAMH-  FssH  iriilM;  —    W||A(.|N(i  ()Ys|KI;m- 

Klkih     CoNKKi-riosKiiY    -  Hk-kk   -SpiMTs-- Fill  II  rvNMSi;       Mkai 

1'Ai'KINli      Sr<iAlt     AM>    T'MLHi'K       W«M»I^     t'ulTliN,     AMi    Sli.i;       !'|(iin 

iN«i      Lka'I'Iikk      Misoli.  iNLoi -i   AiMirLF.s — Sitvi'      Ikon      .Ilwlllv 

— ClLAss    „.M>  I'l.AY    \»OKKH— .>OI»A  — i'oUHtU. 

It  lias  ]o\\cr  luMMi  |in'tli(t<<l  l»y  jiolitical  (Moiidiiiists 
that  tlu!  iiiaimCactiiriiii^  iiitrr.sts  of  Caliluniia  will 
oventiially  surpass  Koth  miiiiiiLr  jhmI  amiciiltuii!  in 
vnluiiio  anil  value  of  output.  Althouuli  this  jtropli- 
I'oy  has  not  as  yet  couk;  to  pass,  its  fulliluK'nt.  not 
'.vitlistandiniLi"  njany  o!»stacl«s.  would  appiai'  liy  n" 
ni<  ans  iniprol)al»ii',  in  view  ot'tln-  cv*  r-incri'asin'n  sup- 
ply of  clK'aiH'f  laKor  anti  t-apitai,  of  superior  facilitio. 
and  of  tlio  steady,  if  slov  and  in  some  directions  still 
inai!e(piati'.  demand  for  mai!ufa<tured  go(xls  of  home 
[)r(idiietion. 

1'lie  main  elie<'k  here  interix»sed  has  heen  in  tiie  hinli 
cost  of  lahor,  weijijliint^  alik*  on  the  production  of  r.iw 
material  and  on  letiirui'L;  |>'-<K'es.so8,  and   oj  enino' widi 
the  portals  for  j^oods  from  tr»st<ni  and    Iv.iropean  i'av 
tories.      Certain  a«lvaiita<jes  remained  with  ( 'aiilonii;i 


I  !S 


hy  reason  ot'  the  lon;^'  distance  from  these  souii 
of  supplies,  hrouj^ht  in  early  days  l»y  tlu'  einuit' 
routes  over  the  Isthmu»  or  round  Cape  Horn,  wliie',  u\ 


MILLS   AXDMAC'lllNKUY. 


volvt'd  loss  of  time  tlit'ii  of  cxcecdliii^  vuluo— and 
hi'^li  frci'^Iits.  |i.irtiful;irly  on  Ixilky  ;iiul  (liini^^cntus  iiiti- 
».!.  o,  liotli  |trt'siiiti!i;4'  -i  wide  iii;irL;ii»  for  tlit;  upplifution 
of  costlii-T  ami  iiil'.ilor  local  crt'orts  to  the  vast  ri'- 
.sourcos  near  at  liaiul.  ^\u  inipftus  was  accord  in  jily 
•^ivcn  to  Kiw  and  llour  mills,  fisheries,  and  other  pri- 
1)1. irv  hranelu  s  ofindiisfcrv.  Tiio  sudden  cxitansion  of  a 
\;ist  trallic  j^Mve  iir>c  to  wa.'oii-inakm^  and  ship-huild- 
inLj,  the  latter  enibraeinj^  the  uuttin;;;  toi^cther  and  the 
rcjiaii"  of  steaniltoats,  which  added  in)|K<rlant  depart- 
ni<  iits  to  foundries  and  eoLjnato  estahlislm! -nts  for  the 
Mi[t]ily  of  n»inin^;  lunplements.  'I'he  larn'e  -unouiit  of 
1.  |i;iiis  rMjuirod  \\as  suflicient  to  ^ive  a  foothold  to 
a  numher  of  oiitcj'] irises,  and  so  to  strent^theii  tiieir 
iiit;in>,  capacity,  and  skill  as  t(»  pt  rmit  the  aecrptaii 
of  laii,a'  spt«-ial  orders,  and  in  tinm  tt»  pnpare  slock 
for  the  trade. 

To  the  «>l)>tar-lo  of  hiL;h  wayes  rame  that  of  no\i  1 
ftatui'es  anil  conditions,  hoth  «if  whieji  tlu^  self-iehant 
American  undertouk  to  overcome  with  cliara<teiistic 


ce 


emi-L^y  and  orii^inality  Thus  in  minini;'  a  nundx  r  of 
niitliods  wei-e  ivo|\t  d  of  such  impoitaiico  and  scojic 
a-  to  revohirmnize  the  iiulustry,  and  i  xti-nd  operations 
t"  unpaiallelcd  nuit^nitnde,  notaMy  in  plaecrs  and 
dtip  mines.  Instance  the  <level«tpnhnt  of  the  slniic 
tVoni  the  toin.  I'ocker,  an<l  pan,  and  oj'  tlu>  hydiaidie 
pi|ti'.  which  enahled  one  man  to  peit'orm  the  lahor  of 
liinidr«Mls,  and  undertake  asks  that  once  appeared 
Impossihle.  thus  opening*  to  cnteiprise  new  Jields  and 
Mtherto  ne-^h-rtcd  r  ".^ions.  A  demand  rose  in  conse- 
(|'ienee  for  |>ecn!lar  miplements  and  machinery,  sui^- 
'4«  >ted  l»v  tihstaeles  autl  )e<|nirenunts  as  thev  o«-curied. 
T  ' 


hS   S 


4'rved  to  iit.iin  for  (  aiiroinia  also  th<'ii'  ntanu- 
tattii'e,  an<i  to  attract  foieii^n  oi'ders  lor  apjiaratus 
alon«-  invented  an<l  undci'stood  heiv.  Thus  it  is  that 
tlie  f.  undry  husiiu'ss  of  San  Francisco  acijuin d  a  vast 
iiii|io  tji'U-e,  notwithstandinn'  tlu^  hij;li  cost  of  lahor 
and  h<'  ne<-<'ssity  (»f  importing.!;  the  raw  material. 
The  d.y  climate  and  special  wants  calhcl   for  ditches, 


■  '    ■  ti 


i>    * 


|; 


S,t  ' 


II,.;, 


Ml      !i 


si    i 


70 


MANUFACTURES. 


aqueducts,  and  windmills,  which  gave  wider  opportu- 
nities for  mills  and  shops,  and  led  to  sueh  inventions 
as  the  inverted  syphon  and  peculiar  frames.  Deep 
mines  demanded  no\  el  and  strong  machinery  for  sink- 
ing,and  hydraulic  pumps,  air  eompressors  and  hoisting 
gear,  to  overcome  heat,  water,  and  distance.  Ditfer- 
ent  kinds  of  ore,  crumbling,  rtihellious,  or  mixed  with 
tenacious  substances,  had  to  be  treated  on  different 
plans,  and  crushers  and  amalgamators  nmltiplied. 
New  cxplogives  were  introduced  for  blasting,  and 
extended  here  to  submarine  operations.  A  high- 
j>ressure  accunmlator  facilitated  the  use  of  hydraulic 
power.  Kolling-mills  found  their  origin  in  the  accu- 
mulati(m  of  old  rails,  which  could  not  profitably  be 
exported.  The  lead  brought  to  light  in  the  search 
for  precious  metals  gave  an  o|K'ning  for  shot-towers 
and  lead-works.  The  difficulty  of  mountain  trans- 
port, and  the  irregular  topograj)hy  t)f  San  Franciseo, 
suggested  wire-rope  ways  and  cable  roads,  which  over- 
canu!  the  obstacles  presented  by  hills  and  ravines. 

The  V-flnme  did  a  similar  .service  for  lumbering, 
by  giving  easy  and  chea[»  access  to  mountain  tiniber 
scores  of  miles  distant  from  available  points,  and 
hitlu'rto  valueless.  The  loading  chute  remedied  tlie 
lack  of  gootl  shipping-places;  the  adjustable  saw-to(>th 
proved  of  great  imi>ortance  for  saw-mills;  and  the 
tri[)le  circular  saw,  the  logging,  gang-slicing  machines, 
the  guides  and  levers,  were  designed  in  particular  for 
manipulating  tin;  enormous  and  valuable  redwood  and 
other  trees  of  the  state;  all  assisting  to  raise  t!ie 
lumber  industry  within  its  different  limits  to  an  ex- 
trat>rdinary  magnitude  and  excellence,  the  fountain- 
head  for  a  number  of  others. 

In  agri<'ulture,  the  straw-burning  machine,  the  com- 
bined harvester,  the  multiple  gang-ploughs,  and  a 
numl)er  of  other  improvements,  have  tended  to  reduce 
the  cost  of  field-work  fully  fifty  per  cent,  and  to  make 
(■alifornia  conspicuous  for  vast  and  cheap  operations. 
Her  .^'uperior  wheat  encouraged  the  grinding  of  liour 


VARK^US   INDUSTRIES. 


71 


to  the  extent  of  more  than  a  dozen  million  dollars, 
larnt'ly  for  export.  The  fine  malt  and  hops,  and  tho 
diiliculty  of  ininxlucing  beer  by  sea  in  jjfood  condition, 
jiivored  breweries,  whose  [)nKluetion  in  1888  exceedt'd 
fniir  million  dollars.  Fine  and  abundant  fruit,  vo<;» - 
tables,  and  salmon  led  to  the  estalilishnuttt  of  nu- 
iiK  10U8  canneries,  wiiich  sustained  several  viiieji^ar 
liKtories,  and  consumed  a  larj^fo  proportion  of  the 
>.(\en  million  dollars'  wortii  and  more  of  sut^Mr  from 
tin-  local  refineries.  Proximity  to  the  Hawaiian  Is- 
lands for  r{>w  su^ar  was  a  tbsterin*^  factor.  The 
»\»"  Hence  of  the  chestnut-oak  bark  raised  tiinnery 
pKxhicts  to  three  and  a  half  million  d«)llars,  and  broni(lit 
a  Inreiijn  demand,  which  extended  to  saddlery,  shoes, 
olovi's,  and  beltinjLJ^,  with  a  total  out-turn  oi'  more;  than 
six  million  dollars.  The  abundance  of  tallow  nnd 
otli(;r  substances  account  for  soap  factories.  A  Hjie 
<|U.ility  of  wool  and  a  substantial  weft  sustained  the 
ir'lU  a!L(ainst  nmny  adverse  influences.  Simplicity  of 
fsb'h  ution  and  nearness  of  sources  for  raw  material 
limit  up  jute  and  l)at(  factories,  while  paper-mills 
rniiiid  un  abundance  of  ^ood  straw  and  raj^s.  The 
(lisi KViry  of  antimony  brouyiht  type  foundries  to  the 
IVont.  The  risk  and  cost  of  trans{)ortini^  crockery 
and  Lflus-sware  «>fave  an  ojKMiing  for  potti^riis  and  ulass- 
noiks.  The  possession  of  <|uartz  }»romote<i  a  spe<'ial 
liianch  of  jewelry.  The  lead  joint  for  water-|»ipes, 
I  lie  jmeumatic  clock,  and  the  photojyfraijhy  of  animals 
ill  motion  are  also  amon<c  California's  inventions.  A 
niiniher  of  other  devices  mii^ht  W,  named  whi«'li  have 
<oiitribute<l  to  her  fame,  and  to  tlu:  in<*rt;asin;i(  devt  lop- 
ni.nt  of  her  resources. 

The  jL(eneral  wealth  has  maintained  lare^e  orders  at 
liiL;h  rates  for  domestic  purposes,  so  as  to  support 
111  my  otherwise  impracticable  industries.  A  number 
•  '!' others  are  due  entirely  to  Chinese,  whose  cheap  and 
ill  many  respec^ts  uiuh-sirable  lab(»r  is  lar^jft  ly  forced 
iipnii  the  country  by  white  workin«;ni«'n. 

High   wages  have  been  sustained   by  a  variety  ol' 


72 


MANUFACTURKS 


^ 


causes,*  Rucli  as  the  fasc'matioiH  of  tlio  j^olil-fiilds, 
(heap  lands,  and  (»tlier  uiKh'Viloped  resources,  the 
taHinix  ott'  of  iuuniLrratioTi,  aud  the  iudoK-nt  and  un- 
yieldui;^  liahits  anionLf  a  lar<j;o  <lass,  i'ostered  hy  int(>r- 
ruptitins  tVoin  scjisons  and  unstahle  conditidns.  These 
di"a\vha<'ks,  esjieiially  the  iiie<ruhirity,  MHicted  eui- 
ployeis  seriously,  and  coinpeUed  tlieui  to  hav*-  iceour.se 
to  ( 'h'uM'se.  To  a  certain  stjcjcc^  the  hitter  have  un- 
douhtedly  he«'n  a  useful  and  even  lu'cessjuy  elenunt, 
for  without  their  ai<l  nuist  have  been  deferred  tlie 
construction  of  lailroads  to  facilitate  tiie  introduction 
of  white  lahor,  the  openiui^  «>f  (htches,  leclaniation  of 
hind,  the  i»hintin»j;  of  vineyards,  and  the  esfahlishineiit 
of  many  manufactures,  such  as  wooMen-inills,  which  all 
help  to  provide  niore  employment  for  superior  wiiitf 
men  and  for  capital."  liut  hefore  the  Chinese  came 
it  was  said  that  the  Indians  wei-e  de^'radin'.f  lahor, 
when  white  men  w»re  too  la/v  to  work.  The  jr(,],| 
exciteni'iit  with  its  inunense  inlliix  of  people  soon 
dissipated  this  i<h'a  hy  a  lnaltliy  democratic  feelinij, 
tlie  maintenance  ot'  which  is  particularly  desiraMe  in 

'  'I'llU   CDlll-fiulllM    llcl'l   out    lirilHlK'Cts    of     illlll'|ll'l|(|l'IU'0  illpl     full'   ll'tlll-ll'4     fnr 

laltor,  uililfil  Ity  (H-ci-iiniial  ylilti  riii)^  iJii/iv*,  ho  mm  to  ui'i'iitly  I(p  mt  Uic  atliin' 
tioiis  ot  otluT  jmrMiiitH.     Tins  liclil  \»,i.i  cvir  lAlrnili'il  liy  in'W  ili^'ovirir^, 
Hiitlii'ii'iit  to  fircitly  roimti'r.ict  tlio  <ll'i>'N  of  iniiiiiiji'atioii,      A^iiiultiiir  jui 
Ni'iitril  ill  Moiiicwiiat    li'rts  ilc'.'i'i't' similar  attractions,  with  til*;  cli.iriii  of  lioiiic 
liiiililiii;{.      'I'll'-  iiia-is  of  uiidi'Vi  lii|ii'il  risourii  s  ollirol  llVtiiiK's  to  wi'altli  aiil 
n|i|iortniiity   for  iihlrjii-riili'iil  iiitrr|prisi'.     The   iiiai{iiotisiii  of  tin'  lll^lt  ;iii|.l 
(liscovcriis  j^oiie,  flu;  cost,  Icngtli.  aii<l   ilati(;cr  of  the  joiinicy  to  tliii  I'afilic, 
unci   till!  attractions  of   iii'iicr   coiiiilrii  s,  ititci'|iiis>  <l  a  cliok  on   the  iiilliix  of 
workiiiu'iiicii,  an<l    with  cNcry  slij^lit  ilcdiiic  in  wajjcs  a  niiinlicr  of  liritmlir-; 
a|iticar(!>l  to  coiii|iotu  for  lalior,  to  ciil  iri^c  the  ticlil  for  (>iii|i|oyuicnt,  ainl  r> 
tui'il  the  (Icriiiie  ill  oarnin^;'*,  ho  that  tiny  still  rule  lii;jlicr  thai\  in  tlie  eastern 
Htates.      For  »'arly  nti's,  nee  my  chapttr  on  fr  nlc.     To  tliiM  must  lui  iiihleJ 
tlio  |ierioilical   in<lul|j!>'iice  in   iilliMicss  liy  n,  lar>;c  cliiss,   fostcre.l  liy  the   no 
inailie  .iiel  null  iieiiilciit  iiiiiuiil;  life,  with  its  ^alllMlll^  spinl,  its  irrcspnnsiMe 
liaclielorliooil,  tlu!  sc  ii'fy  ami  inseiMiie  imlui'enients  in  early  ilays  for  rtjivini; 
ami  invcstinu',  llio  lilieial  rev<'niie  w  Inch  jiroviiU'il  uiii|i|e  meaiiH  for  ciijev 
inent  and   re-it,  tl:i>  coiiipiiNoiy  interniptioiis  caii'.ed  hy  climate  and  iiericiil 
tural  sea^on-i,  hy  new  :iM<l  irri'i^'ular  industries,  and  tie-  nlress  upon  (•iiiplo\i  i- 
(o  eliminate  in  the  trainiiiL;  pioi-ess  Uhh  valiiaMe  liin<ls.      Men  preferred  iil-<> 
to  wilt    lor  tlielii.li'rpi>  of  tint  litisy  perioils,  iiiiil  hohl  iMick  lit  other  tim. 
rather  than  accept  rediielions. 


lotl 


\\  ithoiit  tliciii  a  niiinlii  r  of  industries,  like  the  iiiakiii);  of  kI 


iiie-i,  nmli  I 


lid  cl)^'ars,  ciiid  I  not  hav  -  licrii  m  liiitaim 


d.       VettI 


'  ijlle  .lion  ,11  I 


wlielher  it  ini),{ht  not  lia\  e  In  en  iH'tter  to  await  the  clicapiiiin^  oi  w  liite  la  I 

No  peopli-  can  lie  iierm  iiiiiillv  l» liie  I   hy  tlio  iiitriHluclion  of  ii  low  loreijji 

elemclll,  lilack,  wliito,  or  imnier  colored. 


AIDS   AND  OHsTArLKS. 


lii'  ntiiriiH  fiM- 

ir  till!  attfiti' 

iv  ilisi'dVirifN, 

;riiiillllti'  |ili 
;ii'iii  (il   liiiiiii 
to  '.vi'.iltli  aii'l 
till'   liist   ^iil'l 


liili'Ol.  iiiiil  r> 


l\>t   lilt'  n;iviiiu 


ami  ai;rii'ii 

■olt  I'llllllnN  I  ! 


It  iitlicl'  tiui> 


liiii'-i,  iiiiili  I' 

III'  .1  lull  ill  i~<  - 


n  vcpiililifMn  (Mnuitrv.  In  (\-ilifi>riiiii  it  would  (riid  to 
)•  (liciii  till-  youth.  wIiK-li,  on  the  |»lc;i  ot' sliniiiiiii'4  tli«' 
l.ilior  Itvclliit'^    ( "liiM<s('.'   i-;   di-irtiiiL^    into    dr|»lor;dtl< 


Kill  ncss,  NM'^aliondiinc 


and   IjiwIcssiu'ss,  wlddi   rctai'd 


( 1 1 .; ivss   and  doiialtlc  nnnu'4ration,  an( 


I   <trt 


rV    cajM- 


t.il    iVoin  oju-nin;^'    n«'\v  avcnurs  for  tinploynMnt,  and 


W  iM 


III). 

AnioiiL,''  otluT  <»l»strt(l»'s  may  ln'  nu-niionrd  a  lii^li 
iMii'  ol'  interest/  tilt'  lai'i>-cr  pi-ofits  of"  elcnimtary  in- 
dustries, the  lack  -it'  water-j><»\\t  r  in  elij^iide  (jiiarters, 
tin-  cost  of  transportation,    the    hii^h    vahic   <>\'   ^o<m| 


SI 


lis,    and    douhtfnl     land     till 


es.    s<'ant\-    pojiuiahon 


unsettled  conditions,  the   liniii«d  (niantity  of  iron  and 
liaid  \voo<!,  and  the  hinh  juice  of  coal. 


Tiie  ci\  il  war  L'aNe  a  dccidi'd   iin!)ulsc  to  industri 


es. 


hy  iiicreasin;^  the  cost  and  risk  of  t faiisjioi-tation.  Dut 
till'  »»prirni'4  of  the  overland  railway  underniined  many 
kinds  of  husincss  l>y  hrin^in:;'  cheap  markets  so  much 
nearer,  and  it  dlstnrlied  many  more  oy  ui;Mteady  iate-= 


!ve 


iihI  other  atteiidunt  insecurity.  'I'ho  spi-cidat 
spirit  of  Calift-i-nians  had.  nioreoxei-,  finipied  !• 
many  undei-takini^s,  with  insullicieiit  capital  and  <x 
jii  lieiice,  and   the  consecpieiit    failures  spci  ad   discour 


;eiiientand   lowel-ed  industrial  c)"»(llt.        Ne\ertliel 


ess. 


niM._;ress  has  heen  rapid  I'or  so   \  ounif  Ji  state,  daline- 
piepi  riy    from     Ihi:».   and    this    in    face   of   so    manv 


iil'>lacles  and    the   natura 


\W  si 


ow   luihildni^'  <il    maim 


ntui'es.      In   the  accompanyin;^'  end   note    j    L;i\e  an 
'Uiliiu'  of  the  lea<lin«j;  industries,  cliieily  with  respect 


t"    tliell-    l»e«_rumilllL;". 


Tl 


leir    <|e\eiopinent   IS    oest  <'om- 


p.iied  hy  Jin  examination  ol  tin   census  reports 


That 


el'  I  <(')()  enumerates  marly  I .  l.>0  est.iMishments,  wit  h 
.1  capital  of  si  l,(»(lu,(MKl,  employinv--  <'»,  l'«)  hands,  pay 
iii^-  .>.i.a<i(i,(ni(»   in  waefes,  usino-  si  I  .(KM), 000  wtirth  of 

'Till.-*  umloHiralilo  I'liniiiiaitioii  hihI  iuiim  i|iii'iii  liii.stilit,\ ,  ami  tln'  irrt){ii 
liiily  III'  <'iii]i|iiyiii('iit,  Imlil  h.irk  iiiurli  il.<it'alili'  iiiiiiiii:ralii>ii  ami  r.i|iii.il. 
Aii.iir.iliii  |i,<  p 'i  iti'il  a  w.i,,  1.1  imt  only  iiii|iii.-iiii>{  ii  |iri>ti'ii  im' t^irill  iiyaiiel 
ilii,,|i  iiiri'ijii  |ii'iHliii'tiiiii,  I'li;.  ii^aiiiNt  Uii-  rtilry  nl'  uiiili'»ira)ilu   lulior   in  tin 


Inn 


ni  III  ail  I'ltt'l'lnr  mill  iiiii  <Hiiiiilalt«ii;  lari 


liii.l 


It\iiaii<t  tliri'o  i>i  r  ri'iit  iiiniitlily  in  i  irly  yrar.,  mil   nmi  ]i<'r  fi>iit  iiniii 


i  .3 


\i  i 


ll- 


74 


MANUFACTURES. 


raw  material,  and  producing  goods  to  the  value  of 
)iiij:5, .")()<), ()()().•■  liy  1870  tlio  catal)liHluuouts  miinlM.Tod 
n,!)S(),  witli  $40,000,000  capital,  25,400  hands,  receiv- 
ing $  I :!, 000,000  in  wages,  using  $;'..'), 000,000  (»!"  mate- 
rial, and  producing  $(>G, 000,000  Worth  of  goods.  In 
ISKO  the  figuns  had  risen  to  5,8i)0  establishments, 
with  $01,000,000  capital,  4.'{,700  hands,  $'.21,000,000 
wages,  $72,(500,000  of  raw  material,  and  ^1  lO, 200,000 
of  products,"  increased  to  $100,000,000  by  1881). 

San  Fran<*isoo,  as  the  chief  harbor  of  the  coast,  and 
tlu>  niaiii  <lepAt  for  most  of  the  raw  and  re'fined  nui- 
ti-rial,  lias  naturally  become  the  centre  for  maiui- 
fictures;  and  the  congregation  jn^re  of  Chinese  for 
mutual  protection  has  assisted  to  so  maintain  it  foi- 
branches    not  requiring    proximity   to   existing    local 


sources 


The  annual  mechanics'  fair,  as  well  as  the  county 
fairs,  has  exert<Mla  fostering  intlucnce  in  a  marked  dt- 
grre,  and  gives  evidence  of  continual  advance  iti  all 
branches.  This,  indeed,  is  to  be  expected  with  the 
possession  <»f  so  many  natural  rcsdui'ces,  with  an  ever 
aMgnuntingsuiplusof  raw  pi'o(lu<'ts,  with  thedisclosuif 
of  additi«>nal  «-oal-b('ds,  and  the  I'apid  exploitation  ( 'I 
iron  deposits  so  essential  to  tin;  development  of  t)th(  r 
branchis,  'I'Im'  })lantii'.g  of  the  eucalyptus  and  titlu c 
tices  jiromiscs  in  time  to  renu'dy  the  sensible  de- 
f(<l  in  hard  and  elasti*-  woods.  Ahuig  the  Sierra  slopes 
is  watei'-power  in  abundanc*',  and  with  spreading  set- 
tlements they  will  become  more  cligibK^;  while  the 
inert  aslng  population  will  i)rovi<le  hands  at  sutticieiitly 
low  lates  to  «!ncourage  the  launch  of  m'W  enterprises, 

f'Of  wliicli  S.  K.  prixhiiml  SIO.CrtO.OlK).     Flour  UwIh  with  ovit  .?-*,r.(M),()(M). 
IiiiiiImt  s:J.!>tM»,<MH»,  Hii^ar  !*l.rih(i,()(K».  m.uliiii.  ry  lS"i,r)7.'>,(KK>.     Tli.'  nst  all  l.ill 


l.rl. 


IS7<». 


i>u    tlie    liilUloii,    »;ivi.'    lii|Uiir 


Tl. 


US  onliT  wiis  viry  uciu'ly  iii<tiiit.'iiii4'il  iii 


Ki.sli.ii.H  ox.lti.l.'.l.  S.  V.  loii.lt  with  '2,'M()  ostali..  'JS,  KK)  liaii<lM,  aii.l 
j;77,.S(HI,lMH>  )ii-  Mlufls;  Al  luiicl.i  Idllxwiiig  with  .S"i,."HH»,<M»it  w.iith  of  iifiidiu't-, 
S^ic.  .":■». -•>i>.l>'<>,  S,  .l.iai|Uiii  .S'1,'J(MI,(MMI.  Stii  Cl.ir.i  W.  V.KI,(MH),  SuLiiii.  s'JjtiO, 
(NN).  Si'Vcii  itihir  *'<iuiilii's<  Act'fil  .'^|,(MKI.(HMI.  rioui'  h^aiU  wiih  ;<|-J,7*M>.(NMi; 
iit'xt  fiiiiio  slaii^hti  riii^  an. I  iii<'al-|>.i<  kiiti;  S'S,(HHI,(NK),  liatlu'i-  ^l.'.'INI.CHIc, 
Miliar  ?<."..'.»:i(l.l»(K).  fuuii.liy  w.iik  .S-t.HO(».(HH),  laiuli.r  .*t.»l»(>,»HK)  .•l.illim 
lji»,0(M»,(MWt,  cigaiM.  cU.,  !i<:i,.».')ti,(hMI,  Itijiioi-,  »h»u.s,  pnatiug,  cxcocil  5;'{,l.K)0,(MJ ) 
i-acli,  hruatl  uml  hugn  uxcuuii  i;;f'J,(MH),(M)U, 


h%! 


INDL'STllIAL  1XL'()N(;UUIT1KS. 


7f 


value  of 
luiiiihored 
Is,  rct'oiv- 
)  of  iiiat( - 

K)(1.S.        Ill 

ishiiuMits, 
1,000,000 
('., 1200,000 
8Ht). 

coast,  and 
fiiH'd  lua- 
1)1'  iiiaiui- 
iiiiu^se  for 
iaiii  it  t'nr 
ting    local 

IC    CftUJlt}' 

larkcd  de- 
uce ill  all 
with  the 
I  an  cvci' 
ilisclosurt' 
itation  nt 

of  othii" 
!ind  other 
isihlo  de- 
rm slo^H's 
(linuf  Set- 
Ivhilc!  the 
ifficiiiutly 

I'rprisos, 

|r$4,r)(M>,<)(M). 

n.st  all  la  11 

liiiiitaiiii'il  ill 

liaiiil^,  aii'l 
it'  |irinlii<-l^, 
|,iii.>  .'"■•-'.Ttid, 

|:i|-J,7lH»,(»(KI; 

5k;,-.'ih»,(K)p, 
i)     clotliiii 


and  tho  training  of  workers  for  more  refine<l  produc- 
tions. The  greater  |)art  of  the  wool  still  exported 
e.tii  thus  he  retained  to  swell  the  list  of  woollen  fahrics 
wliieh  enjoy  so  high  a  reputation  ahroatl ;  and  so  with 


latiier  and    severa 


1    oti 


ler  i>ro« 


V 


duets.     With   increas- 


ini;*  railway  competition,  the  raw  mateiial  will  he 
<  heajKiKMl,  and  it  is  calculated  that  cotton  can  ho 
liiou^ht  from  Texas  at  nearly  as  low  a  rate  as  to 
i  1  Li)\veil,  and  so  open  the  pros[)ect  for  a  resuni[)tion  of 
cotten  spinning,  to  he  sustained  also  l»y  local  planta- 
tions. The  eflort  for  tine  proilu«tions  should  he  espc- 
( ially  fostered,  f<»r  these  form  the  chief  drain  upon 
iviiiittanci'S  fr«)m  (California,  which  makes  plenty  of 
tiannels  and  lilankets,  hut  injp«)rtB  tine  cloth;  exports 
sc.lc  leath(>r,  hut  huys  u[)pers  for  sIkks  and  tiiu;  gloves; 
pKHluces  conunon  croekeiy  and  hottles,  hut  intro«inces 
talile  ware  and  wimlow-glass;  manufactures  [>rinting- 
paper,  hut  sends  for  writing-paper. 

In  addition  to  the  pre<'eding  prospects,  the  advun- 
tai;i!  remains  with  California  of  a  protective  tariff  in 
the  shape  of  freight  ami  risk  on  transports  from  the 
(■■ist,  most  forei<'n  ooods  heiiiir  rtstrictt'd  hv  dutv,  and 
l>y  the  demand  for  special  urgt-nt  wt>rk.  I'avorahle 
(<inditit»ns  are,  njoreover,  presented  hy  the  etpiahle 
( liinate,  which  jtermits  almost  uninterrupted  work 
througiiout  the  yi-ar,  ohviates  the  necessity  for  the  suh- 
stantlr.l  and  "-ostlv  hiiildiic's  reouired  in  the  eastern 
states,  to  till"  sjiving  also  of  rent  ami  t'u,  1,  ( 'alifoi'iiia 
jM.ssesses  faeilitit's  for  niaiiuf'actui'es  decidedly  superior 
(m  tliosc  of  several  intei'ioi'  states  and  regions  to  the 
>'iiiili,  so  that  a  vast  area  of  the  l*;icilic  s|opt>,  aln-ady 
niadi    ti'ihntaiy  l»y  hei-  geo!4'ra|tliie   position   and   trade 


cli; 


ited 


mnels,  may  l)e  counted  upon  to  .--ustani  !ie|-  nidus 


trial 


a>|inution.s. 


I'l 


10  area  inviTOi 


I  liy  fon'Ht'i  ill   ( '.ilifonii 


1,1  I  <  vors  Kill  ill   i:i  ]>ni|iiii-liiiii  to 


1  -iiv 


i/c,  47S,(KK>  acrt'M  ill  a  total  acn^a^.'  .>i    ll.4(M»,(hNi,  aicor.lmn  t>i  tli-    to 
statinlictt  ill  /'.  .V.  Ai/rlr.  I'lpt,  |s7r>.  di.  'J4.i,  .'tL's  ;iO,  wliuh  |ilac'  it  I 


iWUHt 


"Hi;  till'  'M\  .stati's  tliri«'  lintfil.  'I'lii.t  ^ixcs  an  aviTa^ti  <>l  'Hily  4. 1  j>'  r  iriit 
i^rist  laiiil,  S.  llnnK  ami  .Maini'ila  niikiiii.'  Iiiwi»it,  with  0.1  iili<i  O.'J  [(i^r 
ii.  ami  Ni'V.-kIu,  Mariimsii,  ainl  Santa  ( 'ni/  liii;lii-<t,  with  .Vi.'.t,  ."lU.lI,  ami 
>  |. If  rent,  rtis;  .  c'-ivily.      Tlii'  \aliial>lr  tiiiiluT  lult.-i  arc  I'liiitiueil   to  tllu 


70 


MAXUlACrUKKS. 


Mi  'i 


liuinicl  cfvist  niid  nio>uitaiii  rcnimm  in  cuntral  aiul  nortlient  parts,  from  37* 
lat.  to  till'  (Jni^oii  liiinirr:  anl  ilu;  iiittrinr  valli-yx  ami  tlii!  mhuIi  .ir-!  i-nin- 
j)arativ(  ly  liarr,  rilu'Viil  liy  cliiiniiM  aliiiii,'  lli'i  ^tl•lfllll■^,  a  I'l  «>ffi  .on  .lly 
liy  a  hcmty  V  ••  ctalidii  on  tliu  l.si  ariil  imrtli  h-i'li!  of  tl:(!  l:.ll.s.  Tlio  tr  i 
li.ivi!  tlir  r  jMMiiliaiity,  liUo  t!ii'  otlnr  tlur-a  ii.s  Mill  a<  laiiaa,  tln'  c<ni.it  , 
Ihmiil;  riiiiarkaMi!  Irr  Kmt.iiiiiii  ;  tliu  laryitst  cMiifmcui  i  trees  in  t!i.'  wt  rl  ., 
f^rowiii;,'  111  a  liiit;lit  <if  SOU  int,  ami  tv  t-rc'.uu'sa  of  8  feet  aiicl  i:ii  ;■  . 
'I'lii!  !>■  t  kiiiiwii  an.'  tho  reilwoml,  tlio  nd/iii'iii  si'injicrrliriii,  to  wliicli  licloii;; 
till'  ma  iiiiiili  tri'c;  tlio  .suiarjiiau,  jiIhiih  Imnh  rliiiiid,  tin;  ml  an  I  ycU.iw 
lir,  a'lJ  llio  arlmr-vila'.  Tlii'ii  tliiTo  aru  tho  laiiril,  liiatlrurm,  rvur^rr.  :i  n.'':, 
aiiil  111,:  nut  pine — evrryreeii  trei'H.  'J'lio  few  ileeiiliiolls  trees  aro  of  K:;.all  i  • 
(lii.-.trial  \  ilii'.  The  lorenin  t  jilacu  I'oiinii  reially  is  lielil  liy  t'le  IiiIwih.  I, 
which  exttnilii  aluiiir  tlm  eoast  trn  ■;  Sa:il  i  (.'rii/  fnr  ;!.")(•  i.ilri,  wi.li  an  i:\'  :■ 
aire  lil'e.kll  of  10  miles  ami  'JO.IO!)  feel  of  st  uiilill;,'  1  :ml.  r  i>  l!io  ae  ., 
e|iiiivaleiiL  to  over  ••(»,('''  '.<'"  '>'"'"  fe  t,  ami  .siillieii  iit  fi'i-  t\'.o  ee.i'.uri  i,  v.  i.J! 
out  eoll  ;tiii;;  the  .si  Ifreiirwal  of  I'ut  lure  its.  O'l  K  1,  Mr.cl,  u.ul  Lit'.lij  rive;  , 
;m-.'  nearly  1  :j,(l();)  aeres,  averaL;iiit{  from  l(H»,(l(>;>  fo  V'.'>->,<);i.>  feel;  cieli,  a:  I 
iliei'e  ar.'  aires  hearing  'J,01K),(MM(  fett.  In  tho  Si,  rra  ;;roVi  i  aro  i'I;i /.  s 
of  trees  0()  feet  ill  iliaMieti:r,  MlamlillLJ  so  eloM;  foi,'e|lii  r  thit  H  wa^'<>;i  ••.111!:,  t 
Jia.ss  lielween  ihi'Ill.  A  comiinill  liei;;ht  ii  'JIM)  feet,  a:i'l  ill  I  lllliiliuMt  • 
average  s.i'v-le"  i.s  nearly  5  feet  thiek,  with  many  reaeliin^  as  hi 'h  at  '. '. 
ami  \  iel  li  i:,'  L.O.tKH)  feet  of  lllliiln  r.  ]t.  i  i  iiiiei(Uall(Ml  fur  le.iily  ami  mini  i!i 
■lilittiiiL;  ali);i','  its  .straij,'ht  gr:iiii,  reiiiarlvaMy  freu  from  kiioln  for  t!ie  llr  t  P" 
leet,  tr.  hly  s'-iierior  ill  this  respeet  to  u. stern  tiiiiher,  ainl  exeeedin  ly  <1; 
hie,  ofeiiiii;  llie  reailiest  anil  eie  aiiest  of  luateriil  fni  railway-ties,  fenee-r  il  . 
etc.     W  itwith^t.iiiiliiiL!  its  .softiie-  i  for  ^driving,  it  i<  nut  hritlle,  coarse,  liint   , 


or  giuiiiny,  an  I  tor  hi/.c,  neaiity,  ami  (hn  ily,  aii4  ge:iei 


il  val 


lie,  it  IS  fine 


till'  inosl  jirecioiH  of  trees.      II  inlly  iiifi  rinr  is  the  NiiMr|iiiie,  which  forin  ■  i 


irjie  JirnjKiit  111.1  III 


111.'  f.i 


I  i  ot  the  Nil  rr  I  Ai'vaila,  lK;t  owiiii,'  to  it  i  rv 


iie.ss  from  markets,  only  certain  sei'lions,  chielly  almi;,'  tiie  raihv.iy  li.ni,  1; 
lieeii  invaileil.     Tho  red  llr  and  yellow  jiiiie  are  alo  iniu  h  soii;lit,  as  well 


tliu 


liar  of  tho  iiorth-M-e  t;  Init  hard,  el.i.sti 


id,  like  tlio  1.  rkorv  a    I 


I  liile  ot';  of  l!iu  Atlantic  hli'iiei,  i  i  rare,  and  tho  .le.i'ily  waliiMt,  nrijilo,  «  M 


li:id 


II     I  are  too  Mn,i 


II  f< 


Th  I  Mil  i:ii  !i   C'aliforn 


r  goiier.i 


Ills 


I. net  ea 


vo  li'.tlo  li.'cl  to  the  limhvr  r    .onrec.i, 


eve'i  il  tln!  fnro.st  re;:ioiis  they  jiref  rred  adohu  hou  is.     Tho  f,  w  liti.iril 


il 


w;r  '  liios 


flv 


irti  d  heforo  the  entry  of  tlm  .\nglo-S  ixolis,  who,  V. 


•11  .      .  .  . 

till  ir  training  i:t  C'anaila,  .M;:ino,  t;tc.,  Ii  It  a  natiird  i.i<  liiiatiuii  for  luinh< 


'Jli  •  lir.-t  rci^iilar  whi|i 


it  fur  maiinfailiirin;;  Inmher  for  nalo  i  i.-ittriln 


to  ,I,iM   M.iw.oii  of   Iti.ile^a,   in   Is.'l.'i,  according  to.S'd 


Co.  llhK,  •_• 


ifter  IS|(I,  Itead  o|iem'd  a  mill  111  Coita  dt;  M.idera,  and  Isaac  rr.ihaiiii; 
other  n  ir  N!  i  C'ni/,  ]ii  ISIII,  S.  .Smith,  who  liail  loii;4  laid  his  iikiiis,  ar:  iv^ 
at  IS.i'l  '  a  with  niacliimry  for  IIio  lir.t  »t  am  mill,  t  i\v  and  gri  t,  an  til' 
liili  wn  rewarded  hy  a  lar  r  s  grant  of  l.iml.  »'  7.  /'•;''.  yi.  !'■]*.,  v.  M 


l.'i   17;  A I  lit  II  u  In,  IIUI...  V.  ^I 


II 


IS  examiplo  w 


It    fur  littl  ',    111 


Hid  imt  uatil  after  the  l'.  S.  e':i|m;  .t  ilid  mills  hegii  to  ri.e.      Afl   r  ojc) 


It  1(1  af  A:ii.ii!or  Cn 


a  V  \  ;,  Sntti  r  huill  tl 
.1 


I    ill    1SI7-S,    which    jirovi  d    in  trui 

I'l  II    __     11.'.    Ill"* 

h 


-jiower  i.ill  at  < 


111      lil..COVl   I  ill' 


>■" 


Id.     N. 


iNiniilar  Kiiii 


Her  ii.;il  i:i  l'':7,  ami  .S.in  Miteo  oti     in  IMS. 


ireeeillllg 


•Villi.     Ju  I •<!'.) 


HON!  r 


vcio  erec 


ted  as  fir  north  at  ViiKi. 


irsl  I'irerdar  riw,  itiisal!,  ami  Ne\ad,i,  willi  a]ijilie;itiii;i  of  i;toa::dio  t  a    1 


otii   r  V  r'lai;  i  to 


I'll 


"I 


I.  IVO  ]'i 
■\  t;.(   lieih  ef   l[ 


r.  I'll 


T;.!",  Mav  r.»,  II!).     Mdlsf  II. 

1. 


I 


10  iii'vaiii'ing  i:!inert,  Merra  «ii>:.iiniii','  o-io  i:i 


riiimas  in   I''^')!,  v.'.Wr  u  ing  wldii-iiaws  f.iratlnie;  lir  t  oi   Mill  free!; 


Ii. 


\  uton,  SI  I. 


MS.,  ;!;  Si  Ii 


IVoll    i:i 


1 


Win  :i 


luiiili 


hi 


'a:i  <  :i  a 


ic',  lor  sliiiHiient,  11 


Ml 


loeiiin,  iiii!  r  II.  .Mui;:gs,  atnl  in  lliitnlii-I  It,     Y.     i 


Tiilai'i'  CI.  Wat  then  erecting  a  null.  A'lu  <  ..7.,  Dec.  1 1,  V''l.  'i'lic  (  <  imin  I  r 
\S't'2  creuils  niitle  with  ;l  hieam  and  11  W,iler-]iower  mill.;  .S.  !•'.  i.K  Malm) 
with  o;  Maria  with  1  wteaiii  '.aillt,  I'rodiieiiiLt  '.>,<'<MI.(M;(  f  t  a  year,  e'|iil,il, 
i?l."i(»,lKi;i;  Vnlia,  IS  mills,  jirodiiciiiii  t'lo  s.inm  niiaiitity,  <'.i]iit.'il. V'<I,<»'X>:  N 


va.l.i  hid  i<ll.".»,(HU  m  mill  ,  ^I 


;■(•.•,,()■(<•,  (1   V 


,(MI'.l  lejifesi 


lit    11 


LUMIJKR  AXI»   I'LAXIXC-MIIJA 


77 


watri-i'ower,  an 


1  Cain 


,  .*»Mt,(l(H).     Svo  :»l!«»  iri7/;<(/</j»' /i'<r.,  M>!  ,  t;  Hm 


/!■ 


t,/,r/ 


MS.,  whi.h  (Utf-i  tlic  liist  Ma  Cm/.  Mt  null   IM.";  .S/.H-Umt 


jti'O.  I'i.VJ;  .s'  <•.  I'lii  III,  Amiii  \i\,  KS-.';  SL'll>ii:ii.'.i  /.'./ 


Wiliiiiiit  til, 


MS.,  Ti,  rcfiTx  til  lir  t  Httviiu  mill  in  tlio  Miiiili;  /' 


>  ■iiii-^i  III, 


r  |ii 


!.";);  iS'.  F.  llill'Hi,  j\\t\t!  S,  1S7.">;  Luk'- ('<,.,  l!,ft.  f>.  l  Id,  71:  miiv<  yur'.'* 
lortt.  ill  f'l.  •f'<iir.  S'li.,  imssiin;  S.  F.  IIt'iII,  S' jit.  I'-J,  IvVj,  tt  •.;  Ci/. 


'.•'•./ 


1' 


MiM»,  rtc;  (•'/.  LnmUr  S(r<i]'^<,  20  <  t  *f.| 


T!iu  1  If';  '  f  riiiili  ami  minor  iiarliors,  tho  lii  -li  w.i::    .  iiiul  tlio  lar:o  dizo  of 


the  trcii,  i:ill..l  fiT  tliii  nitiilicatiiiii  <>f   iinprKVtil  in 


IlMIl-l  CI'!!' 


t..  \\U  \\ 


C.l.l. 


l:-il)ii!ril  srvi'i-.-.l  valiiaM.i  inventions,  sncli  an  l>iill<.  t-r'Huti'a'  i  l-'fjinx 


f.r 


nii>vin;{ 


linili.T,  t!i(i  trtiMo  I'ircul.ir  saw  fur  cnttin'.^  tlio  cxljacir- 


ilitiarily  t';'.ilc  !ii;j«  luro  inwailin;.',  ami  ailju-'taMi!  t>fth  f"r  mi.li  k.iv.  <,  t!io 
(■irii.ijic  for  liariillin:,'  I'lnj.^  Injs,  ainl  tlio  V•^IlalK•ll  thinu"4,  homo  nvrr  4  •  mils 
ii  lcn;lli,  iil>i:i;j;  tlin  Sicrr.i  s\,\\h',  from  .M.i'li-ra  nurtliw.ir.l,  wl.i.  h  l.iul  imt 
^iliiin'  (o  ciiiMiii'  I  liimlier  liy  niiMns  of  tlirir  reaily  anil  frunimiic  t^an^|l«l|•t,  Imt 
ton|i  ti  iil'iirwi  t!  iiiai'iTSM.lili'  l'nri;st  n,  i'lns.  C.i:ii-'rni.ig  tlio  j'Xinriiai'nN  of 
.1.  W  .  Iliint'S  111'  <1  nua,  anil  liis  el  liin  i 'n  tlio  i^iviii'lnii,  mo  I'inii.  iii.d  Jirl., 
|-.'  1  1.  Tlio  lar^f  t  lliiniing  ■  nl.  rpriic  i<  tliat  df  tin:  .Si'  riM  l-'liinii!  ami  Lm:ili,  r 
('.1.  if  IST.'i,  \vliir!i  liiurOit  (>n,();)()  aiTi -i  of  nuj^ar  and  yill.'W  jiiiii'  ti  .;li  r  l.iinl 


•a  Yf  ■u\  1  in  a; II 


■  \  I. 


fih; 


I  mar  riiiinai,  Imilt  |i)  niill.M,  ati'l  ]'.i  tit.U-*  i>t  l! 
Ilir  liliiiliiT  til  t!io  valley.      A:i  investment  of  ^-_^ .'..(.  1,0  t;»wa.s  I.  11 
•e,  liiit  tin)  IT  llilllr^^  eunliiniiil  llio  luiiiiie-':*  Hui'ee<-.fiilly.     l)ri\i<  aul 
a^l,  iiml   the  hiiilo  li.i  i   lie>  ii  a]i|ilie<l  to  iiuvi  1  elinlei  fur  luilnif^ 


;  I  lirv  II 


ilia: 


II  ir  I 

.1  fe 


li^t 


h  lam 


fyuni  tlie  li.irlHirlo.i.n  tiliore.     Tli 


•rent 


iri'-i,  calling,'  fur  l,ii-..»c)  ami  varied  iiuicliiiiery  aii.l  va  t  an  I  ix- 
1  oiicraliiiii  I,  impart  to  tlio  Inmlicr  imlii.stry  in  tlm  Hfato  an  e.:raur- 
I'linaiy  ma  ;i:uili!  aiiil  exi'illniec.  Tlio  triets  owned  l»y  many  laill  i-o;.  pa;ii' « 
!iru  verilaMjiiriiieiiialitii's,  exieeilingri^^UIOaeroa,  with  towin,  liarlmr  i,  \val.r 
rout.  I,  Hp  ei.'.l  ri  1 '^ays,  and  elcctno  li:;!it«  for  nijlit  l.ilior.  Tlu'  (  :ii^in»i 
IS.iJ  eimiinriiti' 1  *.'"'.•  .'^aw-iiiill.H,  with  .'Jl, '.►".':!. (KM>  iMpitd,  and  l,H7t)  li  iml  i  iv- 
frivin;;.  l.li:V"'<*  '•'  \va;'e:iand  iiro(lui'inj{S-:i,'.H4,<XK)  worth  of  niatiii.d.  That 
of  Ivi,)  ri   'iieeil  :lni « 


ill  si  1 


it-i  til -*il,  liut  of  increased  nia;;niti 


\Mt!i  ll;o 


1  of  iiMproved  aii[ili,ini'i'«  a'ld  eaiiit  d,  tho  Litter  ln.'in^  jilaced  at  f  .»,  ••"l."  "•• 

T!ii'    hall 'm    lia  I    iaereasid    to   .'l.iiiO,    whilu    tho    wa;;e.s   ainiiunteil    t<i    oaly 

l,(»!tt'i,u;i(t;  anl  the  vaster  iiriiiliii'tiun,  jneludinj?  .■tii.".,(KH>,(iiX)  feet  of  1  iinh 'r 


if 


lliuinl  iiiea  aire*,  was  valiu-dat  only  s|,i:!;),(i;i.*,  ii.lt  of  wl.jeh  lii^ured  -.a  valuo 


nf 


tiiatena 


1.     TI 


le   motive   jiuWir  wan  rilitain^  .1    fmai 


:ii  ht 


eain-ei!'':.!!''!. 


.f 


H,7li<'  hur  e-puwer,  and   '.111  water-wheel.i  of   '.'.'JiM*  l.orsc-liower.       T!...i  proilllr- 

".iii  was  hall ;'.  i  nun  h  iiiuri)  than  that  of  Wa.sliin);ton  t  rntory,  an  1  ilunll  •  t!i:.t 
ill  (lre.i,'un.     I'ur  railway  ties  fully  •.M,(KHt,()tK)  feet  wi  r>-  re(|nir<  '1,  a:i  1  fur  f  nee- 


1" 


Is  |(i,(KH),(;(l.).     Shiiii'hi  mael 


mil  s  We 


10  oiler,  d  in   iS.Vt,  y 


.1, 


I  I.  I^.'.);  ,iiid  Sliinj^lo  springs  in  111  |).  olitaimd  its  name  from  one  in  n  .    lliere 
l'^l'.l,  it  is  said.     The  ileniand  ii[iuii  tlio  31  lluw  ]iine  of  the  .Siirr.i,  eMelly 


r.iiiii 

it  oil' 


liir  tiirpentiae  11 
upiiliis  iroin 


till 


id  resin,  w.is  iiroi.ipted  1.,-  the  war  of  I'lul,  v.hiili 
■1  I.     Tho  IcL'i.  latiiri!  in  1  >«;•_',  *'>il.  Stiinl'  ^,  i  iV  n  1 
pr  iiiiiuiM  as  an  ineentive.      .1.  \V.  .racolison  ^;aine  1  the  lii   t,  nid  m  Ih-l  fulT,- 
l."i  1,11,1!)  11)  1.  if  ermle  jiilrh  \'.  n  euUcelcd,  frma  whieli  .'{  •!:  <'.dli.ri.'s  ma.'e  ovi  r 
.O'l;)  j;al.  of  liup    itine,  and   l.l.'il)  li.irrel*  of  resin,  caeli  trco  yi.l  '!:i  ;  ,'1  ;'.d. 
of  iheM.ir  rtMluced  the  1  riHlnetion  tuhniall  jiiujiurUunt. 


Till 


A.-ia;;!!  factory  opened   in  S.  l»iego  in   T^-  tn  hiipply  I  M-al 


"!' 


di  <:.llation,  HI 


n  hefi 


l'.c.:l,  f  uiu  Nor.li  C 


I.  11',  liM  alaost  eeaiii!.   .V  re.  I' 


M. 


7.  X. 


i: 


ml.     Th 
lina  tiirpeii- 
l.';C.:»;  .Vi  (■;!., 


It,  l: 


It  DO    Li 


1""'-':  Srifiit.  /'ir>">,   Mareh  V  »,   l.s;iO;  C-//,  .In.  (i 


Id;  r.h.  H,  Mm. 

•  li  ireuil  has  lieen  linmcil  siiier  llif  early  liltns.  and  is  now  prodiier  I  ihiilly 
!>>  Ii  ilians,  from  oak  and]iai'tly  from  willuw.  .S  K.  used  in  I.snj  I'.O.iiiiii.-..ii'|,m 
•>l  (in  Ills.  eaeh.  or  ll.lUli)  ton-,  worth  almilt  .'<*■*>. *l*N).      This  eailie  elnells   lioin 


llltt    ;J 

I'l  It 


In  Ni 


evaila  and  other  mining  niiion'*  laru'e  iinantities  Mere  ii>eil  for 


It    aliolll    'JS    eeiits   a    lui-hel      .Vii.v    f 


is  y  illiireil   ill 


.Minieilii  and  oilier  mii^liv  diil:  i.-t.i 


Uik;. 


I,    I" 


.V.  /•.  /■, 


il.l.   I'tC. 

-,  Till. 


S,  lf*l)7,  reler;*  to  a  b 


|l(.'CUll 


ipaiiy 


to  Wul'k  tliel 


I'udvr  all  theMo  innuiU, 


IB^' 

WW    1 

78 


MANUFAfTURES. 


y.^. 


favoroil  l»y  the  omiill  valuo  of  luiul  iit  earlv  days,  there  ho*  Ijoon  a  j,'ri'at 
wiiMto  of  forest  rcMoiireos,  nn>l  in  Hjiotit  iicucssiLlo  for  ithipiiiui^  ami  near  Krtili  • 
iiii'iit.s,  lift  ill  Santa  Cruz  luiil  Sau  Aliitco,  ami  in  the  niiniii^  u.  It,  ilwrc  i  <  littlo 
tiiiilxT  K'ft,  l.irf»()  (listiirts  being  entirely  (k'luiileil.  Before  the  I'.  S.  occujii- 
tion,  forest  fiiv's  re[,'iilarly  «lovast'ite<l  larf,'e  seotions,  owing  to  the  cit.stnni, 
among  Imli-ins  e<[iecially,  of  tlius  gathering  innocta  and  cithor  articl  ■«  <if 
food.  Tlii'*  in  one  of  t!io  evident  checks  to  forests  in  tho  valleya.  Siil>>r- 
quuntly  nhejilierds  and  Imntera  wcro  in  tlio  haliit  of  firing  lar;'o  tract.s  to 
l)roniolo  tlio  growth  of  ]iat«tureH.  Sheci>  in  particular  havo  k-'^it  dowa  tl.c 
renewiilof  forests  hy  eating  the  siionts.  Yit  after  all,  the  iiiroad.s  upon  ti:;ilier 
do  not  all'iet  iiiont  than  one  fifth  of  tliu  entire  area,  ami  moMt  of  thist  i^ 
renewing  its  If,  «o  that  tho  supjily  is  i)nu'lically  inexhaUMtililo.  This  is  not  i- 
My  tlio  case  in  the  redwoods  nnd  partly  in  tho  mining  helt,  and  it  is  helicve  I 
that  tho  Truokeu  ri'gion  will  also  revive.  Iviws  havo  been  piissud  for  tlio 
protection  of  forests,  hut  with  littlo  clTeet.  U.  S,  Oon.  Ddc,  t'oiig.  41,  S-'  :i. 
a.  Sen.  Misc.  Doe.  71;  I'ong.  42,  Scss.  2,  II.  Ex.  Doc.  :VJl),  p.  218-:J7;  t*<m  '. 
4.'),  Sess.  2,  Son.  llcpt  li;2;  Stitiih'.t,  8<.Mtl;  Cong.  47,  Sess.  1,  H.  Ex.  Do.. 
5,  p.  :»70;  II.  Misc.  l)oc.  :W,  p.  2'.H)-2;  Cx/7.  dUn-,  l;.77-S,  :i2,  2;!'J,  et.-.;  C  /. 
.{•jri,-.  S,^<•.,  Trn„K.,  ISOS-U,  p.  2S;  lS72-:i,  pp.  3:!'J  ct  scq.;  U.  S.  L  url  Of. 
Ilryt,  lSti.">,  2(i,  etc.;  I'al.  Liinilri'  S'-i-ii}>n,  ^X-\i.  So  far  the  private  owner- 
nil  ip  of  land  li.'is  served  best  for  prot'ction,  l>y  rousing  private  intere.its  to 
check  (ires  and  renew  the  growth.  There  is  a  further  coini>ensation  in  tins 
nrtillciul  planting  of  trees,  fiistcred  by  tho  state,  and  latterly  by  arhor-d  ly 
festivals.  This  is  exteiulcd  not  alonu  to  rotids  and  settlements,  for  bImi'.i', 
Kere<!n,  and  cinbcllislimciit,  but  to  entire  groves  of  forest  dimensions,  for  Uw\ 
n:id  inilustrial  purposes,  notably  for  remedying  tho  lack  of  hard  wrHxl  sr.f- 
ticient  to  supply  in  duo  tiiiio  tho  demand  and  to  balance  dcstmctionelsewher'. 
Tho  Hycaniore,  willow,  and  Cottonwood  grow  readily,  for  fences  and  fucd,  alo 
Loinbardy  po]ilar,  but  tho  black  locust  and  especially  the  eucalyptus  are  mot 
widely  planted,  tlio  latter  proniising  to  iirovo  very  aesirablo  for  elasticity  and 
hardness.  Ono  party  planted  100,000  in  1S76  near  Florence.  A'w.  .(;/(/.  (.1. 
Hilt.,  (>:!.  The  olive  and  mulberry  will  no  doubt  receive  attention.  S'oyn' 
Litmlivriii;),  1-107;  Siinui  LiiiiiUr  Co.,  Prosp.;  I'ltn  D/jke'a  SUtt.,  MS.,  8,  ete  ; 
t'oltma  Aiiinittl,  1878,  80;  Owrlunl,  xiii.  242  et  sen.;  Jfai-per'a  Maj.,  Dec. 
l.S7:i;  Nov.  1878;  Jan.  188.1,  with  cuts;  lUiwkii's  liumhiblt,  i:t-37;  J'mc//'  '« 
I'ht.  Cnl,  'Ja-lOS;  U.  S.  Land  Of.  y,V;rf^;  Killo<jij'a  Fonut  Tm:i  0/ Cil.,  I- 
11.");  U.  S.  (,'<(il.  iiniKlroij.  Sunvij  of  'linit.,  9;  iianjeid'a  Fontt  Tnr.^. 

In  connection  with  lumlter  manufacturo  have  sprung  up  a  number  cf 
plaiiing-niills  for  preparing  frames,  casings,  doors,  sashes,  balustradi>s,  eoi- 
niccs,  and  other  ornaments,  with  special  factories  ft)r  several  branches.  Tlie 
redwood  is  admirable  for  these  imrposcs  in  being  easily  workeil,  ami  as  it 
docs  not  warp,  eraek,  or  stain,  the  cNport  demand  cxtcn<ls  to  these  nianii' 
factures.  The  first  planing-inill  is  ascribed  to  llutton  o!i  Market  bt,  S.  !•'., 
tlic  second  to  Mciggs  at  North  lleach,  both  soon  after  IS.'O.  Tho  lir  t  sa<li 
and  iloor  factory  is  claimed  by  Marysvillo  for  IS'A.  There  were  in  ISSS  a 
score  of  mills,  with  a  capital  of  §1,000,00;),  employing  1,500  men,  uii  I  jnd- 
ducing  nearly  $.'>,OI)0,000  worth  of  articles.  I'ctalunm  claims  a  special  Btaii  • 
building  factory.  The  progress  of  San  Diego  li:i<l3  an  illustration  in  tl;i' 
rapid  success  of  the  Eiiter^iri-so  planing-mills,  although  established  only  in 
ISS.').  The  founder,  Henry  Allen  Terry,  lK)rn  in  Huron  eo.,  N.  Y.,  on  May  1, 
1843,  has  lieen  connected  with  tho  city  since  1873  in  various  contract  works. 
Tho  mills  are  sust.iincd  by  tho  general  preddection  for  wood<!n  dwellin^'^, 
brick  being  objected  to  on  account  of  dampneaa  and  a  lurking  fear  of  earth- 
quakes, so  as  to  bo  virtually  restricted  to  business  houses,  which  requir  ^ 
greater  stability  and  security  against  lire.  Even  in  tho  south  adobes  are  yi<M 
mg  to  light  ami  handsome  wood  buildings.  Tho  api)arently  flimsy  yet  strong' 
Chicago  frame  structure  is  the  favorite,  with  ol.iborate  facades,  S.  F.  being 
remarliablo  for  the  use  of  bav-windows  for  catching  tho  sun  and  enjoying  a 
view  in  ctunfort,  piazzas  and  l)alconio8  being  here  too  exposed  to  tho  win<ly 
and  chilly  atmosphere. 

With  an  extensive  and  widely  settled  ooast  line,  full  of  resources,  ship- 


STEAMBOATS  AND  STAciES. 


79 


Quilling  rfcciveil  im  curly  iiiiiiulito.  Craft  had  Ixjcn  constrnctetl  fi>r  Imy 
ti'itlir  lH-t'<iru  tliu  U.  S,  oci.'upatiiiii,  a.s  nlinwii  in  my  jirccdltiig  voliiiiic!*.  Tlio 
iTul  I  t<'Vi  r,  M'itli  its  attoii<liiiit  utifoMiiiff  of  coiniiiiTce,  gavu  a  htart  to  Hliiii- 
vir.i-*  .luring  tlio  wint.  r  1848-9,  autl  in  the  nii.Mlu  of  lvs<»  ,S.  V.  ;i  .1 
)t 'iiiciiiliccuinu  tho  hiatlquartcrd,  the  latter  for  launching  Mi-vtril  Hteanihoats, 
iiii'l  ivi  n  S;ii'.  jiut  forth  a  «cow  during  tho  lato  Huninicr.  Sco  oliaiitir  en 
ci>iui:i(Ti.'e.  \\  lUiaiiis,  thu  hiiiMor,  Sl'il.,  MS.,  9,  Uunlts  (i:ic  at  San%ilito  fur 
^■.'.IHK),  tl.o  luniher  Iniing  hanil-Hawcil.  Napa  ul  <o  cLiiuiuil  a  launch  in  IKIi), 
aiur  liiivi.ig  conatnictoil  craft  iu  l;»ll  and  1S45.  Jli'l.  ycyi  Co.,  oH;  ,S'ic. 
i'liii.i,  M.y  10,  1S.")8.  Stockton  had  it.i  firHt  slooi>  in  IS.">0.  In  the  KixticH 
hIiiji-1  nil  '.ing  liccaiiiu  coirinioa,  an  I  at  Liud.'Uiy  I't  41  vc.i8cl ;,  of  whlcli  '21  wcru 
liti-.imlioat-i,  Mcro  lannclieil  ll>.i4-78.  Jli-t.  S.  J"'/.  <'■>.,  "0,  71.  Along  t'lo 
co-ist  Mivcral  {dacca  joinud  in  tho  imlu^try,  Sla  C'raz  since  1S48.  ,SV  i  <  'rvz  <  ',>. 
///.,  H.  Iloliiiaa,  Tonialcs,  I't  Arena,  Mcndociiio,  all  ligurcJ;  llunilx  Kit  V,  y 
taking  the  kad,  howcvcr,  and  launching  in  1S.'»4  also  a  xt  aiue:-.  Ilicilm'  U 
Co.  J/i"/.,  14J;  Mnrin  Co.  lUxt.,  5?70-l,  2115,  3C:j.  For  oiK;n»tion«  :.:  S.  I'.,  ;  co 
Ali'iC'il.,  iJviy  ct  801].;  S.  F.  ll<r,tld,  Juno  8,  10,  KwJ;  l)ec.  .11.  1  .■.4.  C.  S. 
Cii.ii.  mill  Xiirij.,  1;»,"<1,  et  sen.,  has  not  very  conii>lctc  records  ii  ii:*  :,lii|>- 
hml.aiig  til.lcs.  Mniihu-.  Co.  IIM.,  .S.S4,  4.18;  II,yjXi,t»  ."s7,;.  B.,  MS..  lUS, 
lius  j,'in(  ral  accou:it.s  for  tho  coaat.  Tho  lirst  ocean  Ktcai:icr  hiiilt  entirely  in 
t'll.  i*sai.l  to  IiJ  tlio  1)>1  jN'or/c,  with  1S7  feet  of  keel,  18  8t;ite-roonis,  etc., 
la'iiiilied  l>ic.  14,  1S»>4.  Tho  hoilers  Were  niailo  also  at  S.  F.,  but  the  ciiHino 
WIS  taken  from  tiic  Itemthlir.  Description  in  6'.  /'.  ItidUtin,  March  l.'i,  \H\'t. 
Tlio  (V/i-Hs  of  1881)  credits  Cal.  with  02  HhipdmiUlia^  e.staMi.shnients,  witli  a 
capital  of  .-l.800,<X)0,  employing  ."»;14 men,  wages  ^'."vS'.l.OOO,  using »5,7tK),(KK)  foct 
of  hiiiiher,  ;i,0()0,OyO  11«.  of  metal,  and  i>ro<lucing  2"21  hoat.s  and  ves.sels,  made 
himI  rcjiiiixMl,  v.iluc<l  at  $1,800,000.  Of  tlie.so  lil  wcro  new  ves.sels  of  7,.'U)I 
tii:i>,  valued  iit  §771,000  from  13  c.stahli.shmcut^,  einploying  1'>1  men,  using 
4.t»*Ki.(MIU  feet  of  lund>cr.  Repairs  to  tho  value  of  otH;i>,000  were  d^no  on 
40  vr>,>t'l.s.  The  200  boats  came  from  9  cstalilishments,  value  about  S.")7,.')00, 
111  lsv_'  I'al.  huilt  8,0((0  tons  of  the  17,000  for  the  U.  S.  I'ac,  c.«.st,  tlie  uver- 
a);e  sij;,'  of  vessels  lieing  iTK)  tons;  4  la-ean  steamers  were  lauiielied.  The 
iMiiKtriiction  is  about  as  cheap  here  as  in  the  east,  for  higher  wa^e.s  are  lial- 
aii'iil  by  cheaper  timber,  easier  to  work  at  lejist  in  tlie  timber  region.  Tho 
Ik'si  liiiiiber  at  S.  F.  comes  from  I'uget  S<1.  For  fitting,  most  i*f  the  material 
miiHt  he  imported.  In  1889  tiio  prospects  of  this  industry  were  eiicouragitig, 
s(  \tral  large  vessels  being  completed,  including  the  ir«'li  steamer  I'oinoini  of 
l.'.''K>  tons.  Three-masted  schooners,  suit'ible  for  the  lumlnir  traile,  could  be 
limit  Ml  Cal.  cheaper  than  in  Me.  With  larger  vessels,  however,  I'al.  was  at 
a  <iNa<lvaiitage,  the  cost  of  a  l,(M)0-toii  siiip  being  alMiut  %f7'J..*>0  per  ton  against 
i^i'i  III  .Mc.  Tho  railway  company  at  Oakland  has  a  large  yard.  At  .S.  K.  are 
KiM'i  al.  .\  dry-dock  was  completed  in  the  suiiinier  of  1<N.'>I  at  the  foot  of  .Second 
tit,  s.  F.,  the  brig  Sidi  lluinmet  onteriug  to  receive  the  first  coppering  in  Cal., 
tile  Hawaiian  Islands  having  so  far  done  such  work.  Tho  sulisi  ciucnt  I'.  S. 
ilnilnek  at  Mare  Island  is  spoken  of  elsewhere.  In  AWi  Cd.,  Apr.  l(i, 
Is.'i.'p,  Iiotli  adverti.so  for  vessels.  A  third  is  recoiiuiiendid  hi  Id.,  l»ec.  ',il, 
bVi."),  at  the  fiKJt  of  Lombard  st.  Liiter  was  coiistructe»l  tho  lino  ntoiie  dock 
at  iliinti  r's  Ft,  over  400  ft  long,  which,  with  two  floating  docks,  is  controlled 
iiy  a  eiiiiipany.  There  are  also  several  slips  for  p'|>airing.  .V.  /'.  Call,  Ajir. 
:';X.liily  24,  1808. 

Tiaiiic  was  complemented  on  land  by  elaborate  stago-carriages  and  huge 
frviiilit-wagous.  Tho  Alfn  C<il.,  Sept.  2'.»,  1S.'(j,  describes  t.iie  of  4.(H¥)  lbs.  in 
w«  ii^lit,  9  feet  high,  to  carry  l."»,000  lbs.  The  Spanish  Californians  m-(  re  as  a 
ml'-  coatent  with  rude  frames  on  di.sks  of  board  for  wheels,  thoU;.'h  occasional 
luht  Wagons  were  :  ..ido  with  tho  help  of  foreign  sailors  in  1797.  C  d.  I'rov. 
A'"'.,  MS.,  vi.  79;  Alvarado,  CitL,  MS.,  31;  ViilUjo,  Ran.,  40.  Tlicro  was  .a  sen- 
sation when,  in  1845,  the  first  American  wagon  cnt«!rcil  S.  Jose,  ol>serves  y(  fta 
Cii,  March  3,  18ol.  A  carriage  factory  was  established  r.t  Lo.-}  Angeles  in 
iM'.t.  /,.  Anij.  Co.  Il'ut.,  C9.  In  tho  bay  towns  several  started.  Sac,  Stock- 
ton (in  lS."il),  and  Marysvillo  following  S.  F.  IliM.  YuUi,  S.  Jom/.,  and  Muteo. 
Sacraiiionto  claimed  in  1858  nearly  4  score  8lioi>8,  with  340  hands,  protlucing 


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MANUFACTURES. 


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$750,000  worth.  With  the  decline  in  mining  and  the  construct:on  of  rail- 
way.-!, the  hiisiiicss  fell  off.  Two  largo  factories  of  S.  F.,  dating  1851,  disap- 
iiuarud,  and  in  ISSl  las  than  half  the  product  of  1809  was  manufactured  hi.'>-e. 
11  1870  ovur  80  establishments  existed  in  C'al.,  employing  GIW  men,  and  pro- 
ducinj,'  §1 ,30t),tX)0  worth.  The  demand  for  vehicles  continues,  however,  excep- 
tionally large,  owing  to  the  general  wealth,  the  lively  trade,  the  value  of  time, 
clioap  animals  and  feed,  sparse  population,  and  fair  roads.  Favored  by  the 
overland  railway,  business  wagons  are  mostly  brought  from  Michigan  in 
pieces.  Wheels  and  tongues  are  frequently  made  ekewhere,  and  white  oak 
ami  hickory  nuist  be  brought  for  the  light  vehiclca  made  hero,  8.  F.  with  one 
third  of  the  industry  turning  out  about  500  wagons,  500  buggies,  etc.  Car- 
works  have  sprung  up  at  Vallejo,  Sacramento,  Newark.  S.  F.  Bulktin,  July 
18,  18i)3;  Vallejo  Itcc,  Nov.  10,  1808;  Sac.  and  Alameda  Co.  I/'ds.  Carriage 
springs  invented  and  made.  S.  F.  Times,  Sept.  15,  1808;  S.  F.  Jour.  Com., 
Apr.  25,  1877. 

Cooperage  is  also  imi)eded  by  the  insufficient  supply  of  coopers,  and  the 
necessity  for  importing  hoops  and  staves  for  superior  casks.  Mucli  redwood 
and  otlier  soft  material  is  used.  The  chief  demand  is  for  wine,  liquor,  and 
beer,  anil  especially  for  wine-casks.  In  IS81  there  were  on  the  Pac.  coast, 
nearly  all  in  Cal.,  about  100  sliops,  with  over  500  men,  producing  some  'JdO,- 
000  casks  and  kegs  for  such  liquors,  wortli  8900,000;  350,0U0  barrels  and  iialf 
barrels  for  sugar,  worth  §210.000;  35,000  barrels  for  provisions,  valued  at 
$55,000;  and  1)5,000  powder-kegs,  wortli  ,^543, 000,  making  a  total  of  .§1,200,000. 
To  this  must  l)o  added  the  value  of  ship  cooperage,  about  §40,000,  and  of 
lime  and  cement  barrels,  .§25,000.  <\iin.  and  ImL,  021.  Tubs,  chests,  ami 
the  like  were  made  by  3  wooden-ware  factories,  two  of  which  were  in  S.  F. 
an<l  one  in  Sic,  producing  nearly  .S-'00,000  worth.  The  tirst  was  Elani  & 
Howes'  of  18.")2.  Amies  &  Dallam  opened  at  lirst  in  Sonoma  1853,  and  were 
alone  in  1801  tor  a  time.  .S*.  F.  Bull.,  Dec.  1,  1804;  S.  F.  Times,  Feb.  21,  1807. 
Trays  and  axe-handles  are  imported.  Of  late  4  establishments  manufacture 
bungs  and  faucets,  one  of  metal. 

Box-makiiii;  is  rapidly  growing,  with  the  increase  in  drying  an<l  canning 
of  fruit  and  tisli,  and  the  export  of  fresh  fruit.  There  are  several  factories 
at  S.  F.,  and  one  each  at  different  places.  Aside  from  the  above,  two  tiftiis 
of  the  pro  luct  is  reijuired  for  so  ip,  candles,  sugar,  and  crackers.  There 
are  special  cigar-box  .'actories  at  S.  F.,  turning  out  nearly  3,500,000  boxes  a 
year,  worth  ■  •or  §300,000,  00  per  cent  being  twentieths  (to  hold  50).  In 
1881  over  200  workers  were  employed,  a  quulrnplo  iMii\'ase  since  1870.  A 
dozen  persons  made  jewelry  boxe.s,  worth  §25,0.)  '  irly  double  the  value 

are  imported.     S.  F.  had  also  0  trunk-factorie^  -.laeturing  §150,000  of 

leather  au<l  wood  into  .§.T)0,000  of  goods.  The  ill  importation,  say  one 
tenth,  inelmles  fancy  bags,  locks,  and  hinges,  and  is  fully  balanced  by  the 
export.  The  wages  in  this  branch  average  §t>25  a  year.  Coffins  are  made 
mostly  of  redwood  by  5  special  and  several  other  establishments,  employing 
fourscore  men,  and  producing  $300,000  worth.  In  1800  there  was  only  one 
maker.  Tlic  importation  of  metallic  and  rosewood  caskets  has  declined. 
There  is  a  factory  at  Sta  Clara.  S.  J.  Merc,  Jan.  1,  1880.  The  embalming 
process  obtains,  Elko  /m/ep.,  Jan.  7,  1871. 

Of  willow-ware,  the  larger  proportion,  about  §00,000  worth,  comes  from 
Euroiie,  desi)Lto  <luty  and  freight.  There  are  30  men,  cliiefly  Europeans,  em- 
ployed, besides  some  Chinese.  S:ic.  had  a  factory  in  1855.  S<ir.  Umn,,.  Feb. 
10,  18.M.  Last-making  began  in  1804,  and  in  188S  there  were  two  factories 
III  S.  F.,  with  14  hands,  producinc;  30.000  pieces  a  year,  worth  §30.000. 
Broo;ns  are  made  by  about  50  establishments,  fully  half  in  S.  F.,  with  400 
hands,  half  Chinese,  producing  80,000  dozen  a  year,  worth  $350,000;  2  per 
cciit  are  exported.  Broom  corn  is  cultivated  since  1851  in  several  counties, 
yielding  4  tons  per  acre,  sufficient  for  fully  100  dozen  brooms.  Los  .\ngoles 
opene.l  a  factory  1852.  L.  Awi.  Co.  IliM.,  133;  Sac.  Union,  Dec.  8,  1855;  Feb. 
28,  18.-)0;  AlttCai,  Oct.  3,  18.57. 

Owing  to  the  scantiness  of  suitable  woods,  and  the  high  wages,  half  of  the 


WOOD-WORK  AND  PROVISIONS. 


81 


furniture  is  still  imported,  much  of  it  in  sections,  to  be  fitteil  here.  One  half 
the  M(»)il  used  comtM  from  Oregon  iiml  Wa.siiiiigton;  Cal.  primaviTa  ii  hei'om- 
i:ig  a  lavorite  for  its  line  wavy  grain.  Tlie  laurel  is  beautiful,  i)nt  used 
cliictiy  for  vent'cring.  Alasiia  cedar  promises  to  take  a  pro:nniont  place. 
Ro  Iwood  has  t!'e  advanfcige,  aside  from  its  many  good  q  lalitics,  of  receiving 
ahiio  t  any  stai:i  tor  imitating  dark  woods.  With  this  growing  ajiprcoiation 
a:id  lower  wag:.'s,  the  manufacture  in  increasing,  favored  by  the  liigh  freight 
and  c'piahle  clime.  TIio  lirst  decided  iinpid.se  was  given  by  tlie  war  of  18(51, 
and  S.  F.  had  in  ISSS  fully  2  dozen  factf)ries,  employing  1,0;K)  hands,  with 
s7-"il>.0,):)  in  wages,  and  proilueing  over  §:{,00:),0i)')  wortli.  Wi/moivn  St'it.,  MS. 
Tlie  S.  F.  Chron.,  Dec.  29,  1889.  gives  only  S1.2ri0,000  as  the  output  for  tliat 
ycir.  Finer  moulding  and  gilding  of  frames  is  done  here,  and  partly  the  sil- 
vcrin'T  of  mirrors.  Home  decoration  is  exceptionally  large,  and  over  a  dozen 
lirnis  supply  artists'  material. 

Thu  liianufacture  of  billiard-tables  was  early  encouraged  by  tlie  great  de- 
mand. 1:'.  Liesenfeld,  the  earliest  existing  linn,  began  ia  1S.")5.  In  the  foUow- 
i.ig  year  tlie  Altfi  Cal.,  Mareli  5,  Oct.  21,  Dec.  14,  1856,  refers  to  two  more, 
Strahle  and  Vasselin.  In  ISiiO  there  were  5,  with  §.30,000  sales.  By  1870 
the  sales  h;id  trebled  from  6  factoi-ies.  A  dozen  years  later  t!io  figure  had 
r'sen  to  .i^'JOJ.OOJ,  with  a  small  export.  The  make  is  fully  ei;[ual  to  eastern. 
( )iie  e-itabli  hinent  turns  billiard-balls. 

Pianos  eliim  nine  tenths  of  the  millions  annually  spent  on  music  iuotrii- 
ineiits.  Two  tliirdsare  imported,  the  rest,  over  800  pianos,  200  liouse  organs, 
some  guitars,  and  other  instruments,  occupy  150  men  and  a  capital  of  three 
<|uarttas  of  a  million,  in  making  cases  and  putting  together  thj  parts  manu- 
tact'.ired  elsewliere  by  special  factories.  The  chief  demand  is  for  upright 
ciscs  of  ei»mize<l  wood.  Tiie  first  piano  is  credited  to  Jacob  Zuch,  a  six- 
(ictavc  square  piece  made  at  S.  F.  in  lS.j6.  In  the  same  year,  S.  F. 
Hull.,  May  -^2,  185l>,  Mar.  20,  1857,  June  30,  18(i3,  refers  to  J.  H.  Allen  as 
iKiving  Jiiade  one.  The  tir.st  upright  piece  was  turned  out  by  (i.  Rudolf  in 
IsiM.  By  t!iis  time  tlie  ,S'.  /■'.  Cnll,  Jan.  3,  ISlU,  Jan.  3,  June  10,  18(i(5,  Jan.  .S, 
1S()7,  Au_'.  2,  IS.IS,  refers  to  J.  Bender  and  other  makers;  S.  F.  Mi-ixlon  Local, 
.Ian.  1!),  1877;  J-mr.  Com.,  Apr.  4,  1877.  Tlie  demand  for  organs  is  only  one 
fourth  that  of  pianos,  mostly  imported,  but  the  local  manufacture  is  increas- 
ing. Clrireh  or  rans  were  first  made  by  Jos.  Mayer,  in  1S5G,  followed  by  the 
Si'howsti'ins,  the  factory  of  J.  Bergstriini  dating  from  18li4,  being  tlie  largest 
and  hj<t  known.  Some  4  score  have  l>een  constructed,  at  from  $1,000  upward, 
]iartly  for  export.  Keys  are  matle  1>y  one  house,  llutes  and  orchestrions,  fully 
li.)  of  the  latter,  by  otiiers.  Of  these  minor  instruments  the  annual  produc- 
tidii  amounts  to  .SIO.O.K),  or  one  fourth  of  imports.  Guitars  and  violins  were 
first  made  at  S.  F.  by  C.  Stumcke  in  1857. 

The  first  fisheries  of  California  were  in  connection  with  the  fur  trade,  par- 
ticularly fur  catching  otters  ami  seals,  and  this  pursuit  has  continued  in  evcr- 
iliiniiiisliiiig  degree,  although  the  d'n-tiis  for  1880  still  places  its  value  at 
?^i."),700  a  year.  Nidever,  Life,  MS.,  140,  engaged  therein  with  a  .schooner  i.i 
IS.Mt  1;  Jhn/i-s'  A.i'i.  Airh.,'v.  55;  JIM.  Stu  liarb.  Co.,  254-8;  Far.  /.'.  /;. 
y.Vj-/,  vi.;  S'eirhi'i-ri'.'i  lliyt,  42-51;  t'u.4er.i  St  it.,  MS.;  Alta  Cat.,  July  7-8, 
1857,  July  11,  185!),  relating  also  to  sea-lion  catch,  locations,  etc.  rroteetive 
laws  in  '  id.  St'tiit<'.'>,  18i(5-5,  033.  Trap[)ers  entered  along  the  Sac.  ami  olhcr 
streams  to  swell  the  fur  supply,  espccuUly  with  beavers,  and  furs  are  still 
l)ou;.;ht  at  country  stores  for  S.  F.  d.ealers.  Deer,  water-fowl,  and  otlier 
game  yield  additional  profits.  S.  F.  is  tiie  centre  of  the  Pacific  fur  traih",  witli 
cliief  sources  in  Alaska,  its  total  value  exceeding  ^,000,000,  one  third  con- 
troIl((l  by  tlio  Alaska  L'liin.  Co.,  one  fourth  by  the  Hudson's  Bay  Co.,  whicli 
ships  ciiicet  from  Victoria — see  Hi)<t.  lirit.  CoL,  KorllnixH  Con.st,  and  Alaxka, 
this  series.  The  fur  seals  constitute  two  fifihs  of  the  total,  whieli  in  K:igland 
rises  in  prepared  form  to  §10,000.000.  The  local  fur  sale  in  S.  F.  reaelie* 
^:iOO,0.)J,  m'>.;tly  goo<l8  returned  from  London.  Of  otlier  pelts  only  .^15,000 
Worth  are  sold.  Tlio  regular  fisheries  of  Cal.,  as  a  special  industry,  came  into 
consideration  shortly  after  the  U.S.  conipiest.  The  (' dij'oniian,  Apr.  1!), 
1848,  reported  that  a.  company  was  forming  to  improve  tho  salmon  fishery  at 
IIi.'iT.  Cal.,  Vol.  VIL    6 


II. 


u 


J'H  I 


82 


MANUFACTURES. 


Brazoria.  Tho  gold  fever  interfero<l,  and  fishery  projects  wore  not  resinned 
until  the  winter  of  ]S4'.t  "»().  The  &ir.  V'nKwr.,  June 'Jl»,  ISoO,  March  14,  18')!, 
refers  to  the  oiierations  of  tho  Sae.  Fishing  Co.,  which  included  a  c;itch  of 
sturgeons  weighing  i2lH)  and  300  11  is.  Roder,  Belli iiij.  J}  u/,  MS.,  0-7,  who 
bouglifc  an  interest  in  the  concern  in  KS.")!,  credits  Capt.  Wehb  with  starting 
it.  C.  Cooper  was  then  also  in  the  Imsincsa.  Sur.  Co.  I  list.,  140.  Ry  1855 
three  linns  were  engaged  in  curing  salmon  in  this  vicinity,  tunploying  20i) 
iiicu  for  several  months.  Dirertori/ Sar.,  ISoO,  p.  xvii.-xviii.;  Sue.  /7n/o/i,  Juno 
;iO,  1855.  Since  then  the  industry  has  gradually  increased,  until  the  Racitle 
coast  in  1881  canned  salmon  to  the  value  of  ^'),000,(M)0  a  year.  Of  this  tho 
Sac.  canneries,  from  Vallejo  upward,  assisted  by  the  propairation  eilorts  of 
the  state,  produced  neai'ly  200, 0(K)  cases,  against  little  over  00,000  in  1 880,  and 
still  less  in  preceding  years,  according  to  Hwihes  Cirenbir.  The  cases  of  24 
two-pound  cans  were  valued  at  .?o,  or  nearly  $1,000,000.  Eel  anil  Smith 
rivers  added  7,000  and  0,000  civses,  respectivclj'.  For  methods  and  leading 
companies  in  Cal.  and  northward,  see  Com.  and  Ind.,  county  histories  of  Stu'., 
Solitiio,  C.  Coxti:  S.  F.  Jfemld,  March  20,  1853,  etc.;  .9.  /■'.  Jiidi,  Sept.  13, 
1850;  Nov.  20,  Dec.  20,  1878;  June  0,  1879;  Sept.  17,  1881;  Altn  Cal.,  Sept. 
13,  1850,  e'tc.  There  are  a  dozen  canneries  on  the  Sac.  alone,  and  several 
fruit  canneries  share  the  business.  Profits  are  becoming  less  and  more  uncer- 
tain. The  laws  for  protecting  the  iish,  for  gill  nets,  for  covering  only  one 
third  of  the  river  width,  for  abstaining  from  catching  in  August,  are  littb; 
respected,  partly  owing  to  the  frequent  change  of  regulations.  Cal.  Statvtes, 
1853,  54;  1854,  158,  1(>7;  1855,  220;  1872,  1004;  1875-6,  ap.  53. 

Salmon  form  the  staple  of  the  fisheries,  which  according  to  the  Cc>t.iu>i  of 
1880  employed  a  capital  of  §1,140,000,  3,000  men,  including  1,000  shore  nun, 
40  ves.sels  of  5,200  tons,  valued  at  .S5(M).()00,  850  boats  valued  at  ^00,000, 
brini,'ing  a  total  product  of  $1,800,000.  The  catch  is  estimated  at  12,000  tons 
a  year,  of  which  4,000  were  from  S.  F.  bay  and  its  tributaries.  The  Chinese 
sweep  the  bay  Hats  to  the  destruction  of  fish,  and  catch  large  quantities  at 
ditVerent  points,  as  at  Monterey  and  the  Sta  Barbara  isles.  Fully  threescore 
deep-sea  boats  are  engagc<l  to  supply  the  S.  F.  market,  almost  wholly  decked, 
each  with  7  or  8  men,  and  long  trawling  lines.  A  fishing  outfit  costs  from 
J500  to  $1,000.  The  fi.-ihermen  are  nu)stly  of  the  Latin  race,  the  Italians 
leading,  wlio  earn  fair  returns,  on  shares,  but  are  improvident,  with  frequent 
intervals  of  idleness  and  dissipation.  Chinese  are  content  witli  less  profit- 
able fi.dnng  near  the  shore.  (^.  S.  Gov.  Doe.,  Cong.  47,  Sess.  2,  H.  E.\.  l)oe. 
xviii.  881;  U.  S.  (  Vh.s^s  181)0,  and  1870;  Priee'x  Tim  Amer.,  209-20;  Dh-oii's 
White  Coiuj.,  i.  23-7;  ii.  251-8;  Sac.  Direeton/,  18.57-8,  p.  xiv.,  etc.;  ]lat"p€r.< 
Maij.,    xlvii.  Oil;  Hayes  Aii'j.,  v.  0(5-72;  U.  S.  Com.  atid  I^'ariij.,  1877. 

\Vith  salmon  is  caught  a  quantity  of  sturgeon,  from  which  about  10  tons 
of  caviare  is  made  annually,  worth  §5,000.  Herring  forms  the  staple  of  tlie 
bay  men's  catch,  notaI)ly  between  Oct.  and  Jan.  ])receding  the  salmon  sea- 
son. The  smaller  kind  is  marketed  as  sanlines.  This  branch,  together  witli 
smelts,  affords  chief  occupation  for  75  boats  and  200  men.  In  1880  the  first 
special  vessel  was  sent  to  gather  halibut.  <S'.  /'.  Bulletin,  July  18,  1850;  Alta 
CitL,  Sept.  1,  1850;  Dec.  20,  1872;  S.  b\  Call,  Apr.  23,  1871;  June  25,  1874. 
Cod  banks  were  discovered  in  1803,  in  the  Northern  Pacific.  The  following 
year  a  vessel  was  despatched  to  try  them.  Alta  Cal.,  June  2,  1804.  She  did 
so  well  that  7  sailed  in  1805,  bringing  700  tons,  cured  partly  on  Coat  Island. 
Id.,  Sept.  27,  1804;  S.  F.  Call,  June  0,  1808.  Since  then  the  tleet«is  varied 
between  3  in  1872  and  21  vessels  in  1870  and  1878,  the  latter  bringing  1,70;) 
to  1,850  tons.  Latterly  a  few  largo  vessels  bring  the  same  amount  for  three 
firms,  with  prospects  for  a  wider  dciuantl.  The  drying  grounds  ami  ware- 
houses are  chiefly  in  Marin;  0,000  gallons  of  cod-liver  oil  and  other  material 
are  produced.  Whaling  was  pursued  in  the  Pacific  by  Americans  long  before 
they  acquired  Cal.,  until  the  number  of  vessels  in  1855  reached  500,  witii 
chief  rendezvous  at  the  Sandwich  Islands.  After  1805  S.  F.  became  their 
headquarters,  and  here  were  owned  in  1888  half  a  dozen  of  the  40  vessels  to 
which  the  tieet  had  declined  by  1881,  including  4  steamers,  first  employed  in 
1880.     The  8.  F.  vessels  are  worth  $15,000  to  ^,000  each.     Early  in  the 


FISHING   AND  CANNING. 


88 


fniiii 
aliiiUH 

([llCIlt 

irol'it- 
Doc. 

'.(■(>//.< 

I  tons 
rtf  the 

sea- 
witli 

first 

Attn 
1874. 
)wiiig 
di.l 
ilaiul. 
arieil 
l,70v) 
tlirei.^ 

^aro- 


fiftica  Tapt.  Davenport,  an  old  wlialini?  master,  organized  a  company  at 
Monti'rey  to  pnrsiie  the  passing  whales  in  boats.  His  success  led  to  tlie  for- 
iiiiitioii  of  other  j)arties  at  iliffercnt  points,  notably  in  185,5  of  17  Portuguese 
at  Monterey,  who  obtained  '_'4,(K)0  barrels  in  three  years.  In  18()'2  the  L'ar- 
niel  C"o.  was  formed.  Mont.  W.  Ilcmld,  Aug.  1,  1874;  Sue.  Union,  June  II,  '27, 
Nov.  14,  KSiV);  Oct.  '2,  18.")li;  S.  t\  Hull.,  Nov.  I'J,  IS.').');  i'itl.Joni:  vLw.,  18.")(J, 
:iiy-l;  If^fiO,  .ap.  .3,  p.  ()8;  JiL,  Sen.,  ISCW,  .ap.  3,  p.  7i;  I8G7-8,  a]).  3,  p.  104-7; 
lhiil(:<  Mont.,  137  r)5;  /(/.,  .Iw^/.,  v.  f)(>-73;  ]d.,  S.  Dii-i/o,  i.  4(V'i;  Cu/.  Aqric. 
,Sor.,  Tntnt.,  181)4-.'),  'J-JO;  S.  /'.  Jleratil,  Nov.  :W),  185«'»:  U.  S.  Com.,  passim; 
/,.  .Ih/.  <•').  1114.,  70;  llaytH  Kiiiii.  Notfx,  4()l-4;  JUaCuL,  Sept.  30,  ISiiii; 
Nov.  is,  1857;  Simile's  Coll.,  MS.',  iv.  '2()'2-3;  S.  F.  /*o.<^  Nov.  1,  18a3,  with 
;ilhu-iions  to  stations  at  Crescent  City,  Bolinaa,  L.  Angeles,  .S.  Diego.  Tlie 
stations  are  now  restricted  to  Monterey,  S.  Simeon.  Pt  Conception,  and  S;in 
l^iiis  Obispo,  each  employing  about  a  dozen  men  an<l  obtaining  500  barrels. 
Tin:  gray  whales,  which  provide  the  main  supply,  yiold  only  '20  barrels  on  an 
avcr;igi'.  Between  April  and  Sept.  the  men  are  en^'a.red  in  farming.  Tlie 
Cf /MH.<,  1880,  places  the  total  value  of  Cal.  whaling  at  .'«!20'2,01)0.  Sharks  are 
caught  at  Humboldt,  Sta  C:italin!i,  and  Anaheim,  chiefly  for  their  line  liver 
oiCCdl.Chron.,  May  20,  1850. 

Oysters  were  first  bi-ought  from  Shoalwater  Bay,  in  1850,  by  Capt.  Felt- 
st.eail,  but  spoiled  on  the  way.  A.  Ludluni  succcL'ded  better  in  1851,  after 
which  the  supply  became  regular.  With  the  opening  of  the  overland  railway, 
fresh  oysters  wore  brought  tor  transplanting,  or  rather  for  fattening,  in  the 
.shallows  of  S.  F.  Bfiy,  as  the  spawn  does  not  thrive.  In  1888  four  comj)anics 
owned  GOO  acres  of  beds,  with  a  capital  of  $300,000.  In  the  third  year  they 
rcacli  the  size  of  200  to  the  bushel.  Canned  oysters  are  imported  to  the 
amount  of  400  tons,  and  the  transmission  in  ice  is  increasing.  The  total  .sales 
reach  .*! I. '2.")0, 000  a  yciir.  S.  F.  /iHllrfin,  March  1.3,  18()8;  Aug.  14,  1871;  Jan. 
•27,  1875;  .S'.  F.  Call,  Aug.  1,  1874;  March  4.  1875;  Cow.  iw,l  Jmt.,  3l)'2  4. 

In  connection  with  oyster-planting  should  be  mentioned  .Tohn  S.  Morgan, 
a  native  of  Westfield,  N.  Y.,  and  a  C»l.  pioneer.  In  1853  he  brought  to  San 
Francisco  the  first  cargo  of  oysters  from  Slio:ilwater  bay,  and  later  explored 
the  entire  co.ist,  from  Puget  sound  to  the  gulf  of  Cal.,  for  the  i)urpose  of  find- 
ing oysters  fit  for  transplanting.  Between  1800  and  18()!)  his  operations  were 
limited  to  the  culture  and  sale  of  native  oysters  from  Shoalwater  bay;  but  on 
the  completion  of  the  overland  railroatl  he  began  the  importation  and  traua- 
plmting  of  eastern  oysters. 

Nearly  300  species  of  fish  have  been  reported  in  Cal.,  130  being  in  S.  F. 
Bay,  "25  pertaining  to  frcsli  water.  Some  of  them  lack  the  flavor  of  tlie 
.Xtlantic  varieties,  of  which  many  of  the  most  desirable  are  absent.  Cnder 
the  incentive  of  a,  congressional  act  creating  a  fish  commission,  to  import 
an<l  distribute  food  fishes,  three  connnissioners  were  appointed  for  Cal.  Slot- 
iifi'..  is;!!*  70,  (i03-5.  A  dozen  varieties  were  accordingly  introduced,  all  of 
whiih  promisj  faii'ly,  save  the  eel.  A  standing  arrangement  was  made  to 
put  from  a  half  to  two  million  salmon  every  year  into  the  tributaries  of  the 
Sac,  and  a  hatching  establishment  on  MeLeod  River  yielded,  about  1888, 
from  ()00,00()  to  10,1)00,000  fish  annually,  saving  50  fold  above  the  former  rate 
of  survival.  It  is  the  most  extenaivo  institution  of  the  kind,  .and  sends  eggs 
til  every  part  of  the  globe.  N.  Y.  Trihune,  Nov.  16,  1878.  It  seems  that  a 
species  of  salmon,  suitable  for  warmer  waters,  is  developing.  The  cattish 
tliiivcs  best  of  all,  aiid  in  1888  was  found  throughout  the  state.  Of  shad, 
over  half  .a  million  were  placed  in  the  Sacr.amento  prior  to  188'2,  and  are  fairly 
abundant,  but  they  neeif  protection.  Several  rivers  have  been  well  stocked 
with  trout.  Whitefish  wiis  among  the  early  introductions,  but  is  not  yet 
jUMlitably  abundant.  Shad,  bass,  lobsters,  and  carp  arc  promising.  The  l;.st 
is  bred  with  success  in  ponds  and  lakes  for  the  market,  as  by  the  Lenni  fish 
l>rojiagatiou  company,  whicli  also  deal  in  trout  and  frogs.  !i.  F.  linllctin,  Oct. 
1.3,  1881;  L'de  Co.  Hutt.,  155.  See,  further,  Overlaml,  xiii.  22R-33,  311-15; 
xiv.  79-85;  Cal.  Jour.  Sen.,  187:)^,  ap.  68-9;  1875-6,  ap.  3,  63;  1877-8, 
ap.  '21,  54;  Sonoma  Co.  Hist,  401^;  Fisheries,  liept  Com.,  for  different 
years;  U.  S.  Gov.  Doc.,  Cong.  ^2,  Sess.  3,  Sen.  Misc.  Doc.  74;  Cong.  44, 
Sess.  1,  food  fishes;  Cong.  45,  c^ess  2,  San.  Misc.,  iii.  797-SlO;  Cong.  47, 
«"»*.  I    id.    iii.  lOiVS-S*. 


84 


MANUFACTURES. 


% 


The  Iiigli  quality  of  Cal.  wlioat  i.s  inaiiitiiinod  to  a  great  extent  also  in  the 
flour,  the  tinest  cnniing  from  niillx  at  Valk'jo  and  S.  F.,  whosi?  i>ro<lucts  eoni- 
luauil  'J")  eeats  jier  harrel  extra.  Spanish  Californians  iiri>.lueeil  :;rain  <inly 
for  their  own  wants,  and  were  content  to  grind  it  on  tlie  hinisehnld  im-tatc, 
or  at  best,  with  arastras,  liy  mules,  a  machine  devjrilied  under  mining. 
The  Anierieaiis  (|uiekly  applied  water-power  to  the  in. Us  erecte  1  i:i  the  eaily 
forties  in  Stat'ruz,  Sta  Clara,  Sonoma,  S.  .foaquiu,  and  lly.'^utter.  l/.ipt.  Smith'n 
coinhine.l  saw  and  grist  mill  possessing  the  omI}'  steam-power  1>cfore  the  j^old 
era.  Major's  mill  in  S.  Agu.stin  had  horse-power,  anil  likewise  CiKiper's  in 
Salinas.  Mmit.  Hist.,  101);  littCmz  l/iif..,  12.  In  .Sonoma,  Hagler's  mill  diifcd 
nearly  as  early  as  Smith's.  Snu.  Ili<t.,  t2i;{,  375.  Ami  Ali-sand^Ts  r(i>t'  in 
184r)-(),  ahont  the  .same  time  as  WiHwr's  near  Stockton.  Tiuk/iim'.t  SforLt m, 
62-:<.  382;  S.  Jna,/.  Iliit.,  71,  101.  Plicer,  Co.  ///.■(<.,  2:'.1»,  claimed  one  in  IMd. 
Sutter  wa-i  hnildin^  liis  large  new  mill  at  Brighton  in  I8-17-8:  //.</.  .V'/<-.,  IKi; 
and  a  small  one  was  then  on  the  Co.iumne.-i,  at  Davlor's.  Snwl.  I.  A''  /'•<.  ii. 
194;  Or.  Sjnr/.,  .June  10,  1847.  After  184!)  a  number  Iiegan  to  ri-r.  lirjely 
operated  by  steam.  Sac.  alone  claiming  three;  in  18."i!>.  S.  t'.  Hemll,  Nov.  18. 
18.")0;  liut  mdy  two  in  18.'>1.  VulnvA  Sm:  Dir  ,  <.)(>  8.  For  others  s.-e  Ar.i 
Ctl.,  Nov.  2!),  Dec.  '.,  18.12;  March  4,  Aug.  .">,  Oet.  .-..  IS.Vf;  .Ian.  I.  ls.")i; 
Yoln  IIU.,  77;  J/fm/i/,  Aug.  12,  Sept.  4,  24,  IS.IJ;  Sept.  1.  IS.Vt;  Yn'.i  //;  /., 
(■»!)  70;  S^ic.  Uiiiiw,  Nov.  1,  3,  7,  Dec.  1,  .">,  2i),  2.'>,  KS.V4,  etc.;  L.  Aiii.  Hit., 
l.'{4;  Sutler  If/.-it.,  48.  One  established  in  Colusv  in  1H.")2  i-»  still  working. 
L.  Angeles  olttained  a  large  mill  in  IS.")!;  Bidwell  en'ete.l  the  tir.-;t  iiv.ir 
Chico'  in  1853.  Xorth  Eiifer})ri.-<(',  Oct.  17,  1873.  Siskiyou,  //.-^.  1!>3. 
claims  one  for  the  same  year,  yet  Crescent  City  reganlc  I  it.^  tir-t  mill,  of 
1S5(),  as  the  most  northerly.  A (t'l  Cdl.,  Oct.  24,  1S.');».  In  IS.'l'J  Innii  Mer- 
ced, JJi.it.,  142,  and  Stanislaus,  ///.<<.,  100,  118,  ha.l  mill*.  l>aU  for 
18.")5-0  in  Ci'l.  Jour.  Sen.,  Apr.  5,  LS.'iti,  and  following  years.  Also  '  V//.s-k.«, 
1852.  In  1854  tliere  were  54  mills,  with  a  capacity  of  |,2.5l,iHI0  barrels 
a  year;  in  I8(!i)  01  mills;  in  1870  115.  The  (  V-w-v^m  of  18S.(  e;iumerates 
l.")0,  with  .'?4,;i((0,0()0  capital,  1!)0  hands,  4.55  runs  of  stone.  5S.t;  K)  bushels 
daily  capacity,  using  8,20;),()00  busiiels  of  wlieat  and  3,47t).i»00  of  other 
grain,  and  producing  t'?12,7O0,O0O  worth;  07  mills  were  oper.itetl  by  st^am 
of  5,770  horse-])ower,  out  of  a  total  of  7,440.  Tiie  largest  mill,  erected 
at  Vallejo  in  1S(>(),  has  a  capacity  of  1,7(M)  barrels  a  clay,  and  stor.ig.-  to;- 
50,000  tons.  It  grinds  about  1,00.)  1):irrels  a  day,  ami  ships  more  than  j.S.tO 
tons  montidy  to  Knrope.  Cal.  in  1S81  consumed  1,IO:),OH)  barrels,  and  e\- 
})orte<l  785,000  l^arrel.^  against  405,000  in  ISli7,  a  maxinmni  lor  Rs.'Vcral  years, 
and  (>44,7iK)  in  1S73-4,  of  which  3t>4,(K);)  to  England  of  hi^h  ura  !e.  Even 
China,  wliich  ranks  next  as  a  market,  is  dema.iding  more  of  t!ic  hi^h-unnle 
flour.  Cent.  Am.  and  Hawaii  Isl.  fiUlow,  Auitrdi.i  ti'ii.i:i  .some  at  tinus. 
High  wages  and  the  lack  of  an  outlet  for  middlin,'s,  br.in,  an  I  .-icreeninus  are 
oltstacles  which  keep  a  number  of  mills  closed.  Tlie  cu  <to;ii  <if  e;usteru  ^Uites 
to  grinil  for  a  share  or  for  a  rate  is  not  in  vogue  save  in  re:notc  districts.  Tlie 
rule  is  for  millers  to  buy  grain  and  take  their  chances  for  s  dling.  The  '  iiiih 
grinding '  Hungarian  sy-stem  has  not  yet  gained  much  favor.  Of  cruked 
wheat  and  oatmeal  3,.")00  tons  each  were  produced  in  1881,  t'le  latter  1  ugely 
frum  Oi-egon  oats.  Tlie  oatmeal  importation  from  the  ea  it,  of  4.((0.J  birr  1% 
has  declined.  In  1852  '  Emperor  '  Norton  erected  tlie  t\r-t  rice-mdl  at  S.  F.; 
larger  ones  rose  in  1S.53,  etc.  Alti  Cnl.,  .T.in.  3,  1854;  March  1.5,  |S55;  A/., 
Nov.  0,  1855;  May  10,  1S57;  Sur.  Union,  Nov.  li),  18.55,  refer  to  two  .--tarch 
factories  in  Contra  Costa  and  S.  F. ;  and  tiu're  was  one  in  .St.i  < 'lar.i,  but  .dl 
failed  save  one  of  S.  F.,  dating  18,54,  which  produced  in  1811  lOJ  tons  of  tlie 
1,300  tons  used  on  the  coast,  e:ni>loying  0  men. 

The  demanil  of  miners  and  crews  for  .shipdiiaeuits  led  in  1849  to  the  opening 
of  a  cracker  factory  by  W.  11.  <!orman,  followed  by  Deeth  &  Hore.  the  list 
athlin'4  steam  nnchinery.  .S'.  /''.  Jffroil,  H:']>t.  4,  1851;  Feb.  21,  !8.>5;  Sept. 
14,  180,);  ,S.  /■'.  Bull.,  Feb.  8,  181)5;  AiaCnl.,  Aug.  10,  lf>.-)5.  Deetiis  enter 
I)rise  stool  prominent  in  1888.  The  three  of  1 ;«) »  increa.sed  to  ten  by  I.S8I, 
with  a  production  of  10,500  tons,  wortii  ^'1,500, 00',);  jirices  3  to  2-S  cents  j)er 
lb.;  225  hands  employed;  imports  declining,  especially  since  1872,  while  the 


BUEWERIES   AND  IJISTILLKIIIKS. 


8ft 


in  the 

fOIIl- 

i  (luly 

i-tiit.', 
iniii>!. 
I'uily 
iiitli'H 
■null 
r's  ill 

llltL'l 

i.^i-  ill 

kH  III, 

IM(>. 

.  Mii; 
('•V.  ii. 
11-^  ily 
.V.  18. 

^  At:  I 

1S.-)1; 

ii;  I., 
int., 

rkiiig. 
;  near 
,  !!>:{, 
lill.  ..f 
Moi- 
ta    for 

'cilliU-t, 

lariel.s 
icM-ntes 
uslii'ls 
other 
Kti'atii 

L'Ctcil 

•  loi- 
I.S  H> 

il   ,x 

r\v ', 

Kviii 

■ri.!o 
im.s. 
s  arc 

tltlS 

Tlie 
■lith 

kc'.l 

,'clv 
rr  Is 
F.; 

hi.. 
arcli 

t  all 
the 

|iiing 

list 

Kci.t. 

lltLT- 

Issi. 

IR-r 
tho 


export  has  incrcast-d  to  1,010  t<ins.  There  were  six  macaroni  factoricH;  tlie 
fir.st  openctl  at  S.  F.  in  IS.V>  l»y  Meuli  d.  •Schulthes.s.  S.  F.  Jour.  Coin.,  May 
f),  187.>;  .Mt<ii''il.,  l>ee.  J»,  l>.'ii»;  .V.  /'.  litilL,  Dec.  'iT,  KSt54.  Forty  varieties 
were  iiiaih:;  a  8I1111II  lot  fro:a  Italian  wheat.  Tiie  annual  conMuniption  in  1681 
was  14r).0iH>  iioxe.H,  or  '.fi*>  Unis,  w<.rtli  ^JOO.tMX);  '.Hi  tons  heinj,'  exjiorted. 

Tiie  annual  coii.sunipth.u  "I  couieclionery  was  eMtiinatuil  ni  1881  at  iJS.M),- 
OiH),  tlin^e  loiirth.s  was  kuM  at  .'^.  F.,  the  whole-nale  dealings  reaching  S-Jod.tMH), 
one  ihird  heing  iinpurtvd.  The  luvedteJ  caiiitui  way  $37iJ,UOU;  the  haiiilit  nuui- 
her  lii'Mt.  1.  K;'gan  niaile  the  tir-t  eanily  liir  sale  in  S.  F.  in  I84'J.  ('n.-i..ii,\i 
aiiU.,  MS.,  7.  Svnip,  e.vtrait-.  and  cor  lial  factories  are  mentioned  in  .-iUi 
Cnl.,  Sept.  IG,  IS.')7;  S.  F.  BuU.,  l»ec.  14,  1S70;  .V.  /'.  /'(<  .Sept.  1,  1877; 
.hiiir.  Co/H.,  June  (i,  1877.  Yeast  wa.«  used  to  the  extent  of  7r),()lM)  la.e.i  in 
I8SI,  one  third  impurted,  with  pro.spectivo  increase.  Tlie  manufacture  wa:i 
istiiiiated  at  ii>iI'J5,(.(K),  a  cme  Iiciiil;  valued  at  .t4. ;">(>;  lOi)  hands  ein])loycd;  ex- 
i'"rt  l,(iOt>  ca.scs.  (  IxKidito  Lt  made  at  tw<i  factories,  to  the  extent  of  :r>0,(>;)0 
IIk.,  worth  !?1(K),(XK),  in  l.Sr>l:  iin|«Tts  ll.O.OlMt  Ihs.  The  leading  fa.lory  was 
c..t.ilili:licd  hy  1>.  (;::irar.lelli  in  I.S.'1.».  Sur.^  l.,ll<i\  Apr.  I'O,  I8()7.  Tlie'e  ,uu 
coinliined  wiih  eoti"ce  a-id  .spice  mills,  lirst  cstalili  jIuiI  i)y  W.  11.  Iloveu  iu 
|,'."i'.).  Altho\igli  groceries  in  differ  lit  towns  have  tlieir  own  hand-iiiills  and 
Pill  .11  ovens,  yt't  hall  the  hu-iineiM  is  dune  hy  factories  at  S.  K.,  turning  nut 
fi,7v.0,(X)0  liis.  ill  1881.  <)t  ypices 'J-Vj  ton;  Were  ground.  One  iii-iii  makes  a 
.vpicialty  of  mustard.  .Vnr.  I'uioH,  iKrc.  '.•.  I>..">4.  Alt  1  (Jul.,  Sept.  i;.">,  1S.')7,  re- 
feis  to  a  horseradish  factory,  t'hiecory  ii  jiiepanil  at  two  factories,  one  at 
Sac,  the  larger  one  at  Stockton,  «in<e  1S72;  the  two  jirodui'i'  ;>()(>  toii:i;  ;i(K) 
iimio  ciiines  from  (Jermaiiy.  /</.,  March  14,  li(i,  IS.")'.);  .\l:iy  l<.»,  l>s7l.';  I'rii-f'n 
<;ii:,  .hiue  15,  ISTm;  S.  F.'Tii.f*,  Jan.  H).  KStJK;  /'.  S.  A;/n<:  h'tyt,  IS74,  'J77; 
S.  /'.  t'liioii.,  Nov.  3,  1872.  Vinegar  is  mostly  made  from  eider  iu  the  in- 
ti'iicir,  from  nialt  i  1  S.  F.,  of  which  '1,','Mi  tmis  was  used  in  1881;  wine  has 
JK'c'ii  found  too  clear.  The  total  prixliictidii  exceeiled  ;{,()0:».(l(l((  ;,:dloiis, 
valued  at  'J.')  cents  each,  fully  half  lieing  rc(piire  I  for  canncric.;;  I'lv  nch  iui- 
pints  fell  to  100  harrils  frnm  r>i*»  in  |.S7.'».  The  lirst  factory  wa  i  ojn'iied  in 
l,s.')4  liy  A.  J).  B.iker.  Ailverti.-tci.ie.'it  in  M( rr.  (Int.,  .luiie  'J(i,  l.S.")8.  Tlio 
t'iii.111.1  of  1870  reporteil  only  Ii  factories,  with  a  production  of  littli;  over 
i^.").l,(KlO.  Marin  Jli~t.,  'illl  '.I.  I'ickl  -making  i.s  largely  tomhiiied  wiih  tlio 
pici  <'dii'.g,  both  liranclie;  eiiiployiii;;  thrt-esc-oie  hands  each.  Ahmit  i2i(,(KK) 
sacks  ol'  vegetahlr  ;  are  u.scd.  The  Ini-'ness  w,is  fairly  large  already  in  1855. 
,S'.  /'.  Jiiill.,  bee.  1,  1855;  Jan.  11,  I^Vi. 

Beer,  ;!s  W(  11  as  vinci'ar,  waa  i..i.dc  iu  colimial  day.t  on  a  .small  Hcale,  tin; 
foriiirr  lieiiig  credited  to  \V.  Mddiait,  a  ;.ailiir,  in  ls;i7.  Mii../..  Cut.,  .Mi.rih 
111,  1878.  The  lirst  regular  I>n;Wirj',  liowvv  r,  was  the  Kmiiiie,  of  \V.  Hull, 
recoriled  in  Kiinlnill'M  S.  F.  Wirrftctrii,  IS-'-O,  42.  A.  Koy  and  W.  .McCoy 
ligiire  shortly  after.  /'"'•.  AV»r<.  Jan.  It,  1851.  Sutter,  to.  ll'isi.,  47  8, 
daiiiui  one  in  the  same  ye,.r.  'Ihe  I.af..y  tie  of  S.  F.  a.spirej  to  a  similar 
date.  The  difliculty  of  intrcHhieju^  inalt  hpior  in  good  conditio:!  gave  /est 
to  the  liubincs.s,  and  lirewirie  1  ;.|  r  ad  iu  all  directions,  from  Stocktiin  and 
Marysville  in  1851  and  18.52  to  1'luiiia.i  an<l  Ixis  -•\ngell•.^  in  1854,  and  to  all 
lar;^er  towns.  See  historic!  of  l'ii'.»i,  O'.t;  .V.  ,/'X('/.,  71  2;  Pliin.ii.^,  4()4;  A. 
.1»7.,  GS>;  Kl.  J)or.,  etc.  liy  ISSI  there  were  ahont  XiO  hrcweries  on  the 
coast  north  of  .Mexico,  with  a  capital  of  ^■^{,7l»i),(»,M(,  and  a  production  valiu  d 
at  ii^.MW.OOO,  the  barrel  Ix-iiiij  «-aLuL-it<il  ;it  .^7.50.  Nearly  nine  teiUlis  of 
tins  amount  pertains  loCal.:  .**.  F..  witli  '.iS  ostiil'lishnieiit  liguring  for  280,000 
barrels,  the  largi.'st  yiehlini;  throe  core  tho.:.anil;  o:dy  two  vero  then  mak- 
ing liger  beer,  one  at  lioca,  but  since  tin  a  this  production  is  iacieasing;  alo 
anl  jiorler  amounted  to  30,' KlO  Ijarrel-i  more.  So  lir  the  liiiuor  was  ino.uly 
(piieli  brewed,  of  3  day.i'fciiiientation.  The  import  of  2,.5(»()  barrels  \va<  fully 
b.da:iced  by  the  export  of  4,000.  Ov.  rIW,(nk>tf>nsof  gr.iin  were  u.ied  lor  malt- 
ing, four  litths  being  convert,  d  hy  t'.-  •  brev.eries,  yet  special  malt  lioiiscsexi.it, 
tlie  largirst,  eatidilished  in  1.S.57  l>v  11.  Zwig,  proiliicing  5,000  tons.  Hops 
lia\(!  improved  till  they  eipi;il  the  lie.,t.  The  leadiiig  bri^wery  011  the  eoa  t  ia 
til"  Philadelphia,  the  sncces.s  of  which  i.s  due  to  the  e!ileipri.,e  of  J  liu 
Wielaud,  a  native  of  Wnrteniberg,  Ui-u  Oct.  ii,  182'J.      In  184'J  ho  abandoned 


86 


MANUFACTURES. 


viniculture  to  seek  his  fortuius  in  America,  anil  rcacluMl  Ciilifornia  in  185T. 
With  tlio  money  gathered  at  first  as  a  minor  ami  tlit-n  as  jiropriotor  of  tho 
Union  liakory,  S.  F.,  h.;  in  1855  Iwmght  an  interest  in  Hulsch'T  s  l)ii!Wi!ry,  of 
whiili  he  fjainoil  sole  control  in  1807,  and  at  once  took  steps  to  enlarges  oper- 
ations, raising  the  iimilnct'oii  from  Iksss  than  4,0tX)  Itarrcls  in  I8(i2  to  over 
tlireescort)  thousand  hy  1885.  In  this  year  his  puhliu-spirited  career,  tinjjcil 
witli  a  whole-souled  benevolence,  was  cut  short  hy  an  accident.  His  sons 
have  since  displayed  marked  ability  in  still  further  extending  tlie  husiness  of 
their  father. 

C'al.  possesses  15  of  tlie*28  distilleries  on  the  coast,  producing  in  1881  over 
1,8'30,000  gallons  of  whiskeys,  cordials,  and  hitters.  Hi-andy  has  heen  men- 
tioned under  viniculture.  The  first  is  claimed  for  Sonoma.  Co.  J/inL,  '215,  in 
1851.  Tlie  Mission  Creek  distillery  is  mentioned  in  Al/tt  ViiL,  Apr.  5,  1854. 
For  several  otliers,  with  new  processes,  full  particulars  will  he  found  in 
All(i,Aim.  ;W,  1870;  Jan.  10,  1875;  S.  /•'.  /'().<  Oct.  Ml.  187M;  S.  F.  Thiieit, 
Oct.  20,  1808;  U.  S.  (.'or.  Dor.,  Cong.  47,  Sess  I,  H.  Ex.  Doc.,  xiv.  100  2; 
8ess.  2,  XV.  100-7,  117.  The  largest  made  4,200  gulhms  of  rectified  spirits 
daily  in  1881.  /</.,  p.  81,  alludes  to  illicit  stdls;  Sue.  UiiUm,  Dec.  24,  1872, 
to  sei/iircs.  A  little  rum  was  distilled  at  L.  Aug.  in  18589.  A  factory 
for  corilials,  essences,  etc.,  existed  in  1852.  The  imjiort  in  1881  stood  at 
24,()Ot)  barrels  of  m  iiiskcy,  8,000  of  other  spirits,  and  30,000  cases  (2,a00  bar- 
rels) of  bitters  and  cordials. 

Tlie  Pacific  distillery  is  mainly  controlled  hy  Henry  Voorinan,  a  pioneer 
of  1840,  who  stands  coii.spicuous  as  the  promoter  of  soveral  enterprises  of 
value  to  tlie  state.  Ho  was  horn  in  Hanover,  Aug.  58,  \S'H\.  An  unsuccess- 
ful attempt  at  mining  brought  hii.i  l);ick  to  the  mercantile  husiness,  for  which 
he  hail  been  trained,  and  after  kei'ping  store  for  a  few  years  in  S.  F.  he  be- 
came in  the  sixties  a  membLT  of  the  firm  of  \m\  B.'rgeu  &  Sons,  with  whom  ho 
started  the  Biiy  sujrar  refinery,  while  associating  himself  with  others  to  open 
tlie  I'acitic  distillery,  to  reclaim  the  awamp-land  of  llouliliu  I  land,  cii  the  .Sail 
Joaquin  delta,  to  fouiut  the  flourishing  .Scandinavian  colony  i:i  Fre.mo,  and  to 
extend  irrigation  in  this  rej'ion.  Hi  \  viev.-j  on  maLter.i  cc  nncciud  with  tlieio 
undertjikings  have  proved  of  great  value  for  i.iy  industri.d  cliaptcn!. 

Of  soda  tlio  coast  eon.-.uiiu  d  ]0,0«K),(K);)  bottles,  worth  ;;aT>),(m.  Though 
readily  manufaistured,  aiiui.iber  of  special  works  exi.;t,  several  of  which  yild 
10i)to  l.")0  dozen  bo*-lle  ;  a  ibiy.  Three  were  recorded  at. Sac.  in  S.  F.  JJemlil, 
Nov.  18,  IS.'iO.  Cal.  eoaoUiacd  ;i."),(XK)  tons  of  icoiiiloSl,  oae  thiril  at  8.  F. 
Alaskan  ice  was  much  introduce;.!  ;it  one  time,  Sue.  U)iinii,  Nov.  7,  1S.">4;  but 
the  opening  of  the  overland  railway  gave  access  to  the  .Sierra,  where  heavy 
storages  are  made.  One  sixth  <:f  Vao.  total  was  ia  1881  of  artili<  ial  i)roiluctioii. 
Over  .?.'^00,OIK)  capit.d  is  invested,  o:nployiug  some  0,10  mvn  for  a  season. 
S.  F.  ro.it,  June  IS,  1881;  ,9.  /'.  Jlenfld,  March  19,  1859;  S.  /'.  Bwl.,  March 
9,  1S71;   Yreka  Union,  Dec.  27,  1879. 

Canning  of  fruit,  and  partly  of  veget.bL  •.  ;. ;  vv'.  11  at  ii.,U,  i,4  a  fatit-growing 
industry,  fostered  by  the  excellent  qualit,y  cf  certain  variisties,  their  increasing 
almndance  and  cheapness,  and  their  scarciLy  in  other  parts  of  the  U.  S.  In 
1889  the  entire  fruit  and  vegetable  pack  was  placed,  according  to  the  most 
conservative  estimates,  at  not  less  than  1,2.50,000  cases,  and  hy  others  at 
1,500,000  cases.  More  than  half  contained  fruit,  and  fully  two  thirds  came 
from  S.  ¥.  establishments,  with  large  shipments  from  iS.  Jose.  The  tisli  can- 
ning swells  the  figure  largely,  as  already  sliown.  Sec  also  under  agriculture; 
for  details  about  canning  firms,  see  Voni.  and  Ind.,  240  et  seq.  A  cannery 
exchange  existed  for  a  time  to  promote  the  industry,  to  check  frauds  by  imi- 
tators, etc.  S.  F.  Cidl,  June  20,  July  .S,  1888;  county  histories  of  Untli;  10; 
Sonoma,  10;  Fre.-<HO,  l'2',i;   L.  An;/.,  70,  157;  <'^.  Bern.,  124  ;15;  and  Sfii  Vliua. 

Tlie  climate  is  rather  warm  for  meat-packing,  and  the  conseiiuencc  is  a 
heavy  salting,  especially  of  pork,  which  rises  as  a  main  olijection  to  the  pro- 
duct. At  certain  places,  however,  notably  S.  F.,  the  atmosphere,  laden  with 
sea  breezes,  preserves  meat  remarakl)ly  well  for  several  days.  Nevertheless, 
artificial  temperature  is  largely  deiieuded  upon,  and  with  tiiis  device  the  op- 
erations have  been  satisfactorily  improved,  so  as  to  permit  'sweet'  curing  and 


SUOAR  AND  TOBACCO. 


87 


ISlUg 

nost 

at 

nine 

caii- 

11  re; 

lory 

iiiii- 

1(J; 

'rn. 

is  a 

)ro- 

ith 

pss, 

|'>P- 


picklini,'  tliro\ighout  tlio  year.  As  a  result,  the  coast  trade  is  fast  l)oiiiy  ali- 
hcirliril.  Altli(iiiL;li  tlio  early  eflf.irt.s,  .sinco  ISoU,  at  .saltiiii,'  were  not  very  sui'. 
(V'sst'iil,  iiackiiig  c'liiitiiiueil  to  stuin!  oxli'iit  at  (lilF'i-i'ut  jjlai-es,  eii(>ii;;li  Inr 
iiiiiu'i's' ri'iiiiireiiuiits.  S'ir.  f'iiii>ii,  l'\l).  8,  I.S.'i");  .V.  /•'.  /)'»//.,  July -(>,  |.S."i((;  Altu 
1'iiL,  .lau.  •_'(!,  IS'id;  Triiii/;/  Joitr.,  Maivh  ISilT;  S.  /■'.  VV/h*-,*,  Slaroii 'J:!,  IStlT. 
Till'  jiriK'cs.s  M'ith  lii'ff  became  iirolitahle  only  in  tlm  si'Vcnties,  anil  since  tin  n 
l,iri,'c  orili.T.s  are  lilleil  for  Sihcria,  Spanish  AnieritM,  etc.,  us  well  as  inr  jjov- 
ciniiicut  and  trailing  llccts.  'Die  hei  f  is  still  too  li^ht  in  weight.  I'oi!;  siie- 
c.'cili'tl  l)ctt(T  from  tlie  lirst,  and  tlio  hrccd  Is  iiiiiiroving  with  Itcrk  hire 
crossing,  and  with  corn  and  wheat  feed;  the  acorn  >;iven  in  some  jiarls  yirhls 
a  soft,  oily,  and  poor  pork.  Sugar-curing  has  reachcil  such  eNci'lh'iici^  that 
Oregon,  a  former  caterer,  now  draws  on  Cal.  Aliont  l."ii>,(MK)  hoys  ai'c  killed 
a:iiui;dly  at  S.  F.,  two  thirds  by  two  leailing  linos,  in  I8S(),  i'A\.  picked 
-t.'.lint  tons  of  hacon,  '2,;{0i)of  han'i,  ami  l.dSO  of  l.ird.  Imports  fell  hy  LSSI  to 
l,!KM)tonsof  ham,  with  very  little  lard  and  bacon.  Tiie  <  V/(.v«.<  of  IHMO  credits 
<  'ill.  with  .")!  wholesale  slaughtering  and  meat-packing  establishments;  capital, 
.•:>J,i:;0,(MK>,  4!M)  hands,  using  11 'i.OtH)  beeves  averaging  1,(M)I  lbs.  each,  4I4,<KM> 
sheep  of  IK)  Iba.,  l.';Ui,(MK)  hogs  of  'Jl  I  lbs.,  all  worth  .Ifo.'.t'J.S.tHK).  Of  thi.s, 
7,t(HI,0(M)  lbs.  of  beef  ami  O.tMO.OOOlbs.  of  pork  were  .salted  or  eaiimd.  ami 
".I,'.I70,(MK»  lbs.  of  pork  made  into  bacon  and  ham,  yielding  also  4,.'t!)i»,(HH»  lbs. 
of  lard;  total  value,  •'57,i).">0,(HK).  See  also,  for  pork-packing,  L11.1  Aiiij.  //is/., 
7(1;  //itiiih.  J/M.,  14(».  Tilt!  Cal.  salt  is  improving  so  much  as  to  supplant  the 
Jiowcr  Californi.m  and  Hnglish  supplies. 

Sugar  finds  a  very  large  cousjimptiou  in  0,d.,  and  the  numerous  <;annerics 
demand  an  evr-increasing  quantity.  Of  r»4,(KK)tons  of  raw  sugar  used  in  I  SSI, 
f.inr  tilths  came  fro.n  the  fertile  plantations  of  Hawaii,  against  only 'j;i,."i(H) 
toll!  ill  1S70.  Since  the  reciprocity  treaty  of  187(i,  tlio  plantations  exceed  TiO, 
lir^rly  owned  by  Americans,  who  employ  S)  vi^ssels  of  from  4ltO  to  7t)it  tons  in 
tiic  trade.  Hawaii  responds  by  talking  more  of  Cal.  maniifaetuns  than  any 
oilier  foreign  state.  .Manila,  wliich  used  to  be  the  principal  source,  sent  only 
S,-_'1K>  teas,  against  'J(»,()IK)  in  1S78;  from  China  came  'J.^IH)  tons,  ,ind  a  lew 
liuadred  tons  from  Cent.  America.  The  cultivation  of  cane,  and  eti'orts  to 
obtain  sugar  from  sorghum,  nu-lons,  and  gr.ipes,  have  not  proved  a  tiiiaiicial 
s  iccess,  as  tried  at  Telelon  ami  Los  Aiiiieles;  here  in  the  fifties  and  in  ISSO. 
-v.  /'.  Cull,  Dec.  1,  18li:i;  S.  /■'.  JiiilL,  Aug.  'M,  187(i;  A.  An;/.  J/i<,  7<>  I. 
Ii.it  was  tried  with  jioor  results  in  ]St"»7,  at  S.  Jose.  Stu:  Union,  M.ircii  IS, 
l!S.")7;  at  Alvarado  in  1870,  Cul.  Finnci;  Dec.  1,  1870;  Alion.  (riiz.,  Nov.  1S70; 
whence  the  factory  was  moved  to  Soiiu.l.  Moiit,i'r<'y,  Denioc,  Nov.  10,  1877; 
/j'lMfit  Aili^-.,  Nov.  11,  187(>;  county  histories  of  S/a  Cruz,  ol;  Suf.,  14."), 
•JUI;  .Sii/frr,  48;  Alawriln,  'JO;  A^on/Ao/r's'  <'<'/..  ".'lO-i:};  S.  F.  ('nil,  Jan.  'S.\, 
l">.i',>;  Aug.  ]:?,  1870.  A  Sac,  factory  was  in  IS7i)  moved  to  Alvarado,  Alum, 
.ir.jitu,  Dee.  18,  1879;  the  only  one  working  in  ISS'i,  ami  under  judicious 
man.igement  it  has  made  a  promising  start,  producing  in  1881  some  7tK)  tons 
of  sugar,  worth  !?ir»0,0(K)  besides  pulp  and  syrup.  The  beet  is  growing  richer 
in  sugar,  and  encouraging  otlur  mills.  The  iirst  retineiy,  tin;  S.  K.,  was 
op.ned  in  1855.  S.  F.  /inll.,  Oct.  'M,  ISoti;  Urn:  Union,  Nov.  '28,  I.S.-.7.  It 
began  promisingly,  but  is  now  closed,  overshadowed  by  two  larger  estab- 
lishments, both  fouuiled  by  C.  Sprce!;cls,  one  in  18(i;{,  and  subsetiuently  sold 
to  C.  A.  l.,ow,  and  tho  other  in  ISiii),  S.  F.  Tinnif,  Apr.  4,  ISO!),  to  wliicli  a 
million-dollar  tJstablisliment  was  addeil  in  1881.  .*>.  /•'.  \V.  Cull,  June 'J,  1881; 
v.  /•'.  /',<  Dee.  24,  l.SSl.  The  total  i.rodnct  rose  from  .sl,(i(H>.(KM>  in  1800  to 
84,<MM).0()0  in  1870,  over  §7,(M)0,000  in  1881,  and  nearly  S1I,000,0(H)  in  I88S). 
There  was  still  in  1881  an  im])ortatioii  of  .'{,.S00  tons  of  nliiicd  sugar  from 
the  .\tlautic  stiltes,  partly  oUset  by  a  growing  export  of  l,4itO  tons,  some  of 
it  to  tlie  sugar-proilncing  countries.  Kor  cane  syrup,  see  under  agriculture, 
'lln;  niamU'a(^ture  of  blood  albumen  was  begun,  but  discontinued  in  1881. 

Although  the  Cnlp  process  of  preparing  and  imiu-oving  Cal.  tobacco  has 
failed  to  meet  exptictations  —see  the  cliapter  on  agriculture — the  manufacture 
of  cipirs  and  other  to! 


leco  from  imported  l.af  has  assumed  vast  jiroiiortions, 
ehic'lly  with  aid  of  Chinese  labor,  which,  inileeil,  is  able  to  underbill  eastern 
•iites  so  to  permit  a  small  export.     In   1881  the  revenue  olUec  reported  Uul 


IlllU- 

pllj 
M.S. 

•luiut 


88  MANUFACrUKKS. 

ciirar  factorii'M  ill  Cal.,  'Jltl  Iiciiij;  at,  S.  K.,  [layiu^;  fnr  H(aiii|n  over  !«!'.l(M),(M)0. 

<M  llii'  h'il>,(ll)<l,(NIII  I'lLMI's  I'lillsilllK'il,  '.)S  pi'l'  I'cill  uric  llliliii'  llcii',  vallli'il  at 
$.'i.(l!l().(NH),  ol  wliii'li  Its  |ii'r  I'i'iit  |i<'i'taiiii'<l  to  iiiatiiial,  .'ill  to  l.ilnir,  ami  tlic 
ri'sl  III  iliit y  aiiil  lunlit.  Siiiiir  nt'  tlio  IimiIiiil;  ('stalilisliiiiciitH  ('iii|ili>yi'il  '.'•'><>  ti> 
.'<.')()  ii|ii'i'al'iv<'s,   aii'l   pniiliirt'il   tniiii  r),(KH),(HH)  tn  7,4>(I(>.(HM)  ciLjarM' aiiniially, 

lliiislly  liy  liiucrwdk.      Ill  |N.S'_' (inly  mu'   farliny  niaili'  lij^'hl   jiii'.m'il    loli; 

ill  ilillcrciit.  I'.tyliM.  ( 'i^aii  llii  iiinl  |iii>i  uiic  fur  tin' iimst  ji  ir!  iiii|iii:  d'll.  'I'ln' 
ifi'iiwiii;,'  auilalioii  ul'  «liiti>  <i|m'I"iI  ivcn  agaiii.st  Cliiin'si',  ulm  i  i  INS'J  lur.iail 
four  lillliH  ol'  tlir  lolal  loiiT,  mrviil  rallicr  to  ca  I  iiiori'  of  tlio  'iidoin'o 
Moiii'ol  liaiiils,  to  till-  injury  oi  wliito  o|i>'riiliv<'-i  an  I  faitorioN. 

'I'ho  lir.l.  ti'Xlilc  faliric  ;  of  Cal.  wcrr  tliti  i-oar:  MaiiLi'l*  iiiailo  at,  tin 
Hions,  to  i'i'|ilai'>'  lilt'  scanty  lilui'  wift  of  tli«  uiuo.ix  >'rt<:il  liiiiaiis.  'I'lu' 
iliictioii  ilisaji|ii'Jir<'il  M'illi  the  lall  of  tlll'.■^tl  iiiHtiliilioiri.  Ilnrh'  (iH.iijmri, 
7.  huriiiL'  till'  j;ol(l  1  xi'ili'iiK^iil  llio  lin;al  of  tlu'  now  mlui'iil  llocl;  i  of  ii 
foriiicily  of  III  tic  N.iliic,  lit'caiiii.'  Ilio  only  dusiraliU'  lailislancr,  ami  pi'll;i 
uvru  tlii'own  away,  till  juiiL  iU'al«;rM  licL^m  to  roUci't.  Iln'iii.  AlliCiL, 
ITi,  IS.VI,  Tin' r>'HUiii|ilioii  of  weaving' woiilil  have  lnt'ii  loii:,  il  layoil  li.llio 
hi^li  want'H  liut  for  tlio  inllu\  of  chcaii  lalior  in  tlu^  foriu  of  Cliiiiosc.  In  IH.V,), 
lU'i'onliiiLly,  a  n'gul.ir  mill  wii:  oiii'iumI,  tlic  I'ioiiorr,  liy  ll('\  iii'.  lan,  IVjcI.,  i. 
l"o.  ll  iirovi  il  f.iirly  .suo'cs.sful  with  coiirm'  goods,  iso  niiuh  m>  (hat  whci  dc- 
Kti'oytd  iiy  lire  in  IStil  a  i'oiiipauy  was  formed  to  ri'laidd  it.  on  a  I  r;.',or  seal  ■ ;  ! 
lUaik  Point.  At  the  olosc  of  |.s."iit  the  mission  mill  .  slarlcd,  to  he  i:iirgid  II 
yrars  later  in  the  I'ioueer,  wliiih  i  i  now  tlui  lai;'i.it  o.i  the  eoa.st.  'I'll.:  i  ivil 
war  iiieieased  the  doniaiid,  and  liefore  ISS.S  |irodu<'tioii  ro.e  to  over  a  million 
1,1.,  .lau.  14.  ISlil;  S.  /■'.  ll,mt,l,  l>ee.  ,'{,  ISCil;  S.  /'.  Hull.,  .Ian.  '.iO,  |,S.,II; 
Oet.  IN,  ISti.');  Ililjivs  Aijlk.,  \)~i  i>;  ltllsini;l'.-i  ArriixK,  ."tit".  The  foollinl  1  oll 
taiiied  liy  these  mills,  and  the  inerea.se  of  lalior,  led  to  the  lorni.il  ioii  of  oilier 
eslalilishmeiits,  at  Marysvilki  in  IS(i7,  .V.  /'.  TiiiKK,  March  lit,  .\ii,i;.  o,  liS|i7; 
at  Merced  falls,  I.Svi7;  at  S.  , lo.se  in  Ititiit,  one  rcinainiiij,'  out  of  two;  Sac, 
I.S70;  Slo.kton,  IS7<>;  Los  Angeles,  IS7'J:  Sta  Uo.sa,  I.S77;  a  tliinl  vX  S.  !•". 
ISM),  and  others  at  I'claliiiiia,  in  llumlioldt,  and  in  S.  I'lcriiardiao.  />/., 
March  i:i,  .luiie  i:{,  I.SUN;  S.  /■'.  ('<(//,  K.'li.  I".»,  Aiij.  -ja.  ISliS;  I K  c.  *_'(),  IS7<); 
Oct.  S.  I,s7-';  Nov.  1.  I.S75;  /',/.(/.  .I/-;/h.w,  Sept.  4,  t  >et.  Hi,  IS7S;  /, '/,;/A //'.,■ 
ri;iil,\  i.  t)  >S:  .V.  liriii.  Tiiiii.i,  .Inly  ill),  1S7S;  S.  /•'.  /'(«/:,  Auji.  ti,  Ks^.i; 
.Ftilv  1)1,  IS7(>;  eoiiiity  histories  of  Yxhn,  70  I;  .S'.  Ji"!!/.,  41),  7'-';  Simoiin, 
;ti,  "4:;il;  /..  .!»;/.,  70;  S/'i  Chir.i.  TJ  It);  Mrmil,  117;  .S'".'.,  I.">7  S.  The 
Cfiisnn  of  ISS(»  eiiunierates  '.»  mills,  with  $l,(iM).IMK)  e.ipital,  Si;.")  hands,  rc- 
eeiviui,'  ?r;(;!4,(HK)  in  wages,  (it)  sets  of  eards  with  7,'-4t)  IK.;,  dail,*'  cipaeity. 
'J.'IO  loouis,  I."kS  kiiittin^'-machiiies,  18,740  siiimlles,  using  ;{,.">(!(), 000  llis. 
frndo  Wool,  with  a  small  (iiiautity  of  foreign  wool,  camel  and  luillalo 
liair,  cotton,  ete.,  .'57;i,tHH)  of  elu'iuicals,  producing  SI,.S(M)  pair.)  of  M.inkets. 
();W,lK)0  yards  of  cloth,  etc,  l,4."i;i(H»0  yards  of  llamiels,  and  i:t.".l(l«)  iliawls; 
wholesale  value  SI ■*'••<•>, tKM).  Since  then  the  iiiiinlier  of  mills  and  the 
pniihictioii  hav«;  increased,  <'(iiii,  miil  hid.,  4.'{7,  raising  the  lolal  to  nearly 
§."5,()<!0,0(K),  and  the  hands  to  I, (UK).  Little  more  than  one  liflh  of  the  woiil 
product  was  retained  on  the  coast  in  '881,  liut  this  is  changing,  in  Cal.  at 
least;  for  the  (ineiicss  of  its  wool,  and  the  sulistanlial  nature  of  the  lilaiikels, 
cloths,  and  llannels,  have  acquired  a,  wide  fame,  sustained  liy  jiremiums  and 
gold  medals,  so  that  a  consideralile  amount  i.s  exported.  The  cloth  f.iliiies 
are  as  yet  reniarkalile  for  strength  rather  than  liiiencss,  and  while  the  local 
mills  have  since  ISO")  almost  driven  out  f<ireign  goods  in  their  line,  the 
tthove  deticieney  assists  to  sustain  the  imports  of  woollens  at  aliout  ^r."),(VK),(),l(). 
Ho.-.iery  was  knitted  at  several  of  the  mills  to  the  value  of  ^'J(M),(X)v)  in  18S1,  lull 
a  s[ie(ial  factory  opened  in  that  year  with  great  .succi.'ss.  Of  the  I'.xported 
Wool,  iieajly  all  was  sent  iinscoured  till  1877.  Since  then  several  linns  luive 
entered  the  liusiness  at  S.  V.  with.  100  hands,  and  in  1881  '28  per  cent  of  the 
clip  on  the  coast  was  scoured,  or  8,IX)0  out  of  the  ll),t)(X>  tons  shiiiped.  The 
coiioKiiicnt  saving  of  two  thirds  of  the  weight  is  a  great  item  when  hhipmeiit.i 
are  made  cliielly  liy  rail. 

Although  cotton  was  raised  to  a  i^mall  extent  in  colonial  times,  no  spinning 
was  attempted.     In  1SG5\V.  H.  Hector  &  Son  built  a  cottoii-miU  at  Clinton  in 


COTTON    AM)    WOOLLKN    (KtoDS. 


89 


K.4.1  O.klaiHl.  f>,dl.  ,V.(/w.  Ni>v.  IHtr.;  S.  r.  /;«///.,.S.|.l.  I,  S«v.  •.".).  ISt;.-);  .lull. 
|,;,  ISiiT;  Ihilliif.t  Al'iiii.,  'Ji»H  It.  Till!  iHixIm'tum  i:i  I.SiiT  Wiu  r)i',(MM»  y.ir-fU 
lie.-  1.111  illi,  rhi'tly  fur  (liiiir  liaL'H  .iii'l  ilici'tinu,  t'ruiii-i'i  >'U,  l-'il  V  ii, 
fill  il  fiili.iV,  liowcvt^r,  iiiiil  Will  in  I.Milt  I'linvcittil  iiitmi  li.i;,'iiriil  jiili;  f  ii'torv. 
S.  /•'.  //'/•.•/'/,  M:in-li  -7,  IX">!t;  .V.  /•'.  linU.,  Nov.  '.'(>,  IH(17:  .In  :.• 'JT,  iMS; 
|),i'.  M,  isy.'i;  ''7.  Fnriiirr,  Miircli  17,  1^70.  Thin  i!Mi|ili>,Vt''l  HOO  In. nit  \i\ 
IH.'il,  ii.Mfly  .ill   Cliiiirsc,  withiiiit  wliiiiii  ii|ii'r;ilioiis  wmilil   li.'  ci'oiiniiiii'.iily 

iiiijMi.i.iilili'.     TIk'  li"  t  Sciil.cli   <i|Mi;itiii.i  .■ ii   j.!iit   li.Urr  i  Mi|ili)yiii<':it.      Tim 

IJ  »  liKitri  1  (lull  priiiliii'c  '.K>  \ariln  nt  liiiil.i|i  iliily,  iu:;irly  ••11  "I  wlinli  i  t  iii.nlii 
i:, 111  mure  tli.i:i  r>,(MK»,(KM>  (iii^js,  on  \\w.  |jicini.  i;i.  Ai'iui.  J/ll.,'2.:.  S,  v.ial 
o  '.'  r  lirni.i,  iin-liiiliiij;  a  f.iriiiii''n  lonpcriitivi'  ri)iii|iiiiiy,  iiiiiki'  li.ij  .,  ••iii|i|iiyini{ 
|:l)  Iriilil.-;  noun:  ihiliii;,'  nilici^  tlio  i;irly  liltiii.  Yiilui  ll'isl.,  (I'.l;  Mlnt'ii, 
Slit. -t,  I.S."i7;  .lii)v;>l,  j.S.'i.S;  ,S'((c.  (Jiiimi,  .liirii!  (l,  \H7m;  S.  /•'.  Clintu.,  Oct. 
;t,  |N7:t;  .1.1.  VI  iX  ls7.">;  N.  /•'.  /'".-v.  Auk.  I"'.  ''''7;i;  Sipt.  I'_',  j.STI;  ,|,,n. 
'17\  I'lT'i;  .liil;.'  -I,  IMV_',  willi  .iliusinin  to  a  liiu^li  coiiiiLiny  ■•inil  t.;  tin'  juto 
f.ii'Inry  ('iiuii.il  ill  S.  (^11  iitiii  [iri-suM  in  Ls.S'J  with  KM)  lnonis. 

."^il";  i;i  ISfSiS  wa.i  iiroiiiiiiiig  licttiT  tlian  <'ot,t(in,  allli(iii;,'li  hcviti!  of  tho 
li.lf  iloz  n  cilaldi^liiiiiuil.t  for  iU  inaiiiifacliiri!  ii.ul  fiili'il.  Tiii'  lirit,  waM 
o|i''.'i('!l  liy  N'i-wni;in  al  Stii  Clara  in  lS(i7,  anil  ri'viviil  all  i-  a  liiirl  hLii|(|>hko. 
(■,//.  .I7//V.  ,S''.<-.,  yVruM.,  ISC.C,  7,  \<)H  '-'(M);  .V.  ./.  Mn-i:,  |).i'.  Il',  |Sii7;  .1  hi, 
.IniM-'ji'.  Dcm;.  IH,  |.S(;7;  Ocl.  W,  |.S7I;  S.  /■'.  C'ltl,  Nov.  8,  |.S(17;  Orl.  -JO,  |.S7-.'; 
■V,  /•'.  yV.„.'.s  Aiir.  1(1,  July  (i,  I.S(i8;  .May  -JO,  'J(i,  IH;;!»;  ,V.  /'.  /',„7,  .Inn..  .|, 
|S7'J.  TIki  Tf'/WM  of  ISSO"  cri-ilit..M  <'al.  witli  .■^7,(14")  worlli  of  sil':  1  xii|i-.><, 
iiiiil  cmtnKir.'iti'n  two  f.ict,ori(!  t  with  i'nKini;.s  of  iVJ  liorsc-iiowcr.  Tin'  |iri  nijiil 
l;ii'lory  i:i  siiiilh  S.  V.  .s)in:i   'J(),(MK)  11m.  of  raw  Milk   in    ISSI,  worth  .-;|.")0,(M)i), 

iliii''.l,V  for  twi.t  anil  co.irs  r  k I.s,  yit  of  ^001!  i|Mality.      'I'lu!  n(!l    ,silk  w.u 

l.ii).;idv  iniliorti.'il.  Over  IIM)  hamls  wcro  cMiiilovnl,  mo  ;tlv  wounii  anij  cliii- 
.livii.'.V.  /•'.  li'iii.  Kill..  Hi,  ISS'J;  Sl<,<-Li«ii  /„</>)>.,  Apr.  --'7,  I^HI,  v.illi  allu- 
sion to  a  iii'W  local  coiiipauy.  .V.  /•'.  /'()>/,  l)ii'.  IS,  187;!,  aliinliM  to  a  rilihon 
f;ii-tiiry  in  Oa'daml.  an  I  A  l/'iCiil.,  .]:\t[.  14,  187-',  to  oiii'  111  S.  !•'.  Tlio  total 
v.ilii,'  of  all  tt'Xtilu  fahrics  oil  the  IVicilii;  coast  wa.i  in  |.^8'_'  citiiiiati'il  at 
nearly  .'  I-. 0;M),(M)(),  iiriMJiiccil  Ijy  (i,().»()  h.inils,  caniinji;  .'^•_'..')(l,i,u;):),  ,■  i,l  inin:^ 
iiiMrl.v  .'<(i,()lM),<MH)  of  material,  wiiilc  tlii!  report  for  1870  i(.ivc  o.  'y  l,7iM» 
oper.itivi.'s,  ami  a  jiniiliiciinn  of  s;t,7")0,0;)(),  an  iiierea.sc;  for  a  iio/.e;i  yuaif  of 
iiii.re  tha  I  tlireelol  I.  < 'otLon  falirics  in  I88S  were  i:ii]iorteil  to  the  extent  of 
!<|i),(|i) ),()!)(),  Iiiit  cotton  coiilil  lie  liroii'jlit  liy  r.iil  Iroin  Tex.ii  at  marly  ai  low 
,1  rate  .1  ;  to  l.nwcll;  mi  liiat  witli  avail  ilile,  cheap  lalior,  factories  could  reailily 
he  cslalilislieil.  IJnlortun.itely  till!  l.ilior  market  i-t  mo  uncertain,  cipecially 
in  face  of  the  a^'ital  0:1  a;;,iiii;,t  Oiincse,  th.it  e.ipital  will  not  ha/jiil  the  ex- 
pcriiiii.iit,  as  shown  liy  the  co  njiaratively  .'^inall  ilevelopment  of  wooll  n  mills 
uiiiler  f.ir  more  pidinisiiiK  eonditioii.s.  The  iiliunilance  of  available  l.ilior  i.s 
ot'.u.rwi.se  ilemonstrated  hy  llie  fact  t' at  !i  lar^e  amount  of  the  iinporteil 
cotton  f.iliric  i,<  inaile  into  overalls,  1111.  rwe.ir,  ami  similar  K'""''*,  'i'"l  ."^eiit 
hack  to  eastern  states  at  a  prolit.  Nevertheless,  the  ])i<Miuctioii  of  textiles  to 
the  iiive.steil  c.ijiital  staiuls  only  at  ;{  to  ii  as  conipiireil  with  ti  ami  D  to  '2  in 
many  other  imliistries. 

J:i  clothing,  there  has  lieeii  an  aliatenient  in  the  im]iortatioii  to  the  coast, 
when  <:iimpareil  with  the  increase  in  popnl.-itioii,  from  7,0;K)  ciisis  ia  1870  to 
.'),7(»lt  in  IS78,  187!t,  ami  1880,  and  7,500  in  1881,  the  "last  year  showing  also  a 
laiL'cly  angincntt'il  local  manufacture,  reaching  about  .>i3,.")00,0;M)  hy  iie.iily 
'_',()IH)  h.imls,  of  which  .':;!,r)00,()(K)  from  hoim!  fahrics.  Vet  no  organized  cloth- 
ing factory  ca  1  In'  s.iid  to  e.xist.  In  1882  only  two  silhstaiitial  firms  devoted 
themselves  to  re.idy-iiiade  suits,  hut  the  work  was  given  out  liy  contract,  as 
was  the  case  with  a  iiunilicr  of  smaller  houses.  Most  of  it  was  done  liy  Chi- 
luse  lirms,  and  a  iiortiou  hy  small  cooperative  hodies  of  whites.  Kastern 
factories  have  the  advantage  of  sulMlivided  labor.  Of  ducks  and  denims, 
N.">il,Oi)0  worth  are  made,  against  ?<75,000  imports.  There  was  an  overall  fac- 
tory riiiming  in  1888.  The  foreign  export,  .">."il{  cases  in  1881,  is  iiicreasiiii,'.  The 
deiii  iiid  for  oil  clothing  is  limited  by  the  dry  weather,  and  by  rubber  conipe- 
titinii,  to  .'j(!0,(M)0  for  tlie  coa.st,  !>•)  Jier  cent  of  which  is  made  at  S.  F.,  [tartly 
With  aid  of  two  patents  for  imparting  black  color  and  incombustible  proper- 


90 


MAXUFACTUUES. 


iw.i.  .S".  /•'.  liiilt.,  Oct.  0,  I87r).  Of  thu  !«t|0.(MH».(MJ()  wortli  of  cotton  fiiltricn 
imiMd'tuil,  soiiiL'wIiiit  over  li;tlt'  may  lie  clus.^cil  a.i  '  iloiiio.stica, '  mo,-,t  of  wliich 
is  iiiiiili!  iiiti>  ^'iiriiit'iits  lit  S,  I''.,  anil  the  rcNt  iuiporloil,  iiicliiiliu;,'  the  Imilt 
j^ruik's  of  women's  jjjoods.  |)ry-;,'ooils  and  other  slio|ps  control  tiu'  contract 
work,  yet  there  are  several  shirt  fai'torics,  where  the  larj;cr  projiortion  of 
lahor  ii  wliite,  4."0  ont  of  (150.  The  jn'oduc^tion  i  i  fully  117, (MH)  doyen,  wortii 
5<iilM>,u;H»,  idMint  half  to  order;  imports,  tliree  fonrtlis  more.  Tiio  introtlnetiou 
of  necktie.4  reach  tiie  lar^^o  snm  of  !?1,(XH),(KM),  only  one  eighth  of  which  is 
made  at  S.  !■'.,  hy  4  factories,  witii  :tl)  to  Xt  liands.  Tho  material  is  imported 
for  these  as  well  as  for  the  .':<'Jl(,()(M)  worth  of  snsjicnilers  made  liy  two  youn^ 
Iniiises.  There  wan  a  hoon.sUirt  factory  in  tiu^  .sixties,  .i'.  /'.  Cull,  March  12, 
IH(U;  March  'M),  18(17.  Hats  were  maiuifacturcd  in  the  early  fifties,  and  a 
premium  granted  at  tlio  lirst  agricultural  fair  in  IH'il.  S.  /■'.  /l<  ruli/,  Nov.  14, 
1S.")I;  AlhiCiiL,  Fell,  la,  18."):{;  duly  IJ,  I8.")(l;  Apr.  29,  18.->7;  also  in  Sacrii- 
ni;':ito.  Siif.  Ionian,  Oct.  10,  18.")(1.  Itut  few  arc  made  beyond  silk  plush  hats, 
and  these  have  hcen  subject  to  many  tluctuatiolis,  ehieily  owing  to  thu  favor 
enjoyed  by  stitV  felt  hats.  In  I88'_'  barely  two  do/en  hands  were  engaged  on 
sillv  hats,  producing  .t^lOOiCKK)  worth.  Sustained  by  a  guild,  they  keep  np 
prii'es.  Caps  for  railway  men,  boys,  etc.,  are  made  to  the  value  of  .'>!4(>,(M)0. 
Two  straw-Works  existed  in  the  sixties.  S.  F.  Call,  Jan.  .S,  18(!(1;  May  12, 
1870;  ^\  /■'.  '/'iiiis,  Aug.  2(),  18(18.  But  the  production  is  limited  to  fj.OOO 
do/cn  a  year,  ehieily  men's  hats,  wortli  8li>,000.  Tho  material  is  chielly  (,'hi- 
nesc,  tor  women  the  main  work  is  to  renovate.  One  factory  emidoys  25 
hands  dur'ing  tho  season;  another  m».kes  I)Uokram  and  stitf  net  frames.  There! 
are  several  dyeing  and  scuuring  estublishmeuts.  Com.  and  I  ml.;  Sac.  Union, 
Jan.  1,  1881. 

I'arasols  were  made  to  the  value  of  !?55,(K)()  in  !  S81 ,  and  undu-ellas,  .S;55,(XH), 
the  imports  being  somewhat  moi'c  than  double,  including  material  for  the 
manufacture,  which  employs  threescore  liamls,  connected  with  eight  estab- 
lishments in  S.  F.  T!u'  larL;e  nundicr  of  fraternal  societies  on  the  coast  calls 
for  re^alia  to  tiic  amount  of  .S50,(MK)  annually,  all  manufactured  here,  save  5 
per  cent,  chictiy  by  two  lirms  and  about  .'{0  hands.  1).  Noreross  be^an  the 
business  in  1852.  .\lti  Cil.,  ,Sept.  11,  18.57;  S.  F.  Cnlt,  Jan.  5,  1805.  lie  also 
preiiared  (lags,  although  two  other  lirms  give  more  attention  to  this  branch, 
selling  in  the  centennial  year  fully  .S50,000  worth,  /'rirci  Cur.,  Oct.  22,  185;i; 
S.  /•'.  Hi  mill,  Jan.  2;{,  18(11),  allmling  to  the  lirst  silk  Hag.  Fringe  and  ta.ssel 
making  is  connected  witli  the  preceding  business  to  some  extent,  yet  of  dress 
trimmnigs  barely  a  fifth  of  the  .'?;$75,(M)0  in  use  comes  from  home  source.  Of 
upholstery  trimmings  !5.S5,0(X)  worth  are  made  at  S.  F.  Both  classes  occupy 
about  '.III  liands  belonging  ehieily  to  4  lirni 

ilu'  abundance  of  wealth  in  the  cou'  ..unity  gave  impulse  to  a  taste  in- 
herited in  tile  colder  eastern  states  for  homo  comforts  and  embellishments. 
This  applies  rather  to  the  towns,  for  in  tho  country  the  out-door  life  fostered 
l>y  the  climate  gives  another  direction  to  the  taste,  as  noted  especially  among 
Spanish  C'alifornians.  In  early  days  a  rich  harvest  was  reapeil  by  upholsterers, 
and  by  18(10  a  regular  factory  opened  for  superior  uphostery.  The  union  war 
decitled  numerous  well-to-do  persons  to  remain  permanently  in  Cal.  and  the 
snbseiiuent  mining  speculation  fostered  lavish  expenditure,  till  tho  demand  for 
fine  goods  has  here  become  larger  in  proportion  to  the  poimlation  than  in  other 
states.  The  business  in  1888  was  still  controlled  by  furniture  manufacturers^ 
and  most  of  the  material  was  iniporte<l,  but  tho  high  freight  ou  such  goods 
insures  the  local  imlustry.  The  better  furniture  is  stuffed  with  curled  hair 
and  moss,  inferior  with  gray  hair,  soap-root,  or  Eureka  hair,  excelsior,  wool, 
€an<l  tow.  Only  two  of  tluise  are  produced  here,  the  shoddy  or  patent  wool, 
in  1881  to  tho  amount  of  more  than  400  tons,  and  ,^00  tons  of  soap-root  fibre, 
resembling  horse  hair  when  prepared,  and  reconnnended  as  cool,  lasting,  and 
healthy,  but  cheaper  substitutes  prevail.  Pulu  has  also  been  supplanted. 
The  total  value  of  the  material  for  tilling  exceeds  $400,000,  of  which  nearly 
two  thirds  are  from  local  sources.  S.  ¥,  emjiloys  about  350  hands  on  mat- 
tresses and  bedding,  ]>roilucing  goods  worth  at  least  |!l, 000,000,  including 
perhaps  ;J100,000  wortli  of  pillows,  although  most  of  the  feathers  used  are 


CARPETS,  ROPE,  AND  LEATHER. 


91 


n>y 


.iig 


iinpurtod  from  the  oast  or  from  (leriimny.  Of  Into  years  most  of  tlie  sprinRS 
fur  iiiattri'sses  aro  prt'iiareil  by  tlireo  S.  F.  tiriiis,  emiiloyiiig  in  Issl  two  iliizi'ii 
hail. It,  using  OOOtoiiM  of  importuil  wire,  wortii  ijfl'JO.CKK),  iiiul  iinnUuiiig  si>riiigi» 
to  till'  value  of  ;?'J(H),000.  One  firm  makes  woven  wire  mattresses.  Comlorters 
are  jiaining  in  favor,  owing  to  tlieir  lightness  and  cleanliness.  Ono  factory 
iiioiluces  .*J,r)<M}  wortli  per  month,  one  tenth  of  tlio  total  in  use;  tho  lilling  id 
cotton  hatting.  Two  houses  elean  feathers,  mostly  importod,  by  diatiuct 
patent  proeosses,  and  mako  pillows. 

The  lirst  factory  carpet,  three-ply,  was  n)ade  at  th<!  S.  F.  Mission  mills  in 
ISiU,  hut  like  ingrain  carpets,  their  manufacture  proved  nniirolitahle.  Of 
raji  carpets  tiio  largest  S.  F.  house  producers  only  10,(HK)  yanls  a  year.  Fac- 
tories iiav"  been  descrilied  at  Vallejo  and  Red  IJlulF.  A'"/  lilnf  I'i'i>i>l<'ti  Caiini', 
Apr.  17,  KSTS);  S.  F.  Po^t,  May  I'J,  1875;  S.  F.  Jiuil.,Jiiu.  li),  \H12.  For  car- 
pet lining,  tulo  matting  is  used  to  some  oxtetit,  but  cotton  batting  saveu  tho 
carpet  more.  Tiie  saud-ladea  bree/,ts  of  !S.  F.  assist  to  sustain  several  car- 
pct-licating  houses. 

There  was  a  ropo-walk  in  ISoO.  and  others  opened  subsequently,  but  there 
was  only  ono  establishment  in  188"2,  at  S.  F.,  supporteil  by  nroxiniity  toaourees 
of  supply  for  raw  material  and  by  orders.  It  employed  aliont  I0«'  '  .mis,  and 
proiluced  '-'.OOO  tons  of  ropo  and  corilage  a  year  from  Manila  and  Si  il  hemp. 
Sail  making  occupies  threescore  men,  belonging  to  .several  firms,  tin- .'iniiual 
vahie  amounting  to  some  S'.iOO,000.  In  1870 an  oakum  factory  opeiM  1  at  S.  F., 
wiiich  produces  nearly  SO  per  cent  of  the  bales  annually  reipiir  1,  eiiiployiug 
two  ilo/eii  hands.  Old  rope  anil  imports  from  Liverpool  supi  '■  he  maicrial. 
Less  than  one  tenth  of  the  .S4(),0()0  worth  of  li.shing-taclde  useu  on  the  i  last  .s 
iiiiule  liere  to  order.  .5.  /',  Jour.  Com.,  Aug.  '2'A,  187t);  .Soc  I'liiini.  1 'i.e.  7, 
|S.->S;  S.  F.  '  V  ,  .Ian.  7,  18.-)7;  .S'.  F.  Vnll,  Aug.  '11,  I8«;");  May  10,  isT'J.  o'.  F. 
Il'i'ilil,  Dec.  US,  18.")7;  Jicd:  AiIi'im-.,  Dee.  lISl,  1877. 

leather  manufactures  have  been  favored  by  the  excellent  ipiality  of 
tain  ill  products,  and  in  some  branches  bj  the  cheap  Chinese  labor.  The 
[I'lssession  of  raw  material  led  the  missionaries  to  introduce  tanning,  but  only 
for  local  wants.  Tho  export  of  hides  was  a  simpler  process,  and  it  continued 
until  tho  di-sastrous  seasons  of  18(512-4  checked  cattle-raising,  and  till  homo 
consumption  retained  its  share.  The  latter  grew  so  fast  as  to  require  the  impor- 
tation in  1881  of  nearly  80,0(X)  hides,  and  double  as  much  in  1885.  Never- 
tlielc-is,  the  railway  then  carried  east  1,(500  tons  of  dry  hides  of  certain  qual- 
ity, vabied  at  over  .§(500,000.  An  American,  P.  Sweet,  began  to  tan  at  Sta 
Cruz  in  1843.  Hist.  S.  VnaCo.,  11,74.  Sutter  oiiened  a  tannery  about  the  same 
time.  Sue.  Co.  Ilixt.,  157.  Smith  had  one  at  Bodega  in  1851,  and  by  18.V2  a 
number  were  in  operation.  Yulm  Co.  Hisl.,  70;  Cciinun,  IfS.VJ;  .•>'.  Jwu/.  Cn. 
Ili4.,  71;  El  Dor.,  Id.,  114;  Lou  Amj.,  Id.,  (59,  157;  Ciu'.y  .l/(«((/.-i  Trin.,  L"J; 
Mittihcwson'a  HUit.,  MS.,  3.  The  war  of  1801-5  gave  impulse  to  the  industry, 
and  by  1881  the  prfiduction  exceeded  8,7(X)  tons,  vjilued  at  over  .s3,7tH),(MH); 
the  hides  and  skins  cost  ^I,y00,000;  the  28,000  cords  of  bark,  .f.'>()0,000; 
tlOO  tons  tallow,  3,(i00  gallons  oil,  550  tons  gambler  and  sumach,  §140,000. 
Of  the  .s-J,000,000  capital  invested,  S.  F.  held  %!800,000,  the  tanneries  being 
here  chiefly  fcmnd  in  Islais  Valley.  The  <V'/mi/.<  of  1880  enumerates  77  tan- 
neries, with  a  capital  of  .S1.7.")0,()00,  employing  (530  men,  using  '22,000  tons  of 
o.ik  bark,  and  producing  510,0(X)  sides  of  leather  and  1,300,(X)0  .skins,  worth 
S"t,740,(KM).  The  curried  leather  branch  is  assigned  to  (53  establishments, 
capital  .>i427,0(K),  230  men  producing  '2(5(5,000  sides  of  leather  and  40(5,000 
skins,  worth  1:52,0(K),0(X).  The  bark  of  the  chestnut  oak  in  Sta  Cruz,  Mendo- 
cino, and  Humboldt  contains  double  the  usual  amount  of  tanning  matter,  but 
imparts  strength  and  other  qualities  rather  than  weight.  It  increases  1(K) 
lbs.  of  hides  to  140  lbs.  of  leather,  while  the  eastern  hemlock  bark  produces 
l7O-'20O  lbs.  of  hide.  It  is  becoming  less  abundant,  and  tanners  are  turn- 
ing their  attention  to  the  black  wattle  of  Australia,  which  presents  the  ad- 
vantage of  renewing  its  bark.  Gambler  and  suina.  h  are  also  imported,  the 
latter  growing  to  some  extent  in  S.  Diego.  What  euect  the  change  will  liave 
on  the  leather  is  i)roblematic.  So  far  it  is  the  chestnnt  tan  whieli  prompts 
the  growing  demand  forCal.  leather.     In  1881  Cal.  exported  920  I.  is,  largely 


92 


MANUFACTURES. 


I 


above  tlio  sliipiiicnt.4  of  f'  rnicr  years,  and  fur  ia  excess  of  imports  of  certain 
qualitiL'.i.  Ljatlicr  for  sumiUcs  and  harness  is  souglit  by  Spaiiicili  America. 
Wool-iiuUing  luu  been  Inag  couiiccted  with  ta.iiiiug,  l)ut  ij  becDiiiing  a  tiojia- 
rato  busiueis.  Thu  pelt."  yicll  2  to  2^  lb.^.  of  wool  worth  about  liU  touts)  a 
lb.,  whilf  tlio  .skin.s  riinge  (roiii  lUto  lij  uts,  large  quantities  beinj;  aeut  awiiy  i.i 
piclcle.  Of  ijullcd  wool  S.  F.  exports  fully  1,200  tons  a  yea,-,  two  t'.iiril  i 
eoniing  from  two  eotablisliiiieiits.  By  the  Napa  tau  proccs.s,  s'.ins  are  now 
rendered  iilrong  yet  soft,  resembling  buckskin.  There  are  six  glue  faetoric  ) 
in  Cal.,  einidoying  twoscore  hands,  but  the  profits  are  far  below  tluue  o1>- 
tainud  in  1S70  when  only  two  existed.  The  Pioneer  factory  advertises  i'l 
AltiiCl.,  I'd).  IS,  1857.  Cal.  Sculillery  ij  in  demand  all  over  the  Pacific 
sldpo  and  i:i  iSjiauiih  America,  yet  40  per  cent  of  tlie  material  u  i;iiportod, 
and  iil;r) .  ;3J,0J  )  worth  of  certain  qualities  of  saddles,  wrapper.^,  and  harness. 
The  lai-;,e  lir:u  of  Main  &  Winchester  has  existed  since  18-11).  In  IKoO  a 
nund)er  of  .s.iiallor  rivals  entered  the  field.  Yii'ni  Co.  Jliat,  71;  Gol Icii  Urn, 
Dec.  IS,  \Vi')'.i.  By  1870  the  C'e»w«i<  enumerates  over  200  estaldishments,  pro- 
ducing 1 1,070,000  in  goods.  In  1881  about  1,000  hands  were  employed,  an  1 
tlie  traiie  of  S.  F.  was  estimated  at  nearly  62,000,000.  Chinamen  are  learn- 
ing the  busines.'j.  In  1881  there  was  only  one  whip  factory  on  the  coast,  a;;d 
the  home  production,  by  three  dozen  men,  was  valued  at  .'•,'4J,00J,  little  more 
than  the  imports.  The  pioneer  factory  is  mentioned  in  C'lil.  Fanner,  Oct.  7, 
18(53.  The  first  organized  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes  n  credited  to  the 
senior  partner  of  the  firm  of  Porter,  Slcssiuger,  &  Co.,  who  in  1803  engaged 
convict  labor  for  making  coarse-grade  goods.  Buckingham  &  llecht,  lat.r 
tile  leading  house,  entered  the  field  soon  after.  Account  of  the  pioneer  fac- 
tory in  S.  /•'.  Bull.,  Jan.  21,  1870;  Alta  Cal,  Apr.  2,  18G9;  Miiiin;/  /'jcs-.s, 
June  21?,  lS8(i,  refers  to  a  boot-nailing  machine.  The  Coisii.i  of  1880  has  81 
e.stablislimeuts,  with  2,50()  hands,  ushig  ^2,000,000  worth  of  material  aiil 
producing  247,000  pairs  of  boots,  including  ladies'  lace  boots,  and  1,000,000 
pairs  of  shoos,  value  $;i,G50,000  against  5(1,400,000  in  1800.  By  1889  tliere 
was  a  large  increase  to  over  .'?5,000,000,  it  is  claimed,  nearly  all  pro.luced  in 
S.  V.  Chinese  formed  two  thirds  of  the  force  employed  for  low-gra;!e  goods 
ami  slippers,  but  white  workmen  have  been  gaining  a  firmer  foothold  again. 
They  can  make  an  average  of  5>10  a  week  on  their  piece-work.  Tliij  liigli 
rate,  and  the  necessity  to  import  three  fourths  of  the  material,  asiile  froii 
sole  leather,  gives  an  openmg  for  the  continued  importation  f>f  o;ie  third 
of  the  total  manufactured  goods;  but  this  is  nearly  balanced  by  the  export 
of  .^l,GO0,Oi)O  worth  in  1881,  with  prospects  of  an  increase.  Tlic  gia.it 
scam  for  heavy  water-proof  goods  is  a  Cal.  patent,  supplementary  to  tin; 
sewing  and  screw  machines  from  the  east.  At  Beuicir,  is  a  shoe-stock  factory 
aided  by  a  patent  water-proof  paste.  In  1855  a  party  is  said  to  have  col- 
lected old  lioots  and  sliipped  $3,000  worth  of  boot-legs  to  Europe. 

(Jlove  factories  were  not  started  prior  to  18G0,  and  the  Census  of  1870  re- 
ports a  production  of  only  §02,000  from  six.  By  1881  this  had  risen  to  half 
a  million,  at  10  factories,  employing  250  hands,  and  producing 400,000  pair.s  of 
gloves,  three  fourths  being  common  grades,  consunung  250,000  skins  of  buck, 
goat,  etc.  The  export  amounted  to  §150,000,  due  to  the  excellent  tanning  and 
sewing,  for  the  price  was  enhanced  by  wages  one  third  above  eastern.  Kid 
gloves  are  little  made  except  to  order  from  imported  skins;  of  other  kinds  Ica.s 
tlian  §100,000  worth  are  brought.  '1  he  hose  and  belting  business  hasbeensus- 
taiiied  chiefly  by  the  superior  strength  and  quality  of  Cal.  leather,  which  re- 
sists a  high  pressure.  The  eastern  rubber  hose  is  now  preferred  by  the  8.  F. 
fire  dept,  but  interior  towns  retain  the  cheaper  and  more  lasting  leather. 
Belting  coniiiiues  in  <leinand  for  the  mines.  The  first  factory  is  alluded  to  in 
AlUi  C.il.,  May  25,  1855;  Oct.  3,  18.")7.  In  1881  there  were  four  at  S.  F.,  pro- 
ducing 200,000  foet  of  belting,  0,000  of  hose,  and  175,000  of  lacing,  worth 
§25O,0iOO,  employing  40  hands.  The  import  of  §30,000  was  more  than  bal 
anced  by  growing  export  of  §.')0,000.  The  fulling  process  of  Roger  adds 
greatly  to  strength  and  pliancy.  Of  rublier  goods  two  companies  import 
4^1,000,000  worth,  manufacturing  only  a  few  articles  to  order.  Bellows  were 
first  made  by  C.  Van  Ness  in  1850.  S.  F.  Bull.,  Dec.  2, 18G4.    Later  there  were 


SOAP  AND  PAINTS. 


93 


two  factorien,  with  a  dozen  men,  producing  1,830  pairs  annually,  worth 
.*;{ii,0(W,  k-aving  a  surplus  for  export.  The  bullows  aru  markiia  by  two 
I)ato.iti  for  rjvcrsible  nozzle  and  s  ifoty-valvc.  Trusses  and  surgical  appli- 
ancji  arc  made  by  over  a  ilozcu  persons,  to  the  value  of  as  many  thousand 
dollar.!,  aa  otiual  quantity  I)eing  imported. 

Tliu  aim.,  lanco  of  tallow  lod  early  to  the  manufacture  of  soap,  Carpenter 
tij,'uruig  i.i  IS.;i  a>  preparing  it  for  market,  at  Lo?  Angclc;i.  Co.  llUt.,  09; 
Alnini  h,  liiM.,  M.i.,  u.  /li-4;  Ilij'tr,  14.  Yet  J.  J.  Bjrgin  claims  to  have  in 
1850  opcncil  tl<o  lirst  factory  for  t!io  trade,  in  S.  F.  Cubrrx  S  ic.  Dtirrf.,  96. 
'rhe()lile;tc.\i;tmg  factory  i.i  J.  II.  Hcilinann'n,  established  at  Sao.  i:i  1850,  re- 
movin  ,'  to  8.  F.  in  1855.  Alia  Cal.,  June  28,  185*2;  Apr.  Ki,  1855;  S  tc.  Union, 
Feb.  8,  18S5;  Xov.  28,  185(».  In  lS5;i  some  Frenchmen  begr.;!  to  make  toilet 
soap.s,  but  failed.  The  largest,  in  West  Berkeley,  has  a  capacity  for  7,000 
ton.s  a  yt;ar.  Of  the  §1,OOJ,000  invested  in  the  business  on  tlia  Paciiic  coast, 
the  iiei-;hl)orhood  of  S.  F.  controls  three  fourths,  employing  over  4JJ  hands. 
The  (.'ensui  of  188iJ  credit.!  Cal.  with  a  production  of  over  11,0JJ,00!}  lbs. 
worth  t'524,OU0;  a  little  fisli,  olive,  cocoa-nut,  and  palm  oil  supplant  tlio  tallow 
material;  and  Nevada  supplies  most  of  the  caustic  soda.  liafo:-e  tlic  intro- 
duction of  kerosene,  whale-oil  was  refined  by  four  factories;  now  there  ij  only 
partial  occupation  for  one  small  house.  Of  linseed-oil,  the  coast  u.io  1 1,5JO,000 
g  dlo:i3,  partly  pressed  from  home-produced  seed,  partly  from  Eaot  Indian. 
Tlie  first  factory  opened  in  18G6.  Painters  are  the  large  consumers.  The 
('ennui  of  1830  credits  Cal.  with  50,003  gallons  of  castor-oil,  and  3:)5,000  lbs. 
glycerine.  Dried  cocoa-nut  meat  ii  brought  from  Hawaii  to  be  prcsseil  for 
od,  8.  F.  producing  nearly  nil  of  the  90,000  gallons  used  on  the  coa;t.  There 
is  one  special  mill,  at  Alameda,  supplied  by  three  schooners.  The  material 
froMi  which  the  oil  has  been  pre-ised  i.i  fed  to  cattle,  and  so  is  liiiseed.  8.  J. 
Capistrano  mission  had  an  oil-press  ii.  early  days.  Vat.  Dcyit.  St.  Pap.,  xviii. 
5.'$.  Concerning  modern  mills,  see  Ventura  Co.  Pitt.,  9;  Sta  li.irh.  W.  Pvchs, 
Dec.  7,  1878^  ,S'.  J.  Merc,  Dec.  4,  1879;  S.  F.  Call,  Aug.  20, 18,58;  AWi  CiL, 
.Fan.  3,  18ij7;  Sutter  Co.  Hint.,  48;  fjon  Anij.  Id.,  70.  S.  F.  manufactures 
caiidhM  for  the  entire  coast,  to  the  extent  in  1881  of  1.3.5,000  boxes,  worth 
8:W5.0.)0;  98.000  boxes,  S2:«,000,  being  imported,  and  20,000  shipped;  150 
liands  employed.  Tlie  (V/w)w  of  1880  gave  tlie  home  manufacture  at  S375,- 
O.K),  hut  it  has  Iieen  fast  decreasing  since  1875-8,  when  the  imports  alone 
a  iiount  ■  I  to  5,000  tons  for  the  mines,  which  continue  the  chief  consumers. 
Ciitr'  r'-i  Sif.  Directory,  911,  claims  a  factory  for  Sac.  in  1851.  liy  1855  several 
i'xi.st,;d,  .S'.  /''.  Herald,  Feb.  10,  1855,  Alta  Cal.,  Apr.  10,  1855,  o'aoriug mouMs 
for  .sale.  Sac.  Union,  Feb.  8,  1855;  S.  F.  Bull.,  March  9,  June  11,  ISuii.  S.  F. 
al30  makes  150  of  the  200  tons  of  axle-grease  used  on  the  coa;;t,  the  rest  is 
iinported,  together  with  tiie  resin  and  some  oil;  1""  tons  are  shi[)]>cd;  10  hands 
find  employment;  total  value  $45,000;  first  factory  dates  1852.  Alli  Cal., 
March  .10,  18.55;  one  more  exists. 

The  f  ist-cxtending  settlement,  and  the  general  use  of  wooden  buihlings, 
call  fcir  8l',001),00)  worth  of  paint  and  varnish  on  the  coast,  of  whieii  5.000 
tons  of  wliite-lead  co.st  about  8800,(X)0.  Tiiis  and  the  varnish  are  chielly 
made  at  8.  F.,  but  the  preparation  of  other  pigments,  though  exLiliag,  has 
not  proved  profitable.  The  (Jen-ius  of  1880  credits  Cal.  with  4,000,000  lbs. 
white-lead,  worth  ^^200,000;  other  salts  of  lead,  !i)G5,000.  The  o:d/  bpecial 
factory  employs  150  men.  One  ei^tabliahment  failed  a  few  years  ago.  Avcrill's 
paint,  a^;aiust  heat  and  moisture,  employs  o;ie  factory,  which  at  tines  products 
5iK)  tom  a  month,  by  secret  pro.'O.i.i;  it  ul.io  makes  150  to.is  of  putty,  and  250 
tons  of  pigment.  Of  rubber  paint,  against  moisture,  80,0J0  gallons  arj  used 
from  another  factory.  A  similar  quantity  of  varnish  is  rci|\ii;'ed,  chijlly  for 
furniture;  20,000  gallons  of  fine  quality  comes  from  E;iglan;l;  the  rest  is  made 
by  several  f  ictories,  one  dating  1857.  S.  F.  I'initor,  Sept.  25,  1875;  Alta  Cal., 
March  10,  1872;  S.  F.  Bulletin,  March  3,  1871;  March  22,  1873;  Apr.  12, 
1879;  S-ient.  PrcM.,  Jan.  11,  1873. 

Of  65(X),O0O  worth  of  perfumery  used  on  the  coast,  one  fifth  is  made  at 
8.  F.,  by  15  hands,  chiefly  children.  The  extracts  for  it  are  imprirte.l.  S.  F. 
Timt.1,  May  7,  18-58;  Sclent.  Pre.ix,  Aug.  22,   1838;  Jan.  G,  1872;  S.  F.  Call, 


94 


MANUFACTURES. 


Nov.  11,  1871;  Jan.  22,  1873.  Cnl.  Fannn;  June  11,  1808,  refers  to  aponge- 
bods  ill  ('ill.,  Hud  to  tlie  itrcpanition  of  siK'oiiil.sponges.  Tlie  uiauufacturu  of 
lirn.slu's  is  in(.-roa.sinjj,  of  late  v\m\  in  liner  grades,  despite  tlie  cheaper  eastern 
eom[iutition  and  tlie  necessity  to  import  most  of  the  material,  lor  liristles 
here  are  sliort.  Of  $^{r>0,(MN)  worth  in  use  nn  the  coast  one  sixth  is  made,  the 
tirst  factories  rising  in  lSu(>  at  8.  F.  and  Sac.  8oap-root  lihre  provides  valuahlo 
material. 

Favored  by  t'--*  demand  for  peculiar  machinery,  for  mining  and  field 
operations,  not  well  understood  in  the  eastern  stittes,  and  by  the  distance 
from  these  sources,  as  well  as  by  freight,  duty,  and  other  charges,  the  inm 
industry  received  a  strong  impuLse  in  face  of  such  obstacles  as  the  im]iort4ition 
of  most  of  the  nuiterial,  even  coal,  and  high  wages.  The  local  cofil  is  not 
suited  for  castings,  and  that  in  use  costs  three  times  more  than  in  I'enn. 
Wages  are  one  third  higher;  yet  men  can  work  better  iji  the  S.  F.  climate. 
Irii'.i  ore  is  abinidant,  and  owners  of  furnaces  promised  in  1 881  to  lay  down  iron 
at  S.  F.  for  about  S'ji  per  ton,  or  somewhat  less  than  imported  niatcrial  would 
cost.  Of  this  1 4,000  tons  came  annually  during  the  latter  half  t>f  the  seventies, 
after  wiiioh  the  import  declined.  The  chief  demand  so  far,  however,  is  for 
maciiinery  rather  than  plain  casting,  and  this  on  an  average  comes  to  §5  per 
100  lbs.  The  totid  production  rose  to  ij!«),000,000  in  1871,  and  to  nearly  ji'JO,- 
OiH),<K)0  ten  years  later,  under  the  energy  and  enterprise  which  are  gradu.dly 
supplanting  eastern  goods  and  gaining  new  fields  l*cyond  the  state,  as  in 
Hawaiian  sugar  machinery  and  mining  outfits  for  Mexico,  Ari/.ona,  and 
Nevada.  It  nnist  grow  still  further  witT>  the  unfolding  of  iron  deposits,  ami 
the  inerea.so  of  railways  and  factories,  farming,  and  (piartz-mining. 

The  eager  demand  for  niiniug  iniplcments  after  1848  brought  forward 
blacksmiths  and  machinists,  and  in  1840  the  Donahue  brothers  establisheil 
the  tirst  iron-works,  now  known  as  the  Union.  Domi/iuf'n  Sfat.,  MS.;  WihhI- 
mint's  Still.,  MS.,  14;  Sdi/minl'n  .S'■'((^,  MS.,  4;  Minimi  Pirnn,  July  3,  187r»; 
S.  F.  Jhnilil,  Nov.  2:J  4,'l857.  K.  Anthony  of  Sta  Or'uz,  To.  UiM.,  20,  claims 
to  have  made  the  lirst  mining  pick  and  cast-iron  plough  in  C'al.  In  I'm:  AVi/w, 
Dec.  20,  1840,  J.  P.  Hudson  advertises  his  ship-yard,  and  oilers  to  work  iron. 
In  18i>0  rose  the  Vulcan  and  I'acitic  fo\indries,  and  the  Sutter  iron-works. 
S'ic.  Tmiisr.,  Sept.  30,  1850;  A\  F.  llvraUi,  Sept.  17,  1850;  A\  F.  J'o.4,  Aug. 
21,  1872;  U.  S.  Ct'iimin  h'lpt,  1851-2,  157.  In  1851  the  Kureka  ottered  its 
specialties  in  railings,  balconies,  etc.  At  Sacramento,  Woodcock  &  Burnett 
began  to  make  mining  implements  in  1850,  Sue.  Tfiiiiii:,  May  20,  1850;  and 
Stow  &  Carpenter  opened  iron-works  in  the  fall.  Neither  lasted.  In  1851 
the  Kureka  foundry  was  established,  and  in  18.')2  the  Sac.  iron-works.  Diint. 
Sue,  185(>.  p.  XX.;  ('uliri\-<  /)ii:  Sac,  9(>;  A'.  F.  Hemld,  Dec.  25,  1851. 
Marysville  had  a  foundry  in  1852,  Yuhn  Vo.  Hint.,  70,  when  the  Pac.  M.  S.  S. 
Co.  operated  one  at  Bcnicia.  .tltaCul.,  Nov.  .'W,  1852.  This  place  had  special 
iron-works  soon  after.  Id.,  March  2'.>,  18,55;  Pricc'i  Cm:,  Apr.  7,  I8.">4;  Sar. 
Union,  July  24,  18.")5;  Altd  Ctl.,  J\ine  2J),  1852;  Jan.  4,  June  18,  18.">3;  Jan. 
1,  1854,  with  allusions  to  other  early  works,  which  spread  rapidly  to  leading 
towns.  See  county  histories,  ns  yl/.'((f(/or,  219,  etc.  The  interest  llnctuatcd 
with  those  of  the  mines,  aiul  many  founiiries  opened,  only  to  collapse  after  a 
brief  existence,  as  in  18(51-2,  owing  to  lack  of  means  to  tide  over  tlull  seasons. 
In  I8()0  S.  F.  had  14  foundries  and  machine-shops,  with  220  men,  pnMlucing 
§I,2(X),000  worth  of  machinery.  In  1881  about  1,200  men  were  empb)yed, 
producing  S4,(XX).0(K)  from  the  larger  works,  three  fourths  for  mines,  the  rest 
tor  marine  aiul  agricultural  purposes,  etc.  By  1889  the  output  had  increased 
to  about  $7,000.0()0,  and  the  number  of  hands  in  proportion.  For  mining  ma 
chinory,  the  S.  F.  foundries  stand  unstirpassed,  sustained  by  long  experience  anil 
special  appliances  and  iuveutious.  The  variety  of  mines  and  their  increasiiiL; 
depth  tax  constir'.tly  inventive  and  mechanical  skill  to  meet  the  dithculties. 
For  pumps,  engines  of  700-hor8e  power  have  been  made;  the  famous  Dickie 
pump,  for  the  ChoUar-Norcross  mine,  which  lifts  1,1)00  gallons  of  water  per 
minute  8(X)  feet,  in  one  stream,  with  aid  of  high  or  watc  pressure;  and  the 
Union  mine  pump,  costing  §500, 000.  S.  F.  Bull.,  Nov.  25,  18(>7.  Of  small 
household  pumps,  only  $2(X),0(K)  worth  are  made,  at  about  $11  each;  quad- 


THE  inON  IXDUSTUY. 


M 


rniile  the  nnmlwr  is  import«'<l.  CaUles — speoial  factories  noted  iiiiS'.  F.  Time", 
Aluv  --,  lf«>l — are  «till  tlrawn  lar;'i-ly  frtuii  Kii^laiul.  C'al.  iiossuxst.-s  miiiier- 
)iii.s  iui|ir()Vi!in<'nt.s  in  ilrill.i,  iTtisiitrs,  and  nit^an^i  for  Having  fiu^l,  loHHening 
trictiiin,  t'tc.  Patent  drills  are  worked  with  eonipresaed  air  tor  juirifyin;,'  tlii! 
,itnios|iii<'ru  Itelow.  I'oinliination  anialganiatini;  pans  eo.stahont  $<'>(H).  Sinelt- 
ing  anil  assaying  arc  treated  under  mining,  lint  spoeial  nictallurgieal  works 
have  heiii  eri'i'ted  in  the  hailing  hay  towns.  S.  /•'.  liiilL,  July  2,  Aug.  Ifi, 
l.s.')(»;  .S'.  t\  I/n-'ilif,  Niiv.  ;?(t~l»ec.  r»,  1857.  Boilers  are  made  at  several  of  the 
finindries,  hesidos  the  siwcial  cstahlishnients.  Alxiut  700  are  made  annually, 
v.dufd  at  SI700,0(K).  IIori?:«nt;il  tidies  uiadt!  at  these  places  are  pnrfcrred. 
One  til  III  alone  has  fully  three  doxcii  in  hand  at  a  time.  •!.  Uonaiiuo  made 
tlifiii  ;n  ISTiIl.  /Iftir  fVf/.,  June  18,  l^.'i;}.  I'cter  Donahue,  tlie  pioneer  fonn- 
drymaii  of  California,  was  iMirii  at  <!la.sgow  on  .Ian.  II,  I8'_'l!,  of  Irish  parent- 
ugi'.  liroiight  to  Anicrica  at  the  agi,'  of  II,  he  was  placed  as  apprentice  at 
tiie  macliine-shnps  of  raterson,  X.  J.,  and  after  some  experience  at  other 
fiiiiiiiiries,  he  went  to  Peru  in  IS47,  as  .assistant  engineer  of  a  j^uiihoat,  pa.ss- 
nig  tiience  to  S.  V.  in  charge  of  Oi-i-'jon'*  niachinery.  His  lirotiier  James,  a 
liiiilcr-maker,  encountered  him  here,  find  jointly  they  opened  a  smithy  on 
Montgomery  st,  in  IH41>,  moving  in  the  followill^  spring  t<i  the  Happy  Valley 
rrgioii,  to  form  the  liegiiining  for  the  present  Union  iron-works,  'iaking  into 
p.irtni'rsiiii)  their  lirother  Michael,  .a  moulder,  thus  forming  a  union  of  threi! 
li'.tiiing  arts  in  their  craft,  they  made  the  first  Cilstings  in  the  state,  con- 
structed tlie  lirst  Bteam-enginc,  later  in  use  on  tlie  Tilniroii,  the  monitor 
i'liiiiiiiiflif,  and  other  iinpnrt<int  works.  Michael  returned  east,  .and  liecame 
thrice  mayor  of  I)aveniK>rt,  low.a.  Peter  eiit»-red  with  zest  into  a  numlier  of 
enterprises,  a.ssisting  to  estalilisli  the  S.  F.  gas-works  in  I8.V2-4,  the  Oinnihu.s 
street -railway,  tlie  lirst  of  its  kind  in  ••<.  F.,  and  the  >S.  F.  and  !San  .lose  rail- 
w.'iy,  the  pnilits  and  .sale  money  from  which  enaliled  him  to  liuiid  the  N.  V. 
and  North  I'acitie  niilw.ay.  His  ze.al  for  industrial  undertjikings  hastened 
his  death,  which  occurred  Nov.  'Jli,  I8sr>,  and  held  him  back  from  political  and 
otlicr  lionors,  although  he  accepte.l  the  position  of  lient-col  on  ( !eii.  C'oliii's  stall", 
and  for  a  time  the  jiresidency  of  the  H<H.'iety  of  Pioneers.  There  is  room  for 
many  imitators  of  Col  Donohue's  successful  career,  as  may  he  iiistaneed  liy 
one  of  the  youngest  linns  in  this  lir^nch,  Kifeiihurg  ^  Hughes,  of  tiu:  S. 
lUi'go  Standard  iron-works,  started  in  I88,"».  \V.  (J.  Kifi'iilmrg  w;is  horn  in 
Cortland  co.,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  3,  ISIW,  and  lieeaute  inited  for  his  fortunate  experi- 
ments in  fruit  culture. 

.Much  of  the  material  for  the  foundries  comes  from  a  local  rolling-mill. 
A  piirtion  of  the  old  iron  wa.s  formerly  exported  at  a.  profit;  to  the  larger 
neglected  [lart  rails  were  in  due  time  added  which  might  with  little  lalmr  lie 
riciinverted  into  usi^ful  material.  This  gave  rise  in  l.Htiti  to  a  rolling-mill, 
the  I'.ii'itic,  to  which  was  granted  a  tract  of  land  at  Potrero  Pt,  .S.  F.  It 
opeiii!i|  in  July  I.S(!.S,  anil  li.is  gr.idually  increased  its  capacity,  with  the  aid  of 
gus-furnace.s,  so  that  it  now  employs  ahout  SUU  men,  often  night  and  day,  lialf 
a  ili)/i  II  engines,  as  many  haniiners,  and  other  maciiinery.  ft  contains  dcpts 
for  pudilling,  for  liars  ami  lieams,  for  iron  and  steel  rails,  the  lattiT  since 
ISSI  for  engine  forgings,  for  car  and  ship  iron,  for  holts,  nails,  ami  washers, 
for  coil  chains,  for  repairs,  etc.  Another  rolling-mill  has  lieeii  opened  at  tlic 
railway  shops  in  .Sacramento.  The  <  'I'lixit-i  of  I88t)  credits  the  one  rolling-mill 
then  existing  with  1^1,000,000  ca|iital,  '.i'M  men,  3  puddling  furnaces,  ."i  ham- 
mers, 4  trains  of  rolls,  with  a  ca[iacity  for  UK)  tons  a  day,  and  a  tot.il  jiroduet 
of  1 4,(M)I)  tons,  worth  8780,000,  the  material  hcing  placed  at  So.Su.OOO,  and 
tlie  wages  at  §177,700.  .V.  /'.  BuU.,  May  1'*;,  im>;  S.  F.  Tiiiien,  Fell.  '27,  IStiS; 
S.  F.  Clu-o;i.,  Jan.  17,  1881. 

The  lirst  railway  locomotive  was  nuadc  in  18(55  at  the  Union  works,  for 
tlie  S.  Jose  r(«d,  and  so  well  that  a  dozen  have  since  been  ordered  there. 
■V.  /'.  Bull.,  July  18,  Aug.  7,  1805.  But  an  earlier  locomotive  engine  was 
turned  out  by  the  V'ulcan  works  in  1802,  for  Oregon.  Sar.  Union,  May  22, 
IS02;  AlOi  CdL,  May  18,  18(52;  Oct.  13,  1871.  A  t<iy  engine  made  .,y  Chinese 
was  exhibited  in  1856.  Id.,  March  5,  185(5.  In  1881  the  railway  shops  at 
tSaeraineiitu  proiluced  7  lucomotivcs,  100  cars,  nearly  10,000  wheels,  and  « 


96 


MANUFACTURES. 


mass  of  castings;  1,201)  men  arc  employcil.  Tlie  rolliiig-niill  was  addo  1  in 
1881;  lioilfr,  cojtper,  uiul  tin  sliopa  exist.  H'<U.<oh's  iS/at.,  MS.,  l-,*}.  Rolmrt- 
8<)!i'.s  Tiaok  Laying  M:".";  < 'o.  was  foriiietl  in  18(3'.).  S.  I'.  Call,  Apr.  21,  IS()7. 
Architectural  iron-work  lorms  a  large  branch,  one  hon.se  casting  oniaiiieiit;il 
pieces,  aiiotiicr  jiroduomg  wrought  ginlcr.s,  Iteanis,  railings,  vault  material, 
and  .shntters.  The  last  is  noticed  in  Alia  C'al.,  Apr.  '-.'!►,  IS.ni.  The  Inisini'ss 
amounts  to  half  a  million  a  year.  The  second  branch  of  importaruM!  for  iron- 
workcr.s  lies  in  the  increase  of  agriculture,  for  which  over  ^4,(X)0,()0  )  worth  of 
irn]ilenu'nts  are  annually  bought.  According  to  (J.  S.  ('i-n-iiiti,  KS-iO,  barely 
^t>()(),(MK)  worth  was  made  here  by  21  establislnnents,  with  2!H)  nan  Is,  includ- 
in'.^  (),000  plouc;hs.  Com.  and  Iml.,  (i74-5,  douliles  tiiese  ligures.  The  eastern 
factories  have  the  advantage,  in  patents,  apeeialtics,  duplication  of  sections, 
and  good  ready  material,  but  Cal.  is  gaining  more  and  more  of  the  work. 
The  ftfuicia  Agrie.  Works  are  among  the  largest  in  the  U.  S.  Jackson,  of 
the  firm  of  .lackson  &  Trimiau,  lea<ls  as  an  inventor  in  this  line,  of  improveil 
tln'ashing-machines,  with  self-feeder  and  distributor,  portable  <lerrick,  witli 
h4)rse  and  steam  fork,  etc.,  bj'  which  the  cost  of  thrashing  has  been  reiluced 
one  half  since  1870.  Windmills  are  widely  used,  owing  to  the  prevailing  sea 
wind  and  the  abscmco  of  rain,  and  most  large  towns  have  factories,  usually 
of  self-regulating  mills.  Eastern  are  not  so  well  adapted  to  this  climate. 
The  tirst  is  ascribed  to  W.  I.  Tustin  of  Bonicia,  184U.  .Stockton,  tlie  wind- 
mill city,  now  excels.  iS'.  Jomi.  Co.  If  int.,  71. 

Of  stoves,  the  imports  amount  to  !? 1, 000.000.  The  local  manufacture 
reaches  only  one  fourth  as  much,  under  the  advantases  possessed  by  eastern 
factories  in  controlling  patents.  Tlie  Alvarado  stove-works  employed  SO 
hands  in  1S82,  and  was  progressing.  Sricnt.  Prcsn,  Jan.  1.'},  1872,  etc.  'Ihere 
is  only  one  chain  factory,  ( iordon's,  employing  from  5  to  lo  men.  Tlie  demand 
from  mines  and  cable-cars  increased  the  manufacture  of  wire.  A.  S.  Halli- 
die  has  the  most  important  wire-drawing  and  rope  works,  started  by  ( !. 
Dennis  in  1854.  He;  controls  several  patents  for  cable  roads,  and  makes  all 
classes  of  wire  nrtiidcs;  among  other  8h(»ps,  some  devoted  to  barbed  wire. 
Alia  Cal.,  Aug.  1,  1S">8,  March  2(i,  Sept.  2(i,  18.jl),  refers  to  S.  &  J.  T.ristam's 
wire-works.  S.  F.  Call,  Aug.  18,  1808;  A]ir.  1),  1872.  Starr  s  Mfirli<iiiil.,  MS., 
relates  to  a  r  il  factory.  Of  the  annual  sale  of  §SOi),000  worth  of  wa^on 
sjjrings,  C'al.  makes  only  one  seventh,  in  one  factory,  the  Belts,  starti-d  in 
18()8.  Elevators  are  little  used  outside  of  S.  V.,  where  are  held  tli(^  bist  hy- 
draulic and  other  patents,  covering  the  l)est  motive  power.  The  elastic  wire 
rope  is  the  favorite.  A  few  score  are  made  antuially,  and  the  demand  is 
steadily  increasing. 

Of  tools  only  a  small  stock  of  local  manufacture  is  ki^pt,  production  de- 
pending largely  on  orders,  which  are  tilled  by  different  factories,  some  for 
leather  workers,  others  for  smiths,  miners,  etc.  Needle  factory  noticed  in 
S.  F.  (.'all,  Jan.  21),  1873.  The  Pac.  Saw  Manuf.  t'o.,  the  only  one  of  tlu; 
kind,  was  started  in  1806,  with  cooperation  of  N.  W.  Spaulding,  whose  ad- 
justable tooth  for  circular  saws  has  lunl  a  great  inlluence  on  luudier  manufac- 
ture. The  annual  out-turn  amounts  to  §100,001),  a  portion  representing  IJ.tlOO 
dozen  cross-cut  saws.  S.  F.  Bull.,  Sept.  18,  187.");  Mvfhauks  Juiir  I'rr.tx,  Aug. 
l.'J,  18t»8.  Files  were  manufactured  here  by  three  factories  some  15  years 
ago,  but  the  overland  railway  opened  the  gate  for  eastern  goods,  and  now 
little  else  in  done  than  recutting  old  liles.  Cutlery  in  general  suti'ers  under 
similar  disadvantages  and  little  more  than  special  orders  are  tilled.  Hugh 
McConnell  made  large  knives  in  1852.  A  swortl  was  sent  hence  in  1850  to 
Victor  Iv'iauuel.  S.  F.  Bull.,  June  17,  1859.  The  annual  ijroduetion  is 
estim  ted  at  §80,000.  Nautical  and  mathematical  instruments  have  been 
made  here  since  1840,  and  surveyors'  outfits,  scales,  etc.,  have  increased  the 
out-turn  to  fully  §40,000,  besides  repairing.  Spectacle  lenses  are  made.  J. 
Tennent  figures  as  instrument-maker.  Alta  Cai,  ,]mni\'),  1853;  Dec.  21,  IS5(i; 
Fcl).  23,  1858;  Sept.  11,  1804;  S.  F.  Call,  Jan.  1,  1805;  Jan.  12,  18()();  Dec. 
2,  1870,  with  allusion  to  telescopes,  trusses,  etc.  Fire-arms  are  lindtedtoa 
few  Hpecial  orders,  yet  some  cannon  have  been  cast,  Alfa  Cat.,  July  2,  185!), 
and  many  gnus  \>\\t  together.   Tehanux  Vo.  UisL,  07,  prides  itself  upon  a  noted 


METALS,  BRICK,  AND  STONE. 


97 


iddol  in 

R<>l)i;rt- 

21,  I  SOT. 

iaiiiunt:il 

iii;itcri;il, 
l)usiia':i.i 
for  iron- 
worth  of 

I),   biucly 

■s,  iucliiil- 

10  casU'ri) 
sections, 

ho  work. 
LL'ksoii,  of 
improvt'il 
-ick,  with 

11  ri'iliiocil 
;iiliiij5  soa 
s,  usually 
s  climate, 
the  wiud- 

luufat'ture 

l)y  eastern 

ployeil  30 

:c.     'I  here 

lie  demand 

..  S.  Halli- 

ted   hy  <;. 

makes  all 

rhed  wire. 

.  T.ristiim's 

awl.,  MS., 

of  wai;on 

starlril  in 

le  hist  hy- 

lastie  wire 

lemand  is 

kictiou  de- 
some  for 
kioticed  in 
line  of  the 
Vhose  ad- 
nianufae- 
Itiiig  :J,(iOO 
Iz-c'-.s  Aug. 
15  years 
and  now 
jera  under 
ll.     Hugh 
tu  18.".«.)  to 
luction  is 
tave  been 
leased  the 
Inadc.     J. 
Vji,  lSr)(i; 
M)i\;  Deo. 
iiitcd  to  a 
'2,  IS.VJ, 
ll  a  noted 


local  factory.  Several  inventions  in  this  line  are  recorded.  Alia  Cal,  Oct.  6, 
ISoti;  Stockton  Iitdep.,  Nov.  18(>(};  S.  F.  Call,  Jan.  I,  1865;  Nov.  2<.),  1SG6; 
Oct.  1',  1S70;  .S'.  /-'.  Bull.,  Nov.  5,  1879;  Post,  July  31.  187«;  M,re.  Gitz.,  Dec. 
8,  ISii.);  S.  F.  Timts,  Jan.  25,  1SG7.  And  so  with  locks,  AlUi  Cal.,  Sept.  11, 
ISliT;  l)ut  the  only  factory,  Adams',  of  1S75,  failed.  Special  safes  were  made 
iu  hS88  by  but  one  man. 

In  otiier  metal  branches,  a  dozen  coppersmiths  turn  out  articles  with  over 
|>2'')0,()i)D,  whereof  sutiiciently  is  ex[Kirted  to  balance  the  small  import.  J. 
Mackou  opeuctl  the  first  shop  about  1852.  A  nnmber  of  brass  foundries  pro- 
duce a  large  variety  of  metals,  to  the  value  of  $300,000  at  8.  F.  alone,  by 
:<UI)  liauils.  W.  T.  Garratt  started  the  first  works  iu  1850.  His  sinking  and 
steam  pumps  are  well  known.  The  largest  bells  on  the  coast  came  from  his 
shop.  Tile  first  bell  of  1851,  described  in  S.  F.  I/eraltl,  Dec.  11,  1855;  Altii 
Oil.,  Jan.  3,  1853;  Jan.  20,  1855;  Kept.  7,  1858;  Jour.  Com.,  May  2,  10,  1877. 
Lea<l-works  were  first  opened  by  T.  H.  Selby  iu  18t)5,  stimulated  by  the  abun- 
dance of  lead  and  antimony.  S.  F.  Bull.,  Apr.  10,  1807;  Sept.  I,  1808.  In 
1881  tlie  production  of  sheets,  bars,  pipes,  wire  bullets,  etc.,  exceeded  5,000 
tons,  worth  $800,000;  150  hands  were  employed.  In  the  plund>ing  business, 
about  §750,000  is  invested,  with  products  lialf  as  nmch  larger  and  equivalent 
to  tite  imports  of  chandeliers,  hardware,  etc.  Tiie  plunibhig  work  of  the 
Palace  hotel  cost  $350,000.  The  sale  of  tinware  equals  that  of  plundiers'  pro- 
ducts, two  thirds  being  local  ware.  The  tin  comes  from  Australia,  which 
sent  750  tons  iu  1881,  a  doubling  of  former  imports  due  to  increased  canning 
()|)erations.  For  the  latter  branch  alone  150  men  were  eujployed,  one  liaJf 
t'liiuese.  Fully  half  the  tinware  is  made  iu  S.  F.  since  18(30,  prior  to  which 
.Sacramento  employed  nearly  100  hands,  sustained  by  the  mines.  G.  H.  Tay 
A  Co.,  established  in  1848,  own  the  largest  factory.  Of  galvanizetl  iron  only 
small  articles  arc  made  here,  by  two  dozen  hands.  Cornices  and  other  archi- 
tectural ornaments  consume  some  700  tons  of  coated  sheet  iron  annually,  and 
employ  at  times  over  150  hands.  Japanning  work  does  not  exceed  §40,000, 
tlic  imports  being  equal.  Metallic  signs  represent  $10,000.  The  Cal.  electri- 
cal works  were  the  sole  manufacturers  on  the  coast,  in  1881,  of  telegraphic 
and  electrical  instruments,  to  the  value  of  nearly  $75,000.  Nickel  plating  ia 
dime.  Electrical  works  are  now  increasing  in  number.  Gilding  and  silver- 
ing are  done  to  the  value  of  $100,000,  largely  for  battery  plates,  employing 
three  dozen  hands.  The  nickel  plating  is  worth  $15,000.  J.  Martell  pro- 
duced hand-plated  articles  in  1857.  S.  F.  Timet,  Sept.  3,  1868.  Plated  ware 
proper  is  imported  to  the  value  of  about  $750,000.  The  gold-beating  factory 
of  1S53  has  alone  survived  the  shops  since  opened,  and  it  produces  only  a 
suiall  part  of  the  $150,000  worth  of  leaf  sold. 

The  manufacture  of  jewelry  was  fostered  toward  the  close  of  the  forties, 
by  miners  who  desired  specimens  polished,  set,  or  made  into  chains  and  rings. 
AI)aloue  shells  and  quartz  soon  became  a  specialty  sought  by  all  visitors. 
Birrett  &  Sherwood  sent  quartz- work  to  the  world's  fair  at  N.  York  in  1853. 
Of  tiie  total  jewelry  sales,  $3,000,000,  only  one  fourth  represents  local  manu- 
facture, which  is  of  admirable  design  and  workmanship.  Owing  to  the  grow- 
in:;  demand  for  plated  goods,  the  sale  of  silver-ware  is  limited  to  $200,000, 
fully  one  half  impot'ted.  Nevertheless,  i.,  few  establishments  work  up  50,000 
or  00,000  ouui  ^  '  yc^r  of  silver.  Half  a  score  of  shops  ilo  lapidary  work, 
valued  at  $i."ii:  o .  ,  exclusive  of  material.  A  watch-case  factory  was  adver- 
tised in  18G0;  now  several  makers  exist.  Sac.  Union,  June  2,  18G0;  S.  F. 
Hull.,  Jan.  24,  1860;  Ait-r  Cal.,  March  25.  1853;  March  17,  18.-.5.  A  watch 
factory  was  started  in  1874,  but  it  soon  failed.  S.  F.  Post,  Dec.  24, 1873;  Dec. 
12,  1874;  Jan.  1(5,  30,  1875;  Feb.  12,  1876.  There  was  but  one  clock  factory 
in  18S0,  which  held  a  i)atent  for  pneumatic  regulators. 

Tiie  general  preference  for  wood,  and  its  cheapness,  have  limited  the  use 
of  other  material  for  building  purposes  and  for  household  ware.  Settlements 
have  not  yet  developed  sufficiently  to  warrant  the  establishment  of  costly 
factories  for  other  than  common  goods. 

The  buildings  of  Spanish  Calitornians  were  almost  exclusively  of  adobe,  or 
sun-dried  brick.     Brick  proper  woa  first  burned  by  G.  Zius  at  Sutterville,  iu 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  VII.    7 


MANUFACTURES. 


1847,  when  40,000  were  produced,  followed  by  100,000  in  184S.  See  my 
chapter  on  cities,  in  vol.  vi.;  Sw.  Co.  Hist.,  146.  Yet  Tyler,  Alomton  Bat- 
tuiiou,  28G-7,  claims  tho  first  burning  tor  S.  Diego,  in  1847.  After  1848 
brick-yards  multiplied  under  the  cost  of  transporting  timber,  and  the  frequent 
conHagrations.  S.  F.  Ilerall,  June  8,  July  10,  Oct  18,  1850;  July  18,  1851; 
AUa  Cat.,  July  10,  1851;  June  27,  1852;  March  6,  Aug.  22,  1856;  county 
histories  of  Sac.,  146,  219;  Yuha,  69;  L.  Ami.,  69;  S.  Joiiq.,  26,  71-2;  S. 
Mateo,  29;  Alam.,  25;  Fretno,  122;  Tinkham's  Stockton,  189;  Vol.  Census,  1852. 
Of  tho  many  that  have  risen,  the  U.  S.  Cenmt  of  1880  reports  only  50  as 
remaining,  employing  840  men,  receiving  $210,000 in  waccs,  producing  63,400,- 
000  common  brick,  1 ,  140,000  pressed  and  fire  brick,  ^iO.OUO  worth  of  tiles, 
$1,000  of  pipe,  total  value  $516,000.  The  convicts  of  S.  Qucntin  made 
6,500,000  brick  in  1878.  Fire-brick  are  still  importe.1,  as  ballast,  over  700.000 
in  1881.  The  demand  in  general  has  increased  largely  since  1870,  witli 
growing  stability,  though  fluctuating  with  the  direction  of  settlement  and 
tho  money  market.  In  1881  over  120,000,000  were  reporte<l.  The  Hoffman 
process  is  gaining  in  favor,  by  using  cheaper  coal  and  producing  brick  within 
two  days  by  baking  in  furnaces.  S.  F.  Post,  Aug.  5,  1878. 

While  not  abundant,  lime  is  found  in  many  places,  notably  along  the  Sierra 
slope  from  Auburn  to  Mariposa,  and  in  Sta  Cruz,  the  latter  suppling  more 
than  hiilf  the  total  requirement.  A  kiln  was  opened  here  in  1851,  or  shortly 
after.  Sta  Cruz  Hist.,  28.  Other  kilns  are  noted  in  AUaCal.,  May  20,  Oct. 
18,  1852;  Oct.  26,  1855;  Jan.  23,  1857;  8.  F.  Bulletin,  Apr.  23,  1859.  El 
Dorado  had  8  kilns  in  1855.  Co.  Hist,  253.  Of  hydraulic  cement  100,000 
barrels  are  used,  one  third  of  which  is  prepared  by  a  factory  witli  a  dozen 
men,  at  Benicia.  Hist.  Solano,  181.  For  pipe  this  cement  is  mixed  with  New 
York  brands,  clean  beach  sand  and  gravel  being  added.  About  125,000  feet 
are  annually  called  for,  value  $40,000;  made  by  half  a  dozen  men.  Several 
companies  have  failed  in  the  production  of  artificial  stone,  owing  to  inferior 
quality  or  excessive  cost.  Marble-works,  opened  at  Oakland  in  1871,  prom- 
ised well  for  a  time.  Obstacles  have  gradually  1>een  overcome,  and  both  the 
Ransom,  since  1868,  and  Shillinger  processes  are  now  meeting  with  favor, 
the  latter  chiefly  for  pavements,  the  other,  an  EInglish  invention,  for  wall^i, 
foundations,  pipes,  statuary,  etc.  The  annual  production  reaches  $100,001), 
giving  employment  to  more  than  100  hands.  Scient.  Press,  Sept.  24,  1870;  ■!>.  /'. 
Call,  Aug.  26,  Sept.  4,  1868;  Jan.  9,  1874;  S.  F.  Post,  July  13,  Sept.  5,  1872; 
Apr.  21,  1874,  witli  allusions  to  statuary  for  the  capitol;  AltaCal,  Oct.  1, 
1864,  records  the  first  mosaic  flooring;  S.  F.  Times,  May  30,  1868;  S.  F.  Bui- 
letin.  May  19,  1873;  Yob  Democ.,  Feb.  27,  1879;  L.  An>j.  Hist.,  70-1;  L.  Awj. 
Exp.,  Apr.  28,  1877.  Real  stone  pavements  were  not  laid  till  1856.  There 
is  one  mill  for  the  manufacture  of  plaster  of  Paris,  opened  in  1874  at  S.  F., 
yet  plaster  h&s  been  made  since  1861.  Marc.  Oaz.,  Aug.  30,  1861;  S.  F.  Bul- 
letin, Jan.  26,  1865.  Since  1875  imports  have  fallen  m>m  20,000  barrels  to 
less  than  5,000  in  the  early  eighties.  The  annual  consumption  is  100,000  bar- 
rels of  285  lbs.,  three  fourths  for  buildings.  Plaster  decorations,  for  ceilings, 
etc.,  employ  two  dozen  hands,  belonging  to  four  establishments.  One  of  them 
makes  $3,000  worth  of  statuary.  Sculptured  figures  and  designs,  and  the  cut- 
ting of  marble  and  granite,  employ  more  than  100  firms  and  600  han<ls,  wlinso 
productions  exceed  $1,250,000.  Ornamental  pieces  are  mostly  of  Italian 
marble.  The  import  of  carved  and  rough  pieces  is  valued  at  $150,000,  ami 
chiefly  controlled  by  an  Italian  house,  which  also  saws  most  of  the  stone.  TI)o 
leading  firm  in  monumental  pieces  produces  $70,000  worth  a  year.  AUa  Cut., 
Dec.  3,  1852;  March  30,  1853;  Jan.  1,  Dec.  22,  1854;  April  8,  1857;  GoUvn 
Era,  Dec.  18,  1853;  S.  Joaq.  Hixt.,  71-2,  refer  to  early  marble  cutting  ami 
carving.  An  asphaltum  mine  in  S.  L.  Obispo  supplies  much  of  the  material 
for  covering  roofs.  AUa  Cal.,  Aug.  28,  1856;  Jan.  21,  1857;  S.  F.  Call,  Aug. 
18,  1868,  concerning  concrete  roofing.  Cal.  Census,  1852,  refers  to  a  pitcli 
well  in  L.  Angeles  used  for  roofing. 

California  possesses  the  best  beds  of  potters'  clay  on  the  coast,  notably  in 
the  centre  of  the  great  valley,  and  in  Contra  Costa,  where  it  is  worked  in  con- 
nection with  coal  -mining.    The  f  actorias  number  10,  employing  over  200  hand^, 


GLASS,  SODA,  AND  POWDER. 


90 


nne  third  Chinese,  and  prodace  pipe,  tile,  brown  earthen-ware,  jugs,  and  other 
coarse  goods  to  the  amount  of  about  ^"tloOtOOU,  yet  4,000  packages  of  crockery 
are  imported.  The  ijewery  Pipe  Association  has  adopted  a  uniform  scale  of 
prices  for  S.  F.  One  firm  makes  floor  tiles,  and  anotlivr  has  tried  glazetl  yel- 
low ware.  The  manufacture  of  fine  articles  is  augmenting.  Early  works  are 
noticed  in  Sae.  Union,  Not.  15,  1854;  July  30,  1855;  Nov.  G,  1856;  S.  F. 
Hcmltl,  June  13,  1856;  Alta  Oil.,  June  1,  185(3.  Terra-cotta  made  at  Oak- 
land. S.  F.  Pout,  June  25,  Nov.  7,  1874.  Porcelain  at  L.  Angeles.  L.  A. 
Herald,  Sept.  1875;  S.  F.  Call,  Oct.  4,  1875;  t'.  Costo  diz.,  June  20,  1868; 
a.  F.  Times,  Nov.  18,  1867;  June  22,  1868;  Red  Bluff  P.  Cause,  May  20,  187»; 
AUivi.  imt.,  22;  Oroeilk  Mere.,  July  23,  1880. 

High  freight  and  large  breaka<;e  encouraged  the  opening  of  a  bottle  fac- 
tory in  1858,  after  a  trial  in  1855,  but  it  failed  to  produce  good  glass.  In 
1859  two  other  parties  made  the  attempt,  with  similar  ill  success.  AUa  CaL, 
July  II,  Nov.  2,  Dec.  14,  1859.  In  1862  a  third  and  successful  effort  was 
ni.ide  l)y  the  Pacific  glass-works,  so  nmch  so  as  to  lead  to  the  opening  in  1865 
of  the  S.  F.  works,  which  soon  ab»orl»ed  the  other.  S.  F.  Bull.,  July  13,  Nov. 
f),  1859;  June  17,  1863;  June  11,  1864;  July  25,  1865,  etc.;  S.  F.  Times,  July 
24,  1868.  In  1881  rose  a  cooperative  fai^'tory.  S.  F.  Chron.,  Aug.  5,  1881. 
Mont.  Democ.,  May  4, 1878,  rec«»rda  a  jtroject  in  its  vicinity.  The  consolidated 
firm  is  the  only  one  reconled  in  U.  S.  Census  for  1880,  with  a  capital  of  $75,000, 
2  furnaces,  7  pots,  125  hands,  wages  $46,000,  material  $48,000,  product 
$140,000.  Subsequently,  it  claims  increased  capacity  and  yield,  with  flint- 
glass  works  for  lamp-chimnej's,  vials,  etc.  Bottles  and  fruit-jars  are  tlie  chief 
f^doils;  most  other  ware  is  imported  to  the  value  of  $2,500,000,  one  fourth  of 
wliich  consists  of  window -glass,  the  rest  being  mostly  table-ware.  Tlie  sand 
is  brought  from  Monterey,  the  lime  from  Aut>urn,  the  manganese  and  oxide 
from  other  places  in  Cal.  Ornamental  and  bent  glass  cmuloyr^  four  firms 
witli  a  score  of  men;  product,  975,000.  There  is  also  a  special  lamp  and  glass 
ruHector  factory.  Mirrors  are  prepared  at  two  places,  chiefly  with  plato 
froTu  Europe;  20,000  sq.  feet  are  covered  yearly,  value  $160,000.  In  1860 
ouly  one  man  was  engage<l  in  this  business.  S.  F.  Bull.,  Oct.  11,  1866. 

8nda  is  consumed  to  the  amount  of  6,000  tons,  value  $350,000,  of  which 
70  per  cent  comes  from  England,  mostly  soda-ash,  and  1,000  tons  are  mailo 
at  S.  F.  at  one  factory,  with  a  score  of  hands,  in  the  form  of  sal-soda,  bicar- 
bonate, crystals,  and  washing-powder.  The  material  is  drawn  from  Nevada. 
Tlic  annual  consumption  of  cream  of  tartar  is  about  150,000  lbs.,  value 
$(iO,000,  of  which  three  fourth-s  is  refined  from  French  argol.  chiefly  for  yeast- 
powder,  but  the  collection  of  the  crude  material  is  increasing  among  wineries. 
The  first  production  was  by  E.  Vacht  of  Los  Angeles  in  1860. 

Although  explosive  powder-works  were  projected  in  the  middle  of  the 
fifties,  AUa  CaL,  Aug.  10,  1855,  Sae  Union,  Oct  11,  1855,  S.  F.  Herald, 
Ful).  1,  1858,  referring  to  saltpetre  <liscoveries,  yet  not  till  1863  was  the 
pioneer  company  formeil  which  crcate<l  the  Cal.  powder-works  on  S.  Lorenzo 
Creek  near  ota  Cruz.  Pdjaro  Times,  May  1863,  iferc.  Oaz.,  May  22,  1863; 
.S'.  F.  Bull.,  May  5,  186:{;  Oct.  31,  1866;  Hist.  Sta  Cniz,  49-50.  The  com- 
jinny  expanded  till  it  ownt  d  21  mills,  10  shops,  6  magazines,  and  an  entire 
village,  although  the  ordinary  force  is  only  60  bands;  capital  $1,500,000.  It 
makes  the  only  military  and  sporting  imwder  on  the  coast;  the  first  produc- 
tion dating  1864.  A  branch  work  at  Pinole  Pt  makes  Hercules  powder. 
There  are  a  number  of  other  mills  for  the  manufacture  of  high-grade  explo- 
sives, which  have,  after  some  opposition  by  miners,  almost  superseiled  the 
ordinary  black  powder  for  blasting.  These  mills  aie  mostly  known  by  the 
compound  prepared,  as  tonitc>,  giant,  vigorit,  safety  nitro,  granite  safety, 
tliuiider,  vulcan.  AUa  Cal.,  Apr.  22,  1867;  Jan.  2,  1872;  S.  F.  Times,  Dec. 
14,  1868;  MecL  Fair  Press,  Sept.  11,  1868,  referring  to  Hafenegger  powder; 
a.  F.  Cali,  Aug.  17,  1867,  March  5.  1881,  Jan.  22,  1883,  referring  also  to  ox- 
plosions;  S.  F.  Chron.,  July  3,  1881;  C.  Costa  Hist.,  17,  419-22;  Marin  Hist., 
281.  Of  high  explosives,  l,.'iOO  tons  were  used  in  1881,  of  black  powder  over 
2,000  tons,  total  value  $2,400,000.  Cal.  exported  nearly  1,000  tons,  the  im- 
port  of  sporting  and  cartridge-powder  being  only  150  tons.     The  industry 


100 


MANUFACTURES. 


employed  nearly  $3,000,000  capital,  ami  .TOO  men.  The  Cfnimii  of  1880  credits 
C.ii.  Willi  1, 250,000  Iba.  nitro-glyctiriiiu,  and  3U'),00U  ll)ii.  of  glycerinu.  Tluiro 
18  8ul|iliur  in  Nuvada,  but  uiucli,  an  well  an  otliitr  iiigredioiitH,  is  imported. 
Tliere  wure  three  fuse  factories,  dating  from  1803-8,  vniployiiig  40  liandsi  and 
supplying  the  uoawt,  even  Montana  and  Mexico.  SckiU.  I'retiK,  Apr.  2o,  1808, 
July  2,  1870,  refers  one  to  1803.  S.  t\  Time:*,  Jan.  29,  1807.  Fire-work* 
have  been  maile  since  1852.  The  opening  of  this  decade  found  two  fivctorics 
at  8.  v.,  one  established  in  185<i,  with  20  hands,  producing  1^,000  worth  of 
good^,  the  Chinese  adding  somewhat  to  tiiu  amount.  Exports  balitnce  im- 
ports. Com.  Uertild,  Jan.  22,  1874.  Of  match  factories,  S.  1*.  contained  eight, 
though  many  more  have  existed  since  18r)r».  Merc.  Uaz.,  Sept.  11,  1857;  Alln 
Cat.,  May  29,  iai8;  Aug.  26,  1850;  Vail.  Chron.,  July  j:i,  1878;  Mari/x. 
A]ypMl,  Jan.  17,  1870;  Ahcli.  Fair  I'rriu,  Aug.  17,  1805;  llUt.  L.  An;/.,  70, 
referring  to  others  in  Eureka  and  Oakland.  The  wood  comes  from  I'ort  Or- 
ford,  the  sulphur,  etc.,  from  Kngland  and  N.  York.  Tlio  entire  production 
reaclicd  500,000  gross,  mostly  in  blocks,  four  lifths  from  N.  F.,  and  em- 
ployed about  125  hands,  one  fifth  by  Chinese;  60,000  gross  were  exported. 
(ias-worka  exist  in  all  largo  towns,  though  |>artly  superaedud  by  electric 
lighting.  S.  F.  consumes  400,000,000  feet  annually,  and  tiie  rest  of  tlie  state 
half  as  much.  The  capital  invested  is  altout  $15,000,000,  employing  nearly 
600  men.  In  smaller  towns  and  a  few  large  buildings  gaa  is  made  from  petro- 
leum. Gas  lighting  began  at  >S.  F.  in  1852.  H.  F.  Herald,  May  17,  1852;  J.in. 
4,  1856;  and  see  my  chapters  on  >S.  F.,  and  on  cities;  also  county  histories. 
All  the  best  systems  of  electric  lighting  are  now  represented  in  8.  F.,  with 
two  manufactories  and  several  supply  companies. 

The  requirements  of  mining  alona  demand  large  varieties  of  acid.s,  whioli 
are  supplied  by  five  fiictories,  one  in  Nevada,  prixluciiig  altogether  15,000  tons 
of  nitric  and  sulphuric  acids,  and  from  400  to  500  tons  of  muriatic,  sulpliate 
of  copper  and  iron  and  Prussian  blue,  valued  at  $1,500,000;  over  100  hamls 
are  employed.  Imports  are  limited  to  a  little  i'lussian  blue.  Tlie  nitrate 
of  soda  comes  from  Peru.  Tiie  oldest  factory  dates  from  1854.  Sac.  Union, 
Dec.  13,  1854;  Nov.  28,  1857;  S.  F.  Herald,  Nov.  20-8,  1857;  Xcv.  Co., 
Oaz.,  Feb.  1867;  S.  F.  Bull.,  Feb.  28,  1807;  Dec.  7,  1870.  The  Ceiisux  of 
1880  places  the  total  value  of  chemical  products  at  $3,180,000.  Bisulphide 
of  carbon  is  made  by  one  factory,  to  the  amount  of  perhaps  1,000  lbs.  daily 
during  the  season,  for  destroying  squirrels  and  other  pests.  Two  factoriest 
prepare  4,000  tons  of  bone  charcoal  and  kindred  substances,  for  sugur  retiii- 
ing  and  agricultural  uses.  S.  F.  Call,  March  2.'),  1878,  etc.  Of  inks,  mueilage, 
and  blacking,  usually  made  at  the  same  cstablishineuts,  to  the  amount  uf 
$80,000,  imports  reach  $30,000,  and  the  export  500  cases;  15  hands  are  em- 
ployed. S.  F.  Bull.,  March  29,  18G7;  Com.  and  Ind.  Hayes  Minn.  B.,  IKS, 
refers  to  a  native  berry  from  which  the  padres  made  ink.  Printing  ink  i-* 
manufactured  at  one  factory,  with  half  a  score  of  hands,  to  the  amount  of 
$60,000,  150  cases  being  ex))orted,  and  very  little  introduced. 

Leads  and  slugs  were  made  in  1850  by  the  firm  of  Jobson,  Stcrctt  k 
Painter,  and  in  1853  a  type  foundry  was  started  by  E.  Pelouze.  The  business 
acquired  importance  only  in  1866.  S.  F.  Bull.,  Aug.  25,  Dec.  11,  18CG;  S.  /'. 
Times,  Jan.  1,  1868;  Com.  Herald,  Dec.  30,  1807;  and  now  sustains  four 
establishments,  with  60  or  70  operatives,  produuiug  typo  to  tlic  value  of 
§70,000,  so  that  few  imports  are  required  save  of  patent  and  display  tyi)os. 
Refined  lead  and  antimony  are  obtained  in  Cal.  Of  printers'  material,  nearly 
half  is  imported.  There  were  two  electrotype  establishments  in  1888,  tin! 
chief  one  being  that  of  the  Filmer-Rollius  Co.  Lithographic  printing  is 
alluded  to  in  AM  Cal.,  Apr.  2.5,  18.')3;  S.  F.  Herald,  Dec.  26,  1850.  I'lii- 
tographers  were  numerous  by  1850.  Pac.  News,  Dec.  29,  1849;  Jan.  19,  May 
8.  1850;  Jan.  29,  1851. 

The  first  paper-mill  was  built  by  V.  B.  Post  and  S.  B.  Taylor  in  Marin, 
and  completed  early  in  1857,  driven  by  water-power,  and  sustained  success- 
fully. S.  F.  Bull,  Apr.  1,  1857;  Alia  Cal.,  Aug.  3,  1852;  Feb.  21,  Dee.  H», 
1856;  Sept.  8,  1858;  Sac.  Union,  Apr.  10,  Nov.  ;10,  1855;  Jan.  17,  June  'JlJ, 
Oct.  17,  1856;  Apr.  23,  1857,  with  allusions  to  earlier  projects  for  8onora,  iSaa 


PAPER. 


101 


Antonio,  Alta,  Pontvillo,  and  Folsom.  The  Cemnx  of  1880  enumerates  5 
nioru  niillii,  at  AIvimo,  Sanito^a,  Soijiiel,  ('orralitoH,  ami  tStocktoii,  with 
gCilO.OOO  capital,  IGO  handti,  1?87,*>()1)  wagua,  usinjf  over  4,000  tonii  of  utraw, 
8()'>  of  raji«,  502  of  old  paper,  512  tif  inaiiila,  jiiV!, 700  worth  of  uhcinicals,  jiro- 
tliu'ing  1,280  toMH  of  priiiting-iiaper,  2,51K}  of  wrapping,  witli  some  pantelioard, 
etc. ;  value  $.'<80,000.  iSincu  then  there  has  lieeii  an  increase,  yet  not  Hutliuient 
to  Niipply  even  half  of  the  printing-paper  re(|uirod,  wliilo  no  writing-paper  ia 
niaiie.  I'\dly  8,0(H)  tons  of  printing-pa[)er  arc  rciiuired  on  tiiu  coast,  of  wiiich 
aliout  one  fourtli,  with  5,000  or  0,000  tons  of  other  kinds,  are  produced  here. 
\Vriting-p:iper  is  entirely  in)portud.  Stockton  lii(k-f>.,  March  22,  29,  1S75I;  S. 
J.  Mar.,  Apr.  24,  Nov.  la,  1879;  Com.  llemUl,  June  8,  Oct.  22,  1874;  Tink- 
liitin'.i  Sfodton,  ;i84-5;  county  histories  of  L.  Any.,  70;  Sfn  ('niz,  St<t  Clnnt, 
Id;  S.  Join/.,  72;  Mitriii,  \X\,  27'.';  Mcwlor.,  .'177  0,  etc.  >jewspapers  abound, 
anil  in  1882  were  is.iued  from  400  of  the  700  printing  cstal)lisliMients  on  tliu 
coast,  fourscore  using  steam-power.  In  1880,  524  newspapers  were  publisheil 
in  Cal.  The  annual  value  of  the  newspaper  ami  literature  business  is  placiMl 
at  .'?4,.")00,0IX),  tlio  book  and  job  printing  at  |:{,(K)0,000,  emoloyiug  fully  2,500 
coiripDsitors.  Tiicre  are  more  than  two  dozen  bixik-biiKieriea  in  Cal.,  two 
tiiirds  of  them  at  .S.  F.,  doing  in  1881  Sl550,000  worth  of  W(»rk. 

Among  Cal.  manufacturers,  the  following  are  wortiiy  of  special  notice: 

Clans  Spreckcls,  who  has  a  national  reputation  as  «ine  ot  the  i>roininent 
business  miMi  of  Cil.,  was  born  at  Lamstedt,  Hanover,  July  9,  1828.  In 
1S.')7  lie  started  the  Albany  brewery  in  H.  F.,  anil  in  1803  organi/.ed  the  Bay 
,SiiL;ar  Ketining  co.  Two  years  later  he  sold  his  interest,  and  going  tu 
Kiirope  studied  the  manufacture  of  sugar  in  all  its  aspects,  lieturning  to 
Cal,  he  engaged  more  oxtensivcly  than  ever  in  business,  having  large  inteiest 
in  manufactures  and  shipping,  both  in  Cal.  and  in  the  Hawaiian  islands, 
ills  sons,  John  !>.,  Adol))!)  H.,  and  C.  August,  iis:'ume  an  active  manage- 
ment in  his  extensive  business*,  which  reaches  all  parts  of  the  world. 

Charles  Kohler,  the  first  to  make  wine  on  a  large  scale,  was  born  in 
Mi'cklenl)urg-S(;hwcrin  in  18.'10,  receiving  a  busiuess  education.  In  18.")0  he 
emigrated  to  New  York,  coming  to  S.  F.  in  1854.  In  1857  Kohler,  Fri)hling, 
and  <loo.  Hansen  planted  in  vines  a  largo  tract,  selling  shares  among  a  num- 
ber of  (icrmau.'),  from  which  the  colony  of  Anaheim  was  stated.  Kohler  was 
a  nuMubcr  of  the  S.  F.  vigilance  committee  in  hS5(t,  and  one  of  the  ori;{inal 
incorpoiatora  of  the  cable-road  system  in  S.  F.,  besides  the  German  Savings 
bank  and  M.  F.  Fire  Inaurauce  co.     He  died  in  1888. 

James  Donahue  was  the  youngest  of  three  brothers — Michael,  Peter,  and 
James— natives  of  dlasgow,  .Scotland.  They  all  came  to  Cal.  during  the 
(lush  times,  the  Union  Ironworks  being  the  keystone  of  their  fortunes,  which 
iiniiistry  was  closely  followed  by  gas-works  and  otlu^r  important  enterpri.ses. 
.lames  died  .at  his  country  seat  near  San  Juse  ia  1802,  leaving  a  name  ro- 
spectcd  by  the  entire  community. 

Conspicuous  among  the  early  industries  of  S,  F.  wa:*  the  brewery  of  .lohn 
Wieland.  A  native  of  Wurtemburg,  born  (Jet.  6,  1821),  ho  came  to  Cal.  ia 
1851,  and  after  mining  for  a  short  time,  began  business  ia  S.  F.  Later 
he  visited  Europe,  and  with  his  son  Herman  iiiaile  an  inspection  of  the  lead- 
iiif?  establishments  in  his  line  ia  the  U.  S.  His  death  occurred  Jan.  2,  ISS.'i. 
Tlio  deep,  strong,  and  warm-hearted  nature  of  Mr  Wiitland  had  gained  the 
hearts  of  the  community,  and  his  body  was  followed  to  the  Masonic  ceme- 
tery by  a  large  concourse  of  mourners. 

(.'aleb  S.  Hobbs,  a  native  of  New  Hampshire,  came  to  Cal.  in  1853,  first 
being  employed  as  a  pattern-maker,  afterward  making  boxes  by  Imnd  until 
he  organized  the  firm  of  Hobbs,  Gilmore  &  <,'o.,  the  tirst  box  factory  on  the 
I'ac.  coast.  A  planing  and  saw  mill  was  operated  in  connection  with  tho 
box  factory  from  1855  to  1873,  when  the  partnership  of  Hobbs,  Pomeroy  & 
•  'o.  was  formed,  continuing  under  that  stylo  until  1 880,  when  it  became  Hobbs, 
Wall  &  Co.     Mr  Hobbs  was  connected  with  many  other  enterprises. 

I'omingo  (ihirardelli,  a  native  of  Italy,  eamo  to  Cal.  in  1841),  first  en- 
gaging in  mining  and  afterward  in  mercantile  business.  In  1851  ho  opened 
a  cort'eo  saloon,  and  selling  it,  began  ia  the  confectionery  business,  afterward 
uauufacturiag  chocolate  and  couducting  a  general  nicrchaudise  busiuess. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

FOREIGN    COMMERCE. 

1S48-I889. 

Earlt  Tradino  Vessels — EtTECT  of  Gold  Discovery — FLtrcnjATiONS  im 
Prices — At  the  Mines — Folly  of  Eastern  Shippers — First  to  Ar- 
rive— Influx  of  Vessels — Alternate  Scarcity  and  Plethora  of 
Merk^'handise — Revival  of  Mn.iNo — Waoes  and  Prices- -Imports  and 
Exports — Social  Influence  and  Trade  Revolutions — Treasure  Ex- 
port— Trade  Channels — Abandoned  Vessels  of  the  Aroonauts — 
Advent  of  Clipper  Ships — Ocean  Steamers — Later  Developments. 


The  sudden  unfolding  of  wealth  in  California  led 
naturally  to  a  corresponding  development  of  com- 
merce. The  congregation  of  people  in  a  hitherto 
desert  quarter,  and  tlie  immense  influx  from  abroad, 
called  into  existence  fresh  avenues  and  means  for  traf- 
fic, and  new  implements  and  larger  supplies  for  a 
novel  field  of  enterprise,  while  the  abundance  of  gold 
bred  a  wasteful  extravagance  which  greatly  swelled 
the  demand. 

Hitherto  trading  vessels  had  been  peddling  their 
cargoes  along  the  coast,  and  occasional  supply  ships 
from  Mexico  provided  for  the  easily  estimated  wants 
of  a  small  and  steady  population.  The  people  relied, 
indeed,  too  much  upon  this  ready  source,  for  many 
articles  were  purchased  which  could  have  been  pro- 
duced at  small  cost  from  resources  within  reach,  such 
as  dairy  produce  and  lumber.^     When  the  gold  excite- 

'  lustance  pressed  candles  bought  at  75  cents  a  ponnd  when  tallow  was 
sold  for  5  or  8  cents;  Hour  brought  from  Chile  and  Oregon  at  $4  or  $(>  per 
cwt.,  while  wheat  was  oflfering  at  50  cents  a  busheL  And  so  with  dairy 
produce  and  lumber,  although  the  farms  and  hills  abounded  with  live-stock 
and  trees.    Thus  local  resources  were  neglected;  and  even  direct  trade,  to  the 

(102» 


THE  OLD  AND  THE  NEW. 


lot 


nient  opened  the  eyes  of  local  traders  to  their  possible 
share  in  the  wealth,  several  hastened  to  despatch 
orders  to  Hawaii,  Chili,  and  other  customary  resorts, 
and  to  keep  a  close  watch  for  stray  trading  vessels, 
with  many  a  ruse  to  anticipate  competitors.' 

Under  the  increased  demand  from  a  fast-growing 
multitude,  the  neglect  of  local  farmers,  and  the  cost  of 
transportation,  prices  for  everything  rose  immensely,' 

bcneiit  of  entrepAta  like  Hawaii  anil  Chili.  Cal.  Star,  March,  Apr.  1, 
18W,  etc. 

^Larkin,  Doc.,  MS.,  vi.  1G7,  sent  to  Moxico  for  a  cargo  in  Aug.  1848. 
Muii  V'cre  stationed  on  the  hills  to  signal  vessels,  and  boats  lay  ready  to  con- 
voy the  trader  to  them,  with  fast  rowers  to  elude  pursuing  rivals.  Then  a 
!<[iirit('(l  ])i<lding  for  the  whole  cargo  including  much  useless  materials.  Mel- 
ius !i  Howard  bought  §15,000  worth  in  May  1848.  IiL,  111.  Later  eatorpris- 
ii'.g  luua  went  to  meet  emigrant  trains  across  the  Sierra  to  buy  their  surplus 
aiiiiuab.  Bai-Hlotd's  Slat.,  MS.,  13.  Imports  for  1848,  chiefly  in  last  half, 
amounted  to  about  $!100,000;  for  the  six  months  ending  March  31,  1849,  to 
§1,000,000.  U.  S.  Gov.  Doc.,  U.  Ex.  Doc.  5,  i.  158,  Cong.  31,  Sess.  1. 

^In  March  1848  the  rates  were:  Hour  §4  per  cwt.;  beans  $1.37  per  bushel; 
vhoat  62^  cents  pur  bushel;  beef  $2  per  cwt.;  beef  cattle  $5  to  $8  per  head; 
slicop  $2;  horses  $15  to  $30;  butter  53  cents;  pickled  salmon  $8  to  $9  pur 
liarrcl;  tallow  6  cents  per  lb.;  lumber  $40  to  $50  per  thousand  feet;  conca 
.S2  cU;  sugar  G  to  12  ctoj  Cal.  whiskey  ^0  per  barrel;  tobacco  30  to  02^  eta; 
cotton  8  to  14  ctj  a  yard.  Calif  or  iiian,  ilarch  15;  Cal.  Star,  March  18,  1S48, 
itc.  Many  articles,  like  iinidomcnts,  jumped  at  once  in  May  to  high  ligurcs; 
others  ailvanced  grafhially,  till  in  Dec.  the  rates  stood:  for  Hour  %>25  to  J27 
per  barrel;  wheat  §6  per  fanega;  beef  ^20  and  pork  §60  per  barrel;  sugar  20 
to  25  cts;  lundjer  §125  per  i'.  usand.  LI.,  Dec.  10.  At  the  mines  goods 
brought  from  300  to  600  per  cent  profit,  writes  Larkin,  Doc,  vi.  74,  101-3. 
.Sl"j  aljo  his  much-quoted  letters  to  Waaliington  of  June  l:;t  and  28th.  At  the 
Pry  Diggings,  remote  from  the  easier  river  traflie,  price:j  in  Aug.  were  double 
tlij  rates  ruling  on  the  Yuba,  wliero  they  were  twice  aj  high  as  at  Sutter 'a 
Fort.  Flour  beiug  hero  §18  in  Aug.  and  at  the  Yuba  §30  to  ?40.  Bi.<enit:i 
rose  $1  to  $2  a  lb.  Findla's  Stat.,  MS.,  4-7.  Medicine  §1G  a  dose.  Burnett's 
liec,  MS.,  i.  375,  404.  The  French  consular  report  places  flour,  sugar,  and 
rice  in  July  at  $1  alb.;  liquors  §8  a  bottle;  fresh  meat  12i  cts.  Fern/,  Cal, 
32J.  Flour  $50,  and  shovels  $10,  in  Oct.  at  S.  F.,  says  Buffum.  In  Nov.  l:a 
found  flour  $G0  and  pork  $150  a  barrel  at  Sutter's.  Six  Montlin,  55.  Priccj 
lUictuated  durine  the  autumn,  under  arrivals  from  Oregon,  etc.  By  tlio  middle 
of  Dee.  they  fell  greatly,  partly  imder  a  lessened  dumand  for  t'.io  miaea, 
from  which  diggers  were  returnmg.  Flour  §12  to  Gl5;  brandy  §8  a  gallon, 
while  gold-duat  brought  only  $10^  au  ounce. 

Tills  was  merely  a  temporary  relapse,  for  early  i.i  1849  they  rose  again,  ts 
eoiitiime  high  until  the  autumn.  Board  coat  $20  a  week  and  upward,  a,  niual 
at  any  decent  restaurant  coming  to  several  doUara;  bread,  60  cts  for  a  .small 
loaf;  eggs  $9  to  $24  a  dozen;  potatoes  60  cts  and  upward;  apples  $3  each; 
niillc  il  a  quart.  Lumber  rose  to$600  per  thousand,  and  in  Jan.  1850,  CI, COO 
w:n  paid  for  line  flooring.  Williams'  Stat.,  MS.,  i-Z;  lions,  Stat,  MS.,  12. 
Unskilled  labor  was  $1  an  hour;  artisans  obtained  $512  to  §23  a  day;  picka  a:-.d 
shovel:}  were  $15  each.  Waahinj  was  so  costly  that  :uea  preferred  to  lIi:'ov,r 
away  soiled  linen.  Doctors  charged  $25  and  upward  fur  a  visit.  The  rent 
for  a  one-story  central  house  for  business  was  $3,000  a  laoulh.  See  further, 
on  this  point,  the  chapter  on  S.  F.  in  vol.  vi.  In  the  mines  prices  varied 
in  accordance  with  focilitiea  for  access  and  the  momentary  amount  of  supplies. 


lOA 


FOUEIGN  COMMKROK. 


SO  that  flour  and  heef,  wliicli  in  March  1848  o(»st  $4 
and  $2  p(>r  liundrodweijrljt,  r(!H|K'ctiv<.'ly,  rcttcliod  in 
l)i3(t mluT  $27  and  $20,  witli  pork  at  $G0  a  iNirrd 
liy  the  middle  of  1841)  thvy  wero  auotedat  moro  tlian 
douhle  tliose  rates.  For  certain  articles,  like  eggs  and 
apj)K'8,  $2  and  $3  each  w<'ro  frequently  demandcid; 
tacks,  scales,  cotton  clotli,  lirouglit  fanc^y  prices.  Salcr- 
atns,  which  cost  four  cents  a  pf»und  in  tho  east,  roso  t.) 
$l(i,  as  a  substitute  for  bakinij-powder.  LunduT  cost 
$(»0()  per  100  feet,  and  a  brick  house  could  bo  esti- 
mated at  $1  for  each  brick.  Common  labor  was  $1 
an  hour ;' artisans  received  from  $12  to  $20  a  d.iy. 
The  cheapest  Ijoarding-house  demanded  $20  per  wtnk; 
a  drink  cost  fifty  cents,  and  nothing  less  than  this 
amount  could  be  offered  for  tho  sliglitest  servii.'o,  wiiilc 
twenty-five  cents  was  for  a  long  time  the  smallest  sum 
recognized  by  traders. 

Prices  at  the  mines  depended  greatly  on  the  nature; 
of  the  roads;  for  rains,  floods,  and  mountain  ridges 
tended  to  raise  the  charges  of  the  costly  supply  train, 
and  even  to  cut  off  communication   for  weeks  at  a 


Even  at  Stockton,  flour  and  potatoes  roso  at  times  to  $1.\  a  lb.  Itanilolph's 
Stnt.,  MS.,  8.  Yet  hure  anil  at  Sacramento  rates  ranged  little  above  those  at 
S.  V.  On  tho  Yuba  during  tho  winter  most  necessaries  were  ft  a  lb.,  thougli 
rising  toC'i  a  lb.  for  pork  and  §.100  a  barrel  for  flour.  AWi  Vnl.,  Dec.  lo,  1849, 
etc.  And  so  at  Colonia,  whero  Little,  Stat.,  MS.,  3-0,  also  obtained  $m  a  lb. 
for  i)owder;  blanlcots  2  ounces  of  gold;  boots  the  same.  At  the  soutlmrn 
mines  prices  roso  to  C40  for  blankets  and  boots,  linuor  ^20  a  bottle  or  $2  a 
dritik,  in  Feb.,  on  tho  'jtanialaus.  Bauer's  Stnt.,  MS.,  314-15;  BiiiruniH  Sir 
Mo.,  9(5;  SchencVa  Viij.,  MS.,  13-20.  American  horses  brought  ^SOO  to  $<500. 
SajuKtnVs  Pioneer,  SIS.,  6.  Yet  this  varied  'with  the  condition  of  arriving 
overland  trains.  Coleman  sold  two  yoke  of  oxen  for  $450.  Viij.,  MS.,  141-2; 
BoyntoiCs  Stat.,  MS.,  1.  Saleratus  for  brefid  $12  to  $IGalb.  Low^a  Olmerv. , 
MS.,  3;  Little's  St(it.,  MS.,  3.  Additional  referen^  is  at  the  end  of  this  chap- 
tar.  At  tho  mines,  and '  ven  at  certain  Sac.  saloons,  drinks  were  $1.  Articles 
on  tho  north  branch  of  1  o  American  bring  $5  a  po«n<l,  writes  the  Pac  Neva, 
May  17,  JSoO;  Cal.  Coin    ;•,  Dec.  23,  1850,  quotes  flour  on  Feather  Kivcr  at 

')ovo  flgores,  with  curious  instances,  may  bo  fount  I 
3;  Brown's  Earhj  Days,  MS.,   lij  Connor's  Bori/ 
Cal  Af.,  MS.,  9-10;  Hemkmo's  Events,  MS.,  4-10; 
McCollum's  Cal,  30,  04;  Neall's  Vij.,  MS.,  5,  13, 
.,  99;  Baratow's  Stat.,  MS.,  12;  BoynUm's  Slit., 
MS.,  8,  11,  13;  Oarnks'  Early  Dam,  MS.,  10-17; 
a's  Stat.,  MS.,  4;  Dow's  Vi<j.,  M^,  2;  Colenian's 
Maykew's  Bee;  Hancock's  JliirUen  Years,  MS., 
118-^35;  Fernandez*  Cal,  MS.,   175;  Janssen'a   Vida,  MS.,  205;  Kirkpatrkk's 
Jou.:,  MS.,  32-4. 


$2.40.  Coufimiation  oi 
ia  Fay's  JlisL  Facts,  JI 
Cal,  MS.,  2;  Mattlwwsoi. 
Sutton's  Exper.,  MS.,  1,  b 
22;  Willey^s  Per.  Mem.,  1 
MS.,  1;  Armstronij's  Expei 
ML^rel  Stat.,  MS.,  18;  £><: 
Vlj.,    :\IS.,    142-3j    150-f 


FIRST  AIIRIVALS. 


lOB 


t'miG.  At  river  towns,  tlu)rc;toro,  ratos  rulml  lower, 
but  ill  tlio  interior  faney  pri<*eM  prevailed,  with  uii 
average  of  .fl  a  ixmukI  for  most  articles  of  uc'essity 
ill  tlio  nearer  ean»l)s,  and  the  same  rato  for  the  indis- 
|t(!nsable  drink  of  whiskey;  althouji^h  v.vcn  here  ^LfiO 
i'or  lloiir  and  |2  for  a  pound  of  pork  we're  eoninion 
enough,  while  m  some  plaees  $5  a  pound  was  asked. 

The-  news  of  these  prie»!S  roused  as  much  excite-- 
mcnt  in  the  commeriiial  circles  of  the  world  as  the 
j>()jd  diseovi'ries  among  the  fortune-liunti^rs.  The 
H[»irlt  of  adv<'nturo  and  speculation  was  abroad.  A 
Jiost  of  men  were  seized  "*"ltli  the  vision  Of  enrich- 
ment; of  sharing  in  the  spoils  of  El  Dor.ido,  if  not 
by  ]tersonul  participation,  by  the  indirect  methods  of 
trade.  Anvtiiinuf  bein<;  dcMMiu^d  jifood  enou'^h  for 
KUih  a  wilderness,  old  and  .shop-worn  goods  were 
raked  from  dusty  shelves  and  sefit  off,  without  re- 
gard to  suitability  or  tlie  state  of  the  market.  The 
prudcMit  calculations  that  usually  govern  merchants 
as  to  supply  and  demand,  and  tiio  requirements  of  tho 
new  field,  were  cast  to  the  winds;  and  while;  many 
aiticles  of  prime  necessity  were  omitted,  others  of  no 
vjilue  filled  their  places,  as  broadcloth  and  silk  hats, 
instead  of  blankets  and,  sombreros;  fine  linen  and 
slioes,  in  lieu  of  woollen  shirts  and  cow-hide  boots; 
female  apparel,  domestic  utcinsils,  and  costly  furni- 
ture came  where  family  life  was  unknown;  bibles, 
pcacliance,  when  men  demanded  playing-cards.* 

Tho  first  shipments  to  arrive,  especially  from  tho 
near-lying  South  American  ports,  naturally  realized 
enormous  profits,*  even  on  less  needful  merchandise; 
for  midst  the  prevailing  dearth  and  wild  inflati<m  every- 
tlilng  turned  Into  gold.  But  tlic  aspect  changed  as 
the  Atlantic  cargoes  began  to  pour  in,  till  the  ships  in 


*  Much  of  this  foolishncsa  was  duo  to  a  deficient  knowledge  of  the  new 

country,  ita  climate,  and  tlie  coiulitiuiis  uf  iniuing  life.     Of  tiic  many  com- 

liiaicj  formed  at  various  points  to  despatch  goods  and  passengers,  Ihcai'  of 

'.iri.i,  at  advertised  in  tho  Joiirnnl  iIcm  ItehnU,  1849-50,  stood  first  in  extrava- 

gaiit  promises.     Pianos  wore  advertised  ia  Pac.  News,  Dec,  27,  1849. 

"Smith's  Rejiort,  Apr.  5,  1849. 


I' 


106 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE. 


H 

^1 

!■' 

^1 

m 

if 

H  ■ 

8f ' 

K     ' 

Pi 

1 

Vi 

•f 

iX 

' 

the  harbor  were  counted  by  the  hundreds.  There 
were  few  wharves  and  warehouses,  and  these  were 
quickly  occupied;  lighterage  and  storage  cost  enor- 
mously;" money  was  rated  at  ten  per  cent  per 
month,  and  meanwhile  ship-masters  clamored  for  their 
freight.  Tlie  only  recourse  was  to  sell  the  cargoes  at 
auction.  And  here  ensued  another  scramble  to  be 
first  in  tlie  market  before  the  prices  dropped  to  noth- 
ing under  the  inflowing  consignments.  To  this,  in- 
deed, it  did  come.  Goods  became  unsalable,'  Some 
were  left  to  rot  with  the  deserted  vessels;  others 
wore  thrown  out  from  the  warehouses  to  serve  for 
sidewalks  and  street  fillage.^  Toward  the  end  of  the 
year  came  heavy  rains  to  close  interior  traffic  and  in- 
crease the  stagnation,  until  flour  fell  below  $7  per 
hundredwe"?-lit,  and  other  supplies  in  proportion. 
Failure  followed  failure;  real  estate  was  cast  upon 
the  market  to  be  sacrificed  at  one  tenth  its  cost ;  fires 
came  to  ruin  others,  and  in  September  1850  a  com- 
mercial panic  was  in  full  blast.° 

"  And  this  in  itself  interfered  with  distant  storage.  At  S.  F.  storage  in 
1S49  was  from  §2  to  §10  per  ton  monthly,  and  ligliterage  §3  to  ^.  L'.  .S.  (lort 
Doc,  Cong.  31,  Sess.  1,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  17,  p.  31-'J;  llunt'n  Mwj.,  xxiv.  G31-2; 
xxvi.  480;  xxxi.  111-12,  with  brokerage,  etc.  Teamsters'  rules  in  S.  F.  Her- 
ald, .July  11),  1850. 

'  F.  F.  Low,  Stat.,  MS.,  5.  Agents  from  the  east  were  often  present,  but 
unprovided  with  money  to  check  the  crash.  NealVa  Vuj.,  MS.,  lo;  BnrtkiCs 
Stilt.,  MS.,  7;    Velmo,  Son.,  308. 

"As  described  in  chapter  on  S.  F.,  vol.  vi.  See  also  GarnlW  Early  Days, 
MS.,  14;  Johnson  a  Cnl.,  101-2;  Sutton  s  L'xper.,^lH.,~;  Ulneys  Stat.,  MS.,  1. 
Most  of  them  speak  of  choice  tobacco,  beans,  inetaLs,  etc.,  buried  in  the  mud 
of  S.  F.  streets.  Dow,  Vi<j.,  MS.,  1-3,  instances  two  ship-loads  of  heavy 
Spanish  wine  and  brandy,  which  landed  at  North  Beach,  covered  an  acre  of 
grounil.  Liquors  were  abundant  at  most  times.  Imported  liouses  helped  to 
reduce  the  value  of  lumber,  of  which  millions  of  feet  lay  in  the  bay  lacking 
purchasers.  Placer  Times,  Fob.  23,  1850;  Par.  Xews,  Dec.  G,  1849;  Jan.  10, 
1850.  Later,  when  sailors  could  be  obtained  to  move  the  ships,  much  useless 
merchantlisc  was  scut  back  to  the  Atlantic  states. 

*''((/.  Courier,  Sept.  9,  1850;  S.  F.  Picayune,  etc.  The  prices  in  Alta  Cal, 
for  May  1850  arc:  flour  $0.70  per  cwt.;  broad  2  to  9  cts  por  11).;  rice  8  cts; 
jerked  boof  3.j  to  5  cts  per  lb.;  mess  beef  §14  to  .*!l(j  per  barrol;  pork  §25  to 
^35;  coffee  28  cts  per  lb.;  sugar  27  to  50  cts;  whiskey  70  eta  per  gallon — 
yet  Dow,  Viij.,  MS.,  1-3,  declares  that  large  lots  were  sold  about  this  time 
for  25  cts,  wines  in  proportion,  although  by  regular  dealers;  tobacco  from  10 
cts  upward;  blankets  §2.50  to  §5  a  pair;  lundwr  $40  to  §60  per  thousand. 
By  April  1851,  after  several  fluctuations,  flour  fell  below  §0  per  cwt.,  with  pros- 
pects of  a  further  <lecline,  says  Pac.  Xiir.s,  Apr.  17,  1851.  Pork  sank  to  .'?I5, 
sugar  to  5  cts,  and  coflfoe  to  12  cts,  while  rice,  tobacco,  etc.,  wore  stoadior. 
By  Dec.  1851  beef  and  pork  stood  at  §10  per  barrel,  and  rice  and  sugar  a."?  low 


EARLY  LOSSES. 


107 


Dayt, 

yis.,  1. 

lie  mud 
heavy 
icre  of 
Ipcd  to 
leking 
\n.  10, 
iselcss 


The  forced  and  ruinous  sales  in  the  autumn  of  1849 
Siorved  to  cool  the  ardor  of  importers,  and  by  the 
following  autumn  the  market  grew  steadier  under 
somewhat  reduced  supplies.  But  the  gold-fever  con- 
tinued; and  in  view  of  the  large  emigration  for  the 
iijokl-fields,  the  slightest  prospect  of  improvement  suf- 
tirc'd  to  reanimate  speculators  to  fresh  orders  and  con- 
signments, heedless  of  past  lessons  and  of  prudent  ad- 
monitions. Boston  banks  remonstrated,  and  refused 
to  grant  credits  to  California  shippers.*"  The  news  of 
frosh  shipments  brought  prices  lower  than  ever  in 
1S51,  until  flour  in  July  was  quoted  at  $9  for  the  200- 
jjound  sack,  and  beef  and  pork  touched  $10  per  bar- 
rel in  the  following  January,  while  rice  and  beans  fell 
to  two  cents  a  pound,  coffee  to  nine  cents,  sugar  and 
(hied  apples  to  four  cents,  and  coal  shortly  before  to 
$10  per  ton."  In  order  to  properly  grasp  the  ruinous 
nature  of  these  rates,  it  is  necessary  to  consider  tlie 
high  freights  ruling,  owing  to  the  demand  for  ves- 
sels on  the  California  route,  their  detention  here 
tl '.rough  the  desertion  of  crews,  and  the  cost  of  han- 
dling merchandise.  The  crash  did  not,  however,  reach 
so  far  as  to  condemn  merchandise  for  street  fiUage, 
as  had  happened  during  the  preceding  spring;  for  with 
ileets  liberated  by  the  return  of  sailors,  relief  could  be 
found  in  reshipments.     Yet  most  ventures  proved  a 

as  2  anil  4  cts,  respectively,  while  flour,  etc.,  had  risen  somewhat;  anthracite 
coal  jiniiped  from  $8  to  S-O.  Pncen  Ciinrnt.  Evi^u  the  interior  rtjsponded  ia 
many  directions  to  tl>e  decline.  Along  the  San  Joaquin,  Hour  could  he  had  in 
August  IS.M)  at  !fl5  per  cwt.;  sugar  40  et-<;  potatoes  lb  cts;  cotlee  40 
cts;  hoots  §8-10.  At  remote  'Jeorgotowii  Hour  stood  in  July  at  .^17,  pork  28 
cts  a  Ih.,  cofiee  80  cts,  hcaus  30  cts.  Yi^t  at  .'■'on.ora  ilour  was  75  cts,  pork  .")0 
cts,  sugar  ti2J  cts  a  Ih.,  and  at  other  places  much  higher,  t'al.  Courier,  July 
11-12,  Sept.  11,  Oct.  18,  1850;  I\u:  Xvir,s  Dec.  13,  21»,  1840;  S.  F.  Pkai/une, 
Aug.  t),  Dec.  18,  LS50.  At  Sa^i.  heef  was  15  cts  and  pork  20  cts  in  July;  Sac. 
Direct.,  1853,  9;  yet  milk  remained  .it  .*1  a  quart,  butter  §2.50  to  §3,  liquor  §1 
a  glass.  Officials'  accounts  for  1851  place  hoanl  in  private  houses  at  §25  to 
83D  a  week;  shaving  50  cts;  washing  >ii\  per  dozen.  U.  S.  Oov.  Doc.,  Spec. 
Slss.  1853,  Sen.  Doc.  4,  p.  54;  Cong.  :V,\,  Sess.  2,  Sen.  Doc.  16,  vi.  22-7;  \Yil' 
li'iiiis'  Ji'ec,  MS.,  4-5;  McCollum'n  Cal.,  C5;  Site.  Trnmrrlpt.  June  2'.),  1850. 
I'ortuues  could  have  been  made  l»y  resliipments  to  N.  York,  says  Sclienck, 
Vi'l.,  MS.,  15-18.  He  refused  coffee  at  6  cts  because  lighterage  was  too  high. 
Indeed,  the  cost  of  handling  goods  alone  kept  up  regular  market  rates. 

".^.  /'.  Picvjune,  Aug.  9,  18.10,  etc. 

"  It  rose  to  !^2  by  Jan.  1852. 


108 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE. 


1  V 


loss,  in  some  instances  totally  so,  owing  to  the  cost  of 
storage,  with  the  alternative  of  forced  sales.  A  main 
cause  was  the  unprecedentedly  small  rainfall  during,' 
the  season  1850-1,  which  obliged  a  general  retrcncli- 
ment,  and  spread  such  discouragement  that  many 
abandoned  the  country  as  doomed. 

The  loss  fell  upon  individual  importers,  and  chiefly 
upon  eastern  and  foreign  consigners,  who  in  their 
wrath  and  despair  threw  the  blame  on  the  country 
and  their  agents,  without  reflecting  tliat  it  was  due  to 
their  own  recklessness.  True,  there  were  several  con- 
ditions which  here  interfered  with  reliable  calculations, 
notably  the  distance,  which  involved  a  period  of  about 
eight  months  between  the  sending  of  an  order  to  the 
eastern  states  and  the  arrival  of  the  goods  by  way  of 
Cape  Horn.  The  ship  which  under  unfavorable  cir- 
cumstances came  first  into  port  to  supply  existing 
deficiencies  might  bring  a  fortune  to  its  patrons,  and 
leave  only  loss  and  ruin  for  those  foil  owing.  ^""^  Ship- 
ments were,  moreover,  made  from  all  quarters  of  the 
globe,  of  which  merely  imperfect  notice  could  be 
gained."  Lack  of  rain,  obstructed  roads,  and  the  fre- 
quent movements  of  the  population  affected  the  mar- 
ket. The  several  sweeping  fires  in  San  Francisco  and 
elsewliere  created  sudden  gaps  and  demands,  while  the 
fear  of  such  disasters  caused  many  a  forced  sale.  Local 
jobbers,  and  the  people  at  large,  were  gainers,  for  they 
kept  only  small  supplies  at  ordinary  seasons,  while  able 
to  buy  largely  during  a  decline,  and  to  keep  their  goods 

" This  is  shown  by  the  violent  market  fluctuations.  Smiley,  Vig.,  MS., 
16-18,  relates  that  a  small  cousigniiient  of  tacks  saved  a  tottering?  firm  liy 
bringing  extraortlinary  prices  after  the  lire  of  1851.  Two  shipments  of  ihmr 
and  whiskey  by  the  Dnmaiiru.i,  in  1850-1,  would  have  realized  a  fortune  for  tlic 
former  and  an  utter  loss  for  tho  other,  if  the  ship  had  arrived  on  time.  As  it 
was,  mishap^i  kept  her  back  for  sovoral  months,  and  tho  re^iult  was  ruver-eii. 
Suhenek,  I'/V/.,  MS.,  15-18,  Coleman,  Vt,i.,  MS.,  151-.3,  Burnett,  Bee,  MS., 
ii.  204,  IJarniss,  E/trly  Doyx,  MS.,  15,  instance  rapid  fluctuations.  Howard 
bought  flour  for  $50  and  sold  it  at  ?5  before  landing.  Findlis  Stut.,  MS.,  8. 

"The  wide  practice  of  N.  Y.  shippers  at  one  time  to  hide  the  nature  of 
their  consignments  under  vaguo  terms  did  harm  to  many  without  correspond- 
ing gain  to  themselves. 


PROGRESS  OF  TRADE. 


109 


until,  in  the  course  of  trade,  a  more  favorable  market 
should  prevail. 

The  severe  warning  of  1851  naturally  checked  con- 
si<»-nraents  and  relieved  the  market,  which  also  felt  in 
some  degree  the  demand  created  by  the  gold  excite- 
ment in  Australia,  whither  many  undesirable  characters 
betook  themselves.  The  improvement  was  strength- 
ened by  copious  rains;  and  during  the  latter  half  of  1852 
prices  advanced,  under  small  supplies  and  increased 
consumption,  until  flour,  pork,  and  other  staples  rose 
to  four  or  five  times  the  rates  ruling  a  year  before, 
rice  from  two  cents  to  thirty  cents  a  pound."  Again 
caine  j)rompt  response  from  shippers,  with  the  conse- 
quent sharp  fluctuations,  according  to  the  momentary 
al)ility  of  the  market  to  meet  a  sudden  demand,  and  to 
climatic  and  other  influences  upon  supply  and  distribu- 
tion,^'' such  as  storms  and  contrary  winds  on  the  ocean, 
obstructed  river  navigation  and  roads  in  the  interior, 
or  the  rush  of  miners  to  a  new  district,  opening  fresh 
markets  and  routes.  By  this  oscillation,  so  marked 
for  several  years,  nearer-lying  sources,  like  Chili, 
Hawaii,  and  Oregon,  were  the  chief  gainers,  while  the 
remote  supply  stations  of  the  Atlantic  borders  had  to 
depend  mainly  on  chance  for  their  ventures. 

In  1853  mining  received  a  decided  impulse,  partly 
fiom  the  development  of  quartz  veins  and  other 
means,  until  the  yield  exceeded  any  previous  record, 
and  that  with  every  prospect  of  a  still  greater  advance. 
Meanwhile  farming  was  rising  into  prominence,  with 

"Compare  prices  in  the  li«t  following. 

'^  Flour,  for  inaUuce,  fell  liclow  ifii  iu  May,  while  beef  rose  suddenly  to 
t'.iO.  The  latter  nioveineiit  was  due  to  tin;  delay  of  vesaolii  by  storms. 
Freiglitd  ruled  at  GO  to  KM)  cents  l>er  f«x)t.  Chili,  liuing  nearest,  sent  iu  so 
largo  a  supply  of  flour  as  to  drive  the  price  behiw  if  10  by  May  \ii')',i,  when  rice 
aLso  touched  3  cts,  coffee  Hi  ct«,  sugur  less  thau  7  cts,  aud  coal  $l.'i.  The 
Atlantic  states  being  less  prompt  to  respond,  owing  to  distance,  the  prices  for 
salt  meat,  etc.,  were  longer  sustained;  but  in  the  latter  jMirt  of  the  tiunimer 
Heet.s  poured  in,  and  beef  tuml-icd  from  |i28  to  l>elow  %\'2  during  the  winter, 
and  pork  declined  steadily  to  Wow  $17.  Flour,  rice,  coffee,  etc.,  fluctuated 
wiilely,  influenced  to  a  great  extent  by  the  demand  during  the  spring  from 
the  mines,  with  which  comiunuicatioa  had  been  cut  off  tor  some  time  by 
flooded  ruads. 


I 


It 


•I 


It 


m 


t 


110 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE. 


large  crops,  so  that  the  year  proved  most  prosperous 
for  the  entire  country.  San  Francisco  felt  the  im- 
provement, and  responded  with  fresli  enterprises, 
particularly  in  real  estate  and  substantial  buildiut,' 
operations,  attended  by  increased  wages.  Unfortu- 
nately, success  led  as  usual  to  excess  with  wild  specu- 
tion.  The  reaction  came  in  1854,  marked  by  tenant- 
less  houses  and  falling  rents,  till  the  latter  stood  at 
one  tenth  the  rate  ruling  four  years  before.  Under 
abundant  stocks,  well-supplied  interior  markets,  and 
delayed  autumn  rains,  the  depression  culminated  in  the 
severe  monetary  crisis  of  February  1855.  The  con- 
sequently forced  sale  of  several  incoming  cargoes 
tended  to  check  the  improvement  created  by  a  reviv- 
ing demand  from  the  mines,  and  prices  for  certain 
articles  fell  more  than  fifty  per  cent;  flour,  for  in- 
stance, under  the  prospect  of  a  large  home  crop, 
touched  the  hitherto  unexampled  figure  of  $5.50.'^ 

After  this  the  market  became  less  subject  to  disas- 
trous fluctuations;  for  the  experiences  of  1854-5  had 
served  to  establish  a  more  correct  standard.  With 
increased  warehousing  facilities,  and  cheaper  lighterage 
and  wages,"  merchants  were  able  better  to  manipulate 

"Per  200  lb.  bag  to  $5i.  Rice  fell  to  5  eta,  coflFee  to  13  cts,  coal  to  §15, 
etc.;  a  decline  of  about  100  per  cent  for  flour,  50  per  cent  for  beef,  etc. 
Under  reduced  arrivals  and  continued  mining  prosperity,  stocks  diniinislu'd 
Bufticiently  to  raise  prices  by  autumn  to  about  January  rates,  wbich  led  ti> 
several  orders  for  supplies  from  abroad,  and  these,  again,  to  a  number  of  les^ 
advisable  consignments. 

"  Wages  ruled  in  1849-50  at  about  $1  an  hour  for  laborers,  as  we  have 
seen.  lu  the  mines  $12  a  day,  with  food,  was  common,  or  $11)  without  boanl. 
Artisans  obtained  one  fourth  to  one  half  more;  yet  in  the  winter  of  1849-50, 
Williams,  the  builder,  Rec,  MS.,  4,  successfully  resisted  a  carpenters'  strike 
from  $12  for  $1G.  Washing  was  over  $6  per  dozen,  or  even  $1  for  a  sliiit. 
Burnett's  liec,  MS.,  i.  375,  404.  Clerks  obtained  from  $200  to  $500  per 
month.  Instances  of  early  wages  in  Larkins  Doc.,  MS.,  vi.  74,  111,  144,  ICl; 
LUtle'it  ShU.,  M8.,  13;  Fernandez  Cal,  MS..  180-2;  BarMow'a  Stat.,  MS.,  1; 
Wowl's  SLrteen  Mo.,  76;  Oarnm'  Early  Day.9,  MS.,  13;  Findla'a  Stat.,  MS., 
4;  BartkU's  Stat.,  MS.,  4-5;  Armstrong's  Exper.,  MS.,  10;  Coleman's  Viij-, 
MS.,  143-6;  Moore's  Pioneer,  MS.,  6.  At  Benicia  the  government  paid 
laborers  $16  in  1849.  Sherman's  Mem.,  i.  78.  Sailors  then  received  $150  and 
$200.  Fiiend,  Dec.  1,  1849.  Early  in  1848  wages  were  onl^r  from  $1  to  $.{  a 
day.  Cali/brnian,  July  15,  1848.  In  1850  masons  struck  against  $12  for  S^U 
a  day.  In  July  1853  strikes  were  frequent,  longshoremen  securing  $6  for  I) 
hours'  work  against  $5  for  10  hours;  masons  $12  against  $10;  carpenters  had 
$8;  firemen  $100  a  month.  In  1854  common  labor  fell  to  $3,  artisans  gettiii); 
$5  to  $0.  In  Jan.  1855  the  quotations  stood:  masons  $8,  carpenters  $(>, 
laborers  $3,  deck  hands  $60  per  month.  A  year  later  they  had  declined  to 
94  or  $5  for  masons  and  carpenters,  and  $2  to  $2^  for  laborers,  deck  hands 


PRICES. 


Ill 


stocks,  and  to  control  prices  in  accordance.  It  was  also 
becoming  manifest  that  the  rapidly  growing  products 
of  California  must  enter  more  and  more  into  the  calcula- 
tions of  shippers,  for  she  was  already  producing  grain 
beyond  her  own  requirements.  That  this  industrial 
revolution  was  not  foreseen  was,  indeed,  a  main  cause 
for  recent  losses,  and  for  the  excessive  speculation 
which  led  to  the  reaction  at  San  Francisco  in  185  15. 
Instance  the  importation  in  1853  of  grain  and  Hour, 
representing  about  eight  million  dollars,  which  was  en- 
tirely dispensed  with  three  years  later;  and  compare  the 
reduction  in  other  commodities  within  the  same  period, 
as  shown  in  the  list  of  imports,  with  only  a  slight 
coni[)ensating  increase  in  a  few  other  directions. 
Observe  also  the  corresponding  decline  in  maritime 
traffic,  and  in  the  business  and  profits  of  traders,  ware- 
housemen, and  handlers  of  freights,  and  we  find  an 


receiving  §40  to  350,  aud  sailors  8*20  per  month.  Prices  Citrreiit,  Jan.  1,  iSr>."); 
M<n\  Gnz.,  Jan.  1,  1857;  S.  F.  liiillitiii,  Jan.  5,  1857,  etc.  The  govcrnniont 
paiil  $3  for  laborers  in  1854.  U.  S.  Gort  Doc,  Cong.  33,  Seas.  1,  H.  Ex.  Doc. 
82;  /(/.,  Se.'is.  2,  Son.  Doc.  IG,  pp.  '22-6.  Many  were  thea  uueiuployed. 
Montijomenjs  Hemin.,  2-3;  soo  also  Alta  C'tiL;  Sac.  Union,  etc. 

PUICES   FOR  STAPLES,  1851-6. 


Jan.  1851.. 

.Inly. 

.laii.  ISa'J.. . 

.Mav      .     . 

.^^fpt       ... 

Hoc. 

May  1853. . 

Auk 

Jan.  1854... 

.March 

May 

Sept . 

Jan.  1855... 

May  

Oct 

June  1856  . 
Hcc 


4)  4>f" 

£l 

s|fi 

ffee. 

nila. 

lb. 

gar. 
nila. 

Ml. 

■si- 

>al. 

racite. 

ton. 

«s.-e. 

^iS.^ 

=1 

^Ss. 

51'^ 

«-- 

* 

* 

* 

Ct.s. 

Cts. 

cts. 

Ct3. 

cts. 

* 

i:w6 

14-17 

17-15 

4-6 

(•>-6 

14-16 

6-8 

8-1-2 

14-15 

12-14 

14-15 

9-11 

5 

3-4h' 

12-13 

4-5 

73i-f> 
4-5,'i 

ll)-U 

10-12 

10-12 

11 

2-3 

2-3 

9-11 

4-51  i 

:«V32 

30-25 

20-23 

7?i-y 

6 

4-4' ii 

13-13>^ 

9-10 

9 

42-35 

16-17 

85^8 

32-:m 

30 

10 

20-21 

8-8H 

10 

40 

16-17 

45-35 

41-30 

"^if 

5-4 

20U-19 

nit 

6 

10-12'^^ 

19-22 

2.V28 

28-21"^ 

gij-io', 

19-18 

5J2-7J^ 

10-11 

10-10^ 

13-18 

25-161^ 
l.i-12)| 
11-16 

28-24 

iK-Vi 

5 

16-14»X 
20-H>| 
14-13^ 

24 

1«^ 

101^-10 

6-4' a 
4' ,-4 

'■S^ 

10-11 

6J4-8 

32-38 
26-25 

18-22 

26 

9-11 

6-6)  ii 

18H 

11-10 

30-40 

11-20 
23-16 

19 

10-8 

6-7 
6 

18 
14 

-)'^|-109i 

21-32 
21-18 

14-1.5»^ 

17 

5-7 

7-5' .i 

14-13 

»%-»'i 

9'.4-8'a 

I.VIO 

22-24 

38 

9-7 

8-8V4 

18 

9-9J4 

20-24 

25>j-19 

16 

24 

7  fcal.) 

7-« 

e>4 

13^ 

»A 

10 

19-20 

16 

87 

«r. 

ISH 

8 

12-12'^ 

16 

Sliceting,  blankets,  whiskey,  tobacco,  corresponded  more  evenly  with  eastern 
prices,  usually  at  a  fair  advance.  Lumber  ruled  at  $(iO  per  thousand  feet  at 
tlic  close  of  1850,  and  coutinucd  to  decline  till  it  touched  $15  in  the  niiddle 
of  18j'),  after  which  it  rose,  during  1856,  to  about  $25,  average  low  rate. 
Refilled  sugar  is  rated  about  double  above  prices,  and  Carolina  rice  was  at 
tirst  worth  double  the  Chinese  grade. 


112 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE. 


ill 


I  I 


l  iafi 


explanation  for  the  reaction  following  the  metropolitan 
excitement  of  1853,  which  was  based  on  the  increase 
of  mining  and  business  in  tuat  year.  The  growth  of 
dairy  and  stock-raising  interests  threatened  to  rapidly 
reduce  other  imports,  and  give  the  distribution  to  dif- 
ferent interior  places,  while  in  due  time  large  exports 
promised  to  fill  the  gap.  The  impjrts  of  ISoG  were 
still  in  excess  of  the  demand;  but  owing  to  the  easy 
financial  condition  in  the  eastern  states,  which  re- 
quired no  forced  sales,  and  to  the  control  of  the  mar- 
ket by  consignees,  disasters  were  obviated.  The 
average  result  was  negative,  with  prices  closing  at  $7 
for  Hour,  and  other  goods  in  near  proportion.  Al- 
though fluctuations  had  now  been  greatly  checked, 
any  excess  of  receipts  over  three  montlis'  require- 
ments was  apt  to  disturb  values,  as  it  was  the  habit 
of  many  eastern  shippers  to  invoice  goods  u'"ler  the 
vague  term  of  merchandise.  Hitherto  the  abatement 
in  navigation  on  the  upper  rivers,  during  the  dry 
autunui,  diminished  supplies  in  many  quarters,  and 
gave  activity  to  early  winter  operations.  The  inter- 
ruption by  rains  to  road  traffic  was  followed  by  a 
further  increase  of  trade.  Now,  with  augmentini; 
agriculture  came  an  enlarged  spring  demand,  followed 
by  a  busy  autumn. 

As  imports  are  usually  governed  by  social  condi- 
tion, it  is  not  difficult  to  estimate  the  nature  of  those 
required  for  California.  As  the  quiet  pastoral  peo[>le 
of  the  forties  bought  in  exchange  for  their  hides  and 
tallow  the  manufactured  goods  of  the  civilized  centres 
which  guided  their  tastes  and  aspirations,  so  the 
teeming  miners  of  1849  and  the  early  fifties,  similarly 
remote  from  the  world,  but  without  any  direct  re- 
sources, demanded  food,  clothing,  and  supplies  of  a 
class  suited  to  an  almost  exclusively  male  i>opulation. 
While  rude  camp-life  required,  above  all,  staples  like 
salt  meat  and  flour,  beans  and  hard  bread,  coflee  and 
sugar,  with  dried  apples  as  the  readiest  substitute  lor 
fruit,  the  abundance  of  wealth  called  for  luxuries  of 


CONDITIONS  x\SD  DEMAND. 


113 


polittvn 

^Br 

icrcase 

^^E^L 

•will  of 

rap'ully 

to  dif- 

[•x  ports 

G  w'vYo 

lie  easy 

ich   le- 

[le  mar- 

Wm 

.       The 

^m 

<r  at  $7 

n.     Al- 

■1 

•hocked, 

w<> 

rcquirc- 

le  habit 

•'lor  the 

►atemont 

the  dry 

ers,  and 

le  iiitor- 

ed  by  a 

uieiitiiiLi: 

followed 

every  description,  the  supply  of  all  fluctuating  with  mer- 
eaiitile  s[)eculati<»n  and  the  eontrolliiij^  climatic  and  so- 
cial iiifliionees.  With  the  growth  of  family  relations,  a 
larger  variety  of  gcxxls  came  into  use,  for  women  and 
d.iiiu  .stic  puqx^se.s;  while  the  expansion  of  mining  in 
(juuitz  and  liydraulic  branches  brought  forward  new 
adjuncts  and  requirements.  The  simultaneous  dcveh 
opnient  of  agriculture  and  other  industries,  partly  at 
the  expense  of  mining,  created  still  wider  openings  for 
macliinery,  seed,  timber,  and  other  materials  for  estab- 
lishing farms  and  homes. 

The  revolution  in  trade  becomes  strongly  marked 
after  1853,  when  lioiiie  products  augment  so  rapidly 
as  to  supplant  imported  cereals  within  the  following 
two  or  tliree  years.  Rice  alone  is  sustained  by  a 
growing  Chinese  ix>pulation.  Thus  the  importation 
of  grain  falls  from  740,000  bags  in  1853  to  nothing  in 
1855,  and  flour  from  500,000  bags  to  one  tenth  of 
that  figure,  hard  bread  suflering  equally.  Salted 
and  cured  meats  are  supj)lanted  more  gradually, 
pork  thminishing  from  over  50,000  barrels  in  1853  to 
20,000  in  1850.  The  slower  decline  in  dairy  products 
is  due  partly  to  tlic  co.st  of  lai)or,  partly  to  the  prefer- 
eiK'c  for  vaster  and  nirjre  s|x,'culative  operations  in  grain 
and  stock-raising."  Other  articles,  notably  coflee, 
tvii,  sugar,  tol>acco,  liquors,  articles  of  dress,  and 
j)<)wder,  which  c<juld  not  as  yet  be  produced  at  home, 
♦  itl'tr  a  certain  compensation  fur  the  ahove  reductions 
through  the  demands  of  an  increasing  population.  Na- 
tive fruits  and  wines  l>egin  to  coinj)ete,  however,  and  the 
lessened  consumption  of  chamjtagne  serves  to  indicate 
tlu!  wide  retrenciiment  attending  tlie  change  from  the 
Husli  mining  days  to  an  era  of  more  sedate  occupations.'" 

"*Tlie  decline  in  otlier  cff.cU  litloii  rs  to  a  later  period. 

"'I'hc  cliaiijje  ill  trade  valuui  cua  be  liL-tter  appreciated  when  it  is  bonia 
ill  liiiiid  that  tlie  grain,  fluor,  and  licaiis  imported  in  1S33  were  worth  ovcf 
ci;^lit  millions,  and  t!:-j.t  t'-ij  ainoimt,  together  with  other  Lirgc  ouiiis  repre- 
8i!)iU;d  by  salt  meats,  breail,  t-tc,  jiaiiseU  away  from  shippers  within  two  or 
thri'o  years.  Ship-owners  were  a!,o  heavy  losers,  for  freights  which  in  185.S 
aiiimmted  to  $11,700,<X)0  fell  by  ISjj  to  alwut  ^,000,000,  from  reduced  rates 
as  Mell  as  cargoes.  Tlie  inii>orts  <  f  1^-50  continued  lari^e,  partly  because  the 
iiewa  of  falling  prices  could  not  arrivj  La  time  to  stop  shipments  for  the  early 

UisT.  Cal.,  Vol.  VIL    » 


lU 


FOREKIN  COMMERCE. 


Ill  the  following  clocadc  two  important  niodlfyiiiL,' 
factors  appear,  affecting    shli)[)ers  as  well  as  prices. 

months,  partly  hecauso  tho  contiuucil  rush  of  goUl-seckora  buoywlHueculatidii 
ill  many  quartors.  Tliun  flour  reachud  3(X),0(K)  bags  of  '2()0  Itw.,  of  wliicli  tlinc 
fourtlia  was  from  Cliili;  '23,000  hags  of  Central  American  cotfeo  arriveil;  ot 
tea,  7,700  chc.-it.s;  sugar,  I'.U.OOO  quiiitaLs;  pork,  55,000  barrels;  lard,  58,(M)i) 
kc!,'a,  etc.;  butter,  55,0J0  kegs.  Rcuonla  for  early  times  aro  not  wholly  roll- 
al)lo,  owing  to  tho  tlestruction  of  the  custom-house  with  its  books  iu  ISal. 
The  Site.  Tntiixrrqit,  Fib.  1,  1851,  I/uid's  M<iij.,  xxiv.  544,  reproilucc  1 
among  other  journals  tlie  above  statement.  Iu  addition  canio  $1,700,«K)0, 
cliieriy  iu  coin  for  circulation.  Tho  subsequent  flow  of  luerchandiao  cau  lie 
readily  understood  by  comparing  tho  number  of  vessels  arriving  annually,  aiiil 
also  the  rise  and  fiiU  of  prices,  as  exhibited  iu  the  respective  tables.  It  must 
be  borne  in  nund,  however,  that  after  1849  the  proportion  of  merchandise  is 
greater  as  comparetl  with  tlie  number  of  arriving  ocean  vessels,  owing  to  tho 
absorption  of  passenger  traffic  by  the  steamship  linea.  With  1853  so  marked 
a  cliange  begins  in  the  kind  and  quantity  of  goods  that  the  details  of  tho  ap- 
pended table  of  importa  of  staple  couunodities cannot  fail  to  prove  interesting: 

Year  1853.  Year  1834.  Year  1S55.  Yonr  18r.fi. 

Grain,  bags 740,000    100,000  11,700* 

Flour,  sacks  and  barrels 499,000    218,000      49,300      30,700 

Rice,  bags 420,000    108,700    198,000    348,000 

Leans,  bags  and  bbls 103,000      43,000      45,000      01,000 

Breatl,  casks 23,700        8,300  800 

Bread,  cases 35,300        0,200  800 

Apples,  .Iried,  bbls 10,500        7,700        6,800        3,400 

Apples,  dried,  pkga 5,300        4,000        5,400      36,0,)0 

Raisins,  boxes 49,01)0      19,300      38,600      03,000 

Cotfee,  bags 128,500      00,500      85,000      97,400 

Tea,  chests 102,200      53,000      53,400      87,400 

Sugar,  ref.  and  domes.,  bbls..       40,000      34,700      70,000      92,700 
Sugar,  foreign  and  raw,  bags.     1(57,000    118,000    120,000    157,600 

Beef,  barrels 16,300       10,500        4,600         9,000 

Pork,  barrels 51 ,200      32,700      12,900      28,500 

Bacon,  tcs  and  bbls 9, 100        9,500        3,800        5,300 

Biicon,  boxes 9,400        5,200        1 ,600        1 ,900 

Hams,  casks 41,000      29,800      21,303       22,900 

Butter,  casks 93,700      40,400      38,000        9,000 

Butter,  cases 28,700      10,600        4,500      57,90J 

Liird,  kegs 83,000      34,400      20,000      41 ,000 

Candles,  boxes 173,900      86,000    133,600    273,000 

Tobacco,  balea 2, 100        1 ,000        1,700        2, 100 

Tol)aceo,  cases 29,000      20,300      26,000      29,000 

Liquors,  alcohol,  casks 13,500        7,500      10,000      1 1 ,800 

Liquors,  cases ;       16,503        6,000        7,300       18,000 

Whiskey,  bblj 20,000      13,000      12,000      30,000 

Brandy,  cacka 21,700        9,503      11,900        7,000 

Brandy,  cases 8,000        7, 100        7,700      56,000 

Wine,  bbls 11,503        6,700      10,800       17,300 

Wine,  cases 157,000      59,200    123,700    130,300 

Champagne,  cases 34,000      16,300      26,003      20,000 

Dry  goods,  bales 35,'iOO      18,503      17,033      36,3J0 

Dry  goods,  cases 36,600      20,503      19,000      31 ,600 

Blankets,  bales 4,000        1,000        1,300        2,000 

Shoes,  cases 67,503      00,700      82,003      87,400 

Powder,  kegs 15,000        9,000      35,603      35,500 

Lumber,  thousand  feet  + 58,000      02,000      32,(.J0      38,400 

Lumber,  pieces 400,000    182,000      06,000        2,2C0 

Coal,  tons 82,000      07,500      86,000      65,000 

*  Oregon  wheat  f  Not  including  shingles,  clapboards,  etc. 


EFFECT  OF  CIVIL  WAR. 


115 


Fiist  tlio  union  war  of  1801-5,  wliicli  disturbed  tlic 
luoduc'tionof  rawand  refined  sta[)lcs,  retained  a  lar<j;er 
.•Miieunt  for  lionio  consumption,  and  cl)ecked  tlic  slii))- 
iiK  lit  of  the  surplus,  at  least  in  American  vessels, 
wliicli  were  the  prey  of  conft'derate  cruisers.  The 
state  was  accordingly  thrown  more  upon  its  own  re- 
sources, to  the  development  of  much  neglected  wealth, 
and  had  in  other  respects  recourse  tt)  the  compara- 
tively cheaper  foreign  pn)ducts.  These  were  favored, 
moreover,  by  the  fast-growing  wheat  export,  especially 
ill  English  shijis,  which  coidd,  therefore,  aiibrd  to 
biiiig  merchandise  at  a  low  freight.  A  few  3'ears 
later  the  opening  of  the  overland  railway  assisted  to 
rn'ivc  the  demand  for  American  tjoods,  notablv  of  a 
<(i.stlier  grade,  M'ith  a  gradual  increase  in  finer  articles 
iiiider  the  improved  quality  of  eastern  and  home  man- 
ufactures. 

The  opening  of  the  Central  and  Uniort  Pacific  rail- 
lo.uls  was  not  followed,  as  might  have  been  expected, 
hy  a  considerable  decrease  in  the  volume  of  importa- 
tions by  sea,  though  to  the  same  result  tended,  in 
later  years,  the  completion  of  the  Northern  Pacific, 
tile  Southern  Pacific,  the  Canadian  Pacific,  and  other 
lines  making  connection  with  the  Atlantic  states.  On 
t'lK'  contrary,  under  the  increase  of  po[)ulation  and 
Wealth,  and  the  rapid  growth  of  industries,  our  for- 
eiuM  imports  by  sea  increased  from  less  than  $20,000,- 
000  in  18GD  to  more  than  $50,000,000  in  1889.^" 

Ain<)ii{{  notable  imports  are  230,000  bricks  in  1S5G,  of  a  special  grade;  for 
l)y  tlii.s  time  the  reduced  price  of  labor  permitted  the  maniifacturu  of  .such 
articles.  There  are  also  5,000  crates  of  crockery.  Glass,  paper,  hardware, 
etc.,  form  part  of  staple  imports.  The  imports  for  this  year  may  be  valued 
at  sUl), 000,000.  In  Com.  and  Naviif.  for  ]854-(),  the  foreign  imports  for  these 
tiirce  years  are  placed  at  §8,408,006,  $5,951,000,  and  §7,289,000,  respectively, 
$'.',(H):<,()00  of  the  latter  being  duty  free. 

^"The  foreign  imports  at  S.  F.  after  1850  are  placed  by  U.  S.  Com.  (iinl 
Nnri,,.,  passim,  at  $«,985,000  in  1857-8,  Sn,15(»,0(10  in  1858-9,  ?.S,3t>(i,000  in 
I  St;  I  '2,  followed  by  a  rise  to  .$20,:»(K),000  by  181)4  5,  during  the  war;  then  a 
fidl  to  ^15,570,000  ill  18(55-6,  after  which  a  gradual  rise  to  §20,390,000  by 
1870  1,  with  a  jump  to  §.'$9,420,000  in  1872-.3,  due  to  mining  excitement; 
tlieu  a  rise  from  |29,700,000  in  1874-5  to  §44,070,000  iu  1880-1,  and 
851.1)40,000  in  1881-2,  Of  the  last  amount  §41,(K)0,000  was  merchandise, 
and  .':<IO,640,000  coin  and  bullion.  S.  Diego,  the  other  pf)rt  of  entry,  received 
•luring  1881-2  $679,000  in  merchandise.     The  total  introduction  of  merchan- 


lie 


FOREIflX  COMMERCE. 


The  gold  diseover}'  had  interposed  a  cliook  on  the  ex- 
port tradojWhicli  under  tlio  stinmhithii,^  tttorts  of  Aniei' 
lean  settlers  was  slowly  expanding-  heyond  the  fornirr 
narrow  limits  of  liidc^s  and  tallow."'*  Cattle  came  t<> 
bo  slaui^htered  solely  for  the  meat,  which  suddetily 
cauie  into  active  demand  from  heinj^  a  mere  refus(^ 
or  surplus  commodity.  Gradually,  however,  the  ne- 
glected hides'"  crept  back  into  notice,  quicksilver  rose 
to  a  leading  article  of  export,  and  San  Francisco  be- 
came an  entrepot  for  the  reshipment  of  eastern  and 
European  merchandise  to  difll'erent  Pacific  ports,  partly 
from  her  overstocked  markets.  Soon  native  grain 
and  Hour  entered  the  list,  and  in  1855  they  togetlu  r 
exceeded  in  value  anv  other  exiio't  article,  alwavs 
excepting  treasure.  Exports  in  1855  amounted  to 
.^4,200,000,  and  in  185(;  to  $4,;500,000,  of  whirli 
quicksilver  constituted  $1)7(J,000  and  $88.'{,000,  rr- 
speetively;  tlour  followed,  at  about  $81(5,000.  and 
$7(50,000  for  the  two  years;  then  came  grain,  hides, 
tallow,  and  wool,  reshipped  goods  forming  a  minor 
proportion  oidy.  All  this  gave  little  occupation  t  > 
shipping,   however,   and  return   cargoes    for   the   in- 


dise  for  1881  is  estimated  at  $fi7,600,000,  of  which  §3S,G0O,000  from  forei!'ji 
couiitrica,  paying  §7,400,000  in  duties.  Of  the  rest,  from  eastern  stiii  , 
Slt),4<H),000  came  by  railM-ay,  $12,000,000  by  sailiiij.'  vessel,  and  .t."jUO,000  1 , 
I'anama  steamer.  Of  the  foreign  goods,  $ll,000,Ol'J  camo  from  China  a.;l 
Singapore,  §(5,870,000  from  Japan,  largely  silks,  §li,400,OC0  fro:u  Haw:;  ', 
chiuHy  sugar,  ^,850,000  from  England,  §1,880,000  from  Central  Aiiierir  ., 
.?1,70«),000  fromtheEastlndies,  §1,100,000  from  Australia,  Cl,.OaO,000  fr..  i 
B.  Columbia,  and  §840,000  from  France.  The  ligures  for  fullowiug  years  ci.-- 
respond  more  •with  those  of  1880-1  thau  1881  -2.  Hawaiian  imports  hr.vo 
come  to  tho  front,  reaching  over  $10,000,000  for  1880,  Jajjan  following  wiih 
over  .$8,000,000,  then  China  §5,000,000,  and  England  nearly  §3.000,000.  (»i 
the  treasure  import,  exceeding  §5,000,000,  half  came  from  Mexico  and  (i::; 
fourth  from  Australia.  Tlio  nature  of  the  imports  will  be  further  explaiiir  1 
by  a  comparison  with  the  chapter  ou  manufactures;  with  U.  S.  Com.  JtiL, 
annual  reports;  IT.  S.  Bureau  of  Statixtics;  S.  F.  Men:  Gaz.;  JlnnCs  Ma-fli. 
Mag.;  S.  F.  Com.  Asxoc,  1S(>9,  etc.;  S.  F,  Chamber  Com.,  1851. 

■^^In  1846  1,000,000  feet  of  lumber,  10,000  fanegaa  of  wheat,  and  §10,0.i/ 
worth  of  soap  were  added  to  the  60,000  arroljas  of  tallow,  80,000  hides,  1,(  i'  • 
)arrels  of  brandy  and  wine,  and  .§20,000  worth  of  furs.  See  JIIM.  Cat.,  v.  57i», 
his  series.  The  exports  and  imports  of  S.  F.  for  the  last  quarter  of  1M7 
imounted  to  §49,600  and  §53,600,  respectively. 

^^  Hides  have  so  far  been  thrown  away,  writes  one  in  the  Sac  FraTUcripii 
Jan.  1^  185I|  but  aoou  a  shipdoad  is  to  lie  sent  from  Sacramento.  ^ 


DRIFT  OF  TllEASL'KK  AND  (iUAIN.  H7 

DDurln:'  llocts  had  to  l)o  souijflit  in  other  latitudes  and 
rvni  on  Asiatic  slioi'cs."'^ 

Hy  addin«^  trcasutv,  wo  reach,  accordincf  to  mani- 
f«  >it  Hi^ures,  thj  res[)cctai)lo  export  of  some  $3.'i0,000,- 
<H)()  iy  185(5,  or  an  averajjfo  of  over  $40,000,000  for 
tlu!  eiLjht  export  years  1849-5(5,  to  which  can  safely 
he  added  one  fourth  more  for  unrecorded  values. 
W'itli  a  lack  of  reliable  hanking  and  express  facilities 
ill  early  years,  it  is  hut  natural  that  miners  preferred 
to  carry  away  their  dust  privately;  hut  after  1850, 
tills  hahit  decreased  until  the  secretly  cxp()rted  treas- 
ure f;  11  below  ten  per  cent  of  the  recorded  amount. 
Tlie  latter  corresponded  to  the  im})()rtation  of  <i^of»ds 
fi ir  a  yiowin*;'  })opulation,"''  to  remittaiu'es  by  depaHinj^ 
jiersoiis  and  interested  absontet^s,  and  to  the  with- 
drawal of  capital  for  relieviiiij^  money  pressure  abroad, 
wliile  the  surplus  left  by  increasing  homo  productions 
piiniittcd  the  retention  of  larger  sums  for  circulation, 
plate,  and  jewelry."' 

-'  Exports  of  Ciilifuriiia  prti.luct.i  other  than  treasure: 

Vfiir  IsTfl.  Year  1S.")5.  Year  isTifi. 

Wlieat,  bags it,(m  8;{,(l00  2:i,iM) 

()at.i,  hags :<,'.>()0  4!), 000  l.*?.000t 

1?  Ill  V,  hag.! ir),(i(K)  73,000  r>,0(M) 

!h)iir,  hags  and  hhl.) rKS.OOO  llO.iHK)  74, (KM)^ 

( •.•Ati  anil  hran,  hags 12,000  5,000 

I'oUtoe.s,  hags i>.),000  12,(MK) 

lli.les,  no 44,000  ll'-VKK)  170,000 

.S'.dns,  haL.i I,(i00  5,000 

'IV.Uow,  bhl  i r>00  1 ,  700 

Wool,  hales 1,100  2,500  4,000 

Luuiher,  thousfin.l  feet*..       3,i:00  '2jm  l,!^^ 

Quicksilver,  llasks 21,000  27,200  23,700il 

*  Besides  larce  quantities  of  slilugles,  etc. 
■h  L'hielly  to  l'er\i. 
f  f'liielly  t(>  Australia. 

I,  Over  liiilf  to  Mexico,  re:  t  to  Pern,  Cliina,  and  New  York,  and  a  little  to  Aus- 
tralia.   In  \hy.i,  18,800  llaslis  were  shipped. 

Aliliough  tlio  ahove  staples  include  a  .small  portion  of  imported  gooda,  they 
1  i.y  he  es.sentially  ealL d  ('.ilifornia  produels.  In  1S.V>  tliey  formed  consid- 
e:alily  more  tliiui  half  the  vidnc  of  exports,  exoludingtreasure.  Tlio  remainder 
i  uhided  iron-work  and  other '.'alifornia  manufactures,  so  that  the  proportion  of 
I. are  reexports  M'as  not  large.  In  IS.'O  the  value  of  produce  shipped  fi^U  otf 
ci^aew'.iat,  but  the  largo  increiise  in  both  years  over  the  exi)ort3  of  1854  show 
'.'  e  nature  of  the  industrial  revolution  then  beginning.  S.  J,  Pioneer,  March 
'X  1  ■>77,  claims  for  Peebles  and  Wadaworth  the  first  wheat  shipment  from 
I'li'hle's  farm.  Alta  C"L,  June  1 1,  1853,  reconls  the  first  salmon  shipment  to 
Australia.  S<ir.  Union,  Oct.  1.3,  2(>,  1855.  C'rary,  Stal.,  :M.S.,  2-3,  alludes  to 
e.irlicr  Hourings,  and  later  one.^  in  (S'.  /'.  Bulletin,  Apr.  24,  1856. 

-'Compare  M-itli  figures  given  xmder  imports. 

■ '  For  making  estimates  of  actual  gold  yield,  J.  Ross  Browne  nssnmes  that 


118 


I'OKKUlN   I'OM.MKItCK. 


AFi'tals  foniicd  tlM>  main  Ci'atun!  of  exports  for  iiuiiiy 
years,  I'Vi'ii  to  f'oit'luii  couiitius ;  l»iit  in  this  n'sjuit 
a  chan<jfo  took  jilaci;  iK'f'oro  the  close  of  tlic  fifties,  with 
the  increaso  of  wluat  Hhipnuuts,  wliicli  have  siiitf 
assumed  the  pr('i>omlemtiiii^  lead,  although  cheeked 
oeeasioiially  hy  ihouglits,  as  in  1  8(J;5-5.     ]]y  1881  they 

8'3H),(KK),()(K)  iii.iy  1k)  mhlod  to  tliu  t'XiKtrt  tiguros  for  tliu  10  yuan  following 
1848,  which  is  uvith'iitly  m-ariT  tlii'  ti'itli  tluiii  tho  nut  iiticotunioii  cstiinul' 
of  ?<40,(KM»,(MK)  for  tlio  iiiiio  yeiivn  I'liuuig  in  IS.')(i.  Vet  1  prufiT  to  l>o  li  s< 
bwuijiiiif;  ill  my  cikU'iiliitionM.  It  niiiHt  lie  home  in  niiml  thiit  tiiu  tuina'orili  it 
nuioiiiits  carrii'il  away  gruilually  tlci-risi.so  witii  llus  ustaMislniiciit  of  ItiUik-i 
iiiitl  ri'liiililo  I'Xprosse.s;  that  the  aluituiuont  incrrtain  imports  liiiil  great  ellrrt, 
thmigii  c-ounteracted  liy  the  ilumamU  of  a  growing  puiuilation  in  other  direr 
tioiiK,  hy  the  drain  througii  aliscnteex,  by  home  eiri'idatiou  and  alMorptimi 
for  niannfautureH,  and  liy  monetary  di.sturhaneeM,  as  in  IS")").  While  eximrt, 
tigures  must  form  the  hasia  for  estimates,  I  tind  them  unHatiiifaetory,  owing 
to  tlio  di'struction  of  early  custom-house  rei-orda  hy  tire,  and  the  contradic 
tiuuM  {tresonted  hy  otiieial  ihieumentx  for  ditlercnt  years.  Some,  fur  insUince, 
uive  the  xteamer  shipments  and  neglect  wholly  or  partially  the  reniitt-uici  . 
I)y  Mailing  vessels,  or  to  li'sH  prominent  ih'stinationt).  Ross  Browue  oiid  oth 
ors  correct  tlieir  earlier  tigures,  and  still  exhihit  overHightH.  Not  fetiliii;^ 
myself  warranted  in  going  outsidi^  of  these  sources,  I  can  only  select  thoM' 
amounts  which  ap]iear  best  sup]ioi'te<l  in  their  details,  using  tliu  statements 
of  tlio  I'aeilic  Mail  S.  S.  Co.;  of  Uutlcr  King,  in  Ciil.  Jmir.  Sni.,  ISo'J,  tii'iO; 
ri'ports  from  custom-house;  estimates  of  I,.  A.  (iarnettof  the  S.  F.  roliiii'in ; 
J.  A'lw.H  Hnnriiv'i  Jt'ijxiit,  IStiT,  p.  50;  IS()8,  p.  IIVJ;  Mvir/Ktntji'  Mm/.,  x.xiv. 
547,  etc. ;  ('ill.  I{i<ihtvi;  1857,  l».  Ill';  lilub's  /'nx/urt.  I'nr.  Mtl<il.s  l'O  1,  a 
Somewhat  mixed  estimate;  the  more  aeceptahle  Dti  Mar'x  ///.•'.  Pirr.  Mdul-, 
l()l);  P/iillijin'  Miniii;i,M;  I/i/fiU's  /iV.soior''.'', -40;  the  h.istj  Hoirir'ti  J/i/i/nniiir 
Mliiiw/,  L'SS;  Hfilr/i's  Mini's,  (107,  etc.;  aud  reports  ill  AUa  Cut.,  S.  F.  lSitU,tiii, 
J'rirr.i  ( 'iirrrii/,  and  Mfiniut.  (J(iZ)tt<: 

Treasure  export: 

As  Koeorded.  Estiinatcd  Yield. 

1 84S §L',(HH),(K)0  §10,<KM),(XH) 

1S4S) 4,000,000  40,(KM>,(K)0 

KS,".0 'JO,-J<K),0()0  50,(HH),(KX) 

1851 4'_>,(100,(MtO  «)0,(MH),(«K) 

I8.-)1> 4(),()(K),(»00  (k),OlK>.(MK) 

IS.-).-? 57,.'«H).(HK)  C5,(K>0.(HH) 

1 8.-)4 5l», 000,000  60,000,000 

KS.")5 45.1>00,(!.)0  55,000,000 

185(5 5l,(KK),tHK>  50,000,000 

Totals §3:n,000.«M)0  $t5G,0(X),lK)0 

The  receipts  at  eastern  mints  up  vo  Jan.  1854  have  been  given  at  t^'ilO,- 
000,1)00,  with  variations  of  ten  per  cent  from  this  figure.  The  I'ac.  Mail  C'u. 
claimed  to  have  carried  !?1 5,  l(K>,(HM>,  in  bullion,  between  Apr.  11,  1840,  ainl 
July  I,  1850,  Sac.  Tntmci-iyt,  July  H,  1850,  charging  5  per  cent  for  frciglii 
and  insurance.  Alta  Cul..,  Dec.  15,  1849. 

Of  the  shipments  in  185S,  about  ??48.00(),000  went  to  New  York;  J!5,(MH>,- 
000  to  Kiigland;  ^1)(H),0<K)  to  China.  In  1854  54(),500,(K)0  went  to  New  York, 
etc. ;  S.1,8»M),000  to  England;  ft;|.0(M).000  to  China.  In  1855  «sk8, 700,000  went 
to  New  York,  etc.;  ii!5,'J(H),000  to  Kngland;  S!9(X),(K)0  to  Cliina.  In  IS.'xi 
flO,  (KK).  000  went  to  eastern  U.  S.;  .$8,700,000  to  Kngland;  §1,5(K).000  to  China; 
$80(),000  to  Panamd,  Facitic  islands,  ^outli  America,  East  Indies,  Australia, 
etc. 


FUUrilKK   ITKMS  ON    KXI'OUTS. 


119 


rciuluMl  iioarly  1,000,000  tons,  wortli  {?;$ 1, 000,000, 
tlioii^h  (L't'ivasiiii;,  with  souu;  tluct nations,  to  ulioni 
(17 J, 000  tons,  worth  nearly  ^'JOjOOO.OOO,  tor  tlie  crn-til 
vr.ii-  nidiMj;'  ihnu!  .'JO,  188'J.  Tliis  amount  was  sup- 
pi. iiinitrd  by  tlour  wortli  nearly  3'^>,000,000,  l>y  l)ar- 
it\,  t'niit,  canni'<l  ^ootls,  and  wine.  Jielineil  sujj^ar, 
r\|»l().sivi's,  and  lunilur  are  anioiij;'  j^oods  which  1k1)» 
to  swell  the  total  export  iVoiii  San  Francisco  to 
(i\ti'  .^100,000,000,  lialt'  of  it  in  domestic  nierchan- 
(li.M',  and  one  sixth  in  i)nllion,  for  alioard,  1'he  rest 
^iics  inland  anil  to  the  Atlantic  states,  in  whieii 
la-t  direction  l>uHion  sustains  itself  at  the  head;  for 
alihongli  the  yield  of  the  California  mines  has  steadily 
drcliiiJd  to  below  $i!0,000,000,  yet  j^'old  and  silvJr 
totals  stood,  as  lat"  as  1  i^77,  at  870,000,000,  under  con- 
si  j;,uncnts  from  Nevada.  Since  then  the  latter  liave 
di'dined  to  less  than  the  California  production.  The 
causi's  which  are  tendinis  to  diminish  imjiorts,  such  as 
reduced  wages  and  inen-asing  industiits,  lielj)  also  to 
au'uient  the  surplus  for  export.  To  this  end  have 
likiwisc  coutributed  the  mining  discovei-ies  in  Cali- 
i'oriiia  and  adjoining  states  and  tciritories,  by  bring- 
ing an  army  of  workers  and  enlarging  the  markets. 
Increased  railway  eompitition  ])romotes  the  same 
object,  in  opening  wider,  not  alone  the  eastern  por- 
tals, but  those  of  several  intermediate  regions."" 

"'After  1 8.')(>  the  exports  of  S.  F.  fi>llow  approxiiniitely  the  v,'iri;«tionH  iii- 
(lii'iiti'il  iiikUt  iinitorts.  Aeconliiii;  to  U.  S.  (Join,  iiinf  X"ri;/.,  jiassim,  tliey 
MIC  valued  iitiilumt  ?<1'_',000,()00  of  (U)ine»tie  goods  and  Inillioii,  and  :?•.', 'J()(),(I(K) 
t(i  •S'!.riltO,(K)0  of  foreign  goods  and  bullion,  for  lSr)(j-7,  lS.")7->>,  and  1S.">H-It;  in 
IS.V.)  m  Uwy  fell  to  $7,401), OlM)  and  .*-J,9tM),(HK),  for  donioslio  and  f(uvigii, 
rising  to  *I1,700,0(M)  domestic,  allliough  only  Sl,iHK),(H)0  foreign,  in  IHGU'J; 
aiui  in  USt):{-4  to  $-t8,'J0(),()tX)  domestio  and  ^2,'_'0(),000  foreign,  under  the 
titii.tiii'es  imposed  l>y  the  war.  A  doidine  fcillownd  U>  $'J.S, 800,000  i'onu!stic 
an' .S5, 1  :"5,00()  foreign  in  1807-8;  after  a  fall  to  .S'_»0,800,0i)0  domestic  and 
ti^-'.MiO.OOO  foreign  in  1870-1,  canio  a  rise  to  .*i:i,.")lK),Ot.H)  <lomrstic  and 
t^l.tiMMXK)  foreign  in  1870-7,  thou  a  deuline  lulow  5UO, 000,000  till  ISM  -2 
win  II  Uie  domestic  reached  $55,900  and  tlic  foreign  $l»,S0O,OOO.  Of  tluv.c 
l(i-t  two  an.'i'.nts,  the  iiierehindise  stiuids  for  nearly  i?.')|{,OtX),(KX)  domestic  and 
i^7iiO,(K)0  foreign,  and  the  coin  and  bullion  ftir  §3,01)0,000  domestic  and 
•I?'-', l.'iO,(M)0  foreign.  San  Diego  is  credited  with  !?.")1(},000  domestic  and 
■T^I.^.OIIO  foreign  merchandise.  The  export  of  nierehandisc  and  treasure  to 
tiir  .Mst  and  abro'd  stood  in  185i»at$tJ,(H)O,00Oand!?48,»H)O,0OO,  respectively; 
in  I.Slilat.*IO,t)00,(X)Oand.'?41,0(K),(M)0;  in  I8t>4at  !?1:{,(H)0.(KK)  and  .^r)7,(MH),(K>b; 
tile  iiiereliamiiso  export  rose  to  8-;{,000,000  in  1808,  while  the  treasure  ship- 
inriits  declined  to  §:W,()00,(H)0  in  1870,  both  falling  in  1871  to  S14,OlK),000 
and  617,000,000;  in  1873  they  sUud  at  ^1,000,000  and  §25,000,000.     Mer- 


120 


FOREIGN  CO^r.MERCE. 


i's.'^ 


The  direction  of  trade,  which  at  first  sou<j^lit  near- 
lying  ports  along  the  Pacific  for  urgent  supplies,'^'  fell 
quickly  into  the  main  channel  flowing  from  New  York 
and  other  large  cities  of  the  United  States,  v/hence 
came  the  main  supplies  of  merchandise,  under  a  protect- 
ing tarifi[*  which  hampered  foreign  competition.  This 
trade  reached  its  maximum  in  1852-3,  after  which  th*^ 
growing  home  productions  of  California  rapidly  elim- 
inated cereals,  then  salted  provisions,  and  gradually  dif- 
ferent products,  till  the  number  of  cargoes  diminished 
from  344  in  1853  to  128  in  1850,^    The  traffic  witli  Chili, 


VM  I 


'!,1 


chandisc  continuoil  to  increase  in  amount  to  $55,000,000  in  1882,  declining 
to  S^:!"), 800,000  in  1885,  all  exclusive  of  transit  goods,  since  wlicn  it  is 
a^'ain  rising.  The  staple  export  v.as  wheat,  which  during  the  war  dimin- 
ished from  100,000  tons  in  18U1  to  14,000  in  18U5,  owing  to  droiiglit,  iimt 
then  sprang  to  2f50,000  tons  in  18G7  and  following  yeai-a,  falling  to  UK),0(M) 
in  1872  a'.nl  rising  to  600,000  in  1877  and  to  nearly  1,000,(X)0  tons  in 
ISSl,  valued  at  §30,800,000.  In  188.".  it  stood  at  §10,100,000,  and  ro.se  aj;ain 
liefore  1888.  A  lar^'c  proportion  went  to  England.  The  Hour  export  mse  to 
.S'>,.'M),0(M)  in  1884.  Of  the  total,  $4,700,000,  in  188(5,  England  and  t'liiiia 
tiink  more  than  .*l,r)0(),0(M)  each.  Wool  shipments  advanced  steailiU  to 
28,000  tons  for  187(>,  Imt  had  by  188(5  .leclineil  to  17,0(M),  worth  «!r),r.<K),0(K>. 
(Quicksilver  declined  in  production  fully  one  half  after  IhSl,  when  shipiiunts 
reached  $1,000,000.  Horticultural  products  M-ere  rapidly  increasing,  on  thi- 
otluT  hand.  In  188(5  the  wine  export  hy  sea  stcKul  at  more  than  750,(1(1(1 
gallons,  chiefly  to  N.  York,  to  wliich  nuist  be  abided  considerable  consign- 
nieuts  by  land.  Canned  goods  are  growing  in  favor.  Biirley,  refined  sugar, 
borax,  powder,  lumber,  are  among  noteworthy  exports,  ranging  from 
$.">00,(K}0  downward.  While  agricultural  products  have  tiiken  tlie  lead  in 
this  gold  land,  to  the  overshadowing  of  its  once  all-important  treasures,  tin 
export  (,f  the  latter  was  nevertheless  maintained  at  the  head  till  the  lati  r 
part  of  the  seventies,  reaching  $58,000,000  in  1877;  but  this  was  due  to  the 
Kevaihi  mines,  which  burst  into  prominence  early  in  the  sixties,  with  a  yieiil 
increasing  to  over  $50,0(X),000  in  1877,  but  fell  off  by  1881  to  less  tlian  a 
dozen  millions,  with  subsequent  further  decline,  Tlie  yield  of  Cal.  had  con- 
tinued to  steadily  diminish  from  $51,000,000  in  1857  to  $17,000,000  in  1881. 
yet  it  reached  a  triHe  higher  in  1880,  when  the  shipments  by  sea  stood  at 
$18,200,000,  of  which  $11,200,000  to  China  and  $2,000,000  to  Japan,  both 
mostly  in  silver.  Inland  remittances  stood  $29,700,000.  For  additional 
leading  authorities,  see  notes  under  imports. 

"Even  in  1852  large  quantities  of  flour,  rice,  etc.,  were  bought  at  various 
ports  for  the  rising  market  at  S.  F.,  with  large  profits,  as  Crary,  Sfnt.,  ^IS., 
2,  relates.  Hawley  in  Feb.  18t")0  bought  2,500  barrels  of  potiitoi'S  and  aliiio.-t 
cleared  the  Islands  of  produce;  but  the  cargo  wiis  destroyed  by  fire.  Half  nf 
it  had  been  sold  for  $250,000.  Sfnt.,  MS.,  (>-7.  Exports  to  Hawaii  in  I84.S, 
812,800;  in  1849,  $131,500;  in  1850,  $30(5,000,  acconling  to  the  Friiwl,  vii.  11: 
J'oli/iii'siiiii,  vi.  141;  vii.  149;  Sf"r  omt  ('iil.,'Sov.  25,  1848.  Concerning  Cliiii 
Hour  Ventures,  Schenck,  1'/';/.,  MS.,  20,  Belden,  .S'<«(/.,  M.S.,  CO-1,  Ro<ich,  ,Sfj'i., 
MS.,  1(5,  give  some  interesting  facts.  Even  the  Farallones  were  ransackid 
for  eggs,  as  described  in  llaifxrn  Mii<i.,  xlviii.  622-5.  Sec  also  Coti'iiiini -f 
Vi{f.,  MS.,  151-2;  F'i!/\s  yi(rO<,  MS.,  9-10. 

^''The  arrivals  from  the  U.  S.  Atlantic  porta,  which  in  1853  stood  at  tli'" 
high  figure  of  .'W4  vessels  with  a  tonnage  of  2(50,000,  fell  rapidly  in  1854  to 


COAST  TRAFFIC. 


121 


as  the  chief  flour  warehouse  for  California,  declined  in 
a  more  striking  degree,  during  the  same  period,  from 
I  -27  nirgoLS  to  11.^"  Tlie  imports  from  Mexico,  China, 
the  I'acific  islands,  and  East  Indies,  consisting  of  sugar, 
T-  a,  rice,  fruit,  and  the  like,  not  being  among  tlie  grow- 
ing liome  productions,  the  trade  was  sustained.  And 
SI)  with  Australia,  although  here  with  a  partial  re- 
versal, for  many  articles,  like  flour,  once  introduced, 
wi  TO  no'.v  returned  to  supply  the  antipodal  gold-fields.^" 
The;  steady  intercourse  with  Panamd  and  Nicaragua 
\v;i>  maintained  by  the  leading  steamship  lines,  but 
with  a  shrinkage,  due  on  the  one  hand  to  the  with- 
(h;.wal  of  rival  lines,  on  the  other  to  Walker's  inva- 
sion. Enghind,  France,  the  Hanse  towns,  and  other 
European  contributors  had  been  greatly  sup})lanted 
by  the  eastern  United  States,  through  which  most 
( 'alifornia  immigrants  passed. 

Tlicse  different  curtailments  were  balanced  numeri- 
cally, although  hardly  as  to  tonnage,  by  the  growth  of 
tin;  coast  traffic,  which  in  1855  em])loyed  a  tonnage  of 
1!>0,000.^^     It  had  been  fostered  primarily  by  the  ex- 


l.'io.OOO  tons,  and  in  ISofi  to  140,000  tons,  covercil  by  128  vessels,  evidently  of 
;i  s,i[nri(ir  class.  Few  clcured  direct  for  tlie  east,  but  sought  return  cargoes 
els,  uIkto. 

■^TIic  127  vessels  entered  in  ISo'i  measured  37,000  tons;  in  1S.">4  came  ."9, 
ii:iil  in  IS.jG  only  11,  of  barely  4,000  tons.  Peru  participated  largely  in  the 
(Lrliue. 

'"'Sir.  Transcript,  Aug.  30,  1850,  comments  on  the  fine  (juality  of  flour 
then  liriiught  from  Australia. 

^' The  following  list  exbibits  the  extent  .if  tlio  cx])ort  tratle  in  diflfereut 
directions  for  ISoG:  To  New  i'ork,  l.""J,000  hi.l-^s,  3,9tK>  iiales  wool,  skins,  oii, 
Mustard  seed,  etc.,  besides  2,4()0  flasks  ol  (Hiieii;;ilver;  value  .t'l,114,00J. 
A;;  tralia,  63,400  barrels  flour,  32,500  1.';!  js  grain,  2,")0  flasks  (piieksilver,  etc.; 

V  l,;e  .«!.  123,000.     Mexico,  13,500  flaskt;  rpicksilver,  2,000  cases  wine,  etc'.; 

V  hio  8781,000.  Peru,  4,500  flasks  quicksilver,  bags,  etc.;  value  .S:{;iS,(Ki;». 
i'i"aii,  slioes,  bi.icuits,  etc.;  value  $240,00;).  China,  4,200  barn  Is  flour, 
;i  i.»  flasks  quicksilver,  etc.;  value  $240,00',).  llussiau  N.  W.  Possessions, 
\  lidus  store  sutJiilies,  $128,000.  Chili,  ^i^l  17,00:);  Society  Islands,  .^ii2,<)0  >; 
"-'•y-w  <;ranada,  $43,000;  Vancouver  Island,  .t^-Ji^OOO;  Costa  Pvica,  t;12,0()0. 
Tnt  .1  export  value,  64,271,030. 

Kirly  in  1819  I  lind  only  threo  consular  represeutativiis  in  Cul.,  even 


l^u  1.1  url  not  beii)' 


■presented,  in  spite  of  the  urgiuj's  in  parliament.  Ji' 
ii.  5J7,  l;J7;  Alia  Cnl.,  Jan.  25,  loi'J;  J'uljiii.^!:,!,  v. 
I "■';  S:'ir  and  Oil.,  Nov.  25,  I'C'.S,  But  there  woro  enough  i.i  l.'WJ,  beiu;.'  ci  n- 
f  Is  f.ir  Auitria,  (ire;;t  IJrit.iin,  Bremen,  Bel,;;ium,  Cliile,  Denmark,  ]'.  ,iii-,-, 
iliiiilmrg,  Hanover,  Hawaii,  ^tec'tlenlmrg,  Mexico,  Netherlands,  Svedcaai;  I 
Niin\ay,  Nicaragua,  Oldenburg,  Peru,  I'ortugal,  Prussia,  'pain,  S'-'-'it^-jrlaiid, 


122 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE. 


tension  of  mining  northward,  and  gradually  by  the 
ovor-augnienting  flow  of  sup])lic>s  and  passengers  to 
and  from  the  expanding  settlemcMits  in  different  direc- 
tions. While  eastern  lumber  was  at  first  sup])lantt^  J 
by  the  timber  from  Puget  sound  and  northwaid.'' 
California  developed  this  and  other  resources  within 
her  own  territory,  and  so  in  due  time  with  article  s 
like  ice,  which  coming  first  from  Boston  was  sup- 
planted   by   the    fields    of  Alaska,^^   and    finally    by 

anil  Sardinia.  Soon  after  caiiio  additions  for  China,  Central  America,  Ecua- 
dor, Kueva  (Iranada,  and  Russia. 

DISTKIUITION  OK  SAN  FIIANCISCO'S   TUADE. 


18,-.3. 

1 

1854. 

18.5.5. 

185C. 

Arrivals. 

C  It'll  r- 
ancus. 

Vrrl- 
ruls. 

Clcar- 
aucus. 

F3. 

58  * 

Arrivals. 

Clear- 
anct'.-. 

cj 

.:    05 

c3 

d 

6 

o 

« 

o 

T. 

Sf 

If 

^ 

•r. 

^ 

sf 

^ 

J 

Sf 

yi 

S 

a 

a 

B 

p 

0 

W 

a 

p 

n 

n 

i'         0 

r. 

p 

V, 

n 

p 

a 

(/] 

0 

■J. 

c 

O 

0 

u  1     0 

V 

o 

(U 

o 

c         o 

o 

o 

o 

^ 

H 

>  1     H 

^ 

H 

r' 

H          t- 

b. 

> 

H 

> 

r.  S.  A-.l.piirt.-. 

;i|.| 

2r,0S4.') 

ar.'  3  ".89 

15:«13 

14 

fi('.37 

117870 

128 

149370 

7 

r,o,,- 

I'.  S.  I'lic.  ports  110 

041  lOS 

72ti  1378(i0 

.".8,.  138UH) 

189(135 

io;m 

13811. 

8(10:1371<1 

Wlmlcr.- ^  11 

2.">I5 

7,    ISi,-. 

3 

C50,    7     iy2i 

3<i09   2.5a5 

12 

287;' 

18    ;;.-..". 

Ku.s.N.W.iiorts      ti 

18b3 

fil    MM 

5 

2527 

9      47.7 

]:riti>li  Cdlum.    20 

;!'i'j.i 

21     4tl.VJ  21 

37(15   24      497(1 

8 

537 

5      (I:S 

Moxicii 

41 

71T7 

72  i(i;u;^  2ii 

3  77    31.      80(15 

362(115043 

.S8 

.5.531 

43     8-;:! 

Ni(Hrii'.M:n.  .  . 

.•52 

302112 

28   2(1172  ■_.;.  31(.ll    20    2syr.7 

13 

15,571 

11   1-.I  .; 

Cent.  AmiTica. 

3       7.-7:     1            1 

1 

182 

2'      -1' 

N.  Gnm.,rnii..    4"i 

54.-2(i 

3y   538.-,,  31    54121    33 

.52994 

2(1 

49903 

2(1 '  -50.;.: 

Kctindiir         . . 

2       44i,;     1            1 

1 

I'orii. 11 

2117  2(W  1(VJ022;  4!      ''.89124 

824,58 

7 

879 

,59 '  fH;.-.::! 

Chilo       1.7 

37l;i7  12(1    40J2l!        12;i.li:  3J 

13-11,2 

(H03 

11 

a'j.N) 

21 !    .V...; 

Au>lrMlia .    y 

317'J:  .'">2    1I12S  11      »iS.")4    40 

10292 

598(11,5809 

11 

:!;i75 

2J    1-JV^ 

Miiiiil.i 1    6 

2102 

21    1.VJ30 

1           1 

7 

2031 

19    17>,-.J 

Hawaii              J  47 

70.V2 

i*\   1(1471, 

10     8IJ1   52 

i;W3 

101(1<>  10720 

31 

(KWl 

42    1.7.V,.', 

(-Uitr  I'lic.  i.,r»    21 

•l\7i 

28      fkiOO 

lo      2.kil    14 

2287 

37U5    2.13 

22 

2522 

15      1171 

Kast  liidit'i 

y 

3  '.8:1 

(IS   417.'.0 

1             ' 

10 

3983 

31    2*^  '5 

<':.iiia        

5.-. 

2432J 

'ili   5S2'17 

58   31160  117 

91987 

17626 

43    27110 

7j  72:;m 

]  rr.zil 

1 

8L2 

2 

«SG 

5 

204J 

t^jiaiii. 

1 

181 

Italy      

1 

ail 

Frniicc. 

81 

1041.'. 

4.5(12 

l:V    7r,ll) 

1       liOO 

(irt'iit  1  rltain.. 

SI   8.".;;;!i 

2'.  114 

2.5883 

21    1172., 

Ii.IIuihI. 

tl     3-117 1 

3030 

II:;;i  o  l.iwus.. 

i.-i    8;t,-), 

7     2815 

lU'iiiiiirl;.. 

1        8;!0l 

"-IJritish  Columbia  supplies  of  timlier  and  salmon  with  larjjely  supiilaiiicd 
by  tlio.so  of  tlio  adjoining  U.  S.  territories. 

^^  Operations  l)c,i;an  liero  by  tho  American-Russian  Coiii.  Co.,  and  ia 
Marcli  1S.");{  X.\\&  L\i))si,)t  iiiiived  with  the  lir?,t  cargo.  O.ily  l,2iH)  tonsvnv 
bi'oujiht  tliat  year;  but  depi.ts  wero  formed  at  Sitka  and  Kodiak,  witli  biick 


i<'ediou.ses  at  the  leading  trading  towns  in  CaL,  with  eapaeity  riingiiig  fi 
4tK)  ti>  l,.'i()0  ttms,  to  be  supplied  by  monthly  vessels.     l)etails  in  my 


paeity  riingiiig  tin 
Details  in  my  III 
A  Irahu     First  eastern  cargo,  s,  dly  wasted  by  ccpiJitorial  heat,  rejmrted  ii ' 
('(iiirlrr,  .luly  ].'5,  120,  185;).     Crowt'i  (.f  ieo  trade  in  S(U'.  Uiii'.m,  }\u\.  ;*.,  r  - 
Ja.i.  7,  U,  17,  March  lU,  May  10,  Juiiu  \\  1850;  Alta  Cal.,  Oct.  '2'J,  1C,",1. 


C'USTOM-HCSE  STATISTICS. 


1C3 


-^r 

CC'i 

8C.0;l371''i 

IS 

;>■••> 

9 

47.7 

r^ 

cr.s 

4-A 

,4-7:! 

11 

iMri 

-! 

:'.li 

21;' 

1 

noccT 

J 

r).i.-,7:? 

•21' 

y .,  i 

UJ 

VJ.''"'- 

]J 

171. '.I 

4-1 

1, -,:..-.-. 

l.'> 

V.Tl 

HI 

i)-;^  i'> 

'.«X) 


iUl.l     111 

bus  v<iv 

11/     flMill 

llii'    '• 

l.i. 


I. 


t!  10  Sierra.  With  tlio  return  of  cheaper  prices,  whalers, 
^vliich  once  resorted  to  the  bay,  brguii  again  to  slu»\v 
tqtprL'ciatiou  of  the  facihtios  here  oflered  for  rcipiiiis. 
>San  Francisco  naturally  remained  the  objective  point 
fur  occ;in  traffic,  and  consequently  the  great  deiJot  in 
this  respect;  but  for  home  products  difi'erent  distribu- 
tarv  places  arose  to  wrest  from  her  this  profitable 
l)U;-iness,  and  cloud  lier  prospect  for  a  tinu\ 

V/ith  the  growth  of  wheat  shipments,  England  be- 
caiiie  the  leading  custom' r,  bv  taking  one  half  of  the 
ti)tal  export  to  foreign  countries,  and  returning  abort 
one  sixtJi  in  direct  imports.  Hawaii  stands  next  on 
till-  list,  by  contrilmting  one  fourth  t)f  the  imports, 
1;  uly  all  in  raw  sugar,  and  receiving  fully  one  fourth 
.  ;"  s  value  in  pr«)visions  and  manufactures,  China 
t.,i  s  a  Lirgo  proportion  of  the  flour,  and  most  of  th(,' 
biiv(  r  coin  sent  fmrn  hen-,  returning  chit'flv  tea  and 
ilci  ;  wliilo  Japan  shares  in  the  silver  and  manufac- 
turing t  xport,  an<l  otters  especially  silk  in  exchange. 
Mc'xico  re<piires  nr>stly  mining  machinery  and  cpiick- 
>ilver;  Central  xVnu'rica  re(juir«'S  Hour,  and  in  Austra- 
lia canned  fish  find  a  market;  while  wodd  and  iron 
iiianuiactures  compete  with  English  ware.  The  ]H)si- 
tinii  i»f  San  I'^rancisf  o  as  the  importing  centre  for  tlie 
coa>t,  and  tlie  exce])tionally  rich  and  varied  produc- 
tions (if  tlK.  state,  and  its  superior  advantagi'S  f  r 
iiianv  nian'ithetMrcs,  have  resulted  in  a  coast  trade, 
wliii  h  dut  lag  the  two  decades,  1oj(]-7Cj,  grew  sixfold 


111  tiiiii;!  '^v 


I  lie  sudu  ;,  n.^;;  of  San  Francisco  in  lo40-50,  from 
Jill  ;.linost.  Ml,  :iK-.-u  villavre  t<>  a  ct-ntre  of  niaritlnio 
trade,  stands  im[»recedcnted  in  the  annals  of  navigation. 
J  lie  entries  of  ^essels  at  tin-  custom-] lousi'  during  the 
liiiif  months  ending  Dcccmlu  r  !,;'.»  bring  ovtr  TOO, 
iiii.l  for  the  year  ending  June  ib,)\  nu)re  than   b.lO."' 

"' ('ompare  noiea  inr  sliipjiin^',  oTcyior: ;,  r.ml  import;. 

•"A  8t;it,.  atiit  of  tlio  c.U.  .t  r  :.t  S.  I'.  .  :i  N,>v.  M,  1S40,  pl.vcos  tlio  ar- 
r.v,.!;  MiKv  i— I  1.  t  iit  O'JT,  »<i  wiiiili  4ul  wfiv  Aimrirau,  wiili  a  tiiimayo  of 
'''..■1.S4.  a  I.;  u  '.»  rtirfi^^u,  toiina^'i-  ItJ.S-ja,  iii.l;:.',iinr  so  .t;  vr.ssrU  >\liic'i  in;i<'.  ; 
liiiT' liwii  ouv>  1  ,..;'•,  BUi'l.  ad  iiiuii  ticuiiier.j  ami  etKifatort,;  Kt-vcr..!  i.ic  i-(>f-w;ir 


124 


FOREICN   COMMERCE. 


'i.:i. 


1^  li 


Most  of  those  arrlvliiij:  tluriiii;  the  fir^t  twt  Ivo  inonilis 
wore  left  to  swiiig  at  anchor  in  the  bay,  untenanted, 

alio  eiitcrotl.  Only  Si'2  vusduls  were  tlieii  rcconlcil  na  lying  tliijre,  wlulo  ll.i.' 
CDV.  a  ;i':-.t,  King,  nastily  jilaood  the  iiuinl>i;r  in  June  at  over  l^U).  iJolv,  >  n 
Apr.  IJ,  lo4'.),  a::(l  J;;  i.  i.9,  1C.")0,  805  vojocla  wore  rc'iiorLoJ,  of  ■wlilcli437  v  .o 
Anuu-ican;  and  for  llio  year  eiuliiig  Ayr.  15,  lo50,  1,113  vo.^.icl.i,  G'.'i  li.  ..;; 
Anu'ricaii.  For  t!ic  yeare;uling  Juno  33,  IGCl,  the  eutriea 'Woro  8-1,  vi  Ii  a 
t  la.iago  of  £5i>,r_8,  of  Avhich  3/9  were  Aiiiuncan,  while  the  cLaraucs  >V(  ;■>• 
!,,;.'10,  iiui.;lly  A:iieric:iu.  Sao  third iiwto  folhiwhig;  U.  S.  Gov.  Dm:,  C.iir'.  :;_, 
tjj  3.  ];  Sen.  /iV;).,  i.  jit.  xlv.  3-4;  Lf.,  Coug.  31,  Sess.  1,  Sju.  Doc.  3,  v.; 
J'loiinr  Arch.,  Kd-i:,-;  K:wf'a  liipt,  7;  nnffc.i'n  Six  Mo.,  124;  S.  /'.  //  - 
.  .'(/,  .hme  12,  D.c.  25,   DJO;  AUa  C  !.,  li>i:)-5;),  paa^ini;  P<:t:  AV»s,  D... 

1349,  and  passii';  S.  F.  JVrectoiy,  1S52,  10-11,  14;  A'.'.'cs'  />-/.,  Ixxv.  4(1  ; 
/.:;iir('i/'.t  Cm!  r,  Si;  WiUc/s  Per,  Mv:n.,  MS.,  8'J-4;  Wiirnts'  Stitt.,  M.^.,  1; 
Jhini's  Stnf.,  M;5.,  1-2;  Anifr,  Q.  livi/mt.,  ii.  115-20;  PolijiH'<i(in,  v.  1G(>;  1  ■  ,. 
I'Slir,  i.  IK).  1,  etc.;  Frifud,  vii.,  passim;  W'M'Mn:x'  E-rly  liec.,  M.i.,  12;  S<  j- 
V  ril;  S.  F.  Piriii)  ■',  i;  50,  p;;L:sini.  JJuiil\i  Mcnh.  M-.j.,  xxii.  208,  givi'!  (l.u 
tkiparturos  from  J.  '  '  'itic  porta  by  Dec.  25,  1849,  at  775.  Koarly  i  ) 
!>iils  entered  during  I  loiirs  ending  Nov.  21'.h.  ,9  •(•.  Tnin-irripf,  Kov.  i.', 

1350.  S.  F.  Wi.s  ii  liV  fomrth  city  i:i  the  U.  S.  hy  tonn'ige  entries,  r  / 
Jour.  Sin.,  1852,  G.";)-4. 

Arrivids  and  d  jiartures  at  San  Francisco  for  the  civil  yearn  lS51-(),  fi(i;ii 
custoni-hou' e  ri'])ort<  ami  snininarics  i:i  PrirciCiirroit,  Merfiiitili'  Oi'zi'tf';  .l/'i 
i':rl.,  I/cm  I-/,  JitiH-jliii,  and  other  jouniala. 

Arriviil.-..  Clearanrc- 

Vi':  selj.     TDiiimj-'o.      Vessel.^      'I'liiinii'o. 
KS51.  Totals .S4;         •J45,0;8         I,.;i5         i— '.(lif 

l.S.Vi.   American  arriv;.l.i  fro-.. I  Juw.il.    .   "AC)         188,575  4;t5         2I.;,i.;-J 

l''()n'i;;n  arrival.)  froi  i  aliioa  I .  .  .  .    45.)         '^1:9,(1(11!  387  IJl.Ml 

Coaaters,  domestic  and  v.-Judera.  .   351  r,)o,2^2  833         115,;,._* 

1,147         514,400         1,(525        453,4+1 

1S53.  U.  ft.  from  ahroad 179         1 12,0<»6  481         3.38,417 

I'or.'ign  from  ahroad 381         119,000  410         l.tl,4;):{ 

Coasters,  etc 4GG        327,030  750        17i»,2;tt 

1,020         558,102         1,053        1)4(1,072 

in.".4.  Totals C20        40(5,114         1,193        5ir..M;i 

1855.  U.  S.  from  alu-oa.l 210        127,321  328        2.vl..")75 

Forei';u  from  ahroad 1;',5  50,10(5  145  54.011) 

Coasters,  etc 479         2:14,599  548         13;{,  I'.Ki 

824        412,080        1,021        44l,7.s7 

13B6.  U.  S.  from  ahroa.l 1(58         109,919  283        25.-..7:i 

Fori  i;;n  from  ahroad 113  39,(i!:S  115  4-.'.7.S! 

Coasters,  etc 1,174         290,4118  885         147:51.5 

],4,w         440,015  1,283        445.S(:7 

The  Jnarlced  difforcncos  between  some  of  these  luunliers  is  duo  partly  tn 
the  de.itruetiou  of  the  eai'lier  oiistoni-liou.se  reeord.4,  the  neglect  to  duly 'Ii.- 
ti.iguish  coasting  vessels  from  <lomestie  arrivals,  or  even  to  record  duiri,  :iii'l 
lui.itakes  in  Hununaries.  Thus  Alfa  Oi/.  and  J/c/r.  Hazi'tU'  assign  for  \<''\ 
l.-i.')4,  an.l  l.S.-|5  iirrivals  of  1,902,  l,89:i,  ami  I,()0()  (or  1,.520),  reapectiv.  ly. 
A-id  f..r  (lie  year  endinjr  Dee.  20.  18.50,  the  S.  F.  Herald,  Dec.  25,  1850,  ^:ivcs 
6"3  Aniericau  and  only  58  foreign  arrivals. 


DESERTED  SHIPS.  128 

for  tlic  gold-smitten  crews  hurrietl  off  to  tlie  inlnos, 
rei>ardk'8s  of  wages  or  reinonstrancos.  In  July  ISjO 
{'iiilv  500  abandoned  vessels  lay  rocking  in  front  of  the 
citN ,  some  with  cargoes  undisturbed,  for  it  did  not  i)ay 
to  unload  with  costly  labor  upon  a  glutted  market.  A 
number  were  accordingly  sent  up  the  Sacramento  and 
San  Joaquin  rivers,  where  it  was  lu)j)ed  to  si  11  the 
goods,  while  saving  transport  charges.^^  ^lany  were 
sold  for  port  dues  and  broken  up  for  building  material ; 
others  were  hauled  ashore  and  converted  into  stores 
and  lodging-houses;    still  others  rotted  and  saidc  at 

Arrivals.  ("loKraiires. 

"tenintirs.    'iciiiimf,'e.    Steiimors.    'lotniuL'o. 

IS.VJ.  U.  S.  from  abroad G'J             7l.',44 1  GO              IJS,:>  1 1 

Foreign  from  al)roa(l 1                 3Sl(  2                  77S 

CoasUrs  57             4(i,(U(i  90              .57.7.">S 

18.");i.  U.  S.  from  abroad (iO             8_',4ir)  ti4              »•_'.(  KSS 

i'.msters 38            41,0'Jo  108              W,:iiJo 

Arrivals  and  departures  in  Califoniia,  acconlinj;  to  tlic  ('.  .>>.  Coinwi'ire 

and  Xori;/.  Reports,  for  tlie  year  ending  J uiii!  ItOtli,  cliiolly  San  Franciseii: 

, Entries. .  . CU'iirinict's. , 

vo«sd«.''»""«««-  viS.  ■''-'""««-  ve^scis.'^'""""^-  vei:;^:!  ""--■• 

lS4'.t  .^O  ...  140  47,5t.")0  3.")  8'->,S)14  30;<  104,*_'ti(!  .S-JO  7."),8iy 

1V)0  I  *  . . .  379  115,770  4S'_»  142,349  81.")  20;{.4:ri  51.-|  i:!ii,7:<5 

bs.-.l  2t  ...  :W2  145,803  370  115,459  480  2.S3,810  42.)  127.002 

lxV2  :u  ...  '-M0  120,211  444  137,817  4.")0  207,110  40.">  1J1I,:{01 

ls,-).t  4§  ...  184  12.3,3.-)1  271  97,8.^5  418  328,511  3t»l  104,335 

lS%4-5  I  . . .  2'!8  128,713  j.C)  52,220  370  2(i(>,703  100  01,414 

1S55-C!;...  104  12.^),137  127  40,003  312  250,042  127  4;t,2i(5 

•of  wliicli  12  entered  and  13  cleared  from  S.  Diego,  and  2  entered  and  cleared 
(r'liji  Miintcrey. 

+  Tl\e  eiilrU's  nt  other  ports  were  29  at  S.  Pieeo,  fi  at  iMoiilerey,  anil  1  at  ."^acra- 
meiilo;  the  elearances  were  l.i  from  S.  l)ie»;o  and  I  at  Mmnerey. 

1  uut.-ide  entries  were  3  at  S.  Diego  and  1  at  Monterey;  tlie  clearances, ;!  and  I, 
re.-liectively. 

{Eiilric-",  ,'it  S.  Dicpo  1,  Monterey  9:  clearances,  fi  fnim  Monterey. 

IlKtitriesHl  S.  Dieiio  3,  Monterey  1,  .Sonniiia7;  cleinuiicc^,  .'i,  7,anil  il,  re.«i>e(  tively. 

U  Kiilrie.s,  at  Sonoma 4,  S.  I'eilro"  1;  clearances,  Sand  2,  respectively. 

■"'At  S.  F.  52G  are  said  to  have  been  counted  rt  anchor  in  the  early  part  of 
IS.'iO.  and  120  in  or  near  the  t\v<)  upper  rivers.  Threescore  at  lienicia,  says 
ihr  Sul.nio  Co.  IIM.,  104;  Fimllnn  Slut.,  MS.,  0;  I'iiro'.i  lioujli  Slrt,/,,  .MS., 
H»s  10.  The  list  in  Al/n  ("nl.,  of  July  1,  18.")0,  phices  tlie  iiunilicr  tlun  in  tlio 
liiilKirat  512,  of  which  140  were  fuU-riggeil  ships,  l,'i8  barks,  I2.S  brigs,  70 
siliooners,  and  3  ateamcrs.  The  greater  proportion  were  registered  in  the 
r.  .^  ,  New  York  claiming  60  and  IJostou  57.  Of  foreign  vessels,  (It  Britain 
eliiriied  tully  a  score,  including  Irish  hulks;  AiLstralia  about  the  siime  number, 
iihluiling  New  Zealand;  East  hulies  2,  t'liina  2,  Hawaii  0,  C'iiili  11,  I'erii  12, 
Central  American  states  4,  Mexico  4.  As  for  the  Kuropean  continent,  almost 
every  maritime  county  was  represented:  Portugal  I,  Italy  1,  France  several, 
Austria  1,  Holland  2,  (Jcrinany  half  a  score,  Russia  2.  From  otlier  countries 
|i  isMiiuers  had  come  by  way  of  Englaml  and  the  U.  .S.  BesiiU's  this  number, 
ali.'ut  loo  were  lying  at  the  upper  ports  of  the  bay.  The  Sintf'y/'',  with  2,4(M) 
tiiii>  of  freight,  stood  in  the  front  rank  of  earl^'  large  ships.  S.  F.  /'ir(i;rnw, 
i^uu.  -'1,  1850.     Cal.  Courkr  reports  on  June  1,  1850,  at  S.  F.,  035  vessclj,  and 


_£ 


126 


FOREIGN  COMMKnrE. 


1'-^ 


tlioir  moorings.''  Toward  the  close  of  I80O,  tlie 
return  of  tlisappointod  miners  pcrmitt< d  the  enL;aL;('- 
nuMit  of  crews  with  which  to  spread  the  long-foldtd 
sails.  ^'^ 

The  decline  in  immigration  and  placer  mining  had 
their  effect  on  shipping,  which  fell  off  rapidly  after 
1858,  until  it  reached  the  low  figure  of  1 4?', 000  tons 
for  1857-8;  but  with  the  gradual  increase  of  popula- 
tion and  the  development  of  resources,  cs[>ecially  tlie 
growth  of  cereals,  it  began  to  ri.se  again,  until  over 
1,000,000  tons  stood  recorded  for  18i<l-2,  but  with  a 
decrease  to  less  than  700,000  tons  for  1888-9.  Tlio 
civil  war,  the  overland  railway  conii>etition,  and  other 
causes  served  as  a  check  on  American  vessels  in  faver 
of  foreign.  This  is  mainly  due  to  the  increase  of  the 
wheat  export,  for  in  other  respects  the  prepondeniiMC 
is  in  favor  of  tho  United  States.  The  coa.st  traffic  has 
encouraged  the  acquisition  of  vessels,  of  whicii  Ss7 
were  enrolled  and  registered  by  IS82,  including  170 
steamboats.  The  constancy  of  the  winds  on  this  coast 
fiivors  the  use  of  sails. '^^ 

143  at  Siic.  ami  other  bay  and  river  porta.  Hunt's  Jfay.,  xxiiL  324.  In  F'h. 
l;sr>l  till!  .5«(',  Tiuniwr'qit,  Feb.  14,  1S.")I,  report.s  547  vessels  at  .S.  F.,  of  wliiili 
374  woro  Aiiiericiiu  aiiu  JO  ItritLsh. 

^' As  iiistiiiict'd  in  tlio  chaptLT  on  S.  F.  Plnrrr  Tim'*,  May  13,  IS.'tO.  ami 
S'lC.  Tr(niiiTij>t,  Juno  20,  IS.'iO,  show  that  out  of  more  t'lan  SO  vesstls  cut. ml 
there,  33  were  useil  for  stores;  while  the  AnnnU  S.  F.,  2<>S,  22.3,  .3.")r>,  (.■!  linis 
lis  store-sh'iis  at  S.  F.  in  Oct.  \'m\.  Concerning  cunilenined  vessels,  scu 
r.  S.  dor.  Doc,  Cong.  31,  Sess.  1,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  17,  8;ii»,  ihlS.  Vessels  v.iv 
sol.i  for  ri.liculous  prices.  Polyiie.iiai),\'\\.'A\;  Jlenjthiuc*  Emd.*,  MS.,  it.  Cnii- 
c,Tii::ig  harhor  ohstructiou  by  sunken  vessels,  .V.  /'.  liullttin.  Jan.  27,  l^'iT. 
15y  the  spring  of  1851  over  250  vessels  hail  l)een  tran-sferretl  to  owners  at 
S.  F.  Cttl.  Jour.  Sen.,  1852,  G53-4. 

^^  Hence  the  large  excess  of  clearances,  1,330,  over  entries,  8(51,  as  sliewn 
in  iv  preceding  note.  Yet  even  in  Aug.  1850  sailors  demanded  j^lOO  a  nieiith. 
A'.  /'.  IfvraUl,  Aug.  9,  21,  1850.  Action  of  captains,  etc.,  AUa  L'iiL,  Dei.  15, 
184;);  Pac.  Kew.%  Aug.  21-2,  1850;  Pierce's  Hktt,-/,,  MS.,  11± 

•"•The  variations  in  arrivals  at  S.  F.  from  foreign  countries  show  a  deeliiu' 
ia  tonnage  to  147,200  for  1857-8,  followed  by  a  sudden  increase  to  22l,">iiii  in 
1858  1),  with  a  fairly  steady  advance  to  321,300  iu  1S04-5,  to  44.3,7tn  iii 
lJo8-y,  and  after  a  decline  to  353,500  in  1870-1,  to  54^.500  in  1872  :!,  to 
7;IJ,400in  1874-5;  then  several  fluctuations  between  021,000  and  724,00*1.  iiul 
a  -Iiarp  rise  to  80o,700  iu  1880-1,  and  to  1, 1 17,000  in  ISi>l-2,  under  the  luge 
wheat  shipujents,  followed  by  an  abatement  for  three  seasons,  to  whicli  suc- 
ceeded another  ri.ie.  In  1885-6  the  figure  w.is  707, UK)  tons.  The  figun  tor 
1881  2  iiicludes  31)8  American  vessels  of  4.>4,200  ton.%  and  524  foreign  vi  -mU 
of  (W2,700  tons,  or  922  vessels  in  all,  of  which  83  in  l>allast.  In  1885-0  t  !ure 
were  438  American  and  259  foreign  vessels.     San  Diego  swells  the  aniouni  for 


in  !' 
I': 


INFLUENCE  OF  CLIPPER  SHIPS. 


127 


The  stiinnlus  imparted  to  trade  by  the  gold  rush, 
wliilo  afflctiii«'  all  other  carrviii<>'  routes  bv  the  diver- 
sioii  of  vessels,  especially  of  whalers,  led  to  a  strong 
(leinand  for  fast  sailei-s,  owing  to  the  distance  and  the 
liioji  prices  ruling  at  the  new  market.  American 
hiiildcrs  responded  by  an  adaptation  of  their  clip[)er 
models,  hitherto  used  only  for  smaller  craft,  to  large 
ships,  whose  shnpely  outlines,  with  sharp  bows,  tall 
masts,  and  spread  of  canvas,  eclipsed  all  rivals  in 
Inauty  and  sj)eed.  Sevi-ral  of  tliiMii  reduced  the 
passage  from  New  York  to  less  than  tliree  months, 
and  paid  for  themselves  in  one  or  two  trips.*"     Steam- 


lSSl-2  with  60  American  an-l  29  foreign  vessul.-!  of  02,700  tons.  Tlie  clearances 
lit  S.  F.  for  ISSl  2  stan.lat  -lljl  Aiiierican  ami  ."):M  foreign  vussols,  of  1,2(H).0(K) 
ti)iis;  at  Sail  l>ii.'),'o,  tj:{  ves.-«--L*  <•!  'M.iHM)  tons.  Of  sti'aiiiers  S.  F.  rocuivi'd  \'S,i 
.Viia'ricaii  of  242,  HW  tuns,  and  Si  fcinigii  of  ITO.ddO  tons,  clearing  IKSt  of 
4(11, ()()()  tons.  S.  F.  sharol  th-:  l«y  caryocs  with  a  nuiiiltiT  of  towns.  Of  the 
;CiO  vossils  laden  with  grain  an>l  Jlour.  IlW  loa<1ed  at  S.  F.,  117  at  Vallujn,  S4 
at  Port  Costa,  X\  at  Oakland,  31  at  IViiicia,  and  the  rest  elsewhere.  Of  this 
lloi't  li)l  were  British,  ISt  Amt-rican.  22  (Icrnian,  14  French,  'A  Norwegian,  2 
Italian,  and  1  Dutch.  ArrivaLs  from  Atlantic  domestic  ports  dreliiu'il  to 
110,000  tons,  rising  to  |.">7,*^»W  in  KVi*,  falling  off  under  tlie  union  war  to 
!I|,(KX>  tons  in  ISti.").  By  1S«»9  they  had  advanced  to  1(51,000,  Imt  now  with 
till'  opening  of  the  overlaml  railway  came  a  diminution  to  t)S,O.M)  hy  1871, 
aftii'  wliicli  the  growth  of  popn\.^'.i>ia  assisted  to  raise  the  tigxire  to  1,")0,(HJ(>  in 
1877.  Tiie  snbsequent  additi&nal  railway  competition  hat)  naturally  tended 
to  cheek  shipments  l»y  sea.  C'<ia.*t  tradic,  on  the  other  liand,  show.i  a  steady 
iiiciease  from  l.'»8,0<tO  tons  of  »hi{>i>in;.'  t-i  32<».000  in  1S(>(),  to  (»2r>,(KK>  :n  1871, 
5m,0(MI  in  187t),  and  still  fnrtliL-r  «ul>se<|Uently,  although  witli  some  lluctua- 
tioiis,  (hie  ]iartly  to  increasmi^  railway  coiiimnnieations.  There  his  eonse- 
(liu'iitly  lieen  a  rapid  inerea.si;  in  the  C4<ntr<"l  of  vfssels,  so  that  in  ISNl  2  tliiir 
miiiilitr  stooil  at  887,  of  2ll.liJ0  t<«i*,  of  which  188  were  regi.stered,  574 
eni'oUeil,  and  125  licensftl;  •i.'H;  were  isailing  w.ssel-;,  170  steamers  of  7'>,400 
tolls,  and  (il  harges  of  8,2»W  ton.-*.  C  S.  ( '<<iii.  <ui<l  X<tri'i.,  passim;  .S\  /•'.  ( 'ii^t.- 
ll'i.  Lixtx.  S.  /•'.  Directt^rif'i*:  liarlior-iiiattter's  Ueports,  in  .b'.  /'.  Miinicijt.  Ii(}")ils, 
IS.")')  <  t  scq. ;   U.  S.  IturniH  of  .'it>tli'4irt. 

*''Tlie  passage  of  the  average  t-esw-t-l  wa.s  ir>0  days  from  the  Atlantic  U.  S. 
ports,  ,V,  /•'.  Tmile  LUt,  .Jan.  14,  1S.VJ,  hence  it  proved  a  revehition  when,  in 
1S.")|,  the  Flyiiiij  Cloud  made  the  |>a><«age  from  N.  V.  to  S.  V.,  i;{,()10  nautical 
mills,  ill  81)  days,  sailing  374  mile*  in  one  <lay.  In  18.")3,  the  Fli/iiij  l>iitrliiiii<ii 
made  the  voyage  from  N.  V.  to.S.  F.  and  luck  in  si.x  months  and  21  days, 
iiicluiliiig  the  time  occnuie<l  in  •Ui^-liarKing  and  loading.  The  Trui/f  Wiii<l 
siiiled  ifom  S.  F.  toN.  Y.  in  75  diy*.  "The  voyage  from  S.  F.  to  Syilney  was 
miide  in  'iS  day.^  in  1875,  from  .S.F.  to  Liverjiool  in  80^  days  in  181)0,  etc. 
Mi-i'iirtii,  Annual  }it'iti.->Un,tn,  l>sO-l.  5«J0:  AlUi  Cul.,  Aug.  2,  1852;  Jan.  17, 
1S:.,S:  Sept.  29,  1854;  J/unt's  M-vj.,  xiv.  04:  S.  F.  UeruUl,  July  3,  1850;  June 
I,  1852;  I'litcer  Tiiii»--<,  Sept.  15,  l&il.  Uaees  were  frequent.  iS.  /'.  H'/*/./. 
•hily  '2.S,  1853.  The  freight  demanil..-.l  I.y  them  ruled  for  a  long  time  at  !:r.50 
Per  toll  on  certain  goo4l.s,  which  wa«  three  or  four  times  tho  rate  tiiat  had 
hcen  paid  for  snch  diatance:rf.  Their  names  were  frequently  suggestive,  as 
show  II  aiiora.  Concerning  the  fate  of  the  early  clippers,  see  under  wrecks, 
and  ill  -S.  F.  CaU,  Apr.  28,  18«i. 


I''**;! 


\'2S 


FOREKIN  COMMKKCE. 


n^i' 


■^ll   :<  ft  I 


m  i 

I -'If     ]• 


ers,  which  had  so  tar  outorcU  Httio  into  fivight  tratlie 
on  the  ocean,  began  to  join  in  the  competition,  a  num- 
ber being  especially  built  for  this  trade,  besides  those 
of  the  Pacific  Mail  Steamship  company,  which  opcmd 
regular  communication  in  February  1841),  as  described 
elsi'where.  Early  in  1851,  fourscore  steamers,  meas- 
uring 11), GOO  tons,  were  connected  with  California, 
twenty-three  plying  on  the  ocean,  fifteen  running 
southward,  chielly  U)  Pananul,  and  seven  northward, 
including  three  of  the  semi-monthly  Oregon  mail  line. 
In  1852,  the  southern  lines  were  increased  by  four 
steamers  of  the  Nicaragua  route,  after  which  no  ma- 
terial change  took  })lace  in  the  foreign  steamship  tratlir 
for  a  considerable  time,^'  yet  several  lines  were  pro- 
posed for  China,  Australia,  and  Hawaii,  of  which  only 
the  last  obtained  a  paitial  realization  during  this 
period.*""  Meanwhile,  sailing  packets  maintained  a 
stead V  connection  with  these  and  other  countries.'' 

Steamers  could  always  be  found  for  occasional  trips 
in  different  directions.  In  1800  a  line  opened  to  tlie 
Hawaiian  Islands,"  which  subsetjuently  became  a  \va\  - 

*'  Till'  AUji  ( 'ill.,  Marcl>  15,  1858,  enumerates  83  steamers,  of  whiuli  ('i(*  In- 
lougi'il  to  tlu'  inlaiiil  tlcet,  including  tow-boats,  consuming  over  U,(HK)  tons  I'l' 
coil  moiitlily.  On  Occ.  '2M,  no  less  than  14  steamers  were  lying  at  Ceiitnil 
wlimf.  A/..l)ec.  LU,  1850;  S.  /•'.  /'iriu/uiw,  t)ct.  1(),  1850.  A  rival  line  w:is 
luojectcl  in  1850.  /'.u-.  A- »x,  Jan.'  10-1'2,  1850.  In  185:{  there  win  IN 
ocean  steamers.  Allmtl.^  S.  /'.,  4',t4-5.  S.  l'\  Dinctonj,  1852,  25,  names  'JO. 
omhraeing  throe  lines  to  Pananul,  of  m  liieh  two  had  only  three  steamers.  8io 
also  advertisements  in  .S'.  F.  Trai/c  List,  1852- .'{. 

*'- Three  steamers  jircparing  for  experimental  voyage  to  the  Islands,  tin- 
first  link  toward  China,  as  Soc.  Tniiincrijit,  Fei>.  28,  May  15,  1851,  exiinssis 
it.  See  also  Pliccr  'riiiif.i,  Nov.  30,  1851;  Polym'fiian,  vii.  158.  The  lirst  lift 
Dec.  2;{il,  says  S.  F.  llinrU,  ])ee.  10,  1851,  Steam  comnninicatioii  with 
China  was  advocated  in  1848  in  connection  with  the  Panama  line,  llm,!'.^ 
Mcirli.  Mi'ij.,  xviii.  407-70,  xxix.  5-40-59,  and  repeatedly  pressed  hcfmr  idU- 
gress,  although  for  several  years  in  vain.  An  I'^glish  steamer  came  I  rum 
China  in  Oct.  1840.  WiUiniM  Iter.,  MS.,  12;  U.  S.  Ooi'.  Ax-.,  Con^'.  ."I, 
Sess.  2,  H.  Com.  Kept  ."M;  H.  Ex.  Doe.  1,  pp.  208-0,  with  favorable  rcpoit-; 
('((/.  Jour.  .I.s'.t.,  1854,  071;  Speeches,  etc.,  m  favor,  'i'/ioiiipnoii'«  Mfni.,  1  lii; 
L<t//iii Ill's  S]Hrr/i,  1855,  1-15;  />e  Ihtir'it  Jtci:,  Oct.  1855,  450;  Alta  (.'((/.,  Ajt.  7, 
14,  Aug.  2,  1854;  Nov.  9,  1855.  The  last-named  authority  has  remarks  abn 
upon  an  Australian  line. 

*•*  Instance  the  irregular  vessels  from  China  in  1850-1,  in  Snc.  Trmisrrip!, 
Oct.  14,  18,"k);  Feb.  28,  1851;  Foli/mKiivi,  vii.  150,  with  piissages  as  low  is  i>t 
days;  Ihiili/  litilaiiri;  .Ian.  80,  1851.  A  regular  packet  for  China  beuaii  in 
1852.  S.  F.  Ilcridil,  Sept.  24,  1852;  July  2(i,  Aug.  3,  1850;  Hawaiian  w\ 
Mexican  packets,  in  Altn  Cal.,  Sept.  4,  Oct.  G,  1860;  New  York  packets,  .tc; 
Coli-iimii'n  SMf.,  MS.,  100. 

*'ltv  the  Cal.  Navig.  Co.,  monthly,  S.  F.  Bull.,  Jan.  12,  1860;  a  failure, 
Hayes  li.  h'.  Arch.,  v.  165. 


STKAMSllir  UNES. 


1  -J!) 


station  for  Australian  parkots,  and  luis,  siiun^  tlio  treaty 
(if  IS7J,  been  [)rovitleil  with  an  additional  sju't-ial  line.'*' 
Till'  lilil»ustt'r  war  in  Nicaraoua  cut  off  tlio  only 
jHiwcitiil  rival  of  tho  l?anani;i  lini%  IcaviuLif  it  soon  in 
almost  undis[)utod  control  of  the  prolitahle  tralHc  with 
till'  Atlantic  states  and  Mi'xieo.  A  subsidy  from  the 
jiostal  service  encouraged  it  to  inaugurate  in  lH()~a 
iiKHithlv  connection  with  China  by  way  of  Ja|)an. 
which  soon  exj^andcd  nito  a  tralti(^  ■"*  so  renunierativo 


as 


to  i)riM!4'  'I  rival  upon  that  ntute, 


su 


bsid 


V  con- 


trait  with  the  Australian  L;ovcMiunents  maintained  tlu 


Itiaiicli  line  to  Australia. 


Tl 


le  o|>enmL>'  of  lh«'  over- 


hiiiil    I'aihvay  jiroved   a   scnen^   blow  t(t  tlu;  Istlnm 
tiatlic.     Then  come  disasters,  stock  iobbinu',  ami  biib- 
cry  further  to  reduce  its  imitoitance.*" 


he  Ocean ii',  wliich  (.■xtemls  to  Australia,  liosiilo.^  sailing;  linos.    //ii/i 


/'•ir,  Liiii 


</■<,   [it.  i.-u. ;  Jiiiirnii  Aliiuuiiics,  aiul  ('ii/<U>iii.<  Stiiti-s/ii;.i^  : 
.MS.;  Trealv,  in  U.  S.  SUiti>t,.-i,  1874-5,  (ilt-71;  MrCodir 


dri:. 


■K 


iKirt 


.i-iitinii,  Wa.sli.,  IS.VJ. 
lU'i'ia'.ly  ill  carrying  coolios, 


.1  tl 


ilisiih 


Th 
as  lost  aftor  a  f 


lis  raised  an  outcry  from  an 


ti-Ch 


cw  scars. 


*'.  /•'.  .1-  (  7/ 


'mill  (.  'diiiiiiii Kic. 


1-7;  r.  .s'.  <!nrl  Dor.,  Cong.  41,  Scss.   2,  Sen.   Mi.sc.   Doc.  'M,  lL\S,  on  grow- 


iii:  jirolits;  t  on;: 


4."?,   Scss.    1,   Sen.   Rent  'JStl,    Mi.sc.  I)c 


nY2:  II.    I.I. 


■JKi,  •2i:r,   H.   Re[it  .")!t8;  Se.ss.   '2,   Sen.    ivei>t  tl74;   U.   Re^it   '-'(W,   Sen.    Mi.sc. 
I'lir.   Sl{,  all  with   pro   anil   contra   arguments.   ('()//.//■(.«>■.  <;l>!'i\    1S71  •">,    1-0; 
.S.  /•'.  I'/iiiiiilxr  ( '(>;;/., 
y*'/.-.,  cliiellv  .Misc.  1> 


1871),   'JS-HO.     IVtitions  for  such  a  line,  in  I'.  S.  d'ort 


(>c.  smeo 


;{,');  Acts  ISli.").  14-1,");    l.>if/i<ii. 


Siii'i'f/ii 


I:!;  <''i!.  Sl< 


.17,7//,  .Vl(14;  .V.  /•'.  Tl 


l)e 


:U,  ISliC);   ,)ai\.  8,  tS(i 


Till 


Oii'iilental  anil  Oriental  S.  Co.  a  few  years  later  opened  a  niontlily  rival  line  in 


miu'Ction  with  the  overland  railway,     'i'reaty  with  .lapan,  in  /' 


!>;   U.  S.  <!wi  />„ 


.Mess.  &   |)o 


•llg'- 


■X\,    Sc^■ 


•_'.   Sen. 


D.i 


K.iynl., 


H);  <.'ong.  lUi,  Sess.  1, 


8-1);  ,V.  /'.   Tl 


ipjilanted  in  188.'>  Iiy  the  Oc 


Aug.  ;{,  Sept.  -2,  18GS. 


ceanio  lino,  iiiuler  a  new  con 


itract  with  New 


Saiith   Wales   and  New  Zealand.   See  under  mails;  .V.    /•'.  Call,  .Ian.   'J'J,   'JCi, 
iNvJ;  .May  LV),  IS7I.     The  lirst  through-mail  had  come  in  ]87t).  S.  I'.  Min, 


M:i,  ti.  1&70;  S.  F.  J'iist,  Nov.  1,  187;{;  ('"l.  ./' 


Sill., 


lStil)-70,  aj!.  r.ti. 


/', 


"lis  vici.ssitudos  are  depicted  in  Jfoln  rfi'  .\'irii/.,  MS,,  ,')  ot  .so(|.;    Willin 


MiiJl,  .MS.;  Sii. 


iii.  llli;  r, 
trc:ilir<,  SI 


'/'• 


S/nt.,  .M8.;  /,A.//r/\'  /./////v.  4-J 


J/' 


II  w/  I  ml.,  '200- -J. 


diti 


il  .M. 


'//(■■■ 


'  ('ill.  Xotv*, 


xicaii  steaiiiers  am 


lli.4.  JA. 


vi.,  this  sor 


1st  trallic.    U.  S.  (' 


oueerningi 
js.  Sti 
oiituiu  the  best  annual  account  of  for 


•aiiier  lines  to  .Vlaska  are  treated 


I'iga  irade. 


lll.sT.  CAl...  Vol.  VIl.     ij 


CHAPTER   VTI. 


i; 


INLAND  AND  OVKULAND  TUAFFIC. 

1848-1S88. 

Coastwise  CoMMEKCE — In  the  Bay— On  the  Sacramento — ProNEEit  Sham- 
THiATs — Heads  of  Navkiation — Cai.ikohnia  Steam  Navi(!ai'ion  ('(im- 
I'ANY — Coast  Lines — Siiii'WiiECKs,  Collisions,  and  Kxplosions— Cn\sr 
ano    Kiveu    SiuvEYs — Hauhor    Imi-hovkments — Lioirr-iiorsEs — t  ■  .s- 

TOM-IIOISE     AfKAIUS — ReVENTE     DlSTlUCTS     ano     CoLLE("1H)1!S— UoMis, 
FeHKIES,     and     llUIIXJES — OVEHLANI)    AND     InI'EKIOK    I'oSTAl,     Si;i:\|ii: 

— The    ExriiEss    Business — Staoe    Lines — Pack-thains— Teleci;  \rii 
Lines. 


I     i 


f 

11 


m 


DuRixa  ]Mexican  times,  traffic  nlong  tlie  coast  was 
conducted  by  foreign  trading  vessels.  Tliis  privili'0(.> 
was  not  i^crniissiblc  under  United  States  laws,  l>iit 
owing  to  the  lack  of  other  vessels  the  military  govnu- 
ment  countenanced  it*  during  184D.  (^n  the  hay  a 
few  whale-boats  and  sloops  had  maintained  regular 
communication  with  different  settlements,  especially 
Sutter's  Fort.'-^  With  the  rush  for  the  mhies  anytliiiiL;' 
available  for  navigation  was  imi)resse(l,  and  sevtial 

'  Petitions  in  C<tl.  Stiir  and  CuL,  Due.  Id,  1848.  Collector  Collier  in  Ni'V. 
184!)  notified  tiie  iiutlioritics  that  lie  must  revoke  the  coast-traile  lieeiiM  ul 
foreign  vessels.  U.  S.  tior.  Hoc.,  Cong.  31,  .Sess.  1,  H.  Ex.  Doe.  17,  p.  !>.'>:  /A. 
Sen.  Doc.  47,  viii.  8(J. 

'■"A  small  .schooner  manned  by  six  Indians  made  tri-weekly  trips  from  S. 
F.,  and  tM(>  smaller  craft  joined  at  times.  Tlie  schooner  M'as  the  Surra  hk  nlo, 
hongiit  from  the  Kuss.-.\nicr.  Co.  It  was  converted  later  into  a  roofetl  Imiiso 
for  salmon  tishers.  1'iie  other  tM'o  were  the  Indian  Queen,  a  sloop  of  10  tmi^i 
and  tlie  W/iite  I'innaer,  an  open  yawl,  which  occasionally  brought  down  liMcs 
etc.,  from  Feather  Kiver,  and  ascended  to  tiie  .Stani.slaus  in  the  otluT  dnvf- 
tion.  Placer  Times,  May  1.^,  1850.  I'ordua advertised  in  the  i'ali/onii'iii,  Api'. 
21),  1848,  a  monthly  launch  for  Feather  River.  Tiie  Stockon  traded  wi'cl<ly  with 
Sonoma,  and  launches  passed  up  to  Napa,  all  touching  at  way-places,  ami 
some  connecting  with  wagons  for  interior  ranchos.  There  was  a  ferry  aridss 
Carquinez.  /'/.,  Feb.  1(5,  1848;  Ii'lcfutrdaonn  Ej^j)lor.,}>lS.,  11-12;  Dean's '"^I'lt., 
MS.,  4;  Val.  Star,  Feb.  2C,  1848. 

(130) 


riONKKll   SI'i:.\Mr,OATS. 


i:n 


\         craff  madi'  liicrativo  trips  t«)  S;H'raniont(>"  until  tin* 
i  sti  .iiiilioats  Sent  out  l)y  ciiti-rprisiiii;"  eastern   Hruis  ab- 

I         !>(iil>i'd  at  least  the  couvoyaufo  of  passciiorrs. 

Tlif  pioiu'tT  of  this  class  was  a  tiny  sidc-wliool  craft, 
liKiUi^lit  from  Sitka  in  IS47,  Jind  wrccki'd  within  a  few 
wriks.'  The  next  aj>j)caj"s  to  have  Ixn-n  the  W^ixh- 
/'i,'l'(i)i,  launched  in  Au<;ust  184!)  at  Henicia,  which 
iiirt  a  similar  fate  aftt'r  a  few  trij)s  helow  and  ahove 
Sactaniento.     She  M'as  followed  hv  the  Sacnniii'nto,'' 

'Men  glailly  paiil  >yiO  fur  tlu?  |irivili'^'o  of  workiiiK  tlu'ir  iiassagc,  or  t'vcn 


.■S-.NHI,  sa\s  Cni.sl.v,  .S7/(r.,  MS.,  14    1.");  <'i 


'n  Sfd/.,  MS.,  i").     IJarui's  for  li 


I'i 


.iliM-  licinlit  .sol.l  for  ■S4,(>(M»,  whili!  a  .ship  was  wortli  if.'t(t.(HH).  WiUinni.t'  Sl.it., 
MS.,  !l;  Ih, Ill's  Stilt.,  MS.,  .S;  ,SV/.-.  Dirii-litrii,  IS'i.'J.  5.  I'a.f.sage  ratcM  wi'iv  at 
Iniiis  lirlow  S'JO.      [lu'iilciits  of  tiip.s  in  A'/j>.<  Shilrln-.i,  l.'{  Iti. 


'  l''iill\  tU'siTilu'il  ill   llld.  ('ill.,  vol..  V. 


'.I,  til 


It 


ran  .subso 


,-iii|inMlly  a.s  tlif  yailit  /'iiIiiIhiii'  on  tlii'  Sacramento. 

'('iiiiii  riiiiin  till'  si'i'oiul  liay  stranur  then!  is  innrli  ilisimti".  Tlio  S.  F. 
AiiiiiiU,  •_';>."),  fullowtil  witli  sligiit  variation  liy  a  iinnilicr  of  wr-itcrs,  incliuliiiL,' 
Hilt' II.  I'lil.,  ii.  T-!!.  claim  tin;  crt-'ilit  for  the  /'imifir,  an  iron  hoat  hrou^'lit 
lioiu  IJiistoii  ami  laiiiii'hcil  at  S.  K.,  'the  lirst  tiiat  hail  lu'iictiatiil  .so  far  inti 


tl 


u'  iiitiTior, 


K 


.s'.  F.  />;, 


rioni. 


is.vj,  n.  ]ii 


Iho  la 


;'li- 


iii!.:  ill  Oct.;  till!  others  intimato  Scjit.      Unt  from  this  eontcni|iorarv  eviilenec 
■  it  jeiini.ils,  it  .aiiipcars  that  the  claim  must  he  awardeil  to  a  little  siilc-w  heel 

iii;iiie  of  twelvo-liorso  power,  ami  drawing  "Jd 


Mt. 


N)  feet  l.v  IS,  with 


iaeius,  \\hi(  li  was  launched  at  iieiiicia  e.irlv  i'l  August  ISHt.      lii  .I/cA';;;.,7;(/'.'i 


/'.>;.<,■<,   MS.,    J!t,  she  is  called   the   /', 


She  reached    Sac. 


ITtii. 


/•/' 


7V 


Aug.  IS,   IS4'.>.     After  two  trips  to  Sac.  slie  was  sold,  ami  put 


tlie  route  lietweeu  this  town  ami   .Marysville,  hut  was  wreckeil  on  a  sua;. 
T'cather   River  in   Sept.     This  wreck  is   identitied   in   the   contemporary 

■s/ini'itiiii,  returning  from  \'ernon 


to  ,S;ic.,  the   name 


Tliii'x  of  Oct.  r>,  IS4'.»,  as  the  <! 


infused   with    the    l.iulii    Wiisliiinitii 


a   stirim 


■ow,  whidi  a  widely  ipioted  jiioni'cr  writer  in  S.  F.  Jiiillr/iii,  l'"el).  'Jl,  IStJS, 


al>o  declares  to  have  lieeii  the 


d  steamlioat,  .although  he  has  herlanncln'd 


at  Sac.  in  S>|it.     She  was  the  lirst  to  ascend   ahovo   Sac,  going  to  Colonia. 


SI 
ni 
Til, 


ic  was  raisct 


I  and 


renameil  the  O///0.     in  Si>l<iiii>('o.  Hist.,  I.")'.*,  the  lirst  He 


ia  ho.it  is  called  Siir  Fiiijliniil,    and  Iiy  Moore,  F.ryir.,  MS.,  '2,  the  Cnliisii. 

•  name  Pioincr  may  have  heen  attrihuted  to  her  afterwarils,  from  heing  a 
]iioiiecr  lioat.  Still  others  identify  her  with  the  Eiliriinl  Kren/t,  .//•,  a  wiieeled, 
tlat  hottoiiied  lio.it,  hronght  out  from  Uostnn  liy  the  company  which  arrived 


ill  till'  /■,■,/(( 


Frrnft,  and  launched  at  Iknicia  on  Aug.  I'-'th.     l\eachcd  .Sac. 


.\ug.  nth,  says  C'ldver,  Sur.    Diiri'toni,  7 1-      In  .Inly,  it  is  intimated  in 


tlie  ci'iitemporary  record  of   the  Fnli/ii 


vi,   71.      After   three  trips  the 


ciidiie  was  sold  to  Nevachi  miners,  and  the  hull  for  a  ferry  at  Kreiiiont.  S.  /•'. 


rlr,  A\ 


2'2,    1S7S;    Wdiiihiilloil   Jo 


tl.   Ai 


8,    IS(i:!;   /'/rW/.v   //;.<t. 


Slnh: 


A'i'c/;/.,  •1(14.     The   Siiliiiii)  Co.  Ilisf.,    l,")i),   declares  this   boat   to   liavi 


liceii  tile  .si'cond  or  third  launched  at   Henicia,  and  in  MrKiiist 


''.'I  ■ 


d  is  alluded  to  as  <ui  the  stocks  wl 


th<>  /' 


i]>. 


l'.». 


■r  Mas  lloated.     iSall,  in 


Siir.  /tinrtori/,  1S71,  IdH,  upliold.s  ,1.  \'aii  Pelt  as  tlie  lirst  .steamlioat  captain 


"11  the  river,  and  iho  Surriiiiinitn  ;w  the  lirst  steamer,  la 


I'heil  at  Sacramento 


111  .^^  pt.  Fliiccr  Tiiiii'x,  Aug.  18,  1841t,  distinctly  mentions  this  Iioat,  under 
\iii  IVlt,  a-i  .suliseijuent  to  the  lienicia  lioat.  She  was  placiid  on  the  S.  F. 
iciiitc,  hut  too  weak  to  face  the  hay  waves,  slic  eonnected  at  New  York  of 
till'  I'acilic  with  the  schooner  ./oAh  //.  Ar.v,  the  total  trii)  taking  from  18  to 
■"-  limirs,  freight  §.")0  per  ton,  fare  ?.'{0.  Sue.  /llii.if.,  8.  Ho  applie.s  also  the 
'iAuiu  SacminciUo  to  the  next  steamer,  'the  J'ionvcr  of  the  AW.  A'trrtW  coin- 


hi' 


I' I' 


132 


1NI,\\[>   AND  (nKUI.AMi  TUAri'H'. 


nls(»  itlyiiii:;'  on  tlio  rivc>r  of  tli.-it  iiainr  to  tlio  luwl  of 
sti'iiiulMKit  iiaviii^jition,  until  the  appfaniiH'c  in  Octo- 

I)aiiy,' wliilo  otlicrs  I'oiifusi'  the  /'innn  r  with  IViU'h  Siu'rnnii  hId.     TIic  I.itt.r 
\\;na  liiiy  at  S.ic.  a.-i   latf  as  .Ian.   |S."i|.     'I'lu'  I'liirir   '/'////(<  vau'inly  allii  I,  s 
t(i  a  Siirriiiiiiiitii  ]>r'uir  tn  \'aii  I'cll's,  hut  it  IimiKh  iloiilitlill.     Hiliii'ia  iiliil(iiil)|i(l|y 
laiiiiclu'ii    tlic   lii'.st  stl^'lllll'I^   anil   a.s  one  was  in  iiliiilly   riiiinin^  Ixlnu'  ,s,ii'. 
wlcri  tlir  U'lis/ilihjfiiii  \\:\n\\rvr\ii'i],  at  Ica^t  two  inii.-.t  li,ivcL'\i>tiMl  lnhiri'  Oil. 
KiiillH'r,  ,is  this   Wiisliimitiin  w.is  iiiailc  tho  jiiom.r   hoit  ahi>vi'  Sai  raiiirriln. 
alttT  liavinn  [)i  ridniicil  a  Irw  trips  mi  the  hiwor  ami  ln:ir(!  iin|i(irt  iiit  ii.iii  ,.| 
till'  liviT,  she  must  have  Iiccii  iT|ilac('il  hy  aimlin'i'.  iiaiiirly,  Van  I'llt's  fr.iit, 
wliii'h  ni.-iy  thi'i't'liiff  hv  jdaccd  third.     The   iii'xt  jilaci;  is  lonti'-ti'il   li\    ilnj 
}'»'.!(.  a  scow  inliMiiliil  for  ilrrcl^iiij,',  hut  used  I'or  ti'allic  on  tin'  ti|p|iir  river, 
and  sohl  for  SK>,(MM).    Ilill,  uhi  .hui>.      liowcNir  this   may  hu,  tlnri'  aru  ilar 
ri'i'ords  in  Oct.  for  tho  tlirco  most  notahU;  of  early  .stcamhoats,  tho  Mini,  a 
Hin.ill,  carciiiiiiLr,  yet  fast  ci'aft,  « liich  made  its  tri  d  tri[)  on  Oct.  '.till  from  .*<   I', 
to  S.K'. ;  the  Mrh'hii,  of  4(K>  tons,  hy  ocean  fi'oni  New  Orleans,  wliicli  left.'"',  F. 
(Ml  Oct.   •_'<itli,   and  arrixi'il  at  Sac.  in  17  lioili's.   J'luri  r  'J'luin,   Nov.  'A,  |.S(:(. 
She  ni.idc  .'»'l(i,(llHI  in  om^  trii>  on  this  route,  hut  was  sold  in  l.S.").">  for  ."-tiiHI, 
i"?.  /•'.  ItfdUtiii,  l>ec.  ■_'(■(    Is.")");  and  the,  fanu)us  SiikiIhi;  a  still  l.iri.'er  and  fast(  i 
Vi'ssel,  which   re.iched  S.ic.  on  Nov.  8th.   /(/.,  Nov.    lOtli.      |)urini{  tlu^  lir.-.t 
ye.ir  her  net  jjrolits  exceeded  ■'i«li(),(KM)  a  month.   Malllu  ir-iou's  S/aL,  .MS.,  •_'; 
/'f/i-kiiiiiii's   Vi'j.,  M.S.,  (i  7;  ('ill,  Antor.    I'lmiiirs,  N.  Y.,   IS7.">,  4.">  (i;    Willinin.-^' 
Sf.if.,  M.S.,  I'J;   Al'iiiicifii  (iiiz.,   March  H,    IS73,  and   other  journ.ils.      Amhuii,' 
ofheri'arly  ho.its  were  tlu^  Mirriimir,  tirst  to  reach  Stockton,  .S'.  JaU'/.  Co.  ///'/,, 
'2'.i;  tUi'  second   ]ilace   heini;  disputed  hy   (I'lu.   Sii//ii\    Mint,   anil   .1/.    \i /lifi : 
the   l.'iirfi  Iff,  which   followed  in   Nov.,  and  then  jiassed  to  .Marysvillc;  tin 
]Mo])ellor   /liir/j'iinl.   ,ii)|iearini,'   in   Dec;    the    l.iinlit,    |)Ut   in   Dec.    uiiou  the 
ii]i]ier  Sac.    route;  the  /v7  Dorin/i),  arriving  at  Sac.   in  .Ian.    IS.'d);  the  A"i  "■ 
W'liiid,  which   had  esca)ieil   from  the  Hheriil'  at  New  VorU;  the  Finjfi/,  Ajn 
18.")(t;  the  ^I:'/ii,i,   ehiiined  hy   /'liK-rr  Tiiiirt,  Ajpr.  •-.'•_',    l.S.")0,   to  h.ive   lirst 
eended  tho  American;  the  d'oli/  //ini/ti;  May  IS.')(I,  later  on  the  Oregon  ro 
l.iir/i  l.iiii'i,  whii'h  lirst  a.icended  ahove  Feather  Hii'ei',  Urn.  Trilnnif,  I'ch. 
1S74;  .Ink-  //ii,'i<,  tirst  to  reach  Tehama  in  May,  Ptarrr  Tiim'i,  May  i.'"J,  IS.'iii. 
S.  /•'.  Ihil/ifiii.   V\'\>.  •_'!,   KSliS;  the  <'ii}i/.  f<ii//n;  a  Sto.'kton  trader;  the   Xnjin 
I 'it;/,  tiadinii  to  the  (dace  of  that  name;  the  Mitjar  T/ioiiijikii/.i,  which  i\|i1imIci1 
.laii.    IS.'iJ;  the   Smi/d   Clarii,    h\i.iliinii,   I'lin'iiir,   H'c.s/    i'ninf,  \.    />.    //"c//// /.■ 
M<iri]n>.i,t,  sunk  Oct.  IS,")(»;  dm'.  Ihuni,  of  the  s[)rinn  of  IS,")();  Cotijiih  iirr,  diU- 
I'lViiiii,  (iiiiniiiKi,   M'liniicl  W/iifr;  Jhi//c,  to  run  to  Hiitte  City  in   May  |S."iii, 
riircr  Tiiilin:  A  ii/ilii])f,    )('/'/«>//  <,'.   1 1  mil,  limirin,  II.  T.  dull,  L'riiKtlln  Coniiu'i. 
Sliii;    Tilituiia,    Will    /I'oliiiison;  and   the  Sitijitinoir,   I'Xjdodcd  Oct.    1S,")(I.     'In 
these  are  added  tho   I'liinii,  Mi-'-ionri,  Inn,  ('/ir.snpcidr,  ('.   IT.  Crlinid,  M'U-tli  i 
Jiiiii,  l.llirr/iiii,  Cmii.  Joins,  .Xiir  /■Jinjli'iii/,  Ki  iiiiihcr,  ilvn.    \Vi\rri>',  I'irinr  ('mi- 
sfiiiif,  ^fir  S/iir,  Sini  Joiuinin,  Jniii/i  Liiul,  and  Xiii'  < hlniii",  hy  a  s[iceial  Icttrr 
of  .Ian.  l.S.")|  to  lliiitl's  Miri'liiiiilt'  J/";/.,  xxiv.  S'li")  (i,  ")4!t,  which  states  flint 
•JTO  other  craft  were  engaged  in  the  I'iver  trade.     Of  the  regular  linos  in  I'lC. 
IS.")t),  8  hoats  were  running  from  S.  F.  to  Sa".,  7  to  Stockton,  3  to  S.iii  .Iom', 
,1  frfim  Sac.  to  Marysvillc,  others  going  les.s  regularly  beyond,  in  diliVrciit  di- 
rections.     I  will  not  jiass  heyoiid  IS")0  for   further  names,  hut  may  add  tliat 
the  Sun  Jofti/iiiii  elaiin.s  to  have  lirst  reached  Red  Bluff,  in  lS,"):i,  the  Kijirci 
meanwhile  trading  to  .Monroeville.  Sm:  lire,  Aug.  24,  1809;  Al/u  Cul.,  May 
I,  1S.">4.     The  tirst  Oakland  ferry  was  the  J/nini;  the  Contra  Costa  Ferry  Co. 
'icing  suhsciiucntly  organized,  with  A'.  Cnrniiii/  for  ferry.  Alanifdn  (lux.,  May 
SI,  1S7H.     Klamath  navigation  was  projected  in  18.")0.  Sac.  Tnnifirri]!!,  Oct. 
14,  lS.")t>.     Horthwick,  <'<tl.,  lt;")-7,  and  Farwell,  Sf,iit.,  MS.,  1-3,  explain  cdii- 
cisely  how  Cape  Horn  was  weathered  hy  tho  lirst  steamers.     The  nann  •<  ef 
the  steamers,  »'to.,  are  found  in  Al/^i  Cid.,  I'nr.  A''«'.i,  <'(iL  Couria;  S,  /•'•  //<'• 
iild,  and  other  louruals  for  the  time,  especially  the  PUirer  Tiiiivs.     Sec  .ilsn 
lioykina  SUil.,  MS.,  1;   Sac.  Directory,  1853-4,  18;   Carson's  Ediiy  Ihc,  L'3; 


FRKKJIIT   AND   TASSAOK. 


i:i:i 


hiv  of  tilt'  liir!^!'  straiiu'is  MrK'nn  and  Scuafor,  wliidi 
absoilii'tl  this  pas.SL'iiL,fri'  tiallic,  and  dinNc  inftriur 
Itoats  (4'  tli<)  iu»w  last-growiiin'  licet  ti>  minor  loutcs 
within  tlio  hay,  and  tlu'  hi^ht-ch-aii^ht  ones  up  the 
ii\<r  and  into  thu  Aineiican,  tin;  I'^calhii',  and  the 
N'uli.i.  'II10  liead  of  navigation  on  tlio  Sacfaincido 
w.is  i.ipidly  extended  to  (Johisa.  Tlie  Joel:  Ihtij.^  as- 
e(  iided,  in  May  IISJO,  to  Trinidad  CMty,  dose  to  liud 
llhitr,  which  hecanu!  the  head  soon  after,"  and  the  San 
.hia<|uin  was  navii^atcd  tui'  laO  miles  ahoNc  Stockton, 
at  hi'j,h  water.'  With  ft  niono[ioly  of  routes  for  a  time, 
s(\(  ral  of  the  boats  made  fortunes,  as  well  thev  nii»'lit, 
with  passenger  rates  av(>ra;4inn'  >?-.')  to  Sacramento,  and 
ficij^ht  $.")()  a  ton."^  Yet  l>y  Septemluir  ISJO,  competi- 
tieii  oU'ered  to  reducc  the  fari.!  to  even  .$1 ,' and  ( 'ali- 
fdinia  huilders  were  heijfinninn'  to  increase-  the  mnnhtT 
i)f  boats  navigated  round  ('ape  Horn,  or  brought  in 
sections  as  carn'o,  so  that  befon;  the  close  of  l(S,")()  the 
inland  lleet  embraced  souie  four  dozen  steamers.'"      In 


\\;,l.r,i,nn's  Ln,l,  1U-.1S,  2-JO;  S/nrl(„i,  fii'h},.,  All^.  3,  17,  1^78;  S.  F.  ('"'.l, 
Nnv.  -J'.t,  I88.j;  <'ro.-<l.ii'.i  Sl.<il.,  MS.,  'A;  II  (««/'•>•  I'ioinci;  MS.,  I.S;  Coiiiioi'-> 
tit'il.,  MS.,  (i;  W'liinii'-i  ]>ii.-<f,  IKi;  MrCotlinn's  <  iiL,  M.  T\\r.  Xfr  U'orlil  ir 
iliiifd  till'  ti'i[t  to  S;u'.  tu  ()  liour.s  iiiiil  ',i  III.  AO'i  ('ill.,  Jan.  1(»,  Is.")'.'.  A/.,  of 
Ally.  I»l,  ISI'.I,  li.is  u  Iniig  list  of  .sMiliiij^  vc'SMfl.s  ruiiiiiiij,'  iqi  tliu  Sui'.  luul  S. 
.Iii,ii|.     Crary,  Slut.,  MS.,  1   ;i,  uivfs  tin;  liistiiry  of  tlio  Union  strani  liiiu. 

''Sco  idcccding  ncitu.  Yut  .M.irysvilli'  wa.s,  in  tlioaiituinn  of  I8."i(),  duiirivid 
1)V  l(i\v  wattr  of  its  steaniur.s,  wliicii  lay  too  (1l'i[p.  Snr.  'J'niii'trrijif,  i\ug.  'M, 
IJ).")!). 

'  Navigated  liy  .steam  to  Frii.sno,  ol».servo.-i  >'.  /''.  IliilL,  .hint;  8,  185!).  The 
Mokeliiiune  wa.s  eirly  ascended  liy  hoats  and  .sailing  vos.sels.  lii  1SG2  tlie 
.steimlmat  I'l rt  reaelicd  Loekeford,  and  a  eoiniiany  formed  to  eontiuuc  tlie 
ti'atlio,  aided  liy  a  river  iniiirovement  fraiieliisu,  eliari,'ing  10  eent.s  per  toll  on 
frei-lit.  lint  the  railway  soon  eamo  to  eliecU  the  enteipri.se.    S.  Joan.  !/i.s/., 

.Sii  i»,  i:u. 

"  Taiiloi'ii  Klilormto,  ii.  4(1-7.  To  .Stockton  .^K),  says  Jtiiior'-^  SfiiL,  MS.,  ,'{. 
I'rnm  Saeranicuto  to  Marysville,  in  .Ian.  IS."i(»,  the  Luirriiin'  charged  .S'Jo  fare, 
and  8  cents  ]ier  pound  for  freight.   Miiri/.^rilir  Dirn/.,  \S.'i'\  p.  v. 

'■'.S'  /•'.  I'iritijiiiK;  Sept.  19,  I8."iO.  liy  the  end  of  184!t,  says  iJua'um,  Sir 
M'liil/n,  l'J3-4,  there  were  10  or  \'2  hay  stoainer.s.  A  year  later,  ahout  ."lO 
sttimers  were  einiiloyed  in  the  river  trade  of  the  .state,  accordinj;  to  .V./c. 
Tr'iii.^i-ript,  Jan.  14,  1851,  of  which  15  plied  ahove  Sac.  in  tln'  spring  of 
b3(),  A/.,  Apr.  'JO,  1850;  and  9  hetween  Stockton  ami  S.   F.  hy  Nov.   Cnl. 

CoKi-ln;   Nov.    IG,    1850. 

'M'ulver  eminierates  9  running  between  S.  F.  and  Sae.,  and  10  aliove  Sac. 
Siir.  I )i ri'rtnni ,  S4.  Altn  CuL,  March  15,  1851,  mentions  (io  inland  lioats,  in- 
oliiiliiii;  tinv-lioats.  Steanilioathuilding  in  Hapjiy  valley,  saj's  Pur.  A- c's 
Apr.  ;!0,  1850,  the  material  iieini.r  introduced.  Williams,  It<r.,  MS.,  13,  de- 
clare; L'liiit.  HuCkr  as  the  tirat  boat  built  on  the  bay.     Trial  trip,  Is'ov.  lij, 


I' 

::-i- 
W 

:^% 

t-^^ 

134 


INLAND  AJVD  OVERLAND  TRAFFIC. 


f>r 


I 


m 


li 


lil 


I' 


K 


1854,  the  leadiiii;  owners  combined  to  form  the  Cali 
foriiia  Steam  Xavi*;ation  conijtaiiy,  v/itli  t)'e  view  to 
better  control  the  traffic  and  eainings,  while  apiieasini; 
the  taxed  public  with  at  least  a  superior  system." 
For  two  decades  tiie  bay  and  river  steamers  flourished, 
till  the  openino'  of  railways  rxluced  most  of  them  to 
mere  freight  carriers,  with  diminished  pi'ofits  and  im- 
portance. 

This  system  extended  also  to  coast  traffic,  whicli, 
aside  from  sailing  vessels,  had  been  supplied  by  tin; 
Panama  mail  line,  and  after  1851  also  by  the  Xicaia- 
gua  packets,  on  the  route  south  of  San  Francisco,  and 
northward  to  the  Cokunbia,  by  connecting  steamers. 
Tlivals  were  ever  jneparcd  to  meet  additional  demand 
for  sirvice,  and  tinally  a  special  regular  line  was  opem  d 
to  ITumboldt  Bay,  Trinidad,  and  Crescent  City,  and 
still  earlier,  in  185!,  one  to  San  Diegoand  San  ]*c<ho, 
touching  at  Santa  Barbara,  San  Luis  Obispo,  and 
jNTonterey.^^ 

]SV.K  Ti'.c  /''/«'  Pi-y,  lauuuiiuii  here  in  Deo.  185'.!,  »v;is  porhaii.i  I'.n'  liist 
stcN'.iiici'  of  cM,'lusi\ily  Cil.  iii;iiiufiK-Hiri.'.  In  my  i>rteeiliiij;  vols  aiv  ullu.:iiiii>i 
to  early  sliij)-l)uililiiij(,  even  on  the  Saeraiiiciito. 

"Capital  ,'5-J,r)lH),(MK),  in  wliare.s  of  .SI.OIX).  Licorp.  Feb.  22,  \H:A.  Tliu 
eori»praticin  absorlted  tlie  Inilk  of  the  hay  tralHc  iluring  this  ami  the  I'olhiwii,^ 
•  leeade,  with  pnilits  that  eiiahKd  them  to  pay  in  diviileml.-)  as  nnuh  a.-s  ."<  ["  r 
crut  monthly.  'J'lie  fare  estalilished  to  Sacramento  and  Stockton  was  .'^10 
for  cabin,  .S"  for  neck;  freiglit  •'^•S  and  .*(>  pur  ton;  to  Mai'y.sville,  ijlo  [ler  tmi. 
'I'lic  p\il(lic  jirotestod  against  the  monoiioly,  hut  it  provi^l  all-powerfid.  K'- 
1-  -t  upon  its  condition  in  18."",  in  I'al.  Juiir.  Sen.,  I.S.")IJ,  ap.  xxi.  1  12;  S.  I'. 
Arijomml,  June  22,  DSTS;  UliHcrv<ili,r.'\  MS.,  5  et  .scip,  by  Low,  one  of  the 
directors;  also  a  lacer  chapter.     See  also  Pru,.-  Ctirrrnt,  .Sept.  '.),  I8.">4. 

'- 'J'his  one,  long  owned  by  Wright,  was  in  lS.'>!j  tran.sfeiTed  to  tlic  Ci/. 
Stean:  Navij,'.  Co.,  which  then  controlli^d,  besides  two  baj'  .steamers,  tiie  Cres- 
cent City  line.  .V.  /•'.  I>iri'rfiiri/,  is'){>,  128.  The  jiioneer  of  the  southern  Inio 
was  the  o/(/o,  Jen.  IS.M,  followed  by  the  Sni  liini,  as  the  most  regular,  butli 
running  for  several  years.  The '/o/zk//,  S'liitlirnti  r,  Ittlimiii.  Fninoii/,  An^iririi, 
/'f'jiiililii;  and  Sinninr  shareil  in  the  trallii',  some  as  riv.ds,  others  as  substi- 
tutes, /fili/r.-:'  Awi<l':'<  A,r/i.,  .M.S.,  v.  .T!l»  C.T;  I/dirlry's  Ai,;l>l<.-',  '2X  In  Il.c 
ISSO  the  <!iiliiih,  <'lii<ii}iiiib,i\\\'\  <!iii.  d'a/vv /(  were  running  to  (Jold  IJJi.lf. 
Hunt's  Md'j.,  .wiv.  r>4.").  In  1S.")1  there  were  seven  steamers  ou  the  llortlu  in 
coast,  induilinu  the  Oregon  mail  [lackets.  Al/ii  <'iil.,  .March  ].">,  \^7)\.  Aiiioii.^ 
them  were  the 'I'o/'/  Hiiiilrr  n.u>\  .S<"(i'ull.  J'lir.  A^iirs,  ,hiu.  15,  18.")I;and  llnnl'- 
M'",/.,  May  I8."i!),  ri'i.  In  1S."»4  etl'orts  were  made  to  establi-h  a  lini'  ti>  I'li^ct 
.Sound.  Concerning  Mudds  scheming,  see  Crniii-i  l''i.-/,  ','A  ">.  The  I'ai  ilio 
Mail  S.  S.  Co.  sold  it.->  Oregon  braneli  line,  and  gave  the  Oregoi  K.  U  (t 
N.ivig.  Co.,  jointly  with  the  Pacific  'Joast  S.  S.  Co.,  plying  more  tiian  a  iln/i  ii 
.steamers  from  San  Dii'goon  one  side  to  Ahwka  on  the  otlier,  tfuuiiiuL:  at  Ii. 
C.  ports.  A  Hunibohlt  and  S.  F.  line  was  also  started,  and  there  win  ii 
1888  a  few  iudepcudeut  stcamer.'j,  one  formerly  belonging  to  the  Kcl  Uivcr 


OCEAN  AND  RIVER  DISASTERS. 


135 


Tlio  .sudJcii  and  great  expansion  of  niaritime  traffic 
upon  waters  little  exj>loretl  could  not  fail  to  be  atteiulcd 
li\  iiuiiiy  dej)l')iable  accidents.  A  large  proportion  of 
the  vc->xls  engaged  in  the  California  trade  being 
(lid  hulks,  some  of  them  entirely  unfit  for  the  voyage, 
it  was  only  to  be  expected  that  several  should  colla|ise 
heff)ro  a  half-year's  buffetings.  Others  suffered  frtnn 
the  al>sence  oi'  good  charts,  and  often  from  the  inex- 
perience and  carelessness  of  inefficient  captains.  Xot- 
withfstanding  tiiis  increase  of  unfavoraole  causes,  the 
(lisisiers  to  sailing  craft  were  not  so  frequent  as  might 
have  l)een  expected.  Much  more  startling  were  those 
connected  with  the  com[>aratively  few  steam- vessels, 
which  rt)se  between  184'J-r)4  to  a  score  for  the  ocean 
liiii s,  and  (»f  which  seven  were  on  this  coast.  The 
Vanderl»ilt  company  alone  lost  five,  while  the  Pacific 
^[.lil  < ompany,  with  a  much  larger  l»ut  finer  fleet,  hud 
its  first  wreck  only  in  iSo"}.  This  unprecedented 
iee(»rd  for  steam  naviufation  becomes  the  mcjie  iilarinu' 
wIkmi  we  add  the  misfortunes  of  the  river  boats,  em- 
Iti'.ieing  another  .score  during  the  same  six  years,  and 
with  frequent  loss  of  life,  ranging  above  fifty.  Some 
came  to  grief  upon  snags,  .souie  yielded  to  the  flames, 
others  c()llided,  and  still  others  exploded  through  the 
V' pivlicnsible  passion  for  racing,  the  inferior  boiler 
iu;it  rial,  and  the  lack  of  efficient  engineers.'^ 

(''I.  Sttj.imer.s  iKigan  niniiiiig  to  Alaska  in  IS(»7,  tUo 'h-i/linniin'  lieing  tlio  first. 
■S.  /■'.  li"U.,  Apr.  l.'{,  1807.  A  iigiilar  line  (>|iuiii;.i  to  ('(.u.s  IJay  in  187H.  Or. 
I>.  /.■iniii'i,  Apr.  12,  1S71'.  Act  tor  u  liiu'  ti>  Cru.suutit  City.  ('»/.  St'i'iil<-i. 
|Mi;i  4,  l().">-7.  First  tloscuiit  of  Ivlaiiiatli  lviv<r.  A  l/H  C'ni,  .Fiiiie  \'i,  1S.">;{. 
St  imrr  i.ii  Klaiii.illi  i*ikc  lauiicheil.  .'»'.  /•'.  11'.  r,;/;,  .Inly -Jj,  I,S.s|.  .StiMini-r 
'""•/  oil  Lake  Talioe.  Su(!  I'n  hl<M  lli.-<t.  SIkuh,  'l^tW.  Slcauurs  i)lieil  on 
till'  Cnlnia'lo  in  the  lii'tie.s,  /Im/f/  S.  />''•;/'>,  i.  Itil-.'t,  I'.>l2  I!,  and  a  co.  organ- 
izr.i  ill  isi;.',  |',,r  its  na\  i;.;atioii.  S.  /'.  ''<;//,  .lune  "Jl,  I.Sti.");  /,'ii'>irf>:'  yitri;/., 
.M>,  <;  et  .sen.;  il'^fx/iviril's  Sf'lt.,  .MS.,  •2-j.-:\;  Mr>i„r,  I'lo.  Erji.,  MS.,  U.l  7. 
'  111  the  L'.  S.  law  of  IS'i'J,  [troviiliiii;  for  steariilmat  inspectors,  ''ilifornia 
w.is  (.iiiutcd  as  a  -listriet,  ami  the  Imal  inspeetois  snlisecjnently  a|ipoiiifecl 
ill'!  to  refer  ileci.sion:i  to  New  Orleans.  Criinr'.-i  i'n.-,f,  ',\\.  In  my  prtciiling 
vc'hiiiirs  are  allusions  to  several  wrecks  along  the  eoait,  although  at  rare  in- 
tiTv  lis,  since  -  »  few  vessels  toui-hid  iicre;  hut  willi  lf>4'.l  the  list  HWt  ll.< 
ri|iiill\ .  All  are  not  reeonled,  an. I  1  will  name  only  tlie  Kiore  notcil  inst;in''cs. 
7'".  i/n</(  and  .[triiisioii,  in  I.S4!(;  /'nji  huikII,  Fri<  iiil.s/ii}i,  <'ntii\:  !'r\>fiH-t,  a  for- 
eii,'ii  v.ssel,  riir<i,  Mdri)  Jnii',  /'rulii;  S'niirrs't,  Mur-^/nill.  and  Hiot/ii/i,  Iiurned 
ill  IVM):  Ainulii,  l{ii,'„  l)i<t,  1S.-,1;  Ojjhi-il,  Svi  '•'nil,  IH.VJ:  \',i,„/jill>,  ,/,„,iif 
Liwl,    Mirrilnii,    WilUmi'iitii:,    Cttrrkr   I'ijioit,    LiM^Mt,    JSo.'t;    (Jolthu    l  kt-cv. 


I 


136  INLAND  AND  OVERLAND  TUAFFir. 

Naviu^ation  was  long  fottercd,  until  ]iydi()uriiplii( 
and  c'(><»-nato  surveys  nuiikcd  the  wiiv,  and  till  im 
provenients  could  be  crtected  in  harbors  and  rivers 


n'liitd-  ciiiito)!,  ,S' 


lifo 


,as  wi'll  as  ciii-LXoes,  may 


1854. 
iv  l>u  i)l;ice(l  ii 


^ossos   in   sailing   vessels 

t    IIKI 


:.lv 


ro  tliaii  !?;{,()(M),(MMJ,  a(l.liti( 


interest  ln'iiig  attached  to  disasti^'s  unU'ereil  by  the  piii|M)rtiiii 
" "  '  lete, 


nunilier  (it   steaiiiers.      Tlii.s  list  may  ho 


made  mure  eomj 


d 


siiKill.  r 


even  to  casualties  heyoml  the  aetual  coast  limit  wlien  involvini;  C'alii'ornii 
ships.     Tlieir  iiavigaliou  l)ej,'aii  really  in  1.S41),  and  so  did  their  mist'ortiiiiis 
headed  liy  tiie  propeller  Eililh,  of  the  U.  N.  navy,  which  struck  near  I'o  iit 
In  May  ISoO,  the  ('oniniotlorr  I'niilv  was  wreci<ed  ncir 


ouceiieioii  in 


X 


llumholdt  Bay;  in  July  1S51,  the  Union,  on  tlie  l^ower  t'.dil'ornia  coast: 


Oct.   l.S.'il,  Cl„ 


ik 


'II sitpriii^-i;  m  .Ian 


is.- 


.Si-n 


(I'lill,  lioth  near   JIundxililt  15a v;  a 


the  Oregon  coast,  with  the  loss  of  twi.sc 


Week  later  the  d'l  n.    W'linrn,  on 

lives.     These  live  belonged  to  inde[icndcnt  lines,  and  were  valued  at  .S">0,(tih( 


cacli,  evcept  tlie  [ 


liicli  was  worth  thn'C  times  that  sum.     In  Fch.  an.l 


Aug.  I8.VJ  Vauderl)ilt"8  Nicara'aia  line  lost  the  Xor/Ji  A 


iiivrii'd  am 


helow  tile   California 


st,    involving  values  of  ,'*iril),(K)l( 


!|.()(K». 


Ni.cctively.  Tn  Oct.  l.S.VJ  the  N.  York  aiul  S.  F.  line  lost  i\\i^Cilii  nf  rili-^lmri, 
near  N'alparaiso,  value  t^i;."i(,>,OIK),  and  in  the  same  year  was  wreclicd  tiie  i'mn. 
iiiiitlorr  S/iii-llnii,  of  the  indejicndi'nt  line,  value  .'iriiO.OIH).  In  1S.".'{  Vanderhilt 
lost  three  more  steamers,  the  /iii/i]h  in/t'iiri',  S.  S.  I.nrin,  and  Wii.tliiiiijlitn,  in 
IV li.,  March,  and  April,  respectively;  tlie  lirstat  ^Margarita  Islaiui,  the  sccumI 
oil'  S.  F.  Bay,  the  tl "' "    ' 


.11   Ml 


the  v.due  of  t! 


inlcrior  ves 


lis  1m 


ahoiit  STO.fKM),   $I."(H)(M),  and  .•<4(),()0(),  and  the   hiss  of  life    l.V).     In   Manli 


\i>y.\  the  I'acilic  .Mail  N.  S.  (_'o.  h.st  the  T. 

only  iinportiiit  di^istcr  met  hy  tliis  compaMy  durii 


S.  F.,  value  .•^:?()0,(K)().  ll 


tl 


icse  carlv  Vi  .".I's. 


'J"l 


i/iili/  Srn//,  ol  N.   Y, 


d  S.  F.  line,  value  SL'IHMMH),  was  lost  in  D,(-.  lY".;{. 


For   the  following  year  are  to  he  recorded  the  disasters  to  tlie  (I'fl'/rn  <;,iti- 
(which   sud'civd  also  in    IS.'i,'!),   iii'ir   Taiiama,  the    i'lnihr   Jil'n/';  near  I'niiit 


Conccpeion,  tiie  S<iii>hi 


rid  eonteniporaiy  pa|pcis,  for  a 


near  C'oliiiiiliia  lliver,  Ari:.p<'y  etc.     See  All  i  <  •il.. 


years.     I'artial  lists  are  in  I'riri"  Vnn-i  nl 


tiiiil  S/ilp  List,  Apr.  "Ji),   I.S:.:!;   //,l]^;'s  Lund  of  dol'l,  'iS;   //n;,,-'  Cnl.    Xoi. 
iii.  78;  /fiiwlfi/'s  llmnhnlll,  '_«.»  W;  Smlf'.i  Sjin-li,    KSoS,   2-4.      Among  ri 


steamers  a  still  largc-r  nui 

when   the   d'nli/  J/iuifir  ran  into  and  s.iiik  the   MrKi 


locrot  casualties  occurrei 


■d.  1). 


.lllinim'  111  .Mine 


He 


ls-.t». 
For 


ilisastcrs  o 


f  lat. 


r  years 


I  ref. 


er  to  ('iiiii.  /I'l 


d  U.  S.   I.itr  .S' 


,^(  ;•(•/.<, 


annually.  Other  iiolaMe  collisions  took  pliee  lietweeii  tin;  M(iri)>tii"  iinA  M'.  -t 
Point,  in  Oct.  IS.'O,  near  New  York  of  the  I'acilic,  the  foriiKT sinking;  hctwi . n 
tlie  t/.  Urnijiton  iind  ('oinmir/n;  in  .(an.  ]>io',t,  in  the  ('ai(piine/  strait,  with  lo-s 
of  life.  .Several  similar  aeeident.^  were  recorded  in  the  following  yens.  In 
Fell.  IS.")!  three  river  .steanihoats,  the  .l//.<.so«//',  Yiihn,  ami  ./(((•/•  //, 
snagged  on  the  .Sac,   the   liist   a  tot;il    loss.     In  .laii.    IH.-i.S  the   ('< 


n/<.  Were 
,.■/„ 


near  Benicia,  ami    in   1854  the 


'liar    .Sac.    hoat    \iir    ii'orlif.     'Iwo 


Htiiamhoats,  the  Sniifa  Clunt  and  J/nif/nn/,  were  imiiuil  at  Central  mIiii 


Mi'.rch   IS.'tl,  the  f(.rincr  totally;  in  Junt)  IS."),')  the  Ai 


■ll  silcemeliei 


the  .s.iiiK'  iiiaiincr  at  (,'rescent  City.     Morj  startling  and  <leplorahh!  were  tlie 


explosions  whicli  ilcstrfiyed  so  many  steam 


ilioats 


dal 


wavs  w 


ith  h 


.t   ll! 


ill  some  i nst.in CCS  over  i")!).     '{"lie  lirst  to  hlow  up  wa.- thcSVi'/'ri/'o/'c,  at.S.  I-".,  ii 


Oct.   IS.'iO,  with  fourscore  killed  and  w 


dcd;  the  .V. 


'jor 


Tin 


"7 


./■; 


1S.-)|,  'J  killc.l;  the  A'.  A'.  I'luji-,  formerly  the  .Af./-  //.lyv,  in  Manh   \SX\,  tw>. 
/I'll casualties,   hotli   on   the  .Satiraiiiento;  tiie  Jinn;/   l.iinl,  Aprd    l^."i;!,  cii 

•on    /•-''/;//'■  and  Slifki'm,  I'l'tli 


S.  F.  Bay.  south,  easualties  over  30;  the  Ai 


Oct.    IS.-).'},   oil   the   Sa 


in   .ioa(|Uin,  twoscore  casualties  on 


the   fo 


li  iniji'r,  nt  Alanieil  i.  the  Sirrilii;!,  on  the  iiortluTii  part  of  the  hay,  the  'ln'ii 
J/rii.-ili  I/.  ,it  S.  v.,  all  tlirei'  in  .Ian.  1S.')4;  the  S-ciriiirii  had  over  ItO  casualties. 
.•\iiion-4  the  disasters  in  is.-i.")-!)  may  he  mentioned  the  I'carl  aud  the  Jii/l'; 
with  over  JO  and  30  casualties,  respectively. 


SUIIVFA'S   AND  LICHT-ITOUSES. 


137 


thf  liiitti"  fiUfil   with  siia;j;s  that  caused  many  a  tlisu.s- 


ma 


lio    oxiH<lit"n<n    uiK 


dvr  Wilkrs  ill  1S41  (htl 
],(•  a  partial  cxiiloration,  aiul  the  naval  otHcers  of 
1^40-8  txtendctl  it  .soiiuwhat.  Tii  the  latter  year 
the  war  (lipartiueiit  dirt'cted  a  joint  comniission  of 
(ijliciis  to  proiin'tly  explore  the  l*aciti('  coast  liarl>ors 
and  rivers  for  dett-riiiining  needful  defences,  depots, 
mail  stations.  ;ind  safeijjuards  i'or  naviLi'ation.''  The 
CaHruinia  l<•^•i^^lature  and  private  ( iitequise  cooperated 
liUlrent  directions,  stimulated   hv   the  rewards  of 


111  t 
trad 


am 


1  tl 


le  a'li'ta 


i\  of 


citizen> 


lb 


Sacramento    river 


attracted  s[)ecial  attention  owiiiL;"  to  debris  ohstructioiir- 
dr[iosited  hy  hydi'aulic  niims  in  particular,  wliich  have 


d 


topped   navigation  and  ruined   larminL;-  land   in  many 


I   ft 


(juaitirs. 


Til 


oee 


in   line  was  intrusted  to  th 


e  eoas 


t 


-11 


rvey  dej)aitment,  which  be_L;an  o[)i'iatioii  in  !S4'J 
iiiider  two  parties,  althou'^h  t!ie  organization  of  the 
I'aiiHc  hrancli  j>ro[)erly  dates  I'rom  the  advent  in  ISoO 
(.t'(ltoi  "e  Davidson  and  his  iiaitv,  whose  services  un- 
tl(  r  a(l\erse  circunistam-es  art' ".narked  wo  less  l»y  well- 
uttcsted  .skill  than  hv  heroic  devotion.'' 


".Vwr.   r ro „.-<,; })■!,  F.I..   14.   jsr.l:   I'l-ic,-  Tini>.<.  Oct.  .".,  IS-tO. 

'•'/'.  .V.  (!<»t  Do.:,  Cull-.  :;i,  .•^css.  1,  11.  Kx.  \hw.  17.  'Jilti  71,  SOO  1:  Id., 
S<>'.  />■>■:,  X. 

'''lii>taii(i,'  till-'  early  iiiipriiveinonts  :ii  the  S:iii  l»ic;:(i  au.l  ( 'cpliir;iili>  rivers 
liV  tlio  fcileral  j;i>v.  A/.,  t'oii;.'.  X\,  .Siss  1,  H.  \]\.  jl..,..  1.  i.  ]it.  iii.;  //tu/t  ^' 
J/;.-.-./..  '  ':  /./..  S.  Dij",  i.  :il  -J,  1-J7  :51,  17S;  till!  Kills  in  <;,l.  J,„ir.  .V,',,., 
lS't\).  )i|i.  KMCJ  (J,  tor  <nieiiiiii,' aiiil  impriiviiig  ilitl'i  riT.t  stnains;  tiie  ex.iiiiin.i- 
ti.iu  ol  llmriliiiMt  l>ay  lor  ii  purt  wlieiieu  to  supply  Trinity  Kiver  iiiine.s  ami 
till' Mi'iM-.|iuiit  toniiilinij;  <il  towns  there.  li«tails  in  .V.  /■'.  Jniini.  I'diii.,  A[<r. 
•.'.').  IS'dl;  IhunU.hlt  Ti.,11.-,  Fel>.  7,  14.  lM"i3:  Aiir.  1.'),  Is7(i:  < h-n-lnnl,  i.  1  14  "i; 
\\\-^t  (•<>■<■/  Sijuol,  1-Vl..  14.  Apr.  :{,  ls7-':  .Ian.  10,  1S77;  I'.u:  A''»'>-,  May 'Jl', 
!v.'|it.  7,  l.S.'K).  Ill  connection  witii  inij'iov»ineiit.s  of  the  San  .loaiiuin.  as  iii- 
staiK'uil  ill  <'<il.  Join:  A-"..  \S.'iS,  S>ii.,  IStKI,  up.  iii.  .'IS,  came  tliu  idea  of  a 
^lli[>-l•anal  to  .stiK'kton.  '■  Iik-K  reiiiaiueil  a  project.  S/O'linn  //i'/';i..  May  IS70; 
S.  /•'.  r.fll,  .M.iy  'j^,  Is7i»;  C.  S.  '.•.,.-.  Ah-..  Cong.  4:!,  .s.  ss.  I.  II.  .Misc.  Itoc. 
ri7.  'i'lie  ilel.ris  .'Imitation  i..*  eoiisiilereil  elsewlien  .  A  new  outlet  was  pro- 
|ni:«e.l  for  thu  .Sac.  ill  \ii>i~,  and  I'apt.  Hids  came  to  plan  a  .system  similar  lo 
that  of  tlie  .Misnissippi.  The  ;;ovt  lieM  aloof,  liowevi'r,  until  the  dehris  ipies- 
tiell  slloldd  he  settled.  /-/.,  Coll;:.  4.">,  .Sess.  2.  I 'oe.  17;  <  ,,l.  Join:  Sill.,  ]S{\~  ,S, 
ap.  Ml;  h'li/M'  /'ijHirt.  It  wa.-i  propusi  d  in  |s74  to  tniii  San  l>ie!,'o  Kiver  into 
F.iNe  IJiy,  wliieh  was  iloiie.  CoiiciTiiilig  the  lakes  jiihI  their  navi;;  it  ion,  sec 
r.  .S.  hui:  />..<'.,  Colli:.  47,  .'^•'ss.  '2,  JScu.  .Misi-.  1».h-.  4i;,  p.  ;V.»;  iV /I'l ili/.i  Sur- 
>■  !i.  i^:*'',  p.  IMI;   |s77,  p.  1-.'S7;  S-wi./i'"  /'«■.,  M  >  ,  li.  I  •-'4  7. 

'"  riie  hyilioi.'1'aphic  lahof  U'-'an  in  IM'.t  undi  r  Lieut  I'.  Me.Vrthur.  I'.  S. 
X..  and  :.hoie  diitx  niiiliT  I'.pt.  .).  .s.  Willi.ims.  .assistant;  hut  the  .iiioiiimIoiis 
I'niiilitioiis  of  the  tiiin',  witli  liijih  pii. 'S  and  di-sertioii,  eavo  little  op|iortn- 
uity  ler  wuik,  auil  tliut  cLictly  hy  McA^tLur.     Thu  luuutli  ui  Sau  Frauciiiuu 


13S 


INLAND  AND  OVKRLAND  TRAFFIC. 


HI 


Anionj^  tlie  results  of  these  efforts  wore  tlio  lii^lit- 
liouses,  whith  from  the  first  editices  in  San  FraiieiMd 
hay  spread  in  due  time  along  the  coast,  although  witli 
provoking  slowness.^"^  This  harhor  naturally  receiviij 
the  earliest  attention.      Buoys'"  hegan  to  l)e  i)laeed  in 

Bay  aiiil  .Marc  Tslaiid  liarl)or  were  exaiiiinuil,  and  tlio  coast  from  MiuiU'ity  tu 
till  ('uluiiiliia  KiviT.  This  ill  siicocss  (iMigtil  the  scmliiig  out  of  yoiiii-.r 
olliciTs,  Htitiiulatt'cl  by  anihition  to  make  a  reconl.     (Jeo.  Davidson  acci|itiil 


tl 


le  rosp<iiisilii 
i  S.  J. 


lity, 


was  raised  ti 
A.  M.  Harris 


>  assistant  in  ehari'e 


d   atdec'tid   for  iiJM 


and  .lohii  RiK-Uwi'll.     F 


"« 


S.  F.  t.. 


costly,  Davidson  selected  I'oint  Concei>eioii  for  tlie  oiieniii;^  task,  incliiilliii; 
survey  for  a  liHhtdiousi'.  Tlieiice  he  jiassed  to  I'oiiit  I'inos,  San  Diego,  aii'l  t.i 
the  C'oliuiiliia  rivei",  declining  the  lirilliant  otlVrs  made  for  laying  out  towns 
and  other  private  work,  and  struggling  honorably  on  tlio  seanly  pay  allo\uii, 
whieh  for  his  assistants  was  only  .StO  a  nunitli,  wiule  tluireook  received  incn 
than  four  times  as  much.  The  Pacific  aiiiiropriatioii  for  the  tiscal  year  of 
1S.")0  1  was  5>1!H),(HH),  most  of  it  for  a  steamer  to  l)e  huilt;  the  foUowini;  ,\i  ir 
i-l.")(),()(K)  was  demanded,  and  tlie  service  iww  pcrniittiiig  of  greater  e\teri.-  !■  ii, 


Harrison  was  <lcta('lied  with  Lawsou  for  separate  work, 


hi.  I 


).  Cutts 


W.IS 


tiered  to  replace  Williams.  The  results  attained  are  shown  in  the  auinial 
r'[iorts  of  tiw  <  ii'ist  S/irri  y.  A  special  valualilo  history  of  tiie  service,  wiih 
interesting  details  not  there  fonml,  I  possess  in  the  AiitDliiniiniji/ni,  .Ms., 
1-104,  of  James  S.  Lawson,  who  reviews  ;J0  years  of  his  conni'ctiou  witli  tin; 
service,  w 


herein  he  stands 


lected  with  some  of   its  most  lirilliant  achu  \ . 


ments.   See  also  y>((r//(".>t  A'o/(Vr^;   C  S.  Om-t  Dor.,  Cong.  HI,  Sess.   1,  Acts  iL'l'; 


-1/-' 


MS.,  GS  I);  S.  /'.   Chi 


Nov.  7,  'J-',   KSoS;  //"'/' i'  S.  Ih 


70-1;   lliii'iiinlil'.t  ('iinr.<]>.,  1-1.");   liilkn'iy.^Drty  S<<i  Soiini/iiiij.<  X.  J'' 


'".7".  '■ 


■On  Sept.   '20,    lis.")!),  .*;',tO,OtK)  was  appropriated  for  six    lightdiou.si 


Alcatraz  Island,  and  at  the  entrance  of  S.  F.    bav,  on  the  Faral 


if: 


It  M. 


terey,  I'oi.it  Conccpcii>n,  and  San  Difgo.  On  March  ."<,  IS.'il,  .*1."),00()  nn.re 
for  a  tower  at  liumbohlt  bay.  These  appropriations  wcie  about  tlireetili! 
geater  than  for  the  Atlantic  side,  owing  to  tlie  liigh  cost  of  labor.  The  tir>t 
t«o  Were  the  I'arliest  completed,  although  the  entrance  light  was  iiit<rl<  rcl 
with  by  fortilieation  works.  Monterey  and  I'oint  Honita  came  into  oiPciatii>ii 
after  Ks.'^,  the  rest  following  at  the  snail-pace  consouant  with  the  govcrniin nt 
red-tape  system.  Alfn  ('.(/.,  Oct.  '2.\,  ISo'i.  l?iioys,  at  from  jiJOO  to  .<•.'.("«•, 
Were  provided  by  order  of  Marcii  '.l,  1S.")."{,  four  for  S.  F.  buy,  one  each  for  S.u-- 
ramento  River,  Humlxildt  Bay,  and  the  Um|icpia.  Subsetpiently  a  In  ,nnii 
was  added  to  Humboldt  Ray.'  On  March  .'5,  1>S."):{,  .*'_V),000  Was  !ii">propii.M.  ■! 
for  liLtlit-liouses  at  I'oint  lionita  and  San  I'edro;  on  Aug.  .'1,  IS54,  !<UKi,(HK» 


f. 


r  Santa  (  ru/,  Sai 


ta  Rii 


I'oint   l.obi 


11  a  la  lie  lo.s 


t 


Ri 


Cro 


■lit 


City  and  Trinity  Hay.  Ry  the  close  of  ]SM  tiiere  were  in  operation  liglt 
houses  at  I't  l.ouia,  San  Diego,  Santa  Rarbara,  I'oint  ( 'oncciicioii,  I'oint  I'iih's 
of  Monterey,  South  Faralloncs  Island,  Pt  lionita.  Fort  Point,  and  Alcati.iz, 
llumliolilt   bay,  and  Crescent  I'ity;  descrijitioii  of  each  in  dil.  I>'iyi.4tr,  l' 


I'.  140-4;  <'n,i.-<l  Sunrii,    bS.'iO  tt  seip;   l/fjld-lhi 


n« 


Ih, 

Sc 


(/  /:<  ports;   U.  S.  (•' 


(    OlliJ 

•2;  I.T. 


•'   Scss.  I.  S.n.  Doe.,  ii(i,  ix.;  Id..  '22,  .SO  \t\  111,  v.;  Com. 


Xi,    Se^ 


II.  Kx.   De 


:«. 


40--'  'JO,  u 


1' 


:io7  8, 


Id.,  10,  '.'>■>  7, 


June 


4,  is.-i 


(  onu 

!;  .lui 


.■$4,  Sess.   1;   also  I'imnirr  /'rji/.i  for   tlus(!  years;   J//»  ('7., 
;  !••  AuL'. 'J4,  KS.">1;  .March  Id,  Aug.  10,  Nov.  7,  IS.Vi;  N.  F. 


Jirral,/,    March   '2:\,    l,S.-);{.     In   //. 


bud. 


Mtiiif' n  I/,  44,   is  a  description  of  tiic 


ings.      ( 'oncerninn  navy-yard,  see  chapti-r  on  toMiis  under 


Vail 


>J' 


L'lider  the  siiivey  of  Ringgold,  U.  S.  N.  See  preceding  notes;  ('.»/»/ 
Siirrri/,  \f>M,  lilt  'JO.  Till' harlior  has  betn  inrjirovi'd  by  the  removal  ol  llic 
Rincoii  and  other  rocks.  ('.  S.  (iar.  JJnr.,  ('oni.'.  10,  Sess.  '2,  See.  Wai-.  ;:  .'1. 
.'i07;  Cong.  4."!,  Se.ss.  I,  II.  F,x.  Doc.  IS'.l;  Chief  Kng.  Rept.  18(18.  p.  7:i,  >■;';!; 
AlOi  L'ai,  ap.  lil,  1870;  Unrlmui,  \v.  401-7,  with  1 1 marks  on  deposits.     Thu 


CUSTOMS  COLLECTIONS. 


U9 


lSt9,  Hlgiial  stations  were  ostaltllshotl,  and  regula- 
tions issued  for  }>il()ts™  and  harbor-masters."' 

(.)\viii^"  to  tlie  political  changes  in  Cahfornia,  from  a 
Mt  xican  ])rovince  to  an  Anglo-American  ti-rritory, 
uiiiKr  niilitarv  rule,  and  subsequently  to  a  rccoj^nized 
'•art  of  the  Ignited  States,  but  for  a  tinio  without 
uvular  revenue  system,  custom-house  alfairs  became 
xiiiuwliat  niixtd,  with  variations  according  to  the 
111, .oil  of  the  ruling  p(>wer  and  tlie  pressure  of  cir- 
cumstances," with  a  predominance  of  ^Texican  rules. 
I'ltiri^n  vessels  and  cargoes  were  in  184'J  admitted 
iiiKkr  protest  as  an  indisj»cnsable  convenienei',  the 
I'liiti'd  States  tariff  of  July  184()  being  henceforth 
aiiprud,  witli  its  several  grades  of  ad  valorem  duties 
tVoiii  live  to  forty  per  cmt,  with  one  of  a  liundrcd  for 
.spirits/""'     By  act  of  March  ;J,  1841),  California  was 

c'\tLii>ioii  of  Oakland  pior  has  onalik'd  many  vessels  to  discliargo  coal  lure, 
aii.l  to  loinl  j.'iain  (lircLt  from  tlio  railway  cars.  A  breakwater  ])rot<cts  the 
tiiLiigiil  .qijiroach  to  her  inner  liarhor,  i>an  Antonio,  U8e<l  chiilly  hy  a  f.  w 
liiiy  stiainhoats.  Vallcjo  hccamu  a  lar^c  shiji  lini;  jilacc,  ami  of  Lite  years 
I'lirt  (  osla  has  acntiirc.l  a  similar  [H'omiruncc  for  tlie  Sail  Joaijuin  N'alluy. 

-'Naval  otllci  r.s  joined  in  otl'ering  sirvices.  Fnmohf'.f  Trturls,  "111.  The 
(■r.Mui/.uion  wa-s  leit  lor  the  legislature.  U.  S.  <!iii\  Due,  Cong.  ."I,  Sess. 
I,  n.  K\.  Doc.  17,  \i.  SlJ-t.  Sacramento  reccivid  its  quota  in  ls.'><).  .V'/f. 
Ti-'iii^rrijif,  May  HI*,  \SM.  By  !S,V2  ^lilotage  fell  to  '^\0  jier  foot  from  lieyoul 
the  l>ar.  Ti'iiiiage  dues  Were  4  cents  a  ton;  (hickage  ',i  to  (">  ci'iit.s  a  ton  <liily. 
/',(>,<  i'lin-i  i'>,  l>ic.  ;!l,  1^."'J.  Vessels  entering  or  Itaving  S.  F.  harhor,  ui,'.e-s 
e:i  a;:eil  in  whaling,  li-hing,  or  coast  trade,  jiaid  S,")  per  foot  drau;^ht.  I'dot- 
,igL'  i.s  4  cents  |k  r  ton  extra  for  vessels  cxceeiling  iM)  tons.  Vessels  di>eh  rg- 
iiig  [laid  liom  .^.")  U>  )i'2'A.M  per  day,  for  si/.es  ranging  helween  '2-'>  and  'J.  10') 
tiiiiT,;  hall-rate  while  loailing  or  doing  noliiing.  Tlie  wliariagc  toil  on  goods 
Vi.is  .">  c.  nts  )ier  ton.     A  shipiiing  coniinis.-.ioii  was  created  in  IsTl*. 

■'>'.  /■'.  Miiimal,  1(V.»  s;!;  C,iL  Jour  I  low-;  1S.")0,  p.  i:U(>;  ('-(/.  /'..///.  Co(/c. 
I'li.ir  t."  this,  military  .imi  local  autho  s  liad  appointed  temporary  ollieers. 
r;;/./  .  />.,,■.,  XXXV.  li.VJ.  The  regi-tral.,  i  vessels  was  at  first  relcrnd  to 
W.i>iiiiigt(iu.  Calij'crihiui,  Oct.  7,  IStS.  v  -'les  against  harhor-master  of 
>.  r.,  ill  lliini/'s  I'l  mil/,  J'oirii,  114.  Coiuerning  wharves,  etc.,  .see  tiie 
eliipter  on  S.  !•'. 

■'■' Civil  collectors  Were  rctaineil  at  S.  F.,  Monterey,  Santa  ]5.iihara,  Sui 
Pidio.aiid  San  I'ieno,  till  t)et.  KS4T,  vluii  military  colhctors  iiiteitd  a  vv  liilo. 
Crlaiu  staples  wire  in  March  1.S17  admittcii  fiei'  of  duly,  togeliier  wall  liir- 
pi'*  Iroiii  tlie  U.  S.,  while  other  foreign  goods  liad  to  pay  1.")  pi  r  e.  nt  on 
viluo.  Ill  (tet.  |S47  the  latter  rate  was  increased  to 'JO  pir  cent,  and  iii  Ajiril 
IS18  t'Meiiile.l  to  'ja  anil  ;>0  [ler  cent  fcvr  two  classes  oi  gooiU.  In  Au-.  Ls;S 
tail  coUeitors  were  reappointed.  \V.  Uiehardson  was  nplaced  hy  K.  II. ir- 
iiviii  as  colleetor  at  S.  F.,  (lilhert  liavins,'  liceii  coiisjilered.  Coiiccr:iiiig 
'Imi^es  and  r.des,  see  r.  S.  O,,,:  />.»-•.,  Cong.  'M,  Sess  1,  11.  Kx.  Doe.  17,  p. 
''"''.'•'•V  "•'•'--".  7S1,  S;!."?,  besides  my  preceding  vol,  v.  "i7'.'  ."i. 

Liiiler  40  p(.r  t'ent  were  cmliraecd  notalily  preserves,  dried  fruits,  spices, 
wiiits,  laliricated  tobacco;  under  liO  per  cent,  weaiioiis,  beer,  jewelry,  fresh 


140 


INLAND  AND  OVEIiLAND  TRAFnC. 


i'  ' ;, 


(loclarcd  a  collection  district,  with  San  Francisco  for 
])oit  of  entry,  and  delivery  jxats  at  ^fontcrcy,  San 
JJiejj^o,  and  on  the  Rio  Colorado,-'*  and  James  ('oilier 
Avas  appointed  collector,"'  lie  t«K»k  possission  in 
Xovi'nilter  1841),  at  first  in  the  old  custoni-hoiisr  (ui 
I'ortsniouth  square.'"  With  less  discretionary  powii' 
than  the  niilitary  rulers,  hv  proceeded  to  sujipress  (•<  r- 
tain  privilei^cs  so  far  allowed  to  foreiLfn  vessels,  in  the 
coastiiii;'  trade  and  in  the  landing  of  ettects,  despite  iu- 
diyna'it  protests.'"^ 


fniit,  ni>])ar(l,  iiicdicino,  maiitifactnrcil  cfoods  of  leather,  iron,  hair.  L'las«.  cto,, 
jiainT,  sugir,  hat  tulnicfi);  uinler 'Jo  ikt  ct  iit,  silk,  c<>tl<'ii,  ariii  wixilKii  l.il.ni-; 
miller  "JH  jur  ci'iit,  liiiiiln'r,  liritks,  luatlitr,  ct-rtaiii  iniit.  n-rtaiii  ijraiii,  ii.(  it, 
ttc;  uinliT  10  ]ivv  cnit,  certain  ilyei,  coap,  •.•tc;  uiuU-r  o  jht  cent,  ecitaiii 
metals,  etc,     Tarill' eliange.s  tiiiieu  tiien  have  iH-tn  niiiiier<>ii:«. 

■•"  Siilijeet  for  the  iirescnt  in  revenue  matters  to  th»;  cmirt.-i  of  On  i.'.m  n,- 
Lduisiaiia.  ('"/.  StiiluUs,  IS.-)0,  ,'i7-8. 

-'  His  i)ay,  Sl,')(KI.  as  jier  act,  \vith  -SljOtH^  for  ileimties  at  iKlivery  ]Mir!-; 
his  ('(iniMiissidii,  tlireo  jur  cent  on  iluties,  yi  t  ni>l  ovt-r  s;{,(XN»  a  year  tu  I'e  iv- 
taiiK'il  iroin  eiiKiluments  as  eolleetiir,  and  S40U  lur  M.-rviees  in  other  capaeiti' s. 
An  iiisiieetor  ean  !)<■  ainiointeil  as  aid  at  .S.  F.,  i>ay  not  over  Ssi  a  d,i\  :  al-. 
ti'inporary  inspectors.  Iteeogiiizcd  coins  alone  t">  l>e  r»  ceivetl  for  diitii;. 
l-'iirtlier  (iitails,  U.  S.  (!<>i:  lh„-.,  L'oiii.'.  ;{1,  .Sc.-s.  1.  II.  Kx.  Doc.  17,  p.  1-  1.'). 
('oneeruing  his  sulia[)jioiiitiiients,  see  A/.,  !t;^-j:{,  TiHi. 

-■'■On  Nov.  iL'tli.  lleiiioval  in  .Ian.  l.s,-rt».  . I. '/-t  «••»/..  Jan.  25,  18.jO.  \\\  v- 
cordinee  w  ith  jiroposals  in  tlie  last  to  i-reet  tire-pr««of  wart-houses  at  S.  1..  lo 
he  leiited  at  s7,tMI(l  a  year,  arrani;i  inrnts  were  mi'ic  for  .-•  four-story  huildi  i,' 
of  hiii'k  ami  iron,  L'.")  feet  hy  KX),  to  l>e  lea.sed  for  !.■>  years  from  .S.  pt.  1,  l>."iii; 
rriit  to  he  settUd  later,  hi.,  IS  'J'J.  This  rose  on  the  s.  w.  corner  of  Cal.  a;i  i 
MoiitL:oniery  stri'ets,  hut  was  hiirned  May  4,  X'^A.  S.  /'.  //iralil,  Am;.  I. 
1>.-)II,  I'eh.  'JO,  1851,  refers  to  arrival  of  .section.-^  lor  it,  etc.  The  ne.\t  i  ii  t..:  i- 
hoiise  site  was  on  tlie  corner  of  Kearny  and  Washin^«in.  whither  Kin.',  v  > 
UiW  eoUeetoi',  removed  tile  treasure  of  ahout  a  million  dollars  ou  May  'J^;'!, 
vitli  siieli  excessive  precautions  as  to  evoke  •_'eneril  ridicule.  Al'tt  Oil.  Miy 
ti'.t  ,"0,  IS.'>I.  /'/.,  May  8,  IS.VJ,  refers  to  new"' plans  l..r  one.  See  U.  .V.  .!■  •. 
Cong.  .'{I,  Sess.  I,  170,  on  earlier  orders  f-T.  In  Xov.  \\ul  was  occupiid  ti  ■■ 
Ko-eallrcl  eustoin-house  hh)ck  of  tliri'e  stories,  octiu;,'  ."jl4tl.(MJ,  e.\chi>ivi>  ii; 
laud,  and  standing  on  .s.  K,  coriur  of  .Sansoine  and  .Sacramento  sts.  Tlii' 
houdeil  Marehouse,  which  j)artly  caved  in  Afiril  TWI,  sl<Nid  on  Ikittery  ami 
Union  St.  Aldt  I'ul.,  Jan.  ."),  1870;  AniniU  S.  t\,  'XW,  47H,  .VJ',».  lii  l.vit  iho 
state  made  partial  gift  to  the  U.  S.  of  a  site  on  whi.li  a  ]>ernianeMt  eii-toiii- 
house  and  appraisers'  store  were  erected.  C-il.  Jfttt.  S''ii..  lb,M,  '2.1,  70  •_';  hi, 
./I.v-.,  ap.  •J4.  I'l ogress,  appropriations,  etc.,  !'.  H.  'A.r.  /><■■:,  Con.'.  ;ii>, 
Sos.  1,  H.  J:.>c.  Doe.  15,  v.,  Doc.  IIS  10,  .\iv.;  Cong.  M,  ,Se.ss.  1.  Doc.  h',  iv. 
U'JS,  'j;i.").  Collier  had  rented  Starkey,  .Iani,.n,  A  Co.'s  warehou.-e  on  <  d.  >t. 
/'(''•.  A'(  "•■■••,  Dee.  'JO,  1840,  and  countcnauctd  u-c  <.f  vc-^s,  Is  fur  storage.  Ik 
met  with  great  inconvenience,  owing  to  tlie  hi_'li  priti-s  ruling,  and  a-i  tlic 
ollicials  Were  resigniiii;  Doc.  17,  p.  'J4  li,  .'{1  - 'J,  .VV-0,  uhi  >up.  —  he  wa.-soMi^el 
to  incur  extra  eNpeiiilitures,  coneeruing  wliieh,  as  well  as  his  own  ineti.istl 
claims  and  pay,  he  had  troiilile  afterward.  .See  /A>i< «.•«>« 'j«  .S";* «<-/(••<,  i.  4it7  .'IK, 
defending  him.  lie  claimed  half  of  ."s',l4.70<(  worth  of  seiz<»<l  kikhIs.  li^' was 
replaiitl  in  1851  hy  T.  15.  King.  When  M,  S.  I.^tthani  entered  in  .Sept.  is.'"'. 
S'li-.  i'liioii,  Sept.  '24,  1855,  tlie  pay  was  t^lO,4tX);  Jt-putie-s,  5»'{,0(.I0  lo.-l  oni, 
with  fees. 

■-'  BriUiily  in  hottles  he  confiscated  lieeanse  the  tariff  referred  only  to  ra>ks. 


PORTSJ  OF  ENTRY. 


141 


mclsco  for 
teivv,  Sail 
lies  ('(illifV 
;si'Ssion    in 

ll-llOUSl'  nil 

lavv  iti'Wci- 
srls,  in  tlu' 

dospittJ  ill- 


hair,  '-'lass,  vU\. 
wtMilUii  l.iliiu*; 
aiii  LMrtiii,  11.1  It, 
K-r  cent,  oiitiiiii 

rts  of  Or>;4.m  v>r 

t  lUlivcry  jMirt-; 
t  :i  yvur  to  i>i'  i\.'- 
otluT  Ciiiiacili'-*. 

L-r  ?>1  a  't''y=  '''"' 
iveil   for   "liitir;, 

).M.".  17,  p.   1-'    I''' 

2.-.,  1850.  _  111  I'- 
lusos  at  S.  I  ..  i'l 
ir-st<iry  IxiiMi  l' 
>m  S.  i"it.  1,  !>■>': 
.riitr  of  Cal.  mil 
II,  mill.  Aim-  1, 
riic  next  lU-t";  1- 
luther  Kiiiu'.  til'- 
rs  on  May  •>;'!. 
Ali't  Oil.,  M.iy 
.S,-o   U.  .V.  .I';S 
■;i-s  occUl'i^'l  ""' 
MJ,  I'XcluMVc  iM 
iiiiito  sts.     Tlie 
on  Uittivy  ami 
J'.».      Ill  t">''i  li'>^ 
iiii.iufiit  iii-i»m- 

r.. -JT,  70  •-';  /■'. 

>.,■■.,    Con.'.  ■!•', 

:.    1,    l»OC.    1".   iV. 
IIOU.-C  Oil  *  'O-  ''■ 

..r  storagi.  He 
in^;.  ami  :i-  tin; 
Ik-  wiisoliii^el 
own  im  iv:i>i'  i 
•«!«•/«•<,  i.  -it'i  •'•'• 
lg<KHK  li'":i^ 
1.1  in  Sopt.  IN.'-'. 
:!,«JO(>to>l."«'. 

Llonlvti"  i-k-. 


rorsoiial  LT.iin  apixais  to  have  i)roinpte(]  this  strict- 
ness, altli(tuv;ii  ]>refauti«>iis  were  needed  to  clieck  tlie 
PiHUUL;Hng,  whif'h,  tostered  under  a  lieavy  Afexlcan 
taritr  and  tax  sujKiTvi^iion,  took  advantai^o  of  tlie  irreg*- 
iilar  otHeial  srrviee  in  the  early  Husli  days.^"* 

Owing  to  the  f»trlfe  for  port  of  entry  jirivilegcs 
aiiiiiiiL;  dittcreiit  coast  and  hay  t(»wns,  congress  con- 
oedid  them  to  Sarniint-nto,  Benieia,  Stockton,  ]\ron- 
t(  rev,  San  Pedro,  and  San  J)ieg(),  as  a  test  iur  final 
decision  :'"•'  hut  their  trade  proved  insignificant,  and  the 

lio  sfizcil  a  Hriti-'h  ve"-*-.-!  lor  liringiii:,'  ^ooils  lintli  from  l'ui;ot  souiul  nnil 
X'liiiripuvcr  l-hiinl  withont  the-  fonuality  wiiicli  hv  tlioiij^'lit  noLvssary,  ami  so 
liii'tli.  Sio  i>oc.  17,  i'l>.  ty-^B,  a.»  alxivc;  ami  proti'stM  by  Kri'iicli  ami  Kiiijli.-li 
triilii's,  and  conileninati'in  l»y  otlii-rs.  S/mrs  (iol,/fii  f)rr<tiiis,  '2'M;  Kdli/'s 
i:,;-ii, ■■■!.,  ii.  !.'.■(<);  /■''■,-,-»/,  CiL,  2-ki;  S.  I\  U<nil<K  .hiiie  8,  ISoO;  .("./(/•,  Voy., 
.(.JO  4_ 

•M'ollitT  fouicl  gnrii  Kx^M-nes*  at  San  IVilrn.  In  F'.lt.  1S4!),  rumor  reaclu'il 
Ciil.  Ma.son  of  the  jirnjMMol  Lin-iiu;;  of  several  car^'ues  on  the  eoast,  ami  in  .luno 
(till.  Kiley rejiorte.l  laii>iiii^-«  in  the  \rx\n  of  .Saii  .SiiiH'on  aiiil  .San  Lni.s  Ohisjio. 
(idtiils  came  l>y  way  of  S«>oora.  I><k.-.  17,  y\s.  -4'.lti-S,  (J'.Ki.  771;  /*<"■.  .\'<)'->, 
M:iy  11,  1S.">(>.  Wittrtj,  etc.,  were  laiukil  at  iliiiiiliol.lt  liiiy  ;iii(l  lirmiLjlit 
(li.wii  liy  eoastitii.'  vessel--*.  C«<llier  jihaiK-il  for  a  cutter  in  aihlitiou  to  the 
lyiifriiiO'  ill  use  Nov.  Ivt'J,  to  ^urinl  tlie  coa-it.  Alio  in  is.j.'i,  in  (T.  S.  (lir. 
l)n,-..  Coll!,'.  ,"•_',  .Se^*.^.  '2,  H.  Kx.  bi<".  ol,  vii.  The  IT.  A.  M''i-rt/  was  in  .service 
111  iN.'il).  ()|ii!un  ami  silks  t'onn  the  cliitf  contraliaml  l>y  ocean  route,  and  the 
Ml  xiiaii  and  H.  C.  frontiers  i-ivor  illicit  trade. 

-"■'.Most  were  created  in  the  «*c«»inl  session  of  the  rJLst  congress.  Owiii, 
Mi.ii.,  .M.S.,  7t>,  who  promoU.-'l  the  cxj'iriiiient,  sougiit  to  ad.l  llunilioldt. 
S.  Tch-o  gained  the  privilege  in  l»->t.  T!ie  foreign  eiitrii's  and  clearances  at 
tlicse  ]iorts  Were,  for  IS51,  .San  Ihe^o  li'  and  \',i  respectively;  Monterey  '2  and 
■_';  for  \Sx2,  .S.  lliego29an>l  13;  M.«nterey  (J  and  4;  Sacramento  1  entry;  for 
IS.')!),  .S.  nicuo  ;i  and  3;  Monteny  I  and  4:  for  1854,  Monterey  9  and  (i;  .S. 
l)ii'L;o  I  entry;  for  IS.55,  .H.  Diiri:o  3  and  •'),  Monti'rey  1  and  7,  IJcnieia  7  and 
tl:  for  IS.Mi,  IJeiiicia  4  an<l  3,  San  Tedm  1  and  '2.  U.  S.  Cd/ii.  ninf  X<iri;/., 
b.'il  I).  The  value  of  irn{>ort«  in  is.%4  >va.-j,  at  S.  Diego  .':>I(r>,SO(),  at  llenieia 
."•s.L'Oil.  at  Monterey  ■''■-S.84IO.  'Ihe  ;;niss  revenue  in  the  same  ye  ir  w;is,  at 
S.  hi.uo,  ahout  .SIS,  liX),  Montervy  ?!<;.l»oO,  IJeiiicia  .S-_>,{HtU,  Sacramento  .S7(H), 
.'^[nekton  .sliiMI,  Sail  Pe<lro'»  wa»  sMialler.  C.  .V.  (''or.  J)o<:,  Cong.  ,'11,  Ses.s. 
I,  Sen.  hoc.  S:{,  xiv.  San  l»i«.~(^o  h«-t  the  port  of  entry  privilege'  in  lS(i'2,  Imt 
r_;aiiicil  it  in  1S72.  Codj.  '//>V»',  I'«7.'»,  iii.  ap.  •i'.l.'t;  Jlni/r  i  Misc.,  ,")1.  In  ISSl 
V'  foreign  iniport.s  ainounteil  to  3<C<1,(.NJ0,  two  thirds  lieiiig  railw.iy  material. 
Til  ■  exports  ivaclu'd  fS2!U,ll»)0.  Wiluiiu^ton  received  goods  from  .'{5  foreij;ii 
vi  >s.  is,  one  hciiig  very  larije,  and  i>  were  loacled  there,  with  17, (MX)  tons  of 
V  lie  it.  L.  A  III/.  Ilinil'l,  .Ian-  10,  IS«SO,  et  se<j. ;  BiiiDiini'-i  W'il'iiiiijtnn.  MS., 
1'-'  i:i;  ('(iiii.  anil  ItuL,  1114.  Collier  i.ivon.l  .s.mta  Barbara  as  a  iiort,  ami 
hcuriiized  the  importance  of  San  Pe<lr«>.  /./.,  11.  Misc.  l)oc.  S."),  li.;  liL,  Cong. 
Hi,  Se-.s.  1,  Laws,  ;i4r).  Tlie  prtK^mai*  of  S.  I'dro  is  depicted  in  Jlmrlci/'s  Liih 
All  I.,  "Jl  t>.  The  mercantile  tra'le  of  otli>T  ports  is  allmled  to  in  tl.o  chapter 
nil  towns  in  my  preceding  vr»L  >t'i  ISirhara,  Miinlocino,  llunilioldt,  Trinidad, 
Cicsc,  Mt  (.'ity,  all  strove  to  oNtain  har'x'r  iniprovi'ments  and  privileges,  as 
iiis!;iiiceil  in  <'iil.  Jour.  Sfn.,  InjI,  p.  \S'2Ct,  iN")."!,  !ip.  &2;  ISOZ-S,  ap.  .'14  )i; 
iSlill  To,  ap.  4.">,  1)1;  ..-I**.,  1.>7-Vl>.  :!7y,  etc.;  Ihiyrtt  Mnnleiri/,  ',V.i;  hi.,  Los 
.!«;/'/«,  iv.  ■_'•_';  v.  iJiSl  et  seq.;  J/c/ 'A' /•*>«'>«  Anx  Aii'j<l(.'<,  47-8;  l.im  Ami.  Arr/i., 
iii.  •Jli.S  7 1 ;  .y.  /'.  Piritijune,  Oct.  •"»,  ISoO;  t'rpiM.  .'iunry,  1S.")4,  ap.  .'!">;   187,"),  p,  01 


« 


'hi 


142 


IXLAXI)  AND  OVKRI.ANI)  TIIAFKIC. 


Nl- 


privilc'n-cs  Inpsocl.  Yet  Sun  Diclto  ri'^-aincd  tlic  jv 
tioii,  ^vllilc  Jjos  AnufcK's  strove  U>  oUtaiii  a  pini  [\<v 
liersi'lf,  tho  lu'st  claim  ct'iitriiii^  in  WiliiniiL'tttii  liar- 
Ixir,  on  Nvliich  laro^o  sums  liavc  Ix-cii  oxpt'iulcd.  San 
Franci.sco  ivmaiiiod  the  iii(lisputal)ly  supiome  eiiti'iiiut 
for  the  state  as  well  as  tor  a(Ijoiniii«jf  territorii' 


as 


shown  l)V  the  tratlie  ami  eustom-house  reven 


lU' 


Tl, 


latter  increased  from  ahout  $20,000  for  the  tii-st  lialt 
of  1848  to.si75,000  f.r  the  secon«l  half,  and  t<.sl.- 
4:-.0,000  for  the  fiscal  year  endiu'^  June  ISa^.  Tlir 
total  ri'cci|)ts   from  Au'L,nist    l!S-|,Sto  tluMUid  of  IsJC, 


were  a 


o 


littl 


cover  6 1  7,000, 0(H),  an 


tl 


le  expenses  almiit 


no  fourth  of  that  anuumt."'"'  J^y  1880  the  annual  ii 
ceijits  reaclu^d  nearly  }i?(;,000,000,  risijii;-  in  l,^>^l  b 
more  than  ><7, 400,000. 

( 'onnnmiication    hy    land    l>ef(tre    Auiilo-Amer 


U'M 


times  was  canied  on  hy  the  usual  !^^exican  system  nf 
mule-trains  and  horsehack  convevance,   which,   heiir^ 

»'t  si'i|. ;   J.'ni'  hi  Ti 


S.  iliir 
Kil, 


Ajiril  15,  IS7(i;   Wrstdxixl  St<t,\  Dc.-.  30,  ISTo.     'Ilir  /' 


4'_',  Scss.  2,  W.  Miso.  I  >...•.  I4;<,  CoiiL'.  44,  S.' 


i-iint^iiii  jirtitioiis  fur  iniiinivi'iiiiiits  at  (  roscci 


t  Citv,  Ti 


.Ul, 


M. 


tlitciiio,  ail. I  io]i(iits  (111  plans  ami  work  aro  j^ivcii  in  lil.,  ('mij;.   40, 


War,   ii.   ."HIT   IS;    (•(.n<'.   41,  Srss.   'J.   Jl.   .Mi 


I>n 


!KS;    Sell. 


n.> 


C'ollSJ 


4-, 


X   S,x-.   War,  ii.   '.IT,  DOS   1(100;  Coiil'.   4:<,  Scss.  •_';  A/., 


i.    IIS,  j.t  ii.  ;<riS  S,"»;  t'oiit,'.  4.'>,  Sfss.  3,  II.  Kx.  |)(i( 
\)y. 


\i 


Ctfllll 


11.  y\ 


lllg    <1V 


liniiii.'t<iii,  .Sun  ISiuiiavciitnra,  St.i   Barbara,  and  S.  L.  Oliisii.r.  // 
iii.    pts  ii.  OS.'t   1(M)0;    Cliii'f  Kiig.    \U\)t,   IStiS,   SSC.  0;   ll'firi ::'-   I. 


Aw/..  \:\  •2\i;   tin 


iiiinri 


■1   Wiliiiiil'jtoii,  -Ms.,  S   0;   Sta   M(>it!rii,   The  Coniinj  <  it^: 


S  0;  Jyirhlsiiii'ii  ('niisf.  P',li)t,  with  (•oiMiiK'tc  at'ooiiiit  of  all  harlior.s. 


Th 


vv\\y 


t.s  .1 


iirinj;  military  I'lilo  t'rdin  Aiit;.  (>,  IS4S,  ti>  Nov.  I'ith.  "In 


Colli'i'tor  (.'olliur  took  jiosscs.sioii,  wire  .'r^l,;{(i."),tKX);  thiriiig  < 'oUicr's  ; 


tration  till  .Ian.  I  I,  IS.")|,  ••*•.•, (IS 4.. ">(H»,  of 


for  toiiiia^'f  ami  li^lit.s,  !»''i:{.."i70  for  lio.sjiital,  !?">"il,(>()0  special  tli'imsits, 


Ii  .SI,OSO,(HK>  for  <lutios.  ,«-H!,:!mi 

1(1,  • 


070  lims,  .<-J.:{.">0  storaiTi',  S;>7,0(M)  i.r 


11 


Ih, 


">«• 


:?-j 


1,  s 


on. 


h« 


.Is  of 

lo:{. 


sciZi'il  yood.s,  .f.i. 


,('>(ll 


•I'll 


t.s.   /■ 


X     Tl 


'ross  rcvi'iii!.'  tr 


|-_',  ls|0.  to  .luiK"  :<0,  IH.")(),  was  .S00.S,7'JO:  for  tlu'  Usual  vear  IS.-.O  I. 


ill.'  .luiio  :«),  is.-.l.  !>;|,(;7'J,vS70;  for  l.s.-)l  •_>,  .S-i,4i;0.SI0; 


|.S.V_'  ,T  S-J.:!'.ll.HM 


for  is:>:t  4,  .•<•.•.•-'.">(;. r.SO;  for  Ksr)4-r),  !?l,r>00.0'.*0;  for  I.S,V)  Ci,  nearly  SI,.'^"'iMHii'. 
Till'  annu.'il  icctiiits  at  ttio  minor  ports,  as  in  iirci'ciling  noti's,  fornuMl  in  t"!  il 
littli^  over  one  per  cent  of  tlicso  lijinrca.    A/.,   <"ong.   lU,  Si'ss.    I,  Sen. 


|io 


S;{.  xiv.;  A/..  C 


A/.,  I>. 


on^;. 


:n,  s.ss.  I,  H.  v.x.  Do. 


ix.  i:{;  A/.,  Sen.  Doc.  47,  x.  70  SI;  f/.)» 


II,  !».-.,  i: 

'IT nor' I)  Ml  sn, 


04, 

Cal.'.  1' 


Tlic  fvpcnilitnrt's  froniN<.v.  12,  I.S40,  to  Juno  ."lO,  I.S.-)(),  wcroalioiit  i^l.-JOii.iiiKi. 


.'Indi 


h. 


lospital  expenses   or  an  avenigiMif  $(i,(MX),000  a  year.     O 
tiie  scarcity  of  coin,  dejiosits  in  ^'old-dust  were  received  until  cnrrenc 
l)e  olitaincd,  as  jiroposed  liy  the  f '((///imcVi/*,  Aug.  14,  184S.     Collier 
moved  in  IS.TI  for  misnianagontent,  the  ch.arges  lieiiig  that  lie  was  I'a 


u  lllli 


h. 


uping 


I" 


iketoi 
1853. 


I  inti^rcs!.  tliiu 
for  routs  on  govuriuncut  land.   Lf.  S,  Sen.  Doc,  ''  ^1"'^' 


'ounts,  that  ho  loaned  money  to  hanks,  etc.,  at  gooi 
money 


.  30.  is:.-).  Tiir  r 

I;.  Si'SS.    ],]\u.   1,1.'. 

rriiiiilad.  miiiI  Mih. 
('i)llg.    40,  .Siss.   •_'. 

SIS;  Scti.  !>,,.■.  i::,; 

Sivss.  'J;  III.,  ii.  |.! 
oxti'llililii;  ciVri-  S. 
S.  I..  Oll'lspn:  /./.. 
(i^O;   Ihiii'hifs  /., -■ 

Till'    (  'o/tllll'J    <  'ihl. 

irlior.s. 

(>  Nov.  I'itli,  \\\u  n 

( 'iiUicr's  iidiiuiii'- 

for  duties.  .':'i;i..'iMl 

•i;il  (IfiHisits,  .slO,- 

v').(;(ii  niit.s.  /■. .s. 

r'ossi  rcvi'iiiH'  li'iiMi 
vi'.ir  IS,",()  1.  iiiil- 

s.v_>  ;{,  .«<•.'. :i!ii. MM; 

lU'Jirly  ,s|,,s:i(i.O(H), 
L'M,  forincil  in  |.it;il 
V'ss.  1.  .Sen,  I  III,'. 
I,    l.->7  '.'♦.   |i.i"iii!: 

.!/-.«.,  ('ill.,   l\"i:. 

al)i)tit  !?4.'J(iii,i)iHl, 
I  yi'.-ir.  (  h\  irii;  til 
til  oiirrciicv  iHiiM 
.  Collier  was  ri  • 
he  was  eart  |i  ss  in 
;oo(l  interest,  tliat 
kn.  JM:,  .">  ^l"'i'. 


''"'•''''■'■ilvtc  the  lac'kof 


R0.V1).S   AXI»  MAILS. 


14.1 


I'OJK 


'  "'J''-   (  nitod  8tat 


^^.flM  '><.t  oncourao-o  the 

'111  I.  .....    1         •  .  •■>  ^"V, 


and 


••'ivuitou.s  ti-ai!.«. 


Ul.TC    ( 


^  "lu'd   rotates  coiifi-,,!   +1  -^"■'wu.>, 


1' uv.l  I.rno-ular  r.,a,! 


I'<''liti(>us  f 


wJiicI 


•nn,  to  I,o 


III  a 


■I'lic-kJv  fol- 


linrtJicpi 


<'ini 


pl.'iiik 


1  front 


I  III  a  f 


i;H'  ^-car.s  to  tl 


••stK  l>Ja.st,n,i,.a,KlfilIi,..  ,,., ' 


'lir-witJiiiiip, 


■"■  >'il..staiitial  iiat 
'•">f'i'i,i>-  traffi 


nro  of  t/io  M•-^».I.  .SI       ,  ' 


'.^■.  <''>!•( I Mloy 


res, 


4  u-amc'.'<i)ian<^  iin  x,-i  V      .      '   ' 


•'*a\ai>-(.'.s 


oi'o  roamed 


^';;a..  rule  mails  <I..pendc.d 


•s  and 


on  tl 


v-;'H.,Mvof.„„nnan<lants.    Tl 


<'<»un<-i',s  and  tl 


ic  in-ocrn- 


•■inrlioriti 


-  .nip,ov.d  upon  tJ.is  I>v  tl 


til 


''  '•'•,'4ular  service  [. 


)i't\\ 


en   til 


u'  con- 

itarv 

^  t'^tal.lislinieiit 


;VV"'t<'<l  States  mil 


se\eril  I 

!l!l 


x'casKjnal  i 


^'■liicli,  at  (',,1 


'"•   I'ittle,  Sf.„.,  M 


ne.s.seni.er.s  t, 


,  li'(i.    i 


--'•-.•■«  hari;;,v:  :;;•':'• --ting  ^:;().(>().).';i.i 


•"*-  I-'  i;t.  I 


!i  Mire-n. 


m::;v --'•"-«  r'—i;i;;;/; 


'  \  Si 
lo  liriil 


•    '!'.    IS.-..-,;  .//^,  ^ 


'I'"   «ll.sJ.eli.sion  I,,.,-,] 


I'':';-'   lo|-it.se|f«it 


"'"",  .); 


■sill  tl 


Kt-'   >^.  J",    bi 


'"■tWeeii     S. 


^OV.    .1, 


:iv, 


'/•,  Oct 


";-;•' -Vl"-.  10.  M 


■"■  lllillillir  ,., 


Ill  is:,4.  //, 


'Milt 

lill 


,'1011, 


project  revived 


;  "-.  I^V"' ^''^-     i-'l 


■•y  10.  June  14,  ,;„! 


'/si. 

ii-ir 


'""■"•d  Awl.,,,.,.  L.t, 


s.-.(;  it  >,-, 
«yv(.i-;,l  tinii,..^.  ,y.  / 


.\  ;!. 


a.>i  I'Vi'!! 


I^n.l 


Ki,  l'\ 


lie    inissinn    e;,,| 


■"Still, 


over 


iialf 


/"'•,  Al.ireJi  J,  IS.-,.} 


ill    hs.-.j 


■^   l'.\iste,l. 


another  fr 


one  he 


(■'//,  (),.t. 

I'ly    open,.,! 


"/  /,'()'(>,/.«.  I,-,   I 


a  mill 


'on,  a 


I'ld  s;iOO,0(io 


ft- -i™. ;r  ";;:;,,'';;;"■"■•■"' 


w.i.s  inve.st<'d 


iihoiit  II ; 


"•niu  (■,,[, 


".  ^'K. ..  ,s.l""i';;'-'iV'^  i-"!'"-  i^..in::: ,;;:  ';;:'!-■  v^^- 


'"'■a  ro,„l  (■ 


"iia,  /', 


'"'•. 


In  M 


'■""1  Sac.  to  tl 


;'•  I  M.l.se,,„ently  a.sked 


'  ■"/.  ,/, 


May      ,  ,, 

H!  northern  eon'i,( 


.'y  IS"'0  a  n.,,d 


'•.  i 


'-  IS..();  and  i„  is,.-^ 


W'"<  cut  t,.  ( 


IIHt)l, 


.1 


in. 


■''i'^'*.  I.  S, 


"'/•.  ./ 


l,s,-.i» 


(■'•ii.^ires.s  for  ,vJ.-„, 


""<•  «o  a.s  to  |. 


'he  le-i.sl.it 


I'oryetoM  1 


,0IJ()  t 


l^^'i^^P  traile  witi 


'"■"■aifitate.l 


mill 


"^•""i;      l-'or  1,1  te 


i'-^:?«:^/./.A.;,s^o;';;;;/'':'i'';'';^>.ni..ary, 


'•U'ranieiito-'i' 


•v.  a 


l>„ 


mm  1,11,  t.,.  r-,ilu-.,.     e ' 


r  ..ad.,  see  reports  of  «„;;,':  .':'?'."';!-'';"l" a.  i,...,j 


:":U^o(i.    i 


•yor.s  in  Cfi^  J 


■1:  / 


^'■' I II  111,1.    ,y.    /•    yy^ 


-'\  ls,-.;{,  ^vit'li 


/'.  /.'.  A 


■v->  loi-  routes  ea.stu-..',J    i      "  -^ 
t  «a.s  then  „,.„^.:  ..^.'VV'-   ^" '^"".   '"/'.«, 
,'.'"l"'"a,i,,tl,erl„.| 


"'■''  I'n'pose,!  t,.  .,,„ 
•i!''>n<,    .May  ;i|,   A 


<""•.  .!.< 


■li., 
'li^'liuav. 
<'on^.  .-{4, 

ll  ll.seil 


ll.|., 


'7'-.  Vi.;    Al,l, 


iiir 


'■"■'•'«s  tl,,.  .s 
ii'V^ 


''llll.sic.n.s  t<.  otliei-  1 


>!'■;<  /.'r/,/,  ,-,4.    //, 


-^"•.  ;«»,  ,l,in'e';i   . 
"'■.•'1  lliiiiil„,M,  j{, 


!0. 


'■"^"'•i;    Ml  II, 


*■"•  and  ^l...v.,  jjs 


'>iig  ro;i,|,s.      J, 


''■•llllllL' 


una  will  |,e 
.^"■■hailing  Cal.  ( 


'<*.  Hlld    (oil 


low 


"i.siderod  under  tl 


•ranelie.- 


ing  V 
le  tr 


'.'/'>'  .1/,     ., 
■"■ly  Ic^Afisli 


e.li'.s. 


ativo  st 


"''/,  Dee.ii. 


"y 


■'!>;  All,,  Cii.,  Ai 


ste].s  |',„.  ..,,„.| 


he  road 


finito 


:rli^";'e^'^'«r^!;;;'75'^;::'!"r"' 


•••stuard 
Niir- 

,ist 


""""'■^i'tfjrea;;,:^ 


"-■■•s  nioeting  h,-  If-wrv  .     '''      i""  "•  ''"*"*'• 
«"'iu.lrctm.,..     ln:!iu"'H'::^'«!"«"'-' 


and  1:1  h.,r,„U      i 
t"Mt  D.abh.aiid  V 


■'..  IS47.     IJii 


IIIK 


fci'lanty  croi.t  m  Hiter  Aug 


'Hitllly 
Jt  took 


lS4o, 


144 


IN'LAXI)  ANI>  ()V1;RLAX!>  TUAFFIC, 


F  :r 


Wasliiii^ton  city.  J*i'ivatf  ciitciprist' jiniJarcd  in  1  18 
ti  iiiauniuatu  an  oviTlaiul  mail  by  tlu'  I'lui^raiit  roiifi', 
and  Mm;  iii\vs|)a|K'i'M  actually  (icspatclicd  an  c\|>rc.-s  in 
April,"'  I)Ut  the  n'tdd  excitement  inteii'U]>ti'd  the  sti- 
vice.  In  Fcliruary  IMH)  arrived  the  first  sti\nnrr  of 
the  Panam:i  mail  lino,  under  a  monthly  contract,  which 
in  18.")l  was  extended  to  a  semi-monthly  service,"' ;it 
a  total  cost  of  8700,000  ,,i-  .$S()0,()()()  a  yi'ar,  foi'  At 
lantic  and  J*aciHc  ocean  routes  and  I'ananui  transit, 
while  the  receipts,  amountinij^  to  S,VJ'.),n(iO  for  thi>  fis- 
cal year  ISjO  I,  fell  in  IS.VJ  ;;,  under  reduced  jmst;;<;e. 
to  J-^li(;;),000.      After  this  the  jj-ain  was  slow.      It  was 


a 


'f! 


I:li 


1  ,• 


It  ;■ 


I 


Imt  in  May  1S40  tin-  soiiii-iridntlily  (■nnnoctifiti  was  orcliTcl  to  In;  ri'stiirc4  .i'mI 
uxlniili'd  t(i  Siittcr.-i  Icirt,  Stcuktuii,  ainl  Soiiniii.i,  Mliicli  IimiI  nut  at  lii>! 
i'iJiiVimI  tlif  liimlit.  ('.  S.  <;,,r.  I>,>,-.,  <  ung.  :!l,  S.'ss.  I,  M.  K\.  Doc.  17,  \k 
S'u  Ni,  <,M);>  Ci. 

'■'■'f<il.Sf,tr,  Fcl).  l-J.  Marcli  I,  ISJH.  Xnr  Hihrlhi  Dhirii.  Apr.  I.">,  l.s»S,  ,-.• 
ronl.s  its  ili'|iai'turi'  tlii-'mt;.  l.cttei'.s  were  carricil  for  ."lO  ci'iit.s,  ami  tlu'  in  m> 
pa|n'r.s  tor  Vl\  rents.  ( >ii  Apr.  'J'J'l,  it  amioiiiK'i  il  another  cxpriiss  for  •liiiif 
'JOtll,  anil  otrcri'd  to  oontrilmtu  towanl  a  woekly  interior  serviee.  Al  n  '  •"/' 
J'liniidji,  March  1,  .May  ;{,  10,  |S4S,  wliicli  annouueeil  an  overliml  mi  I  ;nr 
May.    /'nli/i'i'''"ii,  V.  I  Mi. 

■".Mnady  li,iri;aineii  for  in  tlie  orii:inal  eontraet  witli  the  I'.  M.  S.  S.  Co.; 
and  the  anumnt  so  f.ir  aUowed.  sl'.l'.»,(HM)  a  year,  \vas  aeeonlin^ly  im nasrd  In 
7.">  [ter  cent  to  .s.'tlS.-J.'it),  at  wliieli   it  remained   for  many  year.-i.      'The  Aliiii- 
tie   line,  from    New   York  to  ('liaL'ies,  started   from  the   first  under  a  .seiiii- 
monthly  eoiitraef   for  S"_".til,tHMt.     The  traiis|)ort  of  mails  across  the  Isllnmn 
Was  at  lirst  taken  charge  of  liy  the  New  ( Iranada  !.'overnment.  tlieii  tiaiisferrcl 
in  tS.")l  to  th"  r.inama  li.  U.;  Imt  the  ehar.'e  liy  weiL;ht,  which   Irom  a  cu>t 
of   less   than   .S"ii».(MII»   in    IS,">(t   1  had  liy    IS.'id  7  risen   to  SlllO.ttlM),   was  muh- 
ehaii;^ed  to  an  annual  allowance  of  .s|<ni,(MtO.    r.  S.  l/nr.   hue..  Colli;.  I!"-',  S,s<. 
I,    II.  Fx.  Doc.  •_',   ii.  pt  ii.  417  4(1,  47<t  «7:  hi..   Coiil;.  ."U,   Sess.  I,   i.  pt  I'l 
.■U7    et   .siM|.;   III.,    < 'ong.    ;{.'•,    iSe.ss.   I.  ii.  pt   iii.  '.nil  et   scij.       Reports  nl    pet 
inaster-geii   imI     |S,")()    et    Hcip,    passim.      A    weekly  .service  was    a'.:italcd    in 
congress,  liiit  failed   to  pass.  Citii-iri ■•»'.  Olnhr,  \S\\)  .")(»,  a]).   I'.>;    IS.">(*   1.  ]i.  •"IV 
4l);i,  and  index.     Tlie  rate  for  letters,  ,it  lirst  lix»'d  at  40  cents,  papers;!  cnil^. 
inlerior  letters  I'.",  ci'iits.  was  rediiecd  in  IS.M  to  (>  cents,  and  lialf  that  aiiMUiit 
for  the   I'.ieilie  states.     Tin;  nninhcr  of  letters   in   .Sept.   IS.'iO  was  I  I'J.Oi"),  t.i 
and  fro  on   thi.s  line;  in  .Sept.   IS.'il,   ll'.l,000.      The  jiostai.'e  Jiaid  for  the  IimmI 
ye.ir  IS,"iO   1  was  .sVj;».:{4|,  which   nndor  cheaper  rate.s   fell  oil'  to  S-Jii:;, l.'IT  in 
'iS.VJ  :t,  and  to  .s:!|i;.477  in  I.s.")4  .">,  on  •J,.S'_'S.'.l4(i  letters  and  :f,S14,077  |ia|.iTs 
wliile  the  ocean  servieo  cost  nearly  three  times  the  former  sum.      Dunii_'  tln' 
_\*'ar  IS.">('i  7  the  Ictter.s  earried  liy  ocean  numliereil  'J.'J'27,7SO,  and  tlie  pipii* 
4._'l."),"Jl2'J,  the  jtostagc  .unountiiig  to  .>?;(l4.:Url,  wlu'reof  .S-l".',  I."i- was  for  [Ki|iirs 
at  1  cent.      An  extra  direct  line  to  ( 'hagres  r.iii  for  a  time,  for  wiiicli  tiic  ^mv- 
eminent  was  Jisked  to  grant  coinpoiisation.    I'.  S.  Hnr.  />oi'.,  Cong.  oS,  Sess.  I. 
Se.i.  Com.  Uept,  110.      Jlival  liidders  stepfied  in  partly  for  the  route  via  .Mcxu" 
aad  Niearagna,  hut  with  little  success,  ehielly  owing   to  their  \iureli;iliihty. 
See  /</.,  Cong.  .T(.  .Se.ss.  '2,   II.  Kx.  Doe.  47,  v.;  Con;:.  ;j:J,  Sess.   I,  Doc.  1,  i.  1'' 
ill.  7".'-2  et  sci|. ;  Mr.,:  (h'rnii  Mnil  ( 'o.,  AV;ir.i,  W  41,  W  •_>•_';  Siii'ii.y.'<  ( 'oil.,  MS.,  w 
l:iS-!»;  /',j,-.  Jtiiilr,).,  Mi'iii.,  I-I8;  <•/•-(«»■'.•<  /'i(.-A  :t4-:);   LiUllun'.-'  .S)iirrl,(  liiiii 
M,<U. 


r^ 


OVERLAND  SEllVRR 


145 


..liu  1-18 
ant  rout''. 
■  \|>ri>s  in 

act,  whifli 

,v,  U  A'- 
na  iran>it. 
for  iW  Hi^- 
,,l  post;i;j;o. 
w.      It  was 

l,c  ri-'t'>v<'l  trul 

liii.l   11. it  at   lii>t 

K\.  l»iM'.  IT.  !'■ 

\,.l'.  1.".,  IMS,  IV- 
s,  illlll  tl"'  '"'^^^ 

(.siuvss  f'>r  -111"'' 
vice.  Al -'■■'"■ 
voiliixl   nil  1   ""■ 

.  P.  M.  S.  S.  (  ...; 

,.,rlv    ill.T.'.l-  '1  ''}■ 
'yl  -VW      All  111- 

t  uii'l'l'  :i   >f'i" 

|.„SS    til.'    Mli'1111-j 

tlu'iitniii^l"'''"''' 

Ui,-h  tri'iu  a  i'"-t 

(•.il.O'.M),   \v;w  ii.'W 

r..ii-.  :;•-'>•-'■ 

Srss.    \.    i.  I'l    '■'■ 

K.'ii.ivt-'  "'   1'"  '■ 
v-as    ;r;itat.-a    i" 

;  is:>o  I.  V-  :'"'■'■ 

k.  iiaiuTi*:'  '■'''"'• 
l,;ill  tliataiiMUUt 
)was  ll-.MIi").  t. 
u,l  t'..r  tUi'  II-'': ' 

?,si-t,o:7  !''i"'i-' 

lum.  l>iinn_'t;M 
1»,  ami  th.'l"!"''" 
VJ  was  f.'i-  l'''l"'' 
„.  wliiL'li  t!..'  ^"^^ 
|t'..ii>;.  :'.«.  >>''^^'  '• 
loiito  via  M'"'!'" 
L-ir  uun'li:'l"l">- 
s.  \,  1>'»'-  '•'•> 

Uiw'..  »"■•,'", 


not  until  1858  tliat  the  rjovernnioiit  extended  to  a  re_i]f- 
ular  overland  mail  the  liinitrd  serviee  so  far  niaintainod 
li\  wav  of  Los  Anj^eles  and  the  United  States  military 
jM.sts  tt)  St  ]jouis.^' 

The  first  contract  for  semi-weekly  trips  eost 
^(■.00,000.  Owing  to  the  eivil  war,  it  was  trans- 
it ind  in  1801  to  the  central  or  Salt  ]^ake  route, 
wliicli  had  lonnf  been  used  in  some  degree,  and  ex- 
tiiidcd  to  six  trii>s  a  week,  reducing  the  three  weeks' 
journey  l>y  two  to  four  days.  The  southern  n)ute  suh- 
s.i|Uintly  revived.  In  l.^Ol)  the  oonii>leted  overland 
lailway  sujtplantcd  as  mail  and  passenger  carrier  both 
stages  and  Isthmus  steamers,  diminisliingthe  expense, 
wliije  lowering  the  transit  time  to  one  fourth.^ 

^'Tlif  co.st  of  wliich  to  California  was  aliout  §143,000  a  year  for  ISn^l, 
Oi-.i;.m  p'lviiij^  loss  than  !?40,0(K)  aii.l  Ntiw  Mexico  Bonivwliat  over  j^WaKX). 
!•[  May  Is.'iD  tilt!  It'ttiTs  by  tlii.s  route  iiiinilicrcil  over  .^ilo.lWO.  J/iiiit'n  M<'>j., 
\li.  oT;  S'ii\  Union,  tJuly  I'.l,  185.").  Utah  ]iartiui|iateil  in  thin  serviee.  the  cost 
asciilK'.I  to  liiT  growing  from  aliout  !j<L',(JO()  in  \HM  and  18.')4,  to  J;rl4,>"'J()  in 
IS.'i."),  an. I  .'i<:i"J,r)<H.)  in  the  followin;^  years.  A  contractor  carried  t'.ie  Salt 
Liki:  mail  liy  way  of  I'arson,  at  §14,000  [n'v  mouth.  A/.,  1)84-.").  An  express 
aK.i  eoiiiiecte.l  with  Salt  Lake,  as  advertised  in  1855.  JJityts'  Anj.,  v.  74, 
•M,;v  .5. 

'"  In  IS.")!  < !.  If.  CJiddiiigs  eatalilished  a  mail  lino  from  San  Antonio,  Texa.s, 
1.1  V.l  I'a  -.),  New  .Mexico,  whence  .1.  V.  ^Voods  assisted  to  exteml  it  to  Sau 
l»ug<i.  tin;  liist  arrival  liero  being  on  Aug.  Ill,  1857.  J/ni/ct'  Kmii/.  J\'i>/in,  M.S., 
■J7(l;  Al/i'  ('ill.,  Sept.  Ill,  18r)7.  Meanwhile  IJutterliel.l  and  partners  were 
.irr.iiigi'ii;  f'T  a  regular  semi-weekly  service  liy  tlii.s  route  from  the  Missi.s- 
.••i|'lii,  till-  .■ontraet  for  which  was  signed  in  Sept.  1S.")7,  giving  them  §000,000 
a  vi-.ir.  T.'xt  ill  C  S.  dor.  />or.,  Cong.  .'$■"),  Sess.  1,  11.  l^x.  l>oc.  *J,  ii.,  pt  iii., 
'.•Mict  sei(.  The  routes  from  St  Louis  an. I  Mein]iliis  joined  at  l''ortSinitli.  The 
lii>t  stages  left  St  Louis  and  S.  l'\  on  Sept.  l.")th,  taking  'JIJ  days  f.ir  the  triji. 
A  line  va^  also  niaiiitained  by  way  of  I'lacerville  and  Salt  L;die,  wliicli  at  the 
diise  (if  l.sr.O  wiw  running  .".eirii-iiionthly  from  Juleslmrg.  S.  /•'.  Bull.,  Oct.  13, 
b.VS;  .March  ll»,  1  >ec.  8,  l.S(iO.  Tiie  lirst  arrival  at  I'lacerville  was  on  July 
'Jl.  IS.'S,  an.l  tlie  first  .l.p.irture  July  24tli,  to  reach  St  Louis  Sept.  1st.  Altn 
' '(/.,  Aug.  5,  l;v)S.  The  overlaid  acquired  such  favor  that  most  letters  began 
t.i  turn  ill  this  direction,  and  lUittcrlield  acconlingly  propo.sed  to  carry  a 
liiily  mail  in  17  day.s.  Li  jxceordance  with  congress,  act  of  March  ii,  ISOI, 
l.T  discontinuing  the  southern  route,  and  to  arrange  with  the  same  company 
lur  'a  .■<ix-tinies-a-week  mail  by  the  central  route,'  a  contract  was  signed  for 
Ilir.-c  years  en. ling  July  1804,  at  §1,000,000  per  annum,  to  cndirace  the  entire 
littf.-  mail,  to  be  carried  through  M'ithin  'JO  days  for  8  months,  ami  within  23 
il:iys  f.ir  the  other  4  months,  from  St  Joseph  to  I'lacerville,  via  Salt  Lake,  with 
liriMcli  lines  to  Ui'iivcr.  When  the  Union  war  began,  Umaha  and  Ft  Kearny 
siipl'laiite.l  St  Jo.scph  as  distributing  pomt.  /./.,  Con-;.  37,  Sess.  2, 1'ustinastcr- 
'.(II.  I'lp.irt,  5G0-1.  The  first  stage  left  St  Joseph  July  1,  1861,  and  arrived 
•n  .s.  F.  July  ISth,  with  a  passenger.  <i'.  /'.  JiulL,  July  18,  18<J1;  JX-c.  17, 
i'^'iii;  iliiok'  r's  Stnf.,  MS.  In  18()5  congrtiss  authorized  a  weekly  uiail  from 
-ill  i'l.  inardino  to  Santjv  Fe,  via  I'rescott,  connecting  ea.stwara.  In  Dec. 
I^tiii  the  route  via  St  Ijouis  was  changed  to  Chicago,  to  avail  itself  of  the  rail- 
w.iy.  The  contract  expiring  in  1808  reduced  the  time  between  Atchison  iiud 
llisT.  Cal.,  Vol.  VII.    10 


140 


INLAND  AND  OVKIU.AND  TKAFFIC. 


A  Htrikin*^  opiHodo  of  tliis  service  Rppcarotl  in  tlie 
HHiy  cxpiL'SS,  by  which  for  nearly  two  years  a  liglit 
etter  mail  was  conveye<l  acr(»HS  tlio  continent  by  soli- 
tarv  ri(l(;rs.  Tliov  relieved  each  other  at  intervals  of 
about  75  days,  and  heroically  pursued  their  path,  n- 
Lfardless  of  snows  and  storms,  of  savages  and  be;i>ts 
of  r.rev,  vet  not  without  the  sacrifice  of  life.*'  Im- 
tween  lH(»7  and  IS?;')  regtdar  mail  «'onnecti«»ns  wiiv 
op(Mjed  with  China  and  tlapaji,  the  Ifawaiian  Islands 
an<l  Australia,  partly  sustained  by  subsidies.* 


as 


r 
t  ^ 


I 


'III 


S.  F.  to  10  ilaya  in  stiTiimer.  rhanjtcs  ocintinnrd  to  I>c  mado  a«  the  railwMy 
ailviiiici'il,  the  Lniioii  I'iicilic  R.  K.  eiiriiinj^s  growing  from  .'jT.l'iM)  in  LSliti  7  to 
«W_',!t:tO  ill  I8tl7-S,  nil. I  S'J'JtJ.KH)  in  LStW  ".».  U.  S.  <l„i:  /),„:,  i;,wj,  42,  >.  .s. 
'i,  M.  Kx.  hoc.  I.">l.  Till!  l.'iMt  overland  Ktago  contract  Wiw  awurdi'il  to  Well,, 
Fargo,  &  Co.,  on  (Kt,  1,  18<».S,  tor  .'!»l,7"iO,(HM(  pur  annnin,  with  dt'diiuficni  i,.i- 
carna>;i!  l>y  tlio  railway,  wliicli  l)fiiij,' coinid-'ti'd  in  M.iy  ISii'.l  took  niaiUanl 
iiassengci'4  from  KtaL^cM  ami  stcaiinTs.  This  ( V'litral  Tafitic  It.  It.  carricii  ."),; 
tliM.  daily  of  mail  matter  in  March  lISTU  'I  lie  Union  I'ac.  U.  U.  carnt'il  ti^ 
J<--'7"J.(J<N»  in  1801>-70  to  S'_'S:{,S(H)  in  KS7I-2.  In  ISS'i-.S  the  ( Vntral  I'ac.  H.  K. 
received  .^.'MS.UOO  ujjon  its  lending  overhuid  contnujt.  Tlio  mail  route  \ n 
Panama  was  diHuontinuud  after  .Iiiiie  I.S7U.  Latterly  it  had  receiveil  §I,"jU.ik«j 
for  tri-inoiitldy  services,  carrying'  eliielly  jirinteil  niatt«r.  /</..  Cong.  3.'j,  Si ->. 
•_',  Sen.  Hoc.  48;  II.  Ex.  Doc.  2,  ii  jit  iv.  718-814;  Cong.  41,  Se.s.s.  '2,  N  n. 
Misc.  l>oc.  .'}5,  (i'.',  S(i,  lO.'i;  Cong.  41.',  Siss.  .%  II.  K.\.  Doc.  l.'.l;  rostiiia>tir- 
Oen.  Ue|iort.s,  passini;  ftiil'/iiii/^'  <'iim<\  I -H!»;  Orrrlaml  MuH  Svrncr,  l-4."i;  /■/ , 
Mcinoriiil,  1-7;  A/.,  Ohnerv.,  1-7;  J/ni/rn'  S.  Oiiyo,  An-lt.,  ii.  27-107;  li. 
An;/.,  v.  :»7!t-418. 

^'  In  tiie  winter  of  18t)9-<)0  W,  H.  Russell,  of  St  Louis,  and  others,  arran-.  ,1 
for  a  special  semi-weekly  service  on  horseiiack  to  carry  l.">  Ihs.  of  letters  ai  .-.'> 
per  half-ounce.  Stations  were  erected  alioiit  two  <lozen  miles  apart;  i-.di 
rider  to  span  three  fltatious  at  altout  8  miles  an  hour.  The  lirst  messeiij.'.  r 
leif  .S.  F*.  Apr.  3,  1800,  and  the  lirst  arrival,  on  the  14th,  was  enthusia-stiially 
received.  The  time  for  letters  from  N.  York  was  reduced  to  ]'.i  ilay.s  tlie 
actual  ride  took  lO.J  days;  telegraph  stations  shortened  message  tiiiio  to  'J 
d.ays.  Tiie  high  charges  prevented  the  line  from  heing  jirotitahly  patnmi/xil; 
it  Ki'ldoin  carried  over  200  letters,  and  at  times  less  tliaii  20;  tin;  hest  ]i:iy 
came  from  a  mail  contract.  Indian  troubles  brought  interruptions,  ^^'ltll 
the  completion  of  the  overlaml  telegraph  in  \ov.  1801,  it  was  aliaudone<l;  yi  t 
the  mail  contract  of  1808  sti]>ulate(l  for  a  partial  pony  service  till  tiie  railuiv 
was  opened.  Details  and  incidents  in  Sue.  L'liion,  Alia  Cnl.,  and  S.  F.  JJ"ll., 
March  30,  Apr.  3,  IJec.  29,  1800,  et  seq.;  U.  .b\  Ooo.  Doc.,  Cong.  37,  Se^  .  i', 
■Sen.  Misc.  l)oc.  54,  S.'i. 

^'ihe  I'acilic  Mail  8.  >S.  Co.  inangunitiHl  the  lino  to  Japan  and  Cliini  in 
Jan.  1807,  ami  the  postage  grew  from  $:i,S')0  in  1807  to  $15,327  in  iNi'.i. 
If.  S.  Gov.  Doc,  Cong.  41,  Sess.  2,  Sen.  Misc.  Doc.  125.  Pro  and  anti  ( 'liiiii.-c 
resolutions  came  pouring  in  during  1809-75  concerning  the  $500,000  suli^iily, 
and  finally  it  was  replaced  by  a  mere  postage  allowance,  which  in  IN>J  'i 
amounted  to  only  $3,925.  Iil.,  Postmaater-trcn.  Reports,  1809  ct  blcj.  Fur 
the  Hawaii  service  $75,000  was  allowed  in  the  sixties,  soon  also  to  be  st"|']i<'<l. 
The  Australian  line  ojiened  in  1874,  and  was  for  several  years  sustaiiu'i  I'V 
the  New  Zealand  and  N.  South  Wales  govts  with  a  subsicfy  of  $4(X),()00  lor  ii 
monthly  service.  This  has  been  somewhat  reduced,  for  N.  Zealand  is  tlie 
only  real  gainer  in  time  by  this  route.    The  postage  granted  by  the  V.  6. 


rosT-oFric'E  aifaius. 


147 


in  the 

ly  8oli- 
val8  of 
itli,  rc- 

»'      Ur- 
ns \V('I'.' 

Islands 


Tlio  uitorior  postal  service  was  for  a  loni^  time 
iittcrly  iiiii(l(Mnuiti'  to  tluMlciiiand,  owin<jf  to  tlio  small 
))((Uiii.  vy  allowance  to  meet  tlic  ruliiiijf  liii^li  |>rices.'' 
jNistmaHters  could  attbnl  iicitln  r  to  eii^atjc  the  nec<l- 
I'ul  assistance  nor  to  (lecline  the  outsido  emolunit-nts 
that  were  within  the  r(>a<h  of  their  <)tHce.'*"  Uoutrs 
Were  accordinj^ly  opened  slowly,  and  as  late  as  June 
I  sf)  I  tlicre  were  only  .'54  olHces  in  the  state,  even  iiopu- 
Idus  central  counties  havini,^  to  be  content  with  one 
weekly  niail.^'     Jiut  the  attempt  to   limit  local  ex- 


;he  milway 
I  IHliC.  7  I') 
.  4-.',  S, ,.. 
.1  toW.lls 

lllK'tinll    l..r 

i  iiiiiiU  iiii'l 
irrii'il  ■i.lHi'l 
■ariiLMl  li.'iii 
[  I'M.  U.  U. 

il  routi'  VII 
e.l  SI.")U,iKKJ 

Mi.   35,  .Sr>s. 

iL'ss.  2,  Sill. 
I'ostliia.-tcr- 
l  l-»5;  /./, 
107;    /•'.. 

arraii.:'  il 
•tleM  :u  •-•'' 
i|iiiit;  •■•'I'l 

lUsia.-itii'^illy 
iliiy.~;  t'lio 
tiini!  t.i  y 
patriiJii/c-il; 
best  l;:iy 
ous.  \^  "'' 
(limeil;  yil 
thu  ruihv-iv 

37,  «cs-.  •-', 

x\  Cliiii  I  ill 
27  ill  l^''-'- 
ulil'liiin^^-^ 
OOsul'-iiiy, 

in  1>>-  :i 


SLlJ. 


I'Mf 


IllCWt.tlira. 

Iiatiiiiii"'  liV 
1)0,<RH>  ior;i 
laud  !■<  tlie 
tho  U.  t). 


aiiiimnti  (1  in  1882-3  to  .?12,500.   /'/.     Tliu  railway  into  Mexico  haa  affuutu.l 
tlu'  ■•tiaiiicr  iiiaiU  in  tliat  tlircotion. 

■' A;.'i.'jit  Allen  iintlurtook  in  |.S4!>  to  aiii)i;a-i,!  imlilic  ilainor  l>y  extc^nding 
riPiitiM,  liiit  wa.i  ri;l)uki'(l  with  an  oi'dcr  to  limit  ixiiendituns  to  not  ruvunuu. 
III.,  Con;,'.  .'M,  Hum.  I,  I'oc.  17,  ii.  1*74-5. 

'"'I'lit!  lir.-it  mail  a|,'cnt,  '*'.  \  an  N'oorliucs,  coining  witli  tliiHirxt  HtcamiT, 
^]i|Mpini(d  < '.  \,.  Iloss  tt'nio<»rary  ii'wtmanter  of  S.  F.  till  tiio  following  inontli, 
will  II  .1.  W.  Ciiiu'y  rt'itlai'cd  thu  latter.  WiUhim.'i  Sint.,  MS.,  7  <».  Sci!  al^.. 
till'  ilui|itrr  on  .S.  V.  ('oncuniing  iiost-ofliuu  .situs.  Voorliecs,  licing  iinaMt.'  to 
liiiiy  ii\U  liis  in.struction.s  for  cstaldishiiii;  routt.'.-!  and  postmastcr.s,  owin;^  to 
till'  iiii-'li  "'list  of  uvirything,  was  replaced  in  thu  middlo  of  1H4!)  hy  1*.  T.  I'. 
Allrii,  MUil  .1.  It.  MoiTo  wa.s  appointed  po.stnuusti.T  of  8.  F.,  lint  tliis  did  not 
viinoM'  ditliiiiltiis,  lii.stniction.s  and  corre.spondenco  in  U.  S.  '/or.  />i<c., 
fiiiij,'.  ;tl,  Si'ss.  1,  II.  Kx.  iJoo.  17,  I).  '.>.")ti-7<>;  <'ii!.  .S'A//«^'.t,  1850,  ;i7,  ri'vcniU'. 
Till'  tii-^l  iiitorior  olliccs  were  estahlished  in  .fiine-iJuly  1849,  at  Rcnicia,  Sac- 
111  c'litu,  Stoi'ktou,  San.lo.se,  Vernon,  < 'oloma,  and  Sonoma,  all  with  weekly 
iiii  1  hy  water,  except  the  la.st  two  places,  which  received  it  hy  horseback. 
N. lines  lit  postniiisterH  in  I'oc.  17,  p.  lHl'.(-7lJ,  a.s  abo\'u. 

*'  lintance  Kl  Dorado,  with  25,000  soid.s,  while  Hnttu  co.  had  not  even  a 
liii>l-olli  c.  .S'.(c.  Triiifo-iijit,  ,Jan.  14,  Fib.  14,  Mareli  II,  1S5I.  Yet  I'lacer- 
villc  and  Colonia  Were  this  year  granted  a  ti'i-weekly  s(Mvico  from  Sac.  As 
latu  as  Se|it.  l.S.'iO,  places  on  tlic  main  route  of  trallic,  like  Ikiiiicia,  .St(K'kton, 
anil  S.m  .lo.-;i',  hail  <iidy  a  tri-weckly  mail;  but  in  1S51  daily  delivery  was  e.\- 
tciiili'd  to  .several,  while  others  continued  to  be  neglected,  San  jjiiis  Obispo,  for 
iii^t.uict!,  conijilaiuing  in  18«35  that  oidy  8  mails  had  been  received  in  18  months, 
au'l  l,os  Angeles  had  bad  ii<)  mail  for  six  weeks.  Zi<i  ,1.  Star,  .Ian.  22,  185.'t; 
l.if/y.tS/iU.,  MS.,  15;  Shirirooil'sCuL,  MS.,  25-(i;  a,tnil.is  L'iirli/  J)iii/.-<,  MS., 
'JS-lt;  Shi'fntaaH  M< III.,  i.  41!;  S.  F.  J/inilit,  June  27,  I8,"j0,  spcak.s  of  tin;  lirst 
iliily  mail  to  Sacrainento;  S.  /•'.  /'icnifniu;  Seiit.  1!),  18.50;  dil.  C'lmrln;  .Sept. 
-I'.  I"^">0;  Al/'i  C(tl.  reviews  contracts  and  irregularities,  .Jan.  12,  18.50;  March 
•J\  June  22,  Nov.  14,  Dec.  10,  lS5:i;  May  2'.>,  lN55;  A'.'.  Jminrit,  Jan.  24,  1855; 
■Sn:  Uiiinii:  S.  /''.  Uulli'lin,  etc.;  J/iii/ix\liii/ili!i,  v.  3;tO-7t>,  on  south  Cal.  mails; 
r.  S.  Mail  Sinipx,  (5-10.  Among  the  irregularities  ni.iy  bo  mentioned  tho 
nugli'it  of  the  ranamii,  Btcamer  to  touch  at  San  I'iego,  and  the  lack  of 
atoiiinmoilatioa  by  mail  carriers,  Jlnyi.t'  Aiiji'U'<,  v.  .'{40-.50;  the  unwilliiig- 
iRYs  (if  pii.stmasters  to  forward  letters  by  mail  to  upiilicant.s,  cliielly  •with  <» 


yiuw  to  lavor  express  agents  from  whom  they  were  receiving  a  good  leveiiue. 
llier  abu.scs  were  to  be  checked,  t>t>  as  to  gain  public  i'avor  and  in- 


Tliis  and 

ni.i-e  neeijits,  oliserve.s  the  postinaster-geiier.il  in  his  report  for  l8.5:{-4,  i 
7115  (;.  Of  "tliu  34  otlices  in  1851,  onlv  5  were  rated  at  .?2,000  s.ilaries,  and  4 
at  alioiit  .-:|,(K»0;  15  ranged  between  S25  ami  S^HH).  r.  S.  Ocn\  Dor.,  Cong.  32, 
■'^•'S.  I,  11.  Kx.  Doc.  2,  ii.  pt  ii.  419.  rostmasters  had  therefore  to  seek 
t-itra  income. 


148 


INLAND  AND  OVERLAND  TRAFFIC. 


pciuliturc  by  receipts  and  b}'  eastern  rates  was  soon 
abandoned  liefore  the  pressure  of  public  demand;  and 
transportation,    wliieh    for    the    fiscal    year    IHoO-I 
amounted   to  $130,270,  was  by    1852-3  greatly  ex- 
tended, altlioui^h  at  such  reduced  prices  that  tiie  cost 
did  not  exceed  $174,243.     In  1854-5  the  nuniluT  of 
offices  had  been  aufjmented  to  25(),  and  contracts  wciv 
renewed  in  many  instances  at  half  the  former  rates. 
permittin«4  an  increased  frequency  of  service,  so  tiint 
111  185(5-7  routes  3,084  miles  in   lenij^th,  involvin«4-  a 
transit  of  847,014  miles,  were   covered    by  $I43,r'.»7. 
The   ch.arges    for    transportation   against    Cidifoiiii.i 
stood,  however,  at  $245,831,  to  wliieh  must  be  addtd 
$114,022   for  salaries  and  incidentals,  giving  a  total 
expense  of  $35i),853,  while  the  receipts  amount«'d  to 
$25(;,!)1)4.     The  real  deficit  was  still  larger,  for  tlir 
I'ananui  service,  costing  three  quarters  of  a  million 
dolliirs,  was  a  Pacific  coast  item/""     The  ba'lance  still 
remains  against  California,  and  although  the  revenue 
has  increased  to  more  than  a  million  and  a  quarter  of 
dollars  from  about  1,000  offices,  yet  the  expenditniv 
exceeds  tliis  figure  by  about  one  fifth.     Steamers  ami 
I'ailways  cover  as  yet  iittlo  more  than  a  fifth  of  tliu 
total  route  mileaire." 


*'  Vi't  several  central  eastern  states  appcarod  with  largo  deficits,  as  X.  « 
.Tiisi'y,  uitli  riccipt.s  iilacfd  at  j^l  IT/.KJ.S,  agaiiixt  81">l,070  fur  i^xiuum  •: 
Maine,  ^l.~>4,r>(i.'>  receipts,  S!lSt», l.V,(  exjienses;  Utah  Ht(>r)d  h)Wf.st.  miiIi 
J^I,:t.S,'{  receiitt,  against  ^i.S, 874;  Mew  Mexico  followed  close  heliiiul,  and  Oi,  ■ 
puis  cxiK-nMi'M  Were  nearly  trii>le  tiio  receipts.  Id.,  Cong.  ."IS,  Sess.  I,  I'd".  •.', 
li.  pt  iii.  SOK"),  105;},  etc.  (oneeruing  California  for  IS.TO-I,  see  /it.,  Coii:;.  ;t'. 
Se.is.  J,  Dcic.  '2,  ii.  i)t  ii.  4IS,  4M,  470-2,  4S8,  »tc.,  wiierein  the  cost  of  tiaii- 
l»ort  hy  water  is  given  at  I'J  cents  per  mile;  l>y  land  at  '21  cents,  i-'or  l^.it  "i 
the  transi»ortation  is  placed  at  iJIIio.ItSli,  and  the  receipts  at  ^^lU,;)!*!.  I'i . 
Cong.  'M,  Sess.  I,  Doc.  I,  i.  pt  iii.  4;J1,  etc.  Concerning  the  extensimi  .t 
routes,  otUccs,  etc.,  .see  also  intermediate  reports  of  the  postnir.ster-giMiTal. 
ArniHromfM  il.ijxr.,  MS.,  I.Vlti;  Vnllejo,  Jtitf.,  xii.  ."'20;  xii.  I'J,  etc.;  >'.  /' 
Arch.,  iv.  ;i.V_';  <  7i<ii-}iiiiniiiii'i>  fuse,  !-.>(»,  with  c<)ntract  claims;  Chuirlnrilh 
'tceitn  Mail,  I   lll>;   U.  S.  AJiul  Scrapn,  10  e*  seij. 

"When  the  ovirland  railway  opened  in  )8(!'.)  Cal.  had  4(i!''  oHiccs:  tin 
•ontes  extended  over  7, .'{84  miles,  of  vliich  80.")  were  covered  hy  steaiiiliiiat>, 
it  a  cost  of  $G2,000,  and  775  nules  hy  railways  for  :?llt(i,ri«HJ,  tiie  r.-t  ly 
itages,  etc.  The  total  cost  was  5i()7.'J,."l.>8,  .■{,'J00,000  miles  lieing  travi  lii  il  i! 
iiually.  For  1882-3  tlie  »"<stma«tor-gei>  ral  reports  J)7I  ollicen,  with  lajii 
incrctwu  under  expanding  i.  .lonies.  Of  these  57  M'erc  presidential  other-,  iin' 
154  issued  mouey-orders.  Tlie  revenue  amonnt»d  to  ;?1,24I,(HM),  or  '.''"i' 
the  total  fur  the  U.  H.,  aud  the  expenses  to  .^1,518,011),  or  $277,000  in  >  xa'>3 


EXPRESS  COMPANIES. 


149 


was  soon 
iiaiul;  and 
Lr  1850  1 
reatly  »x- 
it  tho  cost 

nuirt^>t'^'  ol 
tracts  wtiv 
rnicr  ratrs. 
ice,  so  tliiit 
iuvolviiV4"  '^ 

Calitovni:i 
tst  bo  aclil»tl 
/in*?  a  total 
uiiouutod  to 
jrcr,  for  tlif 
of  a  million 
l,;aanoo  still 

the  rovonuc 
L  a  quarto  r  ot 

expoiulitiuo 

toainors  an<l 
tiftli  of  til'' 


,0  .Icficits,  (i<  >• « 
070  for  .■si»ii-'-- 
:oo.\    low.st     w,t. 

15  Soss.  »,  l'"^'  -• 

HOC /-'•.*  <•"-■•'- 
tl.o  cost  ot  0:i"> 

,,    UlO    l-xt.MlS.oll  '■' 

a,l  4(W  olVufs:  t|.^' 

|l.eiugtrav.U..l 

Llruliul  ..t^io^;.  i" 
|,'J4l.»«H>,  or  -"   , 


Tlie  many  sliort-eoniini^s  of  tho  postal  dopartmciit 
(.Mi^td  tlio  )iultlif'  to  hook  other  fuoihtios  for  lettor 
(liiivcrv.  iiotaMy  hy  private  express  hnos,  which  under 
lilK'ral  patronaj^e  assumed  largo  [jroportions,  with  re- 
l.i\s  of  conveyances  and  wide-spread  agencies,  until 
tilt  V  l»ecaMU'  a  prominent  feature  of  trade  and  inter- 
(durse.  Indeed,  the  enterprise  of  the  peoj)le  was  in 
tin  w.iv  more  manifest  than  in  this  branch  of  business, 
ni.nkt  (I  its  it  was,  not  alo^io  by  bulk  and  extent,  but 
liv  the  speed  anil  endurance  brought  out  by  ciMnpe- 
tiiinn  tor  public  favor/''  Several  express  agents  rose 
ill  tlie  hitter  part  of  I H4'.),  ah.ong  tiiem  tlie  firm  of 
Adams  and  company,  which  ab.sorbing  severa'  nnnor 
hmiMS  lapidly  increased  its  interocoanic  business  by 

(if  ni' i)>ts.  Tlu'  tran.siiort:itioii  (igured  for  ?(I;M),!)4();  iiostiiif  sters'  sal.trittg 
i,ir  S'-'iW.TTO:  ilt-rks,  rent,  itf.,  for  ■sl4t>,."i<Kt;  rtuito  ajfonts  a>  il  carriiTs  for 
.':-l7'.',4«Ki.  At  S.  V.  tliu  ifii'iiits  woro  iSV)8,t)(K),  agaiusl  '!' 4), ")<»()  fxpi'iiili- 
tiiii  •:  luir  wiiv  7-  f.-'iTiiTs,  haiiiUiii'/  '24,7(M>,(M)0  [lifocs,  ,i  a  cost  of  i'4Ji'>,.")OI>. 
r..>toltii,v  oiiliTs  aiiK  iiitud  It.  ••?.">, (HM),(KM>.  For  ri'feruiu''!s,  nee  iiuliccs.  .V.  F. 
('Ii,ii:ili< r  ('mil..  Hi]"  i.  nil  /'"»/. ;  ('■  S.  Mail  Smtji*,  paHsi:n;  alstt  ai-coiiiit  of 
iiiailn  in  my  lii.storios  of  Oriifitii,   W'n.i/i.,  B.  <'ol.,  and  Ahxht,  tliia  scricH. 

"  Kxiucss  agents  iiait  for  a  long  time  the  lialiit  of  paying  '25  cents  for  each 
litti  T  to  |H'stnia.stiTs  for  tli>'  iirivil"ge  of  olitaininj;  mails  in  advance  of  reuular 
i.HiiiMlilivery.  Ill  April  IH,'),"!  the  Nevatla  ajrcnts  determined  to  save  tlie  fee  hy 
tikiii;;  their  jdaeus  in  tlie  li:i  •  of  ordinary  applicants.  This  witlidrawal  in- 
Ihiird  II  hwsdf  several  liundied  dollars  to  tlie  postmaster.  Indeed,  tho  revenue 
fiMiii  ■iL;iMts,  letter-hoxes,  and  ither  incidentals  aliiiie  induced  tlie  ])ost  masters 
(if  .;)rl>  <lays  toaeeept  oHice.  A'  tn'/ol})li'fi  Sf'il.,  MS.. ".».  On  the  other  hand,  tho 
fticin.iiliiueiits  of  the  expresses  u|)on  tlie  postal  lnisine.ss  eaiiseil  a  serious  loss 
(.f  iivciiiie  to  th  •  Loveriiiiieiit,  .Vdaiiis  it  Co.  j^oing  so  far  as  to  carry  letters, 
iviu  horn  New  ^Hrk,  at  half  the  ).'i>veiiiment  rate.  Postmasters  elaniored  for 
[(■"trietiniis.  Imt  the  juililie,  ricoi;iii/iin,'  the  heiielit  of  these  enterprising  com- 
piiiii.s,  re-olved  to  uiihiihl  them,  if  only  to  stir  the  slow  otiicial  machinery. 
V.wn  tli>-  I'.il.  legislature  <if  \S'>'i  paid  to  expresses  .'i'J4,!HM>  in  jiostage,  ail<l 
1' ily  .'•■■J,(Mi7  to  till'  post-otliec.  Political  iiillueiicu  phiyi'd  hole  its  part,  l.'iir- 
ia;;tlii  r;iiny  ie.ison  espeejally,  the  express  agents  jierfonned  fe.its  which  (tii- 
li.d-i  iiivi-r  <lreamed  of  undertalviiiL;,  faciiii:  jiitiless  storms,  ))luiiging  through 
ni>iiMii^str':iiiis,  .in  1  hraviii;;  rohl  ersainl  wild  Iteasts.  On  iiii|)ortant  occasions, 
iiMt.iMy  diiriii;^  eli-ctiiins,  tlnir  nlays  of  fast  horses  anil  wagons  enahled  them 
tiM'jiid  the  .iverage  time  hy  many  a  later  railway  roult!.  In  transmitting  tho 
I  •.f-idi  lit  s  ines.>aur,  oil  I  )ec.  .'t(>,  ]SXi,  Wells,  I'.iruo,  &  Co.  elaillleil  to  have  siir- 
|M-(se«l  even  the  iMvisted  speed  of  .\dains  it  Co.,  who,so  men  traversed  the  dis- 
t  iMcf  from  S.  !•'.  to  WeaviTviUe,  It^U)  miles  in  W  hours.  Their  agents  leaving 
S  K.  .It  iiiidiiight,  rea<'hecl  .Stockton  at  l(t.4l>A.  M..  Soiiora  at  7..'KM".  .M.,  .Mar>s- 
viUi,  S  v.  M.  .l//.f  r.il.,  |»ee.  II,  IN.V.*;  .lail.  1  ."t,  JS.">4,  etc.  On  surli  occi.si.jis 
liiciiii  V  was  not  spared  in  the  eh.irti'r  of  ;i  steamer  or  other  accommodation,  .■iinl 
niiiii  It  e.iiiie  to  iiiitstrip  a  liv.il  aueiit,  ruse  and  Muster  were  addi-d  to  ^iin  a 
\  iiitiiv:.'.  ;is  Todd  Kiys.  Mix.-  I.  S/.il.,  MS.,  •J7  N.  Hallou,  A'lonl..  MS.,  '2, 
ri'lates  line  of  his  d.iring  •'iiciiunters  with  rohhers,  on  the  Oownieville  route, 
«lirii  he  mid  the  drivrr  reiniUi'd  \\\  assailants,  and  saved  the  treasuredmx 
Willi  .-:i."i.(Hio.  The  two  heroes  recoivetl  iiu  ovation  ut  .M;'..y!>viUo,  with  sub- 
ntaiiti.il  pre^ciiUi. 


150 


INLAND  AND  OVERLAND  TRAFFIC.   , 


a; 


establisliiii*^  braiiclus  in  every  i)r(>iniyiug  town  and 
<ani|),  with  assaying;  and  bankin*,'  departments,  until 
it  stood  indi.s[)utal)ly  supreme,  with  yearly  }>rofits 
exrcedin;^  halt"  a  niillion  dollars."  liivals  of  local  and 
j^'eneial  character  sustained  themselves,  however,  par- 
ticularly Wells,  Fargo,  &  C.^o.,  estal>lishcd  here  in  I  boi', 
Nvhich,  hy  tiding  successfully  the  financial  crisis  of 
185;")  that  overthrew  Adams  &  Co.  with  several 
others,  was  enabled  to  assume  the  leading  position/' 

" 'I'ln!  t'liiiin  to  the  first  esprcHs  in  Citlifoniia  is  inailc  for  C  L.  Ciiily,  who 
aiiiuiiiiicuil  ii  wct'kly  service  lietwui'ii  S.  !•'.  ami  Siittcr'.s  Fort  in  tlio  Viil{J'iii-iiini, 
July  '1\,  1847;  J>ut  it  v.'im  Hhori-livL-d.     Tliu  l>ti!*ini:ss  .sulwoijueiitiy  rtmo  lium 
uii:i  '  g  tlu!  agents  ami  itiestioii^frH  sent  from  caiiqjs  or  Kiisiness  htmst's  to  tlie 
main  or  iirancli  post-ofHee  for  loiters.   Snuh'x  Sliit.,  MS.,  4.     Tiio  first  re^^iilar 
express  is  saiil  to  liave  hi't'ii  started  liy  lialloii,  Ailii'iit.,  MS.,  1,  for  the  soiitli- 
ern  mines,  late  in  1S4'.(;  but  Alex.  H.  'I  mid  sliows  in  his  SOU.,  in  Mi^rtl.  Snit., 
.MS.,  '_M  8,  that  he  l>e;,'an  the  hiisiness  in  .Inly  1S4!I,  hy  registering  niiiuT.'*' 
names  at  S|   each,  and  going  down  to  S.  F.  for  tiieir  mail  and  char^iiii.'  kh 
mueli  as  .*4  for  dtdivering  letters  or  papers  in  tlie  southern  eanips.      He  tjuirkly 
gained  tlieireontidenee,  and  undertook  to  tarry  gohJ-dust  and  piiekages,  ehar;;- 
in;;  live  per  eent  on  ilust  from  Stockton  to  S.  F.     Tliis  soon  grew  into  a  iKink- 
iiii!  liu.siiiess.  with  a  eiiarge  of  from  one  half  to  one  per  cent  on  deposits.     'I'.  K. 
li.iw  ley  elaiiiis  the  lirst  or;;ani/ed  e.\|(ress,  adveitiseil  in  Oet.   IS4i(  a-i  WrM 
iV  Co.,  and  elian^'iMl  some  time  after  to  ilawley  <V  Co.,  whieii  continued  till 
Dee.   IS."i<).   AltnCdl.,  .July  10,  lS(i(>.     IJalhm  writes  that  after  hini.-telf,  almiit 
D»-e.  IMli),  I'pman,  formerly  a  messenger  for  Ilarnden,  the  pioneer  evprts.x- 
man  of  the  U.  S.,  started  a  line  between  Saeramento  and  S.  F.      Both  wer'    di- 
Koriied  l*y  Adams  i*t  Co.,  wliose  manager,  D.  II.  Haskell,  had  arrived  "M  (  )i  t. 
lilst,  to  found  a  i)rancli  house,      lie  o)iened  in  Nov.,    W'il/I'iiiix'  S/ji/.,  Ms.,  |;{. 
nml  at  lirnt  limited  his  o[ierations  to  a  mere  interoce.iiiic  business.  \\i!h  lim.s 
only  to  Stockton  and  Sac,  whe  e  he  eoimeeteil  wilii  Freeman's  nort'.ieiij  .iml 
Newe'''«  southern  expres.ses.     These  also  wcn^  absorbed.     Adi'itional  local  'iiiil 
(.leneral  lines  sjirang  up,  however,  to  share  in  a  busine.s.s  from  whieli  the  abnvf 
h'ading  house  made  over  half  a  mdlion   profits  yearly.      Those  with  oie^nnr 
routes  in  IS4'.t  50  weredregory  A.  Co.,  Haven  &  Co.,  ami  Livingston  it  WilU; 
Kelsey,  Smith,  iV  Hisley,  agi'Uts  for  Miller  9i  Co.'s  V.  S.  A  Cal.  K.xpns.s;   bi- 
depi'mleiit   Mail  Co.  of   Fae.  Stati-s  and  <'uL;  and   Dodge  iV  Co.      Hedtuid  ,V 
Co.  maintained  a  i!  lily  connection  with  San  .lo.se;   Maw  le,(' &  Co.  with  S.nra- 
inento  an<l  the  northern  mines,  in  which  direction  Cregoi'y  also  daimecl  Ijius; 
and  Todd  it  Co.,  the  ciiief  agency  for  the  >«outliern  mines,  clc'!-:ely  b)llo\veii  by 
Kandolpii.      I'almer  Al  Co.  rivalled   Freeman  A:  Co.  4>n  the  Sacramento  rniitr. 
and    llowers  Bros,  h.td   ♦''.o   Nt'Vada  Cityline.      In   the  interior  abntMt  cmiv 
tlistnct  obtained  rival  lines  within  a  year  or  two.      Ballon  joined  Lanudmi  iii 
the  ^  ub.i  express;  Stockton   had   si'Veral    forwarding   agencies;  ('.    .1.   Itnavri 
had  tile  Colundiia  route;  Wood  »t  Bro.  had  a  letter  express;  Cram,  ItodK'rs, 
&  (  o.  opened   in  due   time   between   Mia.sla  and  Weaverville,   and   so   li.ilh. 
/',rr-.  y,;rs,   Nov.  (i,  Vh.'.  Dee.   4,    IS,   '21,    KS41I;  .Ian.    I,   5,  Oct.   iJ'J,   •-'<•.,    i.S.^U; 
Alfi  ('.;/.,  Dee.    15,    |.S41t,  etc.;  Citl.  Con, -in;    Nov.    18,    18.50;  S.  I'',  /timloni, 
18.50.    I'J5  Ii;   f./(MS    V.il.   Dn-iHnrii,   \^M\  'M. 

•'I'hc  lirm  \tas  incorporated  in  1851  '1,  under  New  York  Laws,  witii  a  cip 
ital  of  ?«;tOt»,(HH».  to  extend  the  I'aeilie  business  of  Livingston  »t  Wells.  Col 
I'ardee  was  sent  out  to  ma'ia.c  it,  a'ld  despite  rivalry  he  maih^  good  pn".:M'>.'<, 
aided  by  tht^  fadiire  in  l85'_' ot  t-rej^ory  it  Co..  whose  agents  anil  Inn.-.  Iif 
h.i'<tened  to  s'.cure.  The  f.iilure  of  .\dams  &  < 'o.  enal>led  the  company  to 
diBtaiieo  8Uuh  competitors  u.-.  the  i'acilic  and   Union  e.xprettsu:^,  the  former 


STAGE  SERVICE. 


101 


and  (,'raclually  to  gain  undisputed  control  of  the  entire 
lieldi  with  only  local  rivals. 

The  intimately  associated  stage  lines  sprang  into 
•'xi>t»'iKe  about  the  Siiine  time,**  multip\ 'ng  with  tin; 
s|>  •(  ad  of  mining  camps.  They  centred  in  Sacramento, 
as  the  chief  iX)int  of  distribution  for  the  mines,  and  in 
tiie  l>eginning  of  1853  a  dozen  lines  wereowne<l  there, 
with  from  three  to  twelve  coaches  each  and  numer- 
ous lelaj  ,  valued  at  a  third  of  a  million  dollars,*"  and 
with  connection  to  all  parto  of  the  state.  Their  ctmsoli- 
dation  sliortly  after  into  the  California  Stage  company, 
while  o|x,'iating  against  the  public  by  checking  com- 


fitartt'l  1)}'  Ailams  k  Co.'s  late  omjiloj-ees.  Uiuler  the  manageiiTent  of  Loiua 
McLiiic  seviTil  n>:\v  featurvH  wen-  iiitrixlucecl,  such  as  .staiiiiii'd  goviTimieut 
(■nv«'lii|ii-.i  with  W.,  F.,  A;  Co.'s  exi»res«  mark,  which  soon  solil  at  tlie  rate  of 
!ti|4<l,iHlO  iiioiithly,  at  10  cents.  Ihe  ovcihiml  e.xitress  was  perfi-cttd.  Tlic 
t;i|pit:il  (if  tlic  f.iiiijKiiiy,  iiii-reased  to  j'i.JKW.OOO,  caiiii-  with  tho  eUKiiiiig  curniit 
of  .siK'fi'ss  <|iiickly  Kick  into  tlic  jH»ckets  of  the  nharc!  ';oMc'r«.  In  ISlJG  tlio 
ill!.-:;..  ..i  \\a:«  koM  to  the  Hollailay  Overland  K.\|ir(!iiii  Co.,  with  incroa.>cil  cajii- 
t.il.  innv  liiiiitcil.  In  ISfi'J  the  Tacilic  Kxprcsa  Co.  rose  iu  forniiilaMc  rivalr}', 
h;i>'ki'il  l>y  railway  privilej^es,  Init  it  was  consolidate  I  witli  W.,  I''.,  &  Co. 
Ill  i>'>l  tins  coniiMuy  iiail  oliices  in  more  tlian  S4Kt  town.i,  eMiploycd  sonic  l,.'UX> 
liii  II,  traii>iiorted  j^ikmIs  to  the  valne  of  j='J;>0,(H)lt,(KM)  a  year,  sent  nicxsenners 
r  uiil  Illy  liy  all  stasis  over  l.lHMt  nnles  ot  route,  l._\  h,(MM)  miles  of  railways, 
aii'l  \i\  l-,.~i(iO  miles  of  ocean  route.s.  It  is  an  unoltjectionalilc  mono]iiily,  .ind 
til"  i<  vv  iiiil('iK.'ndent  tirms  in  the  Imsiness  are  mostly  contiiied  to  small  districts 
ami  .iiixilhiry  to  it.  IWIU,  Forij-i,  .t  Co.'ti  Iimfruc.  to  Affi i,t.%  l-0'.>;  C.  S.  Mnil 
.V •,.,,„,  47  it  He(i.;  S.  F.  r.iU,  .June  27,  ISTti;  H.  F.  'linlbtin,  Dec.  :U,  IS7S; 
Siithii.'-i  Ej)ir.,  .M.S.,  I;  S.  F.  /'irftniy,  ISoO,  I).  KKS,  shows  six  exjtressat  S.  V. 

"  Tiaiiscontinental  stages  were  advvrti.sea  at  St  Louis  iu  l.S4!l,  faro  jsiKK), 
Imt  tiny  did  imt  jirove  a  success.  Mrl 'nil's  C'll.  Ti''il,  ;Ci;  St  Lmiin  /'ijmli.; 
rir:r  Tiiiitu,  Oct.  1.1,  IS40.  The  rush  of  miners  in  IMl)  jirodiiced  a  demand 
liir  '  iiiivcyances  to  the  camps,  ami  .fos.  Hirch  ia  cridited  with  estalilisliiiii; 
til''  iir^t  line,  S'lr.  Trnuju-njit,  Fell.  2N,  1S.">I,  from  Sac.  to  Mormon  island, 
lie:;iiiiiin){  iu  Sejit.  1S4'.»,  fare  ?lti  to  jjCW  according  to  times.  Sm:  i'l,.  Hiitt.t'M't. 
Tins  «;is  exteuiled  through  I'lacervdle  to  Kcoryetown,  .says  I'ltnr  Tiiifs, 
.•\|ir.  II!.  I.S."»((.  In  the  mining  tiistnct  the  stage  traliie  iiicrea.sed  so  that  river 
f"rtiis  like  .Marysv  ille  hail  land  ciiii4>etitiiiii  in  .Inly  |S."i4>.  Ihliino'-i  /.ij'v,  'JUO. 
ltiiii~i'\  <i|ieited  a  line  from  .Stucktoii  to  tlie  Cal.iveras  in  IS4'.).  Tni/lor's  /\/- 
</■.•■'•/..,  i.  7'.'.  In  IS.')!  .SttM-ktoii  h.'kil  »eveii  stiges  daily.  .S'.  /•'.  Jlir<ilil,  .luiie 
Iti,  \<>\.  The  eiitri  iMit  town,  Ik-nici;!,  started  <inc  in  IS4'.>,  Snlnm)  Co.  JlUt., 
IVi;  liiit  the  lirst  line  to  .Siin  .lose  o|h'Iii  d  only  in  A|iril  iS,">0,  time  '.)  hours, 
fan'  two  ounces;  yet  conii>etition  sprang  uji,  reducing  the  fare  that  same 
>  ir  ti  .slO.  Cil.  C.Hii.r,  Au;:.  iM,  1S,'»«»;  J'lir.  A'.  «•<,  .May  'Jt>,  Oct.  'J".t,  1M."»(); 
Jl  ill  1  llixl.  S.  i/'iv',  '2'Mi  7.  I."*  Angeles  rec«ived  its  lir.st  st.ige  in  18tVj. 
/-■M  I/.;/.  Jiisi.,  iu).  Ill  tiic  same  year  a  line  iH-gaii  running  hetweeii  .Marys- 
vill.'  III. I  .Sliastii.  X.„//i>rn  EuUfjniM,  Oct.  l7,  IS7.*1;  A/.,  A7  Ihii:,  li.'(J-7; 
livrl.,,\  To/ioe,  M.S..  :». 

'  I  /^l  f .(/.,  March  '±2,  I.S.VI,  ajuigiM  from  Xi  to  I.Vl  homes  to  each  line,  and 
I'll!'  s  the  total  value  at  ^sCWi.lKIO.  .V<ir.  I'inrttiri/,  l^."^;^-*.  The  leriii''ii  Were 
'  "liiiiia,  Nevada,  riacervill.',  •;e4irget<>wn,  Vaukce  Jim's,  Jackson,  Stockton, 
Mi*>ta,  and  Auburn,  some  with  rival  liiiea. 


152 


INLAND  AND  OVERLAND  TRAFFIC. 


9  m' 


' 


petition,  served  to  promote  ci  superior  system,  with 
DTCiiter  reijularitv,  extension,  and  comfort."'''  Tliis 
corporation,  as  will  as  tlie  overland  line  datiii.; 
Irom  1857,  disappeared  before  the  railways  whi(  h 
occupied  the  leadinj^  routes,  and  rel(>tj;ated  the  stau^»  s. 
as  well  as  wajj^on  and  mule  trains,  to  mere  trilmtarirs 
of  the  rail  routes.  That  valued  aj^ent  of  intercourse, 
the  stage-driver,  whose  self-reliance  has  been  fost'.'re<| 
by  varied  contact  with  men  and  the  control  of  brutes 
of  all  tempers,  developi'd  in  California  to  the  hiu:hest 
perfection,  and  displayed  a  dash,  skill,  and  t^allantry 
that  drew  the  admiration  of  tiavellers  from  all  nations. 
and  has  been  so  fre(|uently  described  in  the  writings 
of  tourists  and  travellers. 

The  most  indisjiensable  and  earliest  of  the  expresses 
were  the  freight  trains,  started  by  traders  tor  th*; 
•  litlerent  camps,  and  following  their  movements  to 
ni'W  lields.  They  consisted  mainly  of  wag«)ns,  usually 
the  large  vehicles  brought  by  iumiigrants,  and  kiKtwn 
as  piairie-schoon(>is,  cariying  from  5,000  to  I('>,0(io 
pounds,  and   recjuiring    sometimes   a  dozen    yoke   ot 

*"  Tlio  consciliilation  was  effcctcfl  in  1S")3,  with  Birch,  the  stiige-litK-  fcuiiiili  r. 
for  prL'.siiU'iit.  The  now  iiiiuuigtMiu'iit  lifgiiu  o}iorati(inM  on  .lun.  1,  K^.VI,  «iiii 
a  oaj.ital  of  Olio  iniilion,  Alfa  diL,  Jan.  .'J,  IS.Vt;  ami  iiitroihieiMl  sfMi-..! 
reforms  ami  exti'ii.-<ion.s,  aiiuiiig  which  Wius  iv  hue  acrosH  the  Sii'rra,  a  tii.il  ti^ii 
hy  way  of  lloucy  laki^  luiiig  iiiado  in  May  IS."!?.  Tlio  coiiii.aiiy  lh)Uii>hii, 
fiiiiee  it  was  hotter  ahlu  to  8uiipre»a  coiii|K'titioii;  itn  stock  paid  a.t  iniuli  ih 
iivi'  per  ci'Ht  moiitlily  divideiicla.  Siu\  I'nittn,  Jan.  'M),  Feh.  'H),  Ajir.  '_'4,  Miy 
2,  June  '2C>,  IS'M,  etc.;  JfiiylmrM  /A.-.;/.,  MS.  In  18W)  the  ( 'al.  Sla^e  Co.  coii- 
trolled  8  lines  uorthward,  the  loiii;e»t  extending  710  miles  to  I'ortlaml,  wiili 
(iO  stiitioiis,  !{.}  tlrivurs,  ami  5<)0  hor.sea,  II  drivers  and  !.">((  Inirses  inrtaiiiiiii' 
to  the  rest.  There  were  7  indciKMident  linca,  covering  4(»4  iniles,  cliiclly  ea>t 
and  8onth,  the  longest  to  Virginia  ( 'ity.  Sac.  Uiiinii,  Jan.  I,  lS(il.  T)u'  (  al.  k 
Oregon  Sbige  Co.  incorporated  in  18<>7,  S.  F.  Cnll,  Sept.  '2\^,  IS«i7,  faikiim  llu- 
leading  place  in  this  branch.  Overland  titages  are  «le.seril>(;d  ahove,  in  run- 
nection  with  mails.  (I'tirninn'  Enrly  D'if/K,  MS.,  30-1,  refers  al.s(»  to  \\a>lhi; 
staging;  liurmtt'n  Ihr.,  MS.,  ii. ''j:W-40;  /ienloii'x  C<iL  J'll,/riiii,  Id'.*.  ].■'* 
Angelea  claimed  half  a  do/en  lines  in  ISoii.  IIiiijia  Aiii/ilrs,  Arrli.,  v.  "lii."'. 
Stage!  vehichs  varied  from  common  mud  wagons  to  luxurious  Ccnionl 
eo;ielie8,  with  from  4  to  0  horses,  carrying  'J  insiile  and  from  2  to  5  (nit- 
fiide,  and  making  JO  or  VI  miles  an  lieur  on  good  roads.  Thu  drivers  of 
(.'alifornia  liavo  been  extolled  hy  every  visitor.  'Those  men  I  consider  tin' 
linest  whiits  in  eitsalion,'  exclaims  Major  Sir  Ro.se  L.  Price.  Tiim  Amir.,  I'.'T; 
i'oHii'iiyH  Kiirhj  y>(/,vv.  Sis.,  1?-:J;  llutrhiu'jt'  Mivj.,  iv,  .'X>4,  419.  In  Lai  An. i- 
JIM.,  1)5,  the  lii-st  carri.vge  in  <',ilifornia,  aside  from  an  old-fashioned  mIh 'lu 
of  tliu  friann,  is  said  to  havt^  lieiMi  a  rockaway,  aoldiu  Jaii.  l.S4Uby  Cupt.  K'Uie 
to  Tumplo  &.  .iVloxauder  ui  Salt  I'odro. 


TEAMS  AND  PACK-TRAINS. 


l.VJ 


o\on,  or 


mul 


OS 


to 


For  tlio  soutliern  mininir  region . 


w  itli  ifs  stctiH  r  riili^'cs  and  ahrupt  ravims,  pack-iniilcs 
Til-  stilted  tlu'  only  possible  moans  of  transport;  and 


in<l<'i'<l 


u 


un 


til  tl 


10  e 


xtonsion  of  roads  tlioy  wore  widely 
sid  in  dirtVront  directions.  TIk^  train  nun)l>ored  a 
s.(  IV  of  iiiulos  and  ui)ward,  oaeli  laden  with  from  L'OO 
t(i  (III)  pounds  of  nierehandise,  wliieli  had  to  he  secured 
and  l'alanci>d  with  oroat  nicety  to  withstaiu).  the  in- 
i(|ualities  of  the  trail.  Patient  and  watchful,  the 
jininial  would  ij^uard  his  load  aiii^ain.st  projoctinij^  cra«:;s 
and  (IroopiniL^  branches,  and  si^jnal  by  a  stop  wlun 
iiii\  tiling"  wont  amiss.  Freight  rhar^os  wore;  ro^ii- 
lutrd  lioth  by  the  dt^nand  and  the  pri'vailint^  hiuh 
jtrico  for  labor,  so  that  for  a  time  one  dollar  per  pound 
for  a  distance  of  100  miles  was  no  unconnnon  rate.'"" 
Tlio  dangir  from  i-ohbors,  espirially  on  return  tri[»s 
witli  ti'tasure,  tondtid  to  sustain  prices. 

As  coiiijtaicd  with  the  lundterin;^,  creakinjjf  wajjfons, 
(hauled  woarily  along  by  dilatory  oxen,  the  mulo 
tiaiu  presented  a  striking  appearance  as  it  advanced 
ill  wiiidlng  file,  now  climbing  a  ridge,  now  iringing 
.soiiir  precipitous  slope,  now  disai>pcaring  in  the  W(»od- 

'■■' Wiigdiis  were  iiKule  wliii'h  iiicasurcil  (!  foot  in  iK-ptli  of  lndil  iiml  17  ft-i't 
i:i  Kii;:tli  (III  top.  Tlii.'ir  I'o.st  raiiyi-il  lu'twi'(Mi  I;<,S,0;K»  <tii<l  .f  I. ."»(►;>,  li.inifss  .v:»iN( 
til  .'^     I,  iiiuU'.s  i'T^M  to  ijl.OOO  a  pair,  ho  tliat  nit  outfit  voiiM  ol'tfii  exci nl 


S,">.|.'( .».  S( 


Nov.  II,  l.s.'itl,   instances  moiiio 


iiuni'  It 


r 


:lr^soll.  lllil 


»ii[i..  ilisfrilx's  tlio  unwicMj'  (v;/-/vV,(.i<if  tiio  Sjiaiiisli  ( 'alil'i>rniaiis,  with  wlifeli 
liirnii'il  of  Imt  hliiuks  from  tlio  l)uttoviwt)oi|-tive,  '2>)  iiu'lu's  tliii'k. 


'  /I  ir.iloio.'iSliit.,  MS.,  ',\;  IIiiimIoiw'h  I'^riiilx,  MS. 


l.,tlh'.H  Slit.,  MS.,  \\ 


Kvi'u  the  early  launi'lios  from  S.  F.  to  .Sac.  (Icniandfil  W■^  or  ".">  ciuts  prr 
I'Mi.ii.l,  oli.s'.rvcs  <'ai':*oii,  Kiirlij  live,  '.\',  S.  A  man  |>.ii>l  .•:  1,11:1  fur  yokes, 
w  u'liiii,  aiiil  exiKusis,  auil  made  ^iJ.'.'OO  freight  on '_'  tons  in  on.' trip.  S.  /•'. 
y'ni/. '<//,  ,S,pt, 'J(»,  1.S77.  Ill  1848  the  rate  to  t'oloma  was  oiil>  ."^lO  ixr  llk> 
l'i~.  '■';/(7iin//i(H,  July  15,  IMS.  ]{y  l>ee.  IS.VJ  the  freight  froiii  Sloiktoii  to 
SdiiiiM  ha.l  fallen  to  ^'JO  per  ewt.  AUn  lid..  Dee.  I.'t,  ISH»;  Nov.  •2'>,  Dee.  8, 
b.')'.',  with  Biiliseipii'iit  greater  deeline.  lii  the  fall  of  IS.'M)  were  eoiinteil  7l> 
w.ii;mii  t  ai  , .  and  over'JtK)  paek-inille»  on  the  road  hetweeli  .Stoekfoii  and  tin 


Ma!ii 


S.  F.  I 


'i<-<ii/iiii<;   S'^pt.    Il>,    IS.")il;    /l,ir^l,,ii''ti  S/'it.,    MS.,    IJ.      For 


imiKtei  rs  and  their  trains,  I  refiT  to  the  eoninierei^  ehapterM  m  ///^^  Mir. 
iii.  vi.,  this  Kcriea.  Ilorthwiek,  '"/.,  IIMI  .S,  also  deserilies  them,  Jind  llut'-h- 
inj-i'  M,!,/.,  i.  211;  /,((/•//'.<  \iiliiriilisf,  ii.  •.'(»•_'  lO;  /)i(iii<ii,ii'i  <;i  />>>■„/.,  KJ'.t; 
A''../,.^  (■„/.,  118  •.»0:.V./c.  /■«(■..».  .laii.  18,  .•U,  I'M..  1'  (>,  l."i.  .March  (i,  18,"rti  etc., 


ii  •liliireiit  express  features;  al»<)  Siitf'in'f  Kqur.,   MS.,    I;  M 


r 


S.     (mhmIs  were  carried  in  jKujlrs/ir-i,  pockets  of  hides,  over  jtack  sadille 


CM 


\'l 


M 

ti'pr  Vent  tetirins,' against  liraiicdes,  etc.  'Vho  iiorses  di'j,  >{cd  long  trail  rope 
t'l  f.Kilitatc  cateiiini!  thcin.  Ilrixik.i  Four  J/u.,  4!t  .V).  Hinniim,  WitinhniloH, 
Ms,  I  ."),  givea  uu  iiccouut  oi"  the  lirat  gooila  train  to  Salt  Lake  from  thin 

cuist. 


154 


INLAND  AND  OVERl.  .ND  TR-\FnC. 


clad  vale,  at  its  head  tlio  leader,  usually  an  old  liorso, 
the  musical  tiii«»;lo  of  wliosc  bell  f»Hiinl  ivs|Kmse  in  tliu 
piiekiiij^r  ears  of  his  followers,  Alon;;  the  line  nxle, 
centaur-liko,  the  dusky  Mexican  muleteers,  in  |tictur- 
es(jue  ^ixrh,  rousin<^  echoes  from  the  cliHs  witii  nmni- 
torv  cries  to  their  heasts.  Twcntv-fivc  miles  usu.illv 
intervined  between  the  camping-grounds,  whicli,  se- 
lected on  some  jjjrassy  river  plat,  lay  outlined  by  tlic 
unpacked  loads  ranged  with  military  i»recision,  while 
around  browsed  the  lil>erated  animals.  The  Hiekeiiiiu 
tire  at  first  stinmlated  to  enlivening  rhat  and  soul;, 
but  the  noise  of  voices  was  soon  hu.she<l  bvthe  absoiK- 
ing  excitement  of  the  monte  game,  or  the  slumbers  df 
advancing  ni<;ht. 

Communication  within  California  was  further  acci  1- 
crated  by  the  construction  of  telegraph  lines,  the  lii>t 
to  be  couijileted,  in  September  1853,  extending  nu  i(  ly 
from  the  business  quarter  of  San  Francisco  to  the  t  ii- 
tiauco  of  Che  bay,  for  signalling  vc.s.s«-ls.  '  During  the 
previous  year,  liowever,  work  had  In-gun  on  the  line 
of  the  Hist  telegrajth  company,  the  California,  coiiiitct- 
iny-  with  Marvsville  by  wav  of  San  Jose,  Stockton,  and 
Sacramento,  which,  after  sevend  interruj>tions,  was 
completed  on  October  '24,  1853,  By  this  time  several 
other  lines  were  foreshadowed,  and  one  was  uinKr- 
taken  between  San  Francisco  and  Xevada,  bv  wav  of 
Aul)urn,  JMacerville,  and  Sacramento,  from  wliidi, 
like    the    other,    branches    extended    in    succession. " 


'*'  It  M-a«  cmistnictcd  by  Sweeney  k  Binigh,  of  the  MercJiants'  Kxcliaiigr, 
who  I'Kiitrdllod  the  signal  «t.itit>n  nn  Ttlcgr.iph  hill,  au'X  the  tirst  r<i"'rt  iiiiio 
on  Sept.  Iltli,  Attn  r,il.,  Sept.  I'J,  I8.">H;  although  the  loniial  o|»eniii;,'  ilitu 
from  Sejit   '.Mst    .9.  /•'.  Jlnnld,  Sept.  'A  IS.")."?:  /V/V«  '  wrr- -7,  .S  pt.  --'4.  Is5;i. 

•"■^'rho  Miirysville  line  was  i)r;)j»>eteil  in  1S.VJ,  l>y  O.  K.  Allen  an-l  < '.  Huni- 
ham,  will),  on  Miiy  .S,  IS.VJ,  ohtaineil  a  fraiich'se  to  this  eml.  Thi-  liiii'  w.is 
to  he  eonstriieted  within  18  months,  ami  j>ay  to  the  state  thu;-  per  ce  it  on 
the  m't  piotit  after  tliree  years.  Cnl.  Stiliih.*,  IS-VJ,  lOO-TO.  The  C'ahinriiia 
State  'reK'gra[ili  Co.  M'as  now  organized,  and  reorganize-l  in  the  following'  ytar 
with  \V'.  H.  Hansom  as  superintendent,  and  W.  y\.  Kot-kwell  for  eontnutor. 
The  ereetion  of  poles  began  in  18.V2,  .V.  /•'.  Ili-mlfl,  St-pt.  SH.  IS.V2;  Iloyn'  .Siny- 
liM,  .MS.,  V.  41'.»:  /ww  AiKj.  Stny,  IVe.  4,  18.VJ:  but  h re  and  oUier  niisf.'tt'.im's 
interfered,  and  the  wire  iiarty  of  Ki.ic  men,  under  J-n^  tianibh-.  later  t<l' j;i  q'li 
nianaj^er,  diii  not  start  till  Scjjt  KUli.  It  made  ameniK  however,  by  I  imi'S 
from  hvc  to  seven  miles  of  wire  daily.  From  K<dninnt  the  lin.t  test  nn  -  igi; 
wau  scut,  and  at  Sua  Joai  the  tirst  .station  wad  tstaUubcd.  S-  F.  ll'i<i<l, 


TELEGRAPH  UNES. 


155 


Yitjka  was  reached  in  1858,  and  the  overland  hno, 
b('i,nui  in  the  sanii-  year,  was  coni[»letL'd  in  18G1  with 

0,  t.  l.'t,  '.'7.  18.')3.  «;aml.lc  niatcs  in  the  C<ilifonihiii,  Apr.  1881,  3'Jl  2,  liow 
tlir  inv.'tilitil  native*  *•  Jt«  h<--»l  I'>r  a  visiMc  iiu'ssagu  iilinij,'  tlic  wiros,  rcuanliiij; 
Ihu  aniii  il  JI..I.-.S  a^  croew**  t«»  %iar<l  off  evil  i<[iirits.  lioymul  S.iii  .losr  lii'.ivii  r 
>Miv  rrt.inli'l  )ir".i;'^'^*^< ''u' 3  I'<^y  ^'"'^"'e;  from  tlii'  otlnT  I'lul  iin't  tliciii, 
ami  on  Oit.  *_'4th  the  line  waji  o'liii'l'toil  a  week  witliiii  tlic  t'raiichi.so  time. 
'Ilie  rate  cliaru'fil  wa.'*  i?l  U-t  ten  wtinln  t<>  Marysville;  and  liall'  tliat  .sum  to 
S,m  .lose.  In  iNVi  the  crHn|«aiiy  <Ic-clari-il  monthly  (livideud.s  of  one  jior  cent. 
,s',ic.  I'liiiiii,  Apr.  I'J,  |.V>5,  Bt-frtre  it*  c<imi>lction  other  men  awoko  to  the 
value  of  tele;,'rai>h  iiivestsnt-ntu,  au<l  Ht-veral  line.-i  were  projeeted,  that  of  tlio 
Alta  Til.  Co.,  lietwefn  Xera<bi  an<l  S.  F.,  hj'  way  of  Auhurn,  I'lacerviUe, 
.MoniioTi  i-«lanil,  and  .Sac,  lieing  far  a<lvanoed  in  Sept.  IS,")."].  Alia  ('<il.,  Sejit. 
'.M,  isyx  Rivalry  U-gan;  »-ithin  two  years  calites  were  laid  under  tlio 
watri-s  of  the  hay,  ana  l»y  IVJ6  the  leatling  countie.s  in  the  atate  were  in 
iMiimietion.  Lint.'S  Were  then  actively  jilanned  even  to  distant  Yreka  on  the 
iiortli.  and  to  t'apHin  on  the  eai«t.  /./.,  Xov.  'JS,  IH'tti;  Sac.  Union,  Jan.  27, 
May  I,  ()i;t.  'M,  ISo."*;  Jnnt-  19.  Oct.  I'l,  :W,  IST)!!;  S.  F.  liullcthi.  May  'J(>, 
.Inly  •-•(■.,  S<l>t.  I."i,  tkt.  23,  9),  IX-r-.  II,  185«i;  <Jol,/rn  Em,  Jan.  (i,  ISnS.  Tiie 
liiii'  to  Yreka  was  compler.t-*!  in  ISTiS,  after  a  vain  ell'ort  in  1854.  Alia  Cul., 
AiiL.'.  ti,  1858,  et  .■iei|. ;  //i"/.  Si'L-i^tu,  1C7.  Tlii.s  .sucee8.s  gave  zest  to  the  projeet 
f.ir  a  connection  with  the  Atlantic  sloj»e.  In  18.">8  two  companies  were  in  tlie 
lirld.  Act  in  <  'ill.  Sl'tf>iff>>,  1S5S.  73-4.  The  Tacilie  and  .Atlantic  t'o.  was  juish- 
ini;  a  line  southward  aloti^i  the  liuttertield  overland  mail  route,  via  San  .(o.-se, 
aiiJ  r.aihxl  L«w  Aiigelt-s In  IvXJ.  there  U>  lialt.  .V.  /'.  J/iralil,  Oct.  10,  lS(il». 
.\  leiitral  line  wa.s  starte<l  hy  the  I'laticn-ille  and  llumlioldt  Co.,  wliieli  plantiMl 
till'  li^^t  pole  on  July  4,  lS5S,  an<l  reacluil  Carson  in  the  spring  of  I8,V.(,  ainl 
siKiu  alter  Fort  Churchill.  CaL  «.ff«n-d  ••?<>,<>(•(>  a  year  as  an  inducement  ior 
the  lii'st  overlantl  line.  t'"L  SbatiU*,  \Sk\\,  ;U1-5.  Now  ea.sti'rn  oompaiiiis 
awoke  to  the  emergency,  an«l  Ci»ngres»  w;in  in  lsr)0  persuaded  to  grant  an 
aiimial  suhsidy  oi  ;*4<>,WJ0  for  ten  years,  an<l  a  quarter-section  of  land  for 
iV(  ly  l'>  niile.s  of  line,  a^'ainat  a  fre<;  truiismi.s.sion  of  govt  ine.s.sjiges  to  tlio 
aliove  ainouut,  the  rate  lor  any  niei<<Migi-  l»eiiig  limittMl  to%!."f  for  10  word.s.  The 
Wrsterii  Union  Co.  .fetmrol  the  grant,  an«l  offered  to  iliviile  with  Cal.  if  the 
I'aiilie  coiii|iauies  would  c(iiM<4i<Late  for  co<)i>erating  with  the  eastern  ring. 
This  was  done.  Tlie  Cal,  Sute  Tel.  C<i.,  with  a  capital  of  S!|,250,0(K),  gained 
((■iitiol  of  tilt!  I'aiitic  system,  cn-ering  over  1,(100  miles  in  Cal.  and  Oregon, 
Mitli  threescore  station.^.  The  0>«-r!and  Tel.  Co.  was  now  formed  with  a 
.-iiinlar  capital,  as  a  hrauch  of  the  prcxx-tling,  and  it  undertook  to  perfect  and 
cxteiicl  the  riacerville  line  to  .Saih  Ixikc  City,  reaehing  this  point  Oct.  'J4, 
ISlil  The  Western  Union,  under  the  title  of  the  I'aeilie  Tel.  Co.,  capital 
Sl.(H)0,(MK»,  carried  its  line  via  Omaha  U>  the  .same  point,  arriving  here  Oct. 
null.  On  Oct.  24th  the  tir*t  nK^ksaife  wa.s  transmitted.  S.  F.  Hull.,  Apr.  0, 
Oct.  '.'H-S,  Nov  7,  18i;i;  AH't  roL,  Oct.  7,  1S5S;  J/,n/,^'  f  V/.  A'o/.vt,  ArrJ,.,  v. 
Il'.l  ft  se(|.  The  Western  Union  *««on  aopiired  a  eoiitrolliiig  interest  in  the 
I'.il.  hues  and  leased  them,  an<l  so  lA^came  the  largest  telegraph  co.  in  tlio 
wiiild.  I'ortl.'ind  having  licen  i>r»u;:lit  iiit<«  connection,  the  co.  in  |.S()5  pre- 
lim d  tocxti'iid  the  line  from  FraMT  Kiver  tiirou>.di  Alaska  to  Sihi'ria,  to  eon- 
iiirtwitli  Kuro{ie,  hut  it  prov.-.l  »*»  coi^tly  a.*  to  forhid  competition  with  the 
Ail.uitie  ealile,  and  it  waft  aUindomml  iu  southern  .Alaska.  Act  to  aid  it  in 
I'.  S.i.'iir.  I ),»•.,  Cimg.  :W,  .>ei».  I,  Actu  350-2;  lit.,  Cong.  44,  Sess.  1,  Acts 
'.Ml,  to  encourage  a  tran*-l*acilic  cahle;  La'!iain's  Sjhhi'/kx,  27 -IU;  (iiriu'x 
M'lii.,  122;  .S.  F.  Hull.,  Mar>-h  6,  i%65.  An  ocoaJi  cahlo  wa«  projected  in 
IVilS.  S'lc.  i'nioii,  Oct.  5,  |.vi»;  June  14,  1851).  See  also  my  histories  of 
Ori'jim,  /I.  till.,  and  .\Li*L't,  thi»  *iT\<-i.  Humljoldt  county  ohtained  its 
liriiich  line  I HC4.  Altn  lal.,  <i^:l.  II,  i'*<>4.  -Mendocino  took  steps  for  extin- 
siiiii  in  1S71.  S.  F.  Chrnn.,  Jan.  21.  ISTI.  S.  l>iego,  which  had  projeeteil  a 
luK   ill   is.").'!,  M,i,if.it:  lltnibl,  Jiu.  27,  IS53,  oUuined  it  only  in  1870,  AUa 


1S6 


INLAND  AND  OVICRLAND  TRAFFIC. 


sulKsIdics  from  K'«xiHlature  ami  cmuiotcss,  aiul  with  tlie 
cnojuratioii  of  tlu*  state  companits,  coiiHolidatcd  tor 
till'  j)Uij)os(«,  and  of  tlio  Wt'stoni  Union,  whioli  soon 
a('(|uir('<l  control  of  the  Pacific  system,  and  cxtciuKd 
it  rapidly  in  all  directions.  An  attempt  in  18(1;")  to 
carry  a  lini'  throuijfh  Alaska  to  Siberia  and  Eunip'' 
proved  a  failure,  but  a  trans-Pacific  cable  caimot  l»o 
lonLj  deferred. 

Cil.,  Aug.  'Jl,  1S7();  when  it  was  extcnilt'd  aUo  to  Sta  lUrlwra.  Jiivll<  Si„„. 
it  inl.  May  l">,  1S7S,  aiiiioiiiK'cs  its  arrival  at  Hoilin.  A  fi  w  Im'al  iiuli'iunilrnt 
lilies  exist,  ill  S.  F.  tlie  Distrii't  (with  iiii|irovc(l  .si,i;iial-l>uxe.s)  ami  (iolil  Stork 
tile-raphs.  S.  F.  Cill,  .luly  II.  187.");  S.  /•'.  /'.w/, '.limi!  S,  IS7S;  S.  F.  Clu;m., 
Ai.r.  17,  Aug.  «.  187S:  S'ul.  Til.  Co.,  Art.,  1  !(»;  (■.»«.  mn/  Iml.,  VM  3.  Tlu^ 
teli'iihiiiie  was  iiitrmhired  in  l;i77,  ami  within  4  years  ,5,(H)I)  caiiiu  iiitn  usr, 
halt  tlie  nuiiilHT  at  S.  F. ;  the  exteiisimi  coiitiliues  I'a.st.  <i.  S.  LaiM  ih\  i-^cil 
the  teU'jihiine  exehaiigi'  system  tiir(iUL;h  the  I'ciitral  station.  The  \Vi  stc  rii 
riiiim  ahsiirlitMl  many  liiii's,  while  thu  Muukay-liuuuutt  uvcrhuul  line  euteini 
into  furiuulablu  ouiiipetitioii. 


CHAPTKll  VIII. 

BUSINESS  MKTIIODS  AND  CllAUArTi:iasTI('.-;. 

1848- KS88. 

(  II  ANNF.is  (IF  Tk.vdr— Arri'ioN  lIoisKi— IIcsinkss  Oi!<!ANi7.Ari(i\s— Insi;:- 
.\MK.  IJxNKiNti  -DisAsiKiis  \Ni»  UKVivvr.s — Savinus  IssrnriuiNs  • 
(Jiii.K  hi'sr  AMI  Assay  Okkicks  -I'ltiv  aik  Coisahi'.  -  N'auiaiions  in 
Vau'es— TiiK  Mini-  -Si'kci'i.ativk  Si-iuit  ok  iiik    Fi.isii  Timks     Ix- 

TKIMUK  'I'l!  \IIK.  — ClIK.lUT  SvsrKM --( 'oM.M  KKCI  Al.  ( 'AI'ASI'ltUlMI  KS  AND  V.\l\.- 

rnrs     KxruKss  am>  IVvnkimi    IIoi'sks  -  Aka.ms  ami  Company  Fvii.ri:!-; 
-  MiMMi  Hrin'K  trAsim,iN(i — Its  ro\YKi:  ami  Imh  k.nck — Irs  Fall  am> 

A  n  K.V  HANT  DiSASTEltS. 

Tii:;nK  wore  no  «,listinctlv  m.arkod  oliaiiiiols  of  tradi; 
ill  tlh'  eaily  days,  sucli  as  wii  find  coiniocti'd  witli 
ttld  ('stMl)lisliod  firms  and  afcuniulatcd  capital;  nor 
husiiit'ss  ancestry  to  licdgo  tlio  patlj.  Tlie  fiulil  lay 
npi  11  to  jui\'  one  to  enter  nj)on  any  trade  or  undertak- 
iiiLj.  i.iul  to  creati!  his  own  I'ortnne.  The  »;eneral  and 
Iriiliant  success  of  dealers  before  the  autumn  of  1  8  li), 
ami  the  suhseijuent  tem])tini^  tluctuatioiia,  lured  host:? 
of  amliiious  speculators  into  the  fold,  some  to  l»e  fa- 
vitit'd  i)y  fortune,  but  most  to  heconie  involvecland  over- 
wiii'hiu'd  by  the  flooil  of  comiK-tition,  by  firianci;i' 
tddirs  and  ebullitions,  by  fires  and  other  disasters. 
Films  succeeded  firms  in  rapid  succession,  risinuf  on 
tottciiiijjf  ruins  and  tailing  with  the  crundding  mass; 
tliiifty  and  (dxservant  clerks  stepping  into  the  shoes 
(if  their  princi[)als;  emidoyes  changing  jdaces  with  em- 
ployers. Yet  with  all  this  absence  of  conservatism, 
middlemen  were  quick  to  resent  any  disregard  of  their 

(IW) 


ins 


)U>1XKS,S   MITllODS   AND   CHAUACTKRlSlKS. 


claims  by  outsiders/  and  in  due  time  eacli  braucli  <if 
lomiiu'ivo  hccamo  aflec\';od  1  y  oxclusivciiesa. 

liusiiicss  drifted  quickly  into  recognized  looalitirs. 
Conuiiission  merchants, auctioneers, and  i)ankers settled 
in  MoutLjomerv  street;  v/lioh'salc  traders  followed  tlio 
('xtendin;,'  water-front  im';o  the  C(»ve,  retail  shops  cen- 
tred aloni,'  Kearny  stre(>t,  dry-<^oods  doalers  groupdl 
nnind  Clay  street,  Chinetic;  hric-a-brac  collections  hc- 
gau  in  Sacramento  stR'ct,  professionals  and  cateii  ix, 
while  scattered  in  between,  had  also  thiir  nuclei." 

Owing  to  the  lack  of  buildings  to  nccommodatt;  tlio 
early  inthix  of  pi'ople,  valrible  men-handiso  v.as  i  \- 
posed;  not  only  sIkmIs  and  tents,  but  street  stalls 
abounded.'  Kven  when  regular  stores  and  oflicts 
ificreascd,  few  of  the  occupants  owned  them.  Moik  y 
with  them  was  too  valuable  to  bo  tied  up  in  real  estat' , 
and  their  plans  were  too  ephemeral.* 

A  [irominont  feature  of  business  at  San  Franciscd 
})roscnted  itself  in  her  auction-houses,  whicli  wdv 
well  adapted  to  the  (California  temperament,  by  their 
open  proceetlings,  readiness  of  access  to  all  jtarties, 
and  prompt  and  time-saving  nu^thods.  The  cliicf 
reason  for  their  existence  liere  lay  in  the  sudden  rise 
of  commerce,  with  the  consecpient  absence  of  reim- 
table  consignees,  in  the  lack  of  warehouse's  for  storing,' 
goods,  and  in  the  instability  of  ati'airs  from  fires,  j^aiiics, 
and  migrations.  Auctions  proved  valuable  vent-holt  s 
during  these  ever-threatening  disasters,  and  within 
their  shanty walls  entire  cargoes  were  dispc)sed  of  at  a 
moment's  notice,  and  millions  changed  hands  in  the 
course    of  a    month.*     They  also  afforded    excelh  iit 

'In  18r)2  tho  captain  and  consignees  of  the  Virion/  souglit  to  cvaile  lui.l- 
(Ilciiion  iiml  license  by  pedling  their  g(H>iU  in  Huiall  lots  for  caxli.  'I'lieir 
posters  were  torn  tlown,  and  traders  coinliined  against  tlieui  witli  tileot 

^  An  shown  in  tho  chapter  on  S.  F.  in  1S48-50. 

^  liawley,  Olt»enh,  M.S.,  4,  began  with  many  others  to  sell  valuable  luimIs 
in  til  is  manner. 

*  The  Incky  speculator,  with  a  sudden  excess  of  means,  or  the  retiw  neil 
digger,  usually  anchoreil  his  surplus  in  this  way. 

•'  As  business  became  settled,  with  warehouses  and  credit,  they  dfrliiifil 
in  importance.  In  tho  preceding  chapter  on  >S.  F.  in  184'.)--.')0,  I  have  iii(!ii- 
tioned  the  leading  auctioneers,  among  them  Bleaker,  Van  Oyke,  &  Co.,  otiuuf 
wiiose  partners  sold  his  interest  in  the  firm  for  9*^00,000  in  1850. 


Al'CTIONS  AND  INSURANCE. 


180 


OPP'M' 


Sin 
iit- 


tuiiltioa  for  tlidsc  who  liad  ln'cn  overtaken  by 
h  (.'vlainities  to  n-puir  their  losses,  as  lia|»[)eiie(l,  for 

!<;   tl 


wis 


t,iii(L',  to  a  ''('iitlcman  wiso  ni»w  ranks  ainon 


10 


l-adiii"  citizens  of  Loa  Aipjjclcs,  iiaiiied  Prudent 
Hcaiidrv,  who,  after  losim;  nearly  all  that  lie  pos- 
s  ssiil  hy  the  confla-jfrations  of  IHJO  1,  was  thus 
(iiaiili  <1  to  seeuro  the  means  whereby  he  has  largely 
(•.nitiiliuted  to  the  growth  of  the  southern  metropolis.* 
While  strongly  iiidepcmhjnt  in  disposition  and  enter- 
prise. Americans  possess  in  a  high  degree!  the  abilitv 


ti»  assDcia 


te   lal 


)or, 


skill 


aiu 


ca 


pital   f< 


or  a  eomniMU 


(hjtct.  Among  purely  business  corporations  I  will 
n  t"(  r  to  insurance  companies  and  bankers.  The  coni- 
ltiistil)le  nature  of  California  towns,  and  the  frequent 
tins,  kept  back  insurance  agents,'  and  it  was  not  till 
the  autunm  of  1852  that  the  first  one  became  estal>- 
lishcd."  With  high  premiums,  prudent  selection  of 
ri-ks,  an<l  improved  fire  departments,  the  profits  grew 
so  large  as  to  quickly  attract  a  number  of  eastern  and 
t'Tri'^ii  c(mi[>anii'!-^  for  marine  risks"  as  well  as  fire  and 


"Prmlcnt  Beaadry,  a  native  of  Canada,  passed  the  earlier  years  of  lii:i 
life  ill  till-  eastt-rii  ami  soutlicrii  st.itos,  wiicro  he  uonductud  a  dry-goixls  Inisi- 
n--f.  Itiiichiiig  Siiii  Francisco  in  I.S.")(),  afti'r  iiieuting  witii  tlio  rovcrsus  aliove 
iiu'iitiniifil,  he  removed  in  ISu'Jto  Los  Aiigides,  and  there  engajjed  in  his 
iMriiii  r  ImsiiifS'i  nntil  ISO."),  when  he  turned  liis  attention  to  real  e.-^tatc.  In 
\\'>,  ill  pii'tiierHhip  witii  four  others,  he  incorporated  the  Lake  Vineyard 
i.iini  aiii  Water  assdciatioii,  its  ohjeet  heiiig  to  improve  ami  place  on  the 
in»»rki't  li.OOOacreM  of  land  in  San  <ial>riel  valley,  incfndiiig  the  present  sites 
■  •f  I'.i-^.iiiinaand  Alliamhra,  these  lands  l)eiiig  now  w-.trth  from  !<,"iO(»  un  aero 
tiiSMX)  a  front  foot.  This  well-matured  scheme  was  crushed  liy  an  adverse 
liici-Mii  (if  the  sMpreine  court,  coupled  with  the  scarcity  of  money  can.scd  liy 
ttio  lailiin-  iif  the  liank  of  <'alifornia,  whereby  he  lost  the  control  of  property 
iiiiw  uiirtli  several  millions.  Nevertheless,  there  is  no  one  to  wluwo  enter- 
[irisi!  :ui,|  |iii1)lic.s|>irited  policy  Los  .Angeles  is  more  iiidchted  f or  her  develop- 
iifiit  from  a  struggling  village  in  ISo'J,  to  itspre.sent  position  as  tho  metropolis 
lit  .■^"iitlicrn  California. 

■  A  lew  risks  were  covered  abroad  at  exorbitant  rates.  Schiniedcll'n  Stal., 
Ms  ,  ti.     See  also  the  S.  F.  chapter  on  lires 

'•'.  P.  Haven,  for  the  Liverpool,  London,  andfilobo.  ,9.  f.  Ifcralil,  Sept. 
•'>,  H.VJ.     Me  charged  five  per  cent,  and  accepted  .only  tire-proof  buildings. 

'  'llie  North  American  of  Phil.  Iiail  the  first  marine  agency  in  1S,');{,  but 
it  si.Mii  retired.  Haven,  as  prominent  marine  adjuster,  S.  t\  Hir<rtor;i,  ISo'J, 
.tl.aeti  .1  f(,r  it.  'I'lie  rival  adjuster,  Cant.  Hoyt.  was  duped  by  many  swin- 
•lI'Ts.  S.ui,i;,nl'n  Stilt.,  MS.,  1<»-'J(».  In  1.S.V4  C.  K.  Oarrison  represented 
two  small  companies,  the  Hudson  and  Fraukliu.    t'o«i»<  Ike.,  x.  ISS-l).     The 


180 


BU.SINE.S8  METllOU.S  AND  (  1IAKA(TKKI;STICS. 


l)ut  owinuf  to  tlio  personal  lialulity  imposed  by  tlio 
eoii.stitutiou  on  .s(<«kliol(lerH  in  eorpomtions,'"  local 
organization.s  did  not  venture  into  the  fii-id  for  nuiiiv 
years."  Tlie  first  siU'eeHHful  Sun  Franeiseo  (•<»ii|- 
pany  wa.s  tin;  California  of  IHOl,'"  followed  l)y  a  sc.tiv 
njore,  of  wliieli  eleven  remained  at  tlio  close  of  1888, 
uitli  LV.)  eastejii  anil  foreign  eompanitN,  the  biisinrs., 
tran.saeted  It.r  that  year  including'  Ji5;5.);l,000,0O()  (»!' liiv 
in-suranee,  with  j?(», 1 00,000  in  premiums,  and  ."s;;,!!.')!),. 
000  in  losses;  J? I ;54,000,000  ()f  marine  insurance,  with 
.$l,7r)(),0()()  in  premiums,  and  ,S!i:)0,0()0  lo.ssj's;  and 
Jii?70,r)00.()()0  of  life  insurance,  with  $!-J,800,{)(»0  [nt- 
miums,  and  !?1, "200,000  lo.sses  and  endowments. 

Mercantile  houses  attended  to  the  bankiiij;'  husiiicss 
in  C'alifoinia  until  I  HID,  when  the  increase  of  c(.iii 
morce  called  into  existence  .si»ecial  hankiniif  firms,  as 
Na,i>lt-e  k  Sinton,  JJuri^^oyne  Sc  Co,  IJ.  ]3avi(lsnii, 
T.  (J.  Wells,  \Vri,L,dit  it  Co.,  and  James  Kin<i^  of  Wil- 
liam,'' wiutso  o[)ei'ations  soon  exj)anded  from  tkaliii^s 

National  Life  ami  JtritUli  Com.  Lifo  cxiatcil  in  IS54.  S.  F.  J  fine/on/,  I  Nil, 
p.  2.{4. 

'"  WliicIi  MiTt',  nioreovi'i,  restrictcil  to  organize  under  miUL'ral  laws.  Ait. 
Iv.,  Ht'C.  ;{1    (■>;    /////.  V/'x  r  Vx/..<,  HOC.  M'2'2;  i'ul.  /.(tirs  /ifnnitirr,  1- I'JS. 

"  Tlu'  I'acilic  MariiiU  luH.  Co.  was  oruahizoil  !ii  l>i'C.  IS.V),  liy  Macinulnv 
uiiil  othtirs,  Altit  Cril.,  l.uo.  '21,  18.'>ti;  IW.  .\'iirn,  iKc  lit,  IS.Vt;  I'lut  iiU.^  uwk 
tiian  oi)i>  sulisi'ijiieiit  uttonipt,  tli<l  not  huuccoiI.  Aiiurinan  mutual  assuci.itioii 
alone  held  out. 

'^  First  known  as  tlio  Cnl.  Mutual  Marine,  but  ronrgani/e<l  to  taUc  tin.' 
riskn.  It  was  (juiekly  followed  l>y  the  S.  F.  Fire,  (li.sfontiniicd  in  ISiiii;  tin 
» 'al.  Lloyds,  an  uninctirporated  OHiioeiation  of  ca|>itiilist!4,  merged  in  tlic  I'liiuii 
ill  I.SiiT;  the  MiTchantH'  Mutual  Marino  of  ]!S*>!i  discontinued  in  i>7t;  tin' 
rieilio,  the  Fireniau's  Fund,  the  Cal.  ilonio,  the  Home  .Mutual,  all  "f  ISii.'i. 
IJy  U">>l  there  wvn-  14H  eonipanies  and  ageneius  on  the  eoast,  of  wliiili  '.twcii' 
(Jal.  eorpdratii-iis,  carrying  risks  for  .s«iS,(MK),(MK)  on  tire,  .so,7,")(),0l)l>  mi  iiiii- 
riiie,  and  a  large  sum  on  life;  70  U.  S.  companies  with  about  5!7."i,<KIO,lllH) 
risks;  and  (W  fureigu  ctmipanies,  35  being  Britiah,  with  risks  exirolin;' 
^1:{)S,(MM>,(KK).  The  average  lire  loss  to  the  eonpanies  between  lS7l>  aud  ISSil 
was  i?l,17r).(H)0,  on  $'-',.')'-'tJ,(KK)  worth  of  pr..perty  destroyed.  Cal.  p.n.l  i" 
IS^I  ;|^{,  lUS.tKK)  in  (ire  and  marine  prein'ams  to  ft>reign  companii:s,  and  ri- 
oeived  for  losses  .*1,0S4,(MX),  leaving  them  nearly  two  tliirds  for  expeiists  iiimI 
profits.  A  boia-il  of  lire  underwriters  embraces  most  of  the  insurance  coinjia- 
nu's,  ami  it  has  greatly  promoted  the  eH'ciency  of  the  lire  dept,  which  is  jKii'l 
ill  the  leading  towns.  At  S.  F.  the  loss  ou  $'?,G80,0(M)  of  insured  prnpcrl}' 
was  restrietecl  in  lS7!l-8t)  to  $'21'J,00().  <'<hi.iI  l'ivi< 'ij,  pa.s8im. 

'^Tlie  fir.'^t  two  opened  on  Jan.  Uth  and  Juno  Sib,  the  others  in  Sept.  mil 
I)ee.  Hinton  .soon  retired  and  K'ft  Nagleo  to  contimio  the  business  till  tlif 
crisi.s  of  Sept.  lls.")t),  when  ho  closed,  as  did  Wells  &  Co.  (late  of  T.  i>.  Wells) 
oil  Oct.  3,  KS.'il.  Wright  &  Co.  also  disappeiired;  the  others  niaiiitaiml 
themselves.  Their  capital  being  small — Wright  &  Co.  atlvertised  a  caiiitnl 
of  IjSiOO.OOO.  Pac.  Aewa,  Nov.   17,  184'J;  Stillona  Stut.,  MS.,  11— mercautile 


ica. 

ud  l>y  ilio 

[  fill*  niaiiy 
•isi't*  f<»m- 
l)y  II  scori" 
.oof  ISSS, 
ho  l)usitifss 
1,000  ol'tiiv 

lul  !?:'.,u:)().- 

ranci',  with 
losses;  ami 
30,000  [»ri- 

iMi;-  Imsini'ss 
nso  o\'  roin- 
iiijj  linns,  as 

, '  J3;l\itl^"i>, 

iiiuj  lit'  \N  H- 
•oiii  tU'-'iliiiiis 

'.  JUirrlor;/.  lNi», 

lilU'i-al  l:iWH,  Alt. 
.,  I-  l-S. 

fiO,  I'.V  M.ii'imilray 
p.-rf);  I'mt  IiIm'  'ii"f>' 
iiuUial  ass...'iatiou 

lii/cil  to  t''l>^  '"■" 
luo.l  ill  1^'''':  "" 
[i-gc.l  in  lli>'  111"'" 
Vicl  ill   I'^Tl;  tlH 

tuai,  all  "1  is.;;t. 

t,,  of  will''!'  '.•\v>'i-'' 
•'  T.'iO.iWti'  ""  '"''■ 

risks   t'Xf  ^''l'"- 
,0IllS7(•.aual^S.I 

,,l.  (.'al.  pai'l  '» 
l,mi)iiiii«!S  =""1  ■■'■, 
I  for  i'Xi«'iiMS  aiM 

iusuraiii-''  ("inl" 
jut,  whicli  IS  li.U'l 
iuaurcl  i>r..iHriy 

LerH  ill  S^'l'V, "'"' 

LofT.  <-^^*"^; 

IthcM   liia.nti.im' 
lertisiMl  a  cai^iW 
t     11— iiicrcautus 


HANKINa. 


IGl 


ill  i^r. lid  (lust  nnd  d«'])osits  to  more  important  trnnsnr- 
ti.iiis.     It)  ISjO  I),  li.  "J'ailaiit,  I'ajjff,  liaroii,  and  Coiii- 
iiaiiv,  aiid    F.  Ai'm't'iiti  and  ('oiiipany  joim-d  tli<>  list, 
(nllMWtMl  l)y  a  miinl>or  of  otiu'fs  in  tluH  an<l   rojlowinjjj 
v<  ars.  n«)tal)ly  Drexcl,  SatluT,  and  (Miiin'li,aiHl  A<lani.>< 
and  Company."     Tlio  last,  as  tiic  most  >vido-s|)ivad 
,  \|)n'Hs  a;.(«Micy  on  tlits  coast,  ixtondi'd  hanking  t'acili- 
tirs  to  every  town  and  camp  of  imiHU'tanco.''     Whilo 
l.aiiks  in  California  were  sonicwliat  fettered  by  cor- 
jMiiation  laws  and  the  prohibition  to  issue  paper  money, 
they  enjoyed  in  otluT  respecis  vast  opportunities,  from 
the  ininienso  yield  of  gold,  tlie  largo  important!  trattie, 
tlic  sjiecuhitive   s[)irit  of  the  i)eople,  and   the  rapid 
diveln[)ment  of  resources  and  settlements.     The  pur- 
chase of  gold-dust  alone  was  for  a  long  time  highly 
pivthalile,  owing  to  the  low  prices  paid  as  coni|»ared 
with  mint  values.'"     Methods  dilfered  widely  at  first 
I'loni  those  ruling  in  long-established  business  centres, 
(•lil(  tly  owing  to  tlie  scarcity  t)f  reliable  seeuritiis  and 
firms  (>^  good  standing,  towns  being  combustible  and 
iiiicoveri'd  by  insurance,  and   fires,  floods,  and  panics 
t'Vir   pending.     One    result  was   exorbitant  rates  of 
interest,  which  rded  at  ten  per  <'ent  pi-r  month  even 

liDiisos  continuoil  tr.  net  na  bankers  for  Rninu  yearii.  Iimtiiiico  <iililciiii-(\sU)r  A 
IV'  Iniii  IV,  wlio  ailvortisotl  aH  luiiikcrM.  /'(tr.  AVmv,  .luii.  fi,  liS.'tO;  S.  /'. 
//mm,./,  .Inly  I,  Sept.  14,  IS.'iO.  King  of  Win  uml  Wells  reiiriuiontoil  cjujt- 
<Tii  ImiiI;s.     |)avi)lH<m  wua  Kothxcliilil's  agent. 

"  I!m1i..ii,  lUiToii,  fii'o.,  K.  C.  Jhuilwr,  aii.l  W.  F.  Young  fijjurod  in  1850, 
iuiliil  S.  Ucclio,  l.uiUow,  nnd  (Jodoffroy,  Silloni  k  I'o.,  nguntH  tor  Kcw  York 
aiicj  11, iiiiliiirg  banks.  Mi'rfhmU's  Mmj.,  xxiv.  W8.  Tlu- list  in  S.  /'.  Dine- 
I'll,  IS."'.',  ]).  »(4,  ailils  Doli'.ssort,  C«»r<lii'r,  A  Co.;  .F.  W.  tiregory,  oxiirtfxs; 
Ml  Niilty,  i  arotluTs,  &('<>.;  llobinHoii  &  ('o.,8avingH  bank;  ('alil'oruiaS;iviiigs 
HiiiL;  b\  <<.  Smith,  savings  bank;  11.  Kodgcrs;  Saiidcr.i  k  JSreubain;  Todti's 
l!\|iriss;  Wills,  Fargo,  &,  Co.,  exjirc'ss.  (J.  Ward  li;;urod  also  as  banker  in 
iS.VI.  UnniMn'  Kuril/  J)n^s,  MS.,  Ki;  ,S'.  F.  Henild,  duly  ),  \\  Si-iit.  14,  bViO; 
HiiiiLvrs'  .l/,iy.,  Apr.  18"(;  Cul.  Coiirifi;  Feb.  21,  18.")1.  in  S.  l\  JUnrtor;/, 
KVd.  p.  'S,\'2,  Bvvei'al  of  the  above  an;  no  longer  found,  hut  Abel  <fay,  Luua.s, 
'riiriici-,  A,  Co.  manage*!  by  Sherman,  later  general,  I'almer,  Cook,  ti  Co., 
riniiiieniiaii  A  <'■>.,  savings,  J.  L.  Woolsey  &  Co.,  savings,  and  A.  .S.  Wright, 
Kavinjjs  and  exchange,  aro  a<lded.  Slicriiniii'/<  Mfiii.,  i.  92,  100. 

'^  Loading  towns  early  obtainod  siiecial  banks.  At  Siu;.  several  mcrcan. 
tilu  lirms  opened  8i>eeial  banking  departments.  Barton  Xico  and  Haker  &,  Co. 
lii'iiii;  tilt'  most  prominent.  WluntoiiH  SUtL,  AIS.,  9;  Site.  Tr<i)ittcri]>t;  May  21), 
IS-H),  names  also  \Vurba8a  h,  Co.;  Heusley,  Merrill,  tu  King,  and  Henley, 
McKnij-ht,  .t  Co.  PUifrr  Tiiiir^,  Mareh  2,  9,  \SM. 

"Siii.n,  however,  this  tnulo  was  abandoned  to  brokers,  among  thorn  Say- 
ward,  ulm  givos  interesting  inforinatiou  cuueeruiug  it.  J*ionti'i;MS.,  12-li). 
llwT.  Cal.,  Vou  VIL    11 


182 


BUSIXKSS    MirniODS   AND  rirARACTKmsTICS. 


# 


!!■ 


ui'tvv  IH4'J,  or  evoii  (loulilo  that  for  s]i(»rt  loaiis.'^  In 
I  H.')!*  it  declined  to  tliiDO  aiul  soon  after  to  two  and 
Olio  and  a  lialf  per  cent  per  month,  at  wliicli  it  stood 
for  soiiK'  tinu>,  wliih;  oj)ri.,tions  adjusted  tlieinsdvcs 
inon;  ami  more  to  eastern  forms.  The  wide  jirevaK  lur 
of  advances  f(»r  miiiini^  and  ai^iicultural  [iui|'osi's, 
dependent  lari^t'lyon  seasons  and  yield,  the  eiiter[triso 
stirred  l>y  the;  fast-develo[»iiii^  resources  of  a  now  coun- 
try, and  the  speculative  <haracter  of  the  people,  w- 
(piire  more  liheial  c<»neessions  fii»ni  i>aid\s  than  in  tlu! 
settled  cast,  as  marked  also  hv  th(^   hiirher   l»ankiii<^f 


rate  still  maintained   here 


IS 


T\ 


lis   recjMiri'iiieiit  u.is 


more;  pressinu^  in  early  days,  and  corporations  which 
hesitated  to  eiilarijfe  tiieir  risks  had  to  retire".'''  Tlic 
new  ^'eiieivition  of  IkiiiUs  lar<^ely  accepted  ininiiiij 
stock  as  security,  specially  in  the  seventies,  alt]ioiiL;li 
with  tht^  wi<le  margin  <'alled  for  hy  their  ra|)i  lly  lliii'- 
tuatinLT  values.'-"  NotwithstandiniLf  these  liazaidntis 
oi)eration;i,  failure.-i  were  coniparativc  iy  frw,  and  iint 
until  1877  was  a  panic  ]>re»'ipitated  hy  the  co!ia|isi 
of  inflated  niininn"  stocks,  assisted  l>y  the  <^e(i(  i;il 
ini|toV"ris]inient  thron<^di  speculation  therein,  and  In 
husiness  statMiation,  which  ay'ain  fostered  a  coinniuiii- 
tic  and  anti-Chinese  jiLjitation.  Conlidence  leid  al>n 
been  shaken  by  the  temporary  susi>ension,  in  l.S7.'»,  •  I" 

Miiricy  is  fri'iii  S  to  10  jmt  rent  jht  imnitii,  .mil  tin  ii'  liavi!  lircii  li 


ft'itll     12    ti)    !.'(*    |iir    Clllt,    nil 


i'li:    'I'l 


■i]'/  iiM  l.itt!  as  .';iii.  II,  I**.'! 


^  ..iiiriirrci.il  |i.i|>ir,  I  |nr  criif  |ii'r  day  ilist'iiiiiit.  Tlu-  li'.nliiij;  liaiik  f't  .s.i.i.i 
iiifiilo  |)aiil  t.  II  |i.  r  (■■  !il  iiiti;<'.sl  (111  iIi'|mi>iIs  in  |.s."i((.  W'/ii'i/nn'.i  Slut.,  M.'^  , 
SI;  S.  JiiMi'  /'i'liin  r,  .fwiM-'J,  |.S77.  Ill  l."^l'.'  .Vl,  l.'i  ]>(  T  Clllt  w.n  .U'lniiiiKiii  r.ili  I' I 
Kiiiiis  fVoiiHl">vi'.>»."i.(KN>.  Sf/iiiiit'iiil!  1  St  il.,  AJS.,  •_'.  'J'lic  altciiiptu  of  the  li  i;i- 
l.ili'i"  toclicck  ii'iii  y,  lie.,  Iiy  (■tMctiiii'i't.scoiil'l  ilo  no  ;;iioil  H  ivc  at  cMciilii'iiai 
|ii  lioils,  foi'wl.irli  llicy  wiTf  not  iiitciiilcd.    I'lil.J 


Sril. 


LS.-.i'i, 'JIS  .'il. 


IiiciiIh  III    Sif 


/• 


;»ii.  IM  H,   Kcli.  r..  IMI  <;,  M.ircli  :»,  I.S,  |S.".tl;   .Mhi  Cii, 


March  IKl,  I.S.VS,  etc,  jjitth  iiitcrcMt  t,'<MvM  h.iiiij  in  li.iml  \\ilh  li.iiiaiiil  a;iil 
|i«ri(y;  rt!Ntriclioii:4  arc  react  ivc  ami  lo  •  r  fr.iii'l.  People  can  he  trii-li'l  In 
liiaiia,m)  liiolieyaM  they  doot  her  thiiii.'>i.  SS'ith  dccliliilii;  l.ltes  and  pre.sniii^;  iniii 
|i  tition,  iirudi'tit  banker!*  foniid  tlie  i  uk  (.'row  ni','  li.yoiid  prolit.M.  Si  e.S'/c"  "i  • 
Ml  III.,  i.  Kill,  etc.     (i.ild  dust  wa.s  iifuT  IS.VJ  hron'jit  iiio.stlv  direct  from  tii' 


caiii]i.M.      I'ejioMitM  Were  di  .vied  l.y  every  forlni;ihtiy  stearier.      Adams  iV  (' 
aloiic  nseil  to  Mend  hoiiic  .>.'iO;\(HH(  every  month  lor  iiiini  '■<. 

Keporled  at  ti  to  7  per  Ci  nt  III  S.  |''.,  in  |S.Sit,  ain'i  .S  to  111  in  the  iiili  ii"i" 


Like    I. 


loniT, 


*  t 


.Si'vcral   linns,    hke   I'lliin  r.  Cook,  .\  < 


iliitappi'.u'cd  iiiidir  the  trown  raised  l>v  a  ne;;!<'it  to  |iroinpll>  tidlil  ohhii.iti"""- 
'"The  .Scvaila   It.iiik,  with  a  ■■  ipil.tl  of  SHI.IHHI.tHII),  oii'i  ncd  in  Oit.  i   7"'. 
iidvaiu'ud  inonc^  on  niiniii^  nloiks. 


'»     K  '■. 


ins."     In 
twv)  and 
li  it  stiiod 
lu'iiisclvt-s 
pvt'valiiu'o 

enteri>r'isc 

I,  now  t'ouu- 

|HM>^>lf,  »■"'- 

than  in  t^i*' 
i.r  I  tank  ill*,' 
vnient  Nvas 
tions  wliicli 
tiiv.'"  'Hh' 
,ti'(l  ininiii;^' 
,.s,  althoui^U 

rai>i  lly  t^»i'- 
o,    hazardous 

CrW,  aiul  lint 
the  o<)ll:q'^' 
♦  l.i'    •'■('lit  inl 

vfin,  au<l  >;} 
a  iMinuuiii^ 

I,  in  I  ST. ■>."'" 
I, ,,<„„•.  .s^.^.M>. 

,j,.,,iniii»» '•••''••''"' 
,,„,,t«..f  tl..l.^<*^ 

|s.v..-J»s  M.  ».;"; 

l;v.li.votlr<'<'<   «>' 
l.r.     A'l'"""  '"^    "■ 

JlOin  til.' inl '•'•"'[■ 
,  l„llil"l'»"i''""L':' 


STOCKS  AND  K-ULURliS. 


iC3 


thr  J>aii1i  of'  California,  the  londinjjf  institution  in  tlio 
state,  lnonij;lit  ah<jut  hy  the   iini)ru<h'nt  operations  of 

•    I      '  i.   2) 

Its  |VC':^iai'nt. 

Th«'  panic  hroULjlit  <lown  a  number  of  h'ssor  ostah- 

lishiiK'nts,  hut  it  _i«avo  a  sahitary  rlaM'k  to  .stock  spcr- 

ulati'tii  ainl  ncklrss  loans.     The  'lepression  contiiMK'd 

for  s  >ini'  time,  lin\v(>v«>r,  partly  owin;jj  to  the  new  cufi- 

stitiitiun  of  187!>,  whicli,  hy  caMiiiv^  forhirtrcly  increa.se*] 

taxation  on  capital,  drove  away  some  rich   men,  iin- 

iKiscd  a  restraint  on  investnuMits  in  many  direetions." 

iuid  diiniiiished  deposits  at  the  savini-s  hank-.      After 

|s-i)  a  revival   hecame  pereeptihh',  as  slntwii   hy  the 

riuiiiK  ntcd    clearances   at    tho   clearin<^diouse,    from 

.^fsii.ooo.OOU   in    I  SSO  to  .^S  11,000,000   in    ISH!).      In 

.hily  ISS!)  there  were  117  connnercial  hanks,  with  iv- 

soiirecs  j>];u'»'d  at  over  .**10S,000  <»()0,  paid-up  eapif.i! 

$:;7,(;00.0()(),  ;;nd  $.M>,r,00,000  due  dept)sitor.s.-"'     The 

-•  \V.  iV  KaNton.  With  iti.-irkiil  luisiiicssiiliility  iiii'l  tiict,  he  hail,  an  incm- 
Ik  r  ."f  till-  <  ;:iiiisiin  and  utlicr  l>:inkitij<  linns,  won  tin'  coiifiiliin-f  <il  tin-  ruiiinm- 
Mt\  l<y  jii'liciiiiii  ailvaiircs  to  Ihdisch  of  .Htainlin^.  'I'liis  iiitluriicc  ciialiliil  liiiii 
III  IS<U,  .it'ti  r  a  lircaili'  (if  KUi'i'i's-i,  l<<  fulist  l>.  O.  Mills  iiinl  (itli<r  lapit.ilists  iii 
til.- r^i  iliii<litiiiMit  .il'  tin-  Kaiik  ot  (  ,«l.  Al/'i  <'<il ,  .UiUf  If.,  1SC4.  Mis.\|M'ri- 
(1100  tiiil  I'luTfiV  >|H'<'ilil\  ji  liind  fur  liiiii  tlif  miK'  lotitfil  n\  its  affairs.  Iiiially 
as  |ir<  ■  rlciit.  (If  tliis  ihisiiiiim  In-  tuok  ailv.iiit.ijri'  to  iikIiiLi'  in  ,s|(criilatiiiiiH 
of  liM  own,  ami  to  |ii-(>iii<itc  uii'lci-tukiii'.'H  ol'  ilniilitriil  in'oiiiisr,  tliiis  !i1>.s<ii'li- 
iiijj  uiiliiii  a  t'l'W  ycai-M  !u.'urly  IIkj  ciitiri'  p :li<I-ii|i  <'a|ii:al  <>t  the  liiiik,  aiiiniuit- 

ill,'  tw  S."i,(KH).(NH>       'rili.<    stale  of   alllil'M  wis    Inli;^    linMell    lij    llie  e\hililtii)li 

iif   l«irrii«(il    huilioii    mi   exaiiiinatinii    dayn.     NeV'.-rthelesK,    the    iliselnsiire 
(■.iini-  III!    All,'.    'Jl),    IST.'i,   aiiil   i>ii    till!  very  Hiiiiio   day    Ikalstmi    luiiiid    hii« 
■  I'ltli   ill    the    |i;iy.       His    l.t\  ish     |>atriiiia/e    of    iti<liiMti'ial    eiitei'inise    and 
iijiiin  fi>r  ji'ihlii!  iiii|iriiveiiu'iits,  liis  f^eiierosity  and  (iriiicely  hiis|>iialitv,  had 
iiu.li:  liim  a  f.ivorite  with  ii  certain  ejiss,  \>  liiih  nmi-  in  ilelVin-i:  of  his  repu- 
lifi.ui  wlnii  ass:iilcd  at  his  deatli.      See  ,V    /     t'liifii.,  Tii//,  and  ntlier  jeiirnaU 
•  it  llu'diy:  H[M'eial  disehisiires  in  .S.  F.  lluU.,  .Iiilv  -7,  l>S7l>,  .ind  M-i't/n  wmih'm 
>' If  ,  Ms.,   I  I    I'i.      ISii  hank  sii  heavily  iinnhed  h  i.s  iierhaps  ever  n-eovered, 
hilt  'Jie  stiH-kh'ildew,  inehiiUliL!  h   ^  eial   niilliipnaires,  leafed   that  greater   hiHS 
Uiiiil''  liillou  ahandiiiinient  than  ii    iiiiipiinn,  and   Imesaw  liti;.-ali<>n  tuiiohiiif^ 
tlieir    e>|iiin->il'iliiy,   ind  headed  l>v  I>.  O,  Mills,  tliey  |iriini|itly  snliHeiihed  the 
iiintil,  aiiil  re>tnred  the  Iniik  til  ils  iild  |i<^siti(ii». 

'■Til  r  hank  <if  Nevada  rediieed  its  ea|iital  lieiii  .'>i|0,(KN>,(HH)  to  ;i^'l,(NHI,INM), 
iiid  elli.'is  It.lhiwei'  Its  e\ai  ipje,  'I'he  ,s7.">.tMII»,(M»l»  .le|nmits  at  the  havin^'H 
I'ltik-i  III  \'~S  iii.lu-d  !.>  ISSj  t.i  1, -s  than  ?:.'itl.(K»ll.(»iMI;  the  ciiiniiierelal  li.iiil»n 
l.i-t  >>.'HN»,i>tN»  in  »a|iilal  and  siir|ilils.  One  elltel  was  to  ijiiw  the  inasHoa 
liM'ii  .l.iek  J  iiihliii^,',  whiih  had  narhid  an  aveiav'e  of  .sl.">0,(XHI.(MK)  fi.r  sev- 
'  ril  yearn,!  id  to  diniinish  their  delit  to  tho  hanks,  iiotaMy  on  nmri^f  i(4fs; 
li'it  this  wa  m  t  an  unalloyed  In  iielil,  sineu  it  also  indieatiMl  a  Hta^'iiatioii  ill 
Iiu»iiii«H.  ''  \u'  oiiNei|iient  cleeline  in  rates  of  iiiturust  luil  to  lorgu  iiivcatiiu'iitrt 
liy  hmks  !»i  I  itiilividuals  in  l'.  S,  hoiuls. 

-Otli.r  'lahihties   alinut  .S7.IHHI..IIM);   e;ush   on    hand,  .<i|l),(MN>,(MM):   MlirplllH 
»n<l  n-:-!  rvi ,  (i|:t,  lOiJ.lKK).     There  w.ru  also  ;i.">  lulional,   lU  iinvutf,   and  6 


m 


BUSINESS   MKTIIODS   AND   CHAUArTKIllSTFCSl. 


savinu^H  Itaiiks,  which  ]»rojnrly  dati^  iVom  1857,  liad 
incnmscMl  to  -JS  staMc  coiiccnis,  witli  !?'.'<;,()()(). OOu  in 
resources,  and  over  $s7,()t)(),(>U()  in  <lc|>osits.  Tin- 
first  n\w  was  tlio  San  Fraiicisi'o  Sa\  iiiii^s  and  Lomi 
Association,  founded  in  1854  l»y  AlhiMt  MiUer  .iihI 
}[enrv  Mi'ii^ufs,  its  int(>rosts  ])einLr  iiH'orporatod,  thne 
years  later,  with  tho  Saviiius  and  Loan  society,  '  of 
whicli  \'].  \y.  Jiurr  was  president  and  MiUer  vicr- 
j)resi(h'nt. 

Tlie  ihjetuations  in  the  price  of  <4oId, vary  in^c  from  Alo 
in  l84!)to}?l7"^''in  ISjI,  waslont^io-nored  hy  tiaders,;iiii| 
this  neirlc'ct,  to'jfether  with  the  preyailinjj;  iil)eral  diMv- 
i^^ard  for  a  pinch  nn»re(»r  h'ss  in  dishurs(Mnents,  favoii d 
many  tricks  and  frauds."    Althou<j^h  j^old-ihist  j»a>sr(l 


i,  > 


iki  1 ' 


brandios  of  fnrt'i^n  1).'iiiks.  In  ISSO  tlu' liankini^  tMlabliMiniiciits  ol  tin- »tau> 
liunitiorcil  III.  (tf  llii'-ic,  71  \\\Ti;  iiu'iii-pdrati'il  I'niiipaiiii'H,  iiot  siilijiri  t,i 
ii.ttiiiiiitl  l>;uikiii^  h\\\ ;  H  iiatioiial  liaiiUs,  iiml  a  iiiiinli<'r  nl'  l'<ii'i-ii;ii  cst.iMi-li' 


itM,       Till 


If  coiiinu'rcii^l  |irii|i(  r  iiiiiii 


'il,  ami  llio  saviii'tH  iii.stitiit < 'JO. 


Till-  7t  ( ipaiiK.s  iiail  on  July   I,    |.SS|,  a  )iai<l-u|i  ia|iital  of  .'>:■_>>. ikmi.inki, 

$II,(MN>,(KN)  ill  HiiriiliM  anil  im^siivc  fiin<l.-i,  «!|  t,.S7<l.(K>()  in  U.  S.  Ii.xj.Im, 
JSi||.(MN),(NN)  in  ca.sli,  uiul  !<.S-J,7()i),«Hl()  li.luiiKiii^'  to  iliponitorH.  Tin-  S.  F. 
cluarin^'  lioiMi',  il.itinj;  iS7t'>,  tlio  only  oni'  on  tho  i-oa.st,  cxliilnlfl  tin-  aiiiiniiit 
of  >f|Sii,(NNI,lHN)  for  IHHO,  a){ainst  itM  inaviiiiuni  li^Mll'l!of  ^SI4,<NNI,<N)i)  in  KV*. 


Ui'port.s  of  liaiik  ('oiiiiiiiH.siiiiii'i-.-<;  iii'iioillcal 
Illation   ill    Hiirmll'n   /'inil..    M.S. 
iHiiH."   Mr 


rcvirWH  III  joiii'iiaU;  n|h'>'i.i1  iiii'i 
.Till  (i(i,  41-.'  .'IS;   MHIh'  Shit.,  .MS.:  SI.. 


i.    i;i'_'  M;   /liiiikrri'  Miiij.,    \.  'J7l);  Frinhii't  /{i:tiiii, 


M- 


<  'oil  iiiiiiiM    I'l;/.,   .MS,,    llili   S. 

'"  The  lii'Ht  HlaliKi  iimtitutioii  of  tliiH  claHH.  It  Max  at  lirHt  iililu  to  |>:iv  h 
per  I'oiit  in  iliviili'iiil.s,  Tlif  rates  fliaiHcil  langi'd  from  l7lH'rcrnt  in  I'm>;I 
to  li  or  7  ill  IS.V.I,  llion^li  tlio  r.ili'  \va<  gradually  niliiriil  until  for  Isv.l 
Havin){s  liaiiks  iliviili'iiil.-!  wipi'  aiioiit  4  por  I't'iit  for  onlinary   ainl  .'■  t> 


ui'iit  tor  toriii  ili'poMitH 


liu  Savings  aiul  Ijoan  was  followi'il  liy  tho  llilxiniii 


ami  otlnrs,  till  lliry  iininln'riil  -S,  with  .'<7"),tKHI,(HH»  ilipo.^it.s  at  ih 
|S77.     'i'lifii  liaiikH  wcru  plai'nl  iiinlir  ^.'ovt  siipi-rx  iiioii,  wiiii'li  rt'iluirl 
liuiiilit'r  to  a  si'oro,  Mocilin^  out  tho  wrakor  oius,  and  I'l'viviiii;  tin:  roiili'l> 


HJiakeii  liv  till'  di.sasti'i 


ptis  crisis  of   I.S77.     St'o  ri'por 


ts  of 


lank  <'oiniiii-~ 


and  of  the  ditl'iTfiit  hanks.  Tho  'JH  savings  hanks  in  oporatioii  on  tli<  '  i  < 
.Inly,  iss'.t,  had  a  paid-up  i-apitalof  ;;."»,  I(K(,(KMI;  siirphis  and  i-.'sorvo.  .'r';i.  I'm. 
(Mill;  lash  on  hand  and  in  othi  r  hanks,  .'::=l.<'>0<),IMItl;  loans  on  nal  <'-t:il'. 
9lM.:t<N),()tN);  loans  on  Hloiks  and  hoiids,  $7,(N)(),IN>I);  invi'stiiK'iits  in  .-.(.'.k- 
and  lioiids,  .':<l7,"J.'><»,tHN».  Tho  aviTajji  drposit  in  |n7H  w.is  iihout  .*f7tHl.  m  ' 
Wi!:i  HoiiiDwhat  lai't^rr  hy  iHH'.t.  Sii'  ri'poiti  of  hank  iMininissioni'rs.  //■ 
trt/'n  S/.il.,  MS.,  II  pj;  Unrliiiiil  .Moiif/ili/,  \i.  '.'((7 
I8S!>. 


.V.  /'.  <  •/„; 


|). 


.\t  a  iiuM'tiii;;  ill  1848.      In  many  iiitrrior  plaros   it  fell  far  hrlou  .*!" 

Siiii]>Mi>lt'n  Xiin:,  li;     Vnllijit  />!«'.,    M.S.,    X\.\V.  (IS;  V iiIhiiiiiiI  I)i»\,    14^:  /     /i'/ 


.MS. 


:».    Tho  1 


iriri'  w 


as    forinallv  advanci'il   in    l>«.'il    ti 


)jil7.40,  at  wiiioli  it  loiin  ri'inainod.    t 'ruil'i/'-i  kmitit,  .Ms.,  'JO.     Ih-mnan  Im 


il.l  fr 


his  M 


ornions  as  low  as 


(In 


May  'M  1N."><|. 


1" 


;// 


.Ms.,  f.'.t;   I   h. 


■"  Ailiiiixturusof  hhu'k  sand,  vU-.,  wcru  coiiiin 


Itc 


on;  Hiicitur  nm 


p.icl 


a;:ii  Willi 


':H: 


I("S. 


GOU>  1>UST   AM>   fOlNACK. 


166 


IB.')",  liii'l 
UOO.UOU  III 

>s\ts.  Tli«' 
ai\(l  li"';iii 
Millor  :>ii.l 
•at«Ml.  tlir<  !■ 
soc'n'ty.  '  "it 
\\\\\cv  viiv- 

ll<_r  tVnIM  i?10 

iUi-ral  disi"- 
■nts,  Tavon  '1 
-dust  jia^sitl 

iciits  of  tli>!  "la'*' 
1,  not  Kiil'l'''  '" 
fiii-ciiin  cslil'li'li- 

.rn  i|t.slltlltl"ll-".'l' 

J  of  ^■Jl.tHKi.iHt.t, 
,11  U."  S.  l"'ii'i-. 
,it.>r».  'I'Ik-  >  ^ 
iliiU'.l  IIk'  aiii..iiiil 
.l,(HH».ttt)l>  in  l^V". 
iiU;  siii't'i'il  'I''"!'' 
Si<il.,  MS.;  >■'..'• 
mill.,  MS.,  :iT  >; 

rxf  iiMo  to  I'lv  !'» 
:  iMi-  out  111  1^"' 
.,(  uiiUl   f'"-  1^"' 

ly    ,111. 1  .'>  I-  •'''•  !"■'■ 

1,1  l.y  tli«i  111!"  11.1,1 

\\\H  at  111''  it"""' 

lliicli  r<-'lii'"l  •'■' 

nu  till!  .'oiiii.l'ii" 

|iiU  i'oiiiiiii--i"""" 

llioll  I'll  til'    '  ■'  '■ 

r.'s.TV.  ?=:i.l'>", 

..^    on    I'ill    '-li'' 

llini'iit-i  ill  ^'"'^; 

iiliout  ^Tt"'-  "' 

li-iHiont-r-t.     "  ' 

Cliroii.,  1'".-" 

Ill  fur  l"l"«  •*'"' 
|/>,.r..  \VM  '■•'""; 
,|S.-.\    to  .-17  iiiil 
Hritinaii  Uoiiulil 

L,,  M.s.,f.'.';'''- 


nilliacka^'sw 


ill 


as<-tinvn(\v,  tlit'ih-Miainl  lor  stain |»f(l  coin  lu'camc  so  iiii- 
iHiativc  for  cu.stiun-liou.se  paynii'nt.s  and  i;fiieral  con- 
\riiiiiK'o,'''  that  .s«'VL'raI  jtrivato  ost^iiMisIiint-nts  hot^aii 
til  foiii  iiioni'V,""'  i'r«)in  piicts  of  two  uiul  a  lialf  dollars  to 

diuiri'iiolii-t , mil  iviin  WITH  i>r».s)«'il.  S.  F.  Pi<-'iiiiiii'-,  Oii.  11,  IS.'tO.  (!oM  from 
l<iw  'Mill'  •ii^trit't'i  u-;is  tr.tnsifrrcil  ti>  otlifrM  tor  aiimixtiiri-  uitli  higher  <|uaii- 
tic,*.  ,S,ali  .-*  w<  ri-  UiiiiiKTt'l  with,  wi-i^lits  v,viv  niali'  liuiit.  |iaii.<  wcri-  \va.xe(l 
til  ii'i^i-  ii|Miii  ^'olil.  \  .  Itt-y  aii'l  NV.  I>ii.sii)ji',iii  iii.'iiiiit'aotiiri^il  NiiiirioiiH  tliiHt  in 
|S,Vi  l.'irkiii.  /'"•..  MS.,  "vh.  •_*><;  .VIm-'I.  Ili^t.  I'^iy.,  M.S.,  .Iimj.  34;  I'Uicir 
Tiiif^.  Apr   •-•4,  \<*h  Sr.  TrniMrrij^,  .Ian.  •_".»,   I,S."K). 

••  ."<i«  coiMiilaiiiti  III  r.  S.  fi'iit  />-ir.,  t'lmj;.  .'Il,  .'^isi.  I,  II.  Kx.  Hoc.  17,  p. 
64.1,  etc  :  llfirri'*  Tour,  'SA.  liuliaiis  gav.:  friMjinntly  an  oiinoo  of  golil  for  a 
»ilvir  'l"llir. 

»".\t  lir-it  ri'ctanjoilar  Ivin*  worth  $5!0  ati'l  .^■>();  tlicii  ^olii  itiucim  of  flih, 
.<'),  .'<|ii,  !PJ*K  {■>■*>,  aii'i  ^')4l,  r<'M;iiililiii;;  iiatioii,il  foins,  willi  cagUtM  anil  other 
)li>i;;ii-,  hut  Im  ;iriin»  tin;  loim-  of  tin-  roiiicrH.  ami  nsn,i||y  tliu  iiiitial.i  ,S.  M.  V. 
.Rt.iii'l.iril  iiiint  \.tluc— althiiiiuh  iiUMtly  M4iiiit'what  hrlow  thin.  'I'lui  alloy 
».n  :.:riii  r;illy  ."ilvi-r.  wliiih  ini|>art«.-il  ,i  ura.s.sy  tint.  Ono  v"'iiil  WtTe  fnlly 
tiiiiil  t,i  till'  r.  .S.  ii.HUfi,  iMiiiu"  without  alloy,  wcvrril  inoro  w<  c  ■'  lU'ar  (Mioiigh 
til  |>.i>.-*  iini'li.''l<-ii){i'i|  l>y  traili-rs.  hut  thu  nst  had  to  .'tuhniit  to  a  iliituDiiiit  of 
fruiii  .'lO  '  t- to  j"*J  tor  fviry  t«'ii  <l<ill,ir.<.  Tliu  ilitlorfiiii;  iM'twucii  tlio  prii'i' of 
iliixt  at  jilii  or  ^17  anil  the  (»«••■  valin-  h-ft  thu  coiiitrii  Hiittiolviit  iirotit.  Tho 
riiila'li'l|>hia  mint  rL'|Mirts  in  IV>I  n|Hiii  tin;  coiiia^'o  of  litt<M-u  {iriviitu  ('alitor- 
iii.i  iiiiiit.M,  with  fniiii  oiii*  to  four  ih'iionniiatioii!!  of  coin  earh.  I.  A  neatly  t'xu- 
iiitiil  colli  iiiarkdl  N.  «J.  A  N.,  with  aii  t-anh-  ciicinicil  in  HtiirH,  ami  the  ilato 
•S,!,!  ,  li'cisii!  In4'J;  on  tliu  rt- VI  r^f,  M'aliforiua  tinhl  without  ulloy,' very 
iif.'  r'l.  ~!>  lainol  it.i  claim  to  ih<-  tnll  WL>i,:lit  of  a  hali.civilc,  a.s!Uiyini(  without 
tlm  .■..:.  I,  which  coii.>titiiU-<l  '*'.  jx-r  ci-nt,  from -^l.^.'t  to  ?^I.,VJ.  U.  Two  ^ikmI 
lU'iii'iiiiiiatioiis,  ca^'h-!4  anil  li;ill-<'a;,;lc.4,  wcrt!  i.^snoil  hy  tlic  Orc^^oi)  Kxchaii^^o 
<'iiiii|>.iii.\.  .'i.  The  Miner's  Imnk  u^ued  a  jilaiii  t>'ii->loll,ir  iiiice,  worth  from 
.*.!  ■;.■>  to  (?1».,S7.  4.  MotFat  *  ^  ».,  in  IM'.»  ami  I  V.(),  iiniUto.l  tiio  national  livo 
aii'l  ten  'lollar  jiie'-<»  with  .iii  average  v.ilue  of  ."'.'.'.(T.  ">.  •!.  N.  O.  iiiailu  a  ton- 
ili'Uar  jiicee  worth  .■<".»..'»7.  <».  Ttnii'letoii  R'  1.1  iii.i'U)  a  t»vciity-livo-ilollar 
iiic.i'  Worth  without  the  alloy  1*114  .'>»>,  ainl  ii  ti  n  ilollir  jiiece  v.iliieil  at  it'.*. 75. 
I  Til'-  Cincinnati  Miniiit;  an>l  Traiiiii^  ct..ii|>,iiiy,  Isi'.l,  coimil  tivu  aiiil  ten 
'I'll  ir  i'i"-iH,  Worth  ."*4. '.'■"»  ainI  .*•''.•  70,  rc->iwi-livi  ly.  H.  The  I'.icilio  comiMiriy, 
l^4'.l.  coiiieil  irri  gill  ir  aii'l  ihltOM-'l  livu  ami  ten  dollar  iiureii,  worth  ahoiit 
J4.lf>  ami  if7.>>«>.  '.».  A  J'retty  tiveiloll.ir  |ii<'ci)  ilili.useil  with  cojiinr  w.m 
iiU'Ie  hy  thu  .M.U'».icliii.'M!tt8  ami  Ctlifornia  coiii|iany,  |SI<).  10.  liuhlwiii 
\  I'll,  i.vsue,!  four  ^  ariotieit — a  tive-dolhir  juece,  |.S,"»0,  alula  teii-'lnll.ii'  pioce, 
IS'il,  in  imitation  of  the  national  coiuii:e,  a  twentyiloll.tr  ]>ierc,  aiut  a  teii- 
'li'llar  iHi'ci',  Is.'ilt,  the  latter  xtaiiiiH-.i  with  a  niouiitiil  caltiillero  h.imllin^  a 
Ui.1.1.  II.  |IiiIhi.m|  .V  < 'o.  iniitated  thu  iiatioii.il  coinaL{(i  in  tent  ainI  live.i 
.ivi-rtl^in^  ji.ir  value.  I'.'.  .Shiill/.  A  Co.,  |S.'il,  iinitateil  national  tive-ilollar 
[iieci.H,  Worth  ^.il7.  I.T  The  Mormon  ei.in  wan  ti.etule.l  in  I'Uiih,  llmiiuli 
ciiiii|io«'ilof  (.'.iliforiiiaii  fohl.  There  Were  lour  ill  iioiiiiiiatiiMiM,  two  and  a  half, 
live,  ti'ii,  mill  twenty  doll.ir  luitv*.  They  w.  re  ine-iilar  in  Weij;ht  aiel  liiie- 
iicM,  avera){iii){  ahii.it  ^ 'A>  to  the  t«  ii  iloll.irs.  II.  |)nnl>ar  A  Co.'h  iniita- 
tiMiiiif  tiien.itioliat  liv(!-do||ar  piece  aAiuiyed  ahoiit  .'!i|.'.W.  1,">.  Thu  lifty  dollar 
liiici!  iir  kIiii;  of  the  I'liitad  St.»tr«  a-.M^  i  r  at  .^.iii  I'lancijieo,  Aui;ii>tiii  lliiiii- 
i>  rt,  a|'|M>iiited  hy  act  of  eou^^reiti  in  Iv'Mt,  w.m  fully  np  to  ilM  alle^id  valiiu 
m!|'|i  ciiineil,  hut  not  Ik-ui^  liardi-iiid  hy  copiH  r  llu^  wiar  w.ii  r.t|>id.  TIidi 
jiiii-e  wa.4  iH'tagoiial  in  iiha|H-,  iit«iii|Hd  H.'Mt  ami  >'>7  lim',  tho  fomier  weif^liiiig 
■Mil  ,111,1  tiiri't^  ipi.irtert  oiiiiiv*.  .'<taiii|M,|  in;;,.l<  wrr.' al*o  iiieil  .lidirieiny 
111  tlii.M'  lUyn.  The  incoiivciiii'iK-e  nri'<iii|(  from  ill''  n.io  ol  llii-  »lii),',  lU'  lilty- 
•I'lllar  iiiece,  indiieed  Wt-tn,  Molitor.  A  *'•>.  to  iHxiiu  in  .laniiary  Is.'rj  a  iiew 
livc-iluUar  pivcc,  •urruuudol  hy  a  nuM-d  luiUud  edge,  and  HUi>vriur  iu  tiniiili  tu 


166 


BUSINKSS   MKTHODS   AND  CriARACTRIlISTIfS. 


i  , 


5     -:i 


fifty-clolliir  'slu^s,'  uhicli  iuuiid  <rt>iuTnl  ciroulation  for 
some  ycaiH.  Somo  proved  of  even  lii^hor  valuo  than 
the  legal  coin,  l»ut  others  were  ilefj-etivo  and  suthivd 
r(d)ate.  Silver  i-oin  was  iini)«»rtcd  in  lar<;e  (juantitiis 
from  difl'erent  parts  of  the  weald  \ty  shrewtl  traders, 
who  nlying  on  the  unserutinizing  extravagance  of 
these  days  passed  inferior  denominations  at  S(»ui(i 
twenty  per  eent  or  more  ahovc  their  real  value.  In- 
deed, silver  was  lVe(|uently  rak<d  into  the  drawer  witli- 
oat  eounting  or  insj»eetion,  and  anything  apj)roaehiiig 
in  size  and  aj)piaraiu'e  a  half  or  (juarttr  dollar  piece 
was  acce[)ted  as  sueh,  and  smaller  pieces  for  a  bit. '^ 

any  hitherto  iiimlu  in  (^'aliforiiiu.  It  was  a  fae-niiiiilu  of  goveniineiit  cuiii,  ex- 
eunt mi  miu  Hiiio  muh  Hlaiii[H'il  '  W.  M.  (^  ('ii.,'.'uiil  nil  the  titliiT,  '  III  I'uliliiriiia 
gold.'  'I'liii  Viihiu  of  thin  coin  wuh  four  rciitH  iiioro  tluiii  tiiat  of  tiie  govern- 
nii'iit,  having  u  iiiiit'oriii  NtaiKlanl  of  >SM)  line,  uiul  weighing  11(1.!)  grains,  with 
no  other  alhiy  tiiaii  that  of  tlie  Hilvir  u  hidi  coiiiliiiit'il  naturally  with  thi-  ^oM. 
Their  enjiiiiig  niuehincry  was  in  \aj,'leeM  liniMiii;,'  on  .Merehant  street,  ail.  r- 
want  tor  l.'i  yearu  tuieu^iieil  liy  the  author  us  a  (lart  of  liis  Uiok  ami  Ktation- 
ery  estalili.ihiiient.  They  could  coin  mveii  or  ei;4lit  th<uiNaiid  dollars  a  day, 
includiiii^  corres|>ondiiiglv  fiiuA  tcn-ilnllar  iiieees,  which  were  all  readdy  re- 
cei\  t.'tl  on  di'iiosit  liy  the  liaiiks.  Some  of  the  coining  inaeiiinery  hrou^hl  out 
by  dillerent  trading  coiiijianies  found  its  way  to  Saeraincnto,  where  .1.  S. 
Ormshy  iV  Co.  struilt  coins  for  miners.  According  to  tlie  S.  Jom'  I'iomii-,  .Nhiy 
6,  1.S77,  their  royalty  was  'JO  per  cent.  IJaiikeis  ii'solved  ilk  !>S.")l  to  ill .  hiiu 
nil  iirivatt;  coiii.s;  hut  Adams  iV  1  'o.  insisted  on  tlu'ir  ai'cepting  thosi'  of  \\;i.>\ 
Molitnr,  k,  MoU'att,  and  trailers  toiind  it  gimcl  policy  to  couiitenuncc  many 
more.  IJy  raising  the  juiee  of  dust  to  ?rl7,  tlie  hanks  iliil,  liowcvir,  interiiosia 
cheek,  as  did  the  attem[>t  of  the  govcriiiiicTit  in  IS.'i'J  to  refu.se  even  the  >\nc* 
iasueil  iiniliT  its  aus|iiees,  a  step  which  for  a  time  placed  legal  coins  at  a  hi».li 
premium,  as  hacl  hecii  the  casu  in  IMS  •(  for  custoindioliHU  iluties.  Tin  l<  git- 
lature  passed  an  act  to  jireveut  private  coinage,  hut  repealed  it  on  March  •J'lili, 
and  iiMucd  aimtlier  on  Apr.  'Jlsl,  ol>li;:iiiig  coiners  to  mark  thu  actual  value  i.ii 
th'ir  i-.sues,  and  reihcni  them  with  hi;al  money.  ('.//.  Stutufm,  ISTil,  171,  li»l. 
The  cstaldishmeiit  of  the  mint  in  |S,'i4  |iro\(Ml  the  liest  restraint,  and  in  I\'i0 
the  tinal  conilemnation  w.is  juLssid  i^n  jirivate  coins,  .iltii  <  nL,  M.ireh  -.*<,  .\|r. 
1,    IS.-.1;   0(t.   --M.    IS.V_':   O.t.  r.,    I'.',    IS.VI;    .\pr.    10.    ISoO;   Nov.  •JH,    l,S(i.S;    /    .. 

iS'-irt,  May  !•,  Nept.  •_'!,  Nov.  II,  IN.")0:  Fel..  I,  Ai^r.  T),  <>,  17,  1H.M;  '  i. 
CiMiirr,  .Niareh  0,  I.Sol;  S.  /■'.  Il<nil,l,  VA>.  8,  0>  t.  I"),  IS'il;  Jan.  17,  K'-', 
8<ir.  I'liitiii,  \[>\\  ;iO,  |S.V»,  etc. ;  J'iili/ii"-oiii,  vi.  lilti;  vii.  \'M);  'o (/•;//.•«'  /,  '/ 
Diii/i,  iMS.,  j-J;  Piinr  'J'inns,  l-'eli. 'i;!,  I.S,"iU;  MmiiiiiilH  J)nii<ii-.,'St>\.  'Si,  K'i; 
limit' i  Mill/.,  xxi.\.  I'lMi,  "■••'l.  J>ii'Lsiiii's  \  im  r.  j\i(iiiiniiiiUir  J/n*/.  conluii' 'i 
e!lgl'avili^.^  111  < '.ilit'urni.'i  coins.  In  Mcxiuaa  timim  liiileg,  cattle,  etc.,  had  tu 
supply  the  lack  of  coin. 

"\  trader  iniiioi  ted  S10<>.'IO<)  Austrian  zwanzigers  at  l7  or  18  cts  aiitl 
passed  tliiin  for  25  cts.  f'lriitnu/iz,  i  iil..  MS.,  17.")  (>.  Stout  loun.l  l-'it, 
CoillH  Itassed  for  'J."i  cts.  fir.^l  .V.  ,S'.  J'iniiii  r.i,  l'_'();  Siiiilil/'j  !'(;/.,  Ms.  !'■'• 
Francs,  lai^li^h  bhiUin.i^s,  |)a.'ii;di,  Ivist  iinlian,  and  other  coin  cin  lii.iinl. 
San  l'"ranci-iean  ])reeauliuiis  drove  (he  ileha.-.ed  foreign  coiiiagi-  ailcr  .-eiuo 
years  to  the  interior,  where  it  still  coinmaiided  a  |n'emiuin,  cmii  after  St"ik- 
ton  hanks  in  Oct.  I>."i4  resolved  to  recogni/.o  francs  only  at  '_*()  cts  and  eili't 
Coins  in  )iro|iortioii.  Soon  attcruanl  the  .'i-et  [liece  hegau  to  circulate;  y  '■  -u 
this  day  dealers  accord  it  only  partial  acknowlcdginent. 


1.J 


cs. 

ilation  for 
;aluo  tliaii 
1(1  siitUn,(l 
Huantitus 
(l  triulfis. 
k'atiaiu'c  of 
}    at    snliit; 
alue.     In- 
awor  witli- 
|)j)roacliiii;f 
lollar  i>"hcu 
r  a  bit.  ' 

mineut  com,  ex- 
r,  '  111  l';khi«iiiiia 
,t  of  i\w  ^;ov.  rii- 
;U.'.»  niiiiua,  with 
ly  with  tin;  Ht'l'l- 
lint  tstrift,  ;iH'  r- 
iiiik  anil  KUiti'iii- 
vl  (lolliiiH  a  <la;. , 
ro  all  ri'ailil.N  n- 
iiiTy  ln-oii^ilit-  ""t 
iitu',  whtiv  .1.  S. 
,««'  l'ii>mrr.  May 
I  1S51   to  a.  >linu 
1^  tliosr  of  W  >-•. 
uiitfnaiuv  iii.ii:y 

\ If,  iiil<  1 1 1 

f,,.  fvcll  tlif  ^l^l-•» 
il  toinsut  a  (ii.li 
tios.  Tli<  1  ^;l• 
it  oil  Marvli  -"'''I. 
acliud  valu.  .11 
...ISfil.ni.  l".>, 
lint,  anil  m  \^-*' 
MarrU'>.  M' 
•JH,  IMi^i;  /  ■■■ 
17,  1H:>1;  I  i. 
;  Jan.   17,  \<>y 

;    /.'.I /•»(■•«'  /'  "'.V 

,^'ov. '^r),  t^'-^i 

M,i,i.  ooul^iiiiol 
tic,  etc.,  lia<lt" 

or   18  vU  !iii>l 
liut    louii'l   1  ■'>•'' 

i;./..  M>.  «•;• 

fcoiii  cu'iil'il**'- 
|ugo  ail>  r  '■"II"' 
y.ii  afti  r  St'K'k- 
|0  its  ami  .'ili'f 
liiculaU;;  }'^-^  l" 


ASSAY   OFl'K'K  AND  MINT. 


1«7 


III  IBTjO  the  i^ovorniueiit  provided  for  an  assay  office 
at  Sail  lu-aiu'isfo,  and  altliouy;li  a  morcly  Sfini-offirial 
c^t;^l»lisllUlcnt  was  opi-nt'il,'"  it  rondorod  j^'ood  si-rvioo 
ill  clu'ckiufJC  inferior  coina^n-  and  corifrtinjjf  irrejjjulari- 
ti(  s  witli  yold-dnst.  Two  yiars  l.itir  an  appropriaiion 
ua.s  j;ranti'd  of  }ij!:lO(),000  lor  a  hrancli  mint,"  wliich 


'"Till"  rigciit  ill  charm',  A.  llninhcrt,  ina<h'  contracts  with  private  tirni.s  fi 


issue 


jj.s,  etc.     t'raiif,   J'li"/,  -H  ',1,  CDiiili'iniis  it  a-i  ii  '.-shaviiiL'  shoji 


Th. 


lc;'isl;itiii'c  iiasscil  an  act  Apr.  -i>,  IS,")0,  fur  tin-  ap])uiiitiiii.'iit  of  an  a.ssayir. 
/',(.•.)•   TiiiKs,    May 'Jl',  l>r)0.      KohliT  wan  ajipointcii.   Sif.  Tmn-irrijif,  Juno 


211,  1  "<''"• 


I' 


ir  incasii 


res  to  this  end  sinci'  isriO,  nee  U.  S,  Gov.  Dim-.,  ( 


OUL 


il,  Se 


Kx.  Hoc.  i..  p.  lO:  «'"i)k'.  .•{•.».  S.sH.  1,  l>oc.  i)2,  v.,  Doc.  i:W.  xiii. ;  A/.,  H. 
Mi.--oil.  I 'lie.   till;    pclilions,   in   I'iiIkihihI  /tm:,   i;«i-7;    //.i//>.v'   M'  iii;/  Air/i., 
II/.,  I'>ll'.  I.'urs,  il     i;i;    /'-(.•.  .\'iii:\.  May  \'.\,  Nov.  1,  I.ViO;  coniinclit:! 


I. 


<ll'  liw  ill, 


Mi- 


(17,  M,  who  introiluccil  Ihc  i)ill.  A'.    \iii.  It' 


l> 


4ltl  •-'»; 


All'i<  "i,  -Al'i'-  !•',  IS.'iil.     'I'lie  aliscnccol'  a  mint  wa«  c!*tini;itcil  to  can  si'  a  \i»n 


(it  ,'?lli,iM)(l.lKM)  a  \iar 


to  th< 


stati 


t'lirtis  it  i'l  rrv,  a.sr-a\ii.i  on  ■  oinini 


il 


ht.  riiiitiactcil  witii  tlic  ;,'ovcrnmcnt  to  in.iUt^  ci  it.iiii  aiiilitioiis  to  lln  ir  estali- 


C'>ll 

all 


jiiicnt  .iii'l  pill  111  till!  iicii  >.s.ii'y  m.iciiiniT>  inr  tiie  sum 


1  ji'J'.MJ.iHM).      llio 


itiiictors  turiu'il  over  the  mint  to  I,.  A.  llinU:i!l,  (he  .siipiriiiliinii  nt,  ainl 
asriaily  for  the  reccpiion  of  vJoMilust  (lie  IM  oi  Aiiiil,  1>.V{.  'Ihu  luw 
iiiicry  Mas  maiiufaetiircil  in  I'hilailelplua,  iiinUr  tlic  Mipervision  of  licoiuo 
K'kl'liit  iif  tlic  r.  .S,  mint,  ami  put  up  loiijuintly  )>y  iiiniBeit  ami  !  is  smi, 
,h>hii  M.  I'liUliliit,  the  lirst  eoimr.  .i.  li.  .'^nyiler  was  tho  lirst  treasurer, 
.I'lhii  ilih  >ton,  imlter  aid  i'ili;nr,  A.  ll.iras/liiy,  a.^sayer,  ami  there  w.'i-e  some 
'.',')  assist, lilts.  For  assasin^  ami  running  into  li.irs,  the  then  |irevailiii^  loeal 
ciiarjj;c  ol  one  h  If  of  one  per  cent  w.is  maile.  l''or  ass.i\  iiij{  an.l  lehuin^i,  tho 
r.ite  w.is  11  cents  an  oiiiice,  or  si\  tcntlw  of  oiu!  ptr  !■•  lit.  ll.ilf  of  one  per 
cent  ail<litii>iial  w.is  chargul  for  coining,  thus  making  the  wlioli-  cost  for  turn- 
ing j;i>lil  liiist  into  coin  l.Kt  per  cunt.      .Siveii  eiglilli.s  of  om-  per  cent  was  tlio 


niil.eli-liili 


•ate. 


At  tl 


im  time  only  one  private  eoiiiiiii.'  i 


stal.l 


ill  ii|ierit  lull  here,  that  liy  Krllo'^j»  .V  llichtir.      It  is  cstimate'l  that  only 


isliinent  was 


I  mil 


fiiurth  of  ilic  ^olil  so  f.ir  pioiliuid  hail  lieeii  coiiieil  in 


.S.   I' 


A  .1. 


nl  the  mint  is  j;iven  ill  .l//'<f  <'-il.,  .\\<v.  ■'■>,  .Sept.  '.'.">,  IKVl;  .Ian.  4,  .\la 


Apr.  4,   M.iy  111,  l.s.Vl,  ami  other  ]iapers;  ami  ;i  view   in  .tmi-iiM  S.   /■'.,  ;VJii 


-cnpiioii 
ircli  'JN, 


\. 


.1/..;,., 


-t  ail 


I   1  ■.(. 


r  a|ipro|)ii,iliiiiis,  with   salaries,  see  (  .  .S.  <ior 


IhH 


•-',    II.     Kx.     hoe.   .I,   11.   :t.'.7;   t'ollK.    ;n,  Sess.    :<,    Doc.   :i2,    v.;    //»<;,^'.« 


28;   xxxiii.  :Ci:t  ."i;  ili,l,liii  Li;i,  Dec.  IN,  \s:>:\\  II. 


'.Ml.     0|"  i-.iliiiiis  were  temporarily  suspemlei 


il 


.'/' 


.1/ 


IllilHl,    1. 


a.^iions  within  tl 


lO 


f.ill. 


iWiiiK 


thii 


I'.     I.ott 


4  as  siipt  in   lN.">:t,   salary  .■il,.>(Hl. 


,V.  y.  Iliilliiiii,  Nov.  14,  IN.V.,  (»ct.  I(t,  Nov,  1,  IsM.     In  lv">7 


111  I'liilii  //leliK  lit  Were  pli'ieiri 


.1    a -I 


lleil  tl 


'.•,7:fl,.-.74. 


M.I-JI. 


lill.-^t   einploM 


'I'll' 


•lliai; 


ll  clMrL'lS 

e  ftir   I.V.4   (i 


ml  •'"^•J>S,.")|(i,  1  17,    re^-pectlVelv,   iif  wllli  II 

^l^^l.ll7.">  ami  .y_'(M),(iO'.)  were  in  silver  fot   I.S.V1  »>,  mostly  ipi.irti'r  iloUars,  aiel 


mil  li.ill   as  maiiv  tilty-cent  pieces. 


'I'l 


.hi 


eiiihraceil   ovi  r   •J,itiH».():(i» 


ililc 


ea^li'S,    so 


ilil.lltcr  ca 


Kh 


me   •.'(lll,(HH)  ea-les,    l.*>t>,(HHl   li.lll  e.ii-h  s,    .some   tllle.-.h.U.ir, 


ililoll 


t'liiii:.  Il.'i, 


ir  pieces, 


liesl.lis  r.i.me  .>P' (Hlo.lKKt  in  li.irs.    /'.  .S.  <• 


•-',   II.  Kx.   Doc.  ,H,  i.  7'J  H«i.      Ihe  pi 


if    hi 


iiiiilirllie);i:iwini{  silver  proil, let  ion  Inl  etinnress  in  I  Mil  li>appii>|>iiate.Si(».l,(NI,> 
ii'i  .1  more  coininodiiiu.s  .struct  11  ri%  Ailiitional  appropnal  lotis  \\i  re  ^i.tnU'il, 
aii<l  in  I.S74  was  opi'iieil  the  new  ediiicu  on  Killli  r-t,  whose  hulluw  p.ir.ilhlo- 
.;ruii,  in  t«o  stories,  covers  an  area  of  l(>0  hy  "JI7  feet,  D.  is  in  Don.'  style, 
with  lirick  u.ills  laced  with  Uliie-urav  saiidHtune.      In.iuuur.ilioii  in  S.  t'.  ('<>ll. 


I.  ll,  1^74;  .l('/e 


'/.,  M 


ly  •.'., 


IS70:   •/', 


'/.</. s,  l.i   '.II. 


'I'l 


•j^i,  Ntlilcli   in    l.SuO  had   liilk'U   (••  {llJ.INNI.IMU,   ranged    helWecn   Jsi  i.lHNt.tKMi 


Mt 


BUSINESS  METHODS  XSD  CHARACTERISTICS. 


Il  m 


(■'-< 


opened  ill  April  1854,  ami  i^'ave  quick  relief  to  le«;;al 
currency  by  i.ssuinj^  over  Ht'tv-nine  niilliuns  by  the  ciid 
of  185(5,  of  wliieh  two  thirds  were  in  double  ea^^lcs 
nlone.  In  I88G,  with  a  coiiuijre  of  $25,000,000,  lialf- 
eat^'les  formed  this  ])rop(>rtion.  Atteiiij»ts  tc  circulate 
papiT  notes  met  with  little  fav»»r;  and  subsequently  a 
special  lej^islative  act  [)rohibited  such  nmney,'"  L^n-atly 
to  the  benefit  of  the  conununitv;  f(»r  bv  leaviiiijf  to 
(Jalifornia  a  jture^ly  metallic  cuitjmicv  the  financial 
convulislotrs  ever  threatenini^  a  field  so  speculative 
have  been  greatly  softened.  Tlse  ea>tern  cri>is  of 
1851  was  yjreatly  mitigated  by  j^'old  shipnunts  from 
(California.  Kven  treasury  notes  were  restricte'd  to  a 
small  circulation  under  the  si^'cific-con tract  act  of  the 
statt!.*" 

Karly  California  speculations  partook  in  a  marked 

aii<l  si_".',IHH),(MH»,  .I'triii,;,'  1S(1:»  73.  Aft«;r  this,  tin-  Nevatla  yit-l.!  iiicrtas.-il  it 
t'>.S.'x».(HIO,(HH»  liy  I.S77.  Fi>r  the  fiso.il  yi-^r  i-n<  ling  June  :U),  iNS'i,  it  fill  ti) 
nliiHit  ■'r''J4,)>(H),IH)(),  ,'inil  iit'tcr  miiiic  lliirtu.tti<>ti:»,  i>t«M«i  at  nearly  the  .s.iiuc 
limirc  fur  til'- y.-ir  I'lnliii^  .(mil- :M»,  I  W.I.  /'..>'.  J/(m/ /,'«|..<^<.  /fni/i.i'  Mininij 
A-h..  i.  i>'J,  I  Ml.  ( 'oiniiH'iit  on  xilvi-r  ;iiiil  i-urrfin-y.  aii-l  their  ettfi-t  on  triitli.', 
A\  /'.  ('liiunl)ir  Coin.,  lS7't,  1.">-U;  L'lU.  lUmoittHztUium,  I  yl;  liutUmtr's  t'viif 
wji ,  I  -IH. 

Olio  of  tiiu  ahk'st  (iiul  iiio.st  OMtc'crneil  mint  su|ieruit(.-u<lcnts  wa.s  II.  L. 
iJiMlm',  till!  (luHCi'iiiliiiit  of  a  fiitiiily  which  tract-H  the  «lt-parture  of  it.s  foumlcr 
friiiii  Kii.i;l:iii(l  in  KWD.  Itora  at  Mont|Klifr.  Vt,  Jati.  31,  1»*2.'»,  he  wns  fiiu- 
catiil  at  the  Htate  university.  While  i>r»'(>iir^ng  for  tht-  jirc»fe»sioii  of  h\\,  tlie 
gold  fivt.T  ..Mrrii'il  liiin  away  ti  S.  K. ,  wlurc  he  u»  clerk  of  the  court  aii'i  inmi- 
cil  took  a  iiroii  inciit  lart  in  the  ilevi'lo[iiiiceit  of  tlic- city  <luriiig  IM'.)  ■*). 
'I'wo  ycarsi  later  hr  was  here  ailiiiittcil  to  tht  Uir  and  gatherod  a  large  iliciit- 
age,  iiiit  Noon  aliamloiu'd  it  to  join  lii.s  hrothcni  in  cstahlishing  the  wholc^^ile 

))r(>vi:sioii  house  of  I)ollg»^  Swei'iu^y,  &  Co.  Aft«rr  a  brief  term  as  HUiHTMsur, 
le  was  ill  ISii'i  and  foUoM'inj.'  years  Bent  sucenmvely  to  th'.'  legislative  ii-sscni- 
My  and  senate,  lii  IS77  he  aeeeiited  an  a|iiM>intnii-nt  twi  the  U.  S.  tre.oury 
eoiniiMssion  aiid  the  superiiiteiideiu'V  of  the  mint,  whuh  he  left  with  a  r.iifly 
«''|uaili'd  record  for  judicious  and  honor.'iMc  maiLigeni'iit.  lie  siilMteijiieutiy 
Herved  on  the  II.  S.  .Mint  A.ssay  uoininission,  as  [ire»i>lcnt  of  the  chaniher  ( i 
eonniieree  and  of  the  |ii<iiiei'r  society. 

^' I 'tit.  St'itiifrtt,  IS.V),  \'M.  ll'inks  Were  alre-fly  iinthiliite^l  hy  the  eciisti- 
tlltion  from  i.ssuing  paper  money,  h".  Marriott  iw»U(-<l  n<>t<-8  in  I>ec.  iN.il. 
for  one  and  ti\  i'  dollars,  under  tlm  name  of  '  e;«.sh  onk-m,'  hut  none  woiii.i  m-- 
e.-|it  them.  The  cdiumoii  use  of  ),'old  created  a  contL-in|>t  for  le^ia  t:i!i.:ililv 
curriMicy. 

^•' I'lider  which  contracts  deliiie  the  currency  to  Iw  {aid.  Many  p.itriet.H 
rai.sed  an  oulcr<'  a;.'ainst  the  iliserimination,  hut  UKtal  iire\aile<l,  and  rciii.iiiis 
the  medium  ii.  lit  out  of  'JO  instances,  although  t^m-uftai-kji  h.ive  here  rc.ov- 
ered  from  their  imsition  iiratlii'ally  of  nierehaiidise,  anil  dt-|invisl  j;.il(iiiiitc 
hanks  of  tln.'ir  v.intai;!'.  The  period  of  I8(il  ir  provwl  a  g<4d«m  liar\i-»t  tor  "ht- 
chants  disalin^;  with  the  east.  The  present  amount  of  «-«>in  on  hand  \»  tliin 
the  slate  has  l.eeu  calculated  \i  jf>H),0()0,00O,  ot  which  live  sutlu  i»  m  hi"'. 
treajurios,  aiul  huuka. 


cs. 


RECKLES>XESS  AND  .SimHWDXESS. 


ICO 


.'f  to  It'j^al 
jy  the  (11(1 
il)lc  failles 
1,000,  half- 
^\  c'iiviilatf 
:e<|iu'iitly  a 

leu V ill, l^  to 
le  fiuajicial 
siK'fulative 
•II  fj'isi><  <»t' 
muts  tVoiii 
triftt'<l  t<)  a 
•t  aft  of  the 


in  a  markt  (I 

),  ls>>'»,  it  f<'ll  to 
nearly  llif  saiiiu 

',.     Illtl/'M'  M'lll':i\l 

ir  tlliit  on  t Mill', 
liiUUiimi's  Cuiii- 

.lints  was  H    1- 

ire  of  il^^  fouii>lir 
\s-2'<.  lit!  w^i'*  >''"■ 

.•-.^.OIl    of    law,    till' 

lu  court  aii'l  loiiii- 
.luring  IM'.'  •*». 
a  large  c  In  nt- 
|ng  the  ■will 'U-il'- 
aa  BUiH'iAi-  r, 
etrislativf  ;u-srMi- 
k-  U.  S.  tr<:iMiry 
fit  with  a  nnly 
[lie  nulweinK'iitly 
the  cUaiiil"  V  .1 

1.1  hy  the  ciii'iti- 

none  woiili  m- 
for  ici«  ta!i;;il'l'i 

Many  y-iiri»U 
1.  .1.  ;iiiil  r.niiiiiH 
li.tvi-  her.'  rr.»v- 
In  vol  v"l<'  ""•'•' 
IliHrv.-wt  !  or  ■HIT- 
l..n  haii.l  vitlim 
Ixtlw  is  in  i>'"i'*. 


(l.-.^reo  of  tlio  tjanibliii^  spirit  connectftl  with  mining, 
and  the  hizarre.  fa|«ri<-ious  extravagance  produced  by 
the  suilden  unfolding  of  wealth.  An  indep(>ndence 
anil  daring  prevaihtl,  wliich  soared  above  petty  hag- 
o-liiig,  and  revell«i  in  «Jj»shing  operations  and  great  pro- 
jrctri.  I'artnrrshifw  and  contracts  were  accepted  on 
the  spur  of  the  moment,**  (Jold  was  taken  by  liberal 
niiiciu'S.  Pricirs  were  regulate<l  by  an  elastic  con- 
science, guided  by  a  keenness  shari)ened  with  experi- 
iiice.  Men  prrfi'ired  to  spci-ulate  at  great  odds  rather 
than  endure  irksome  sUignation,  and  stoical  as  to  the 
iniint'diato  result-H,  they  were  ever  l)Uoyed  by  the  hope 
ot'a  happy  turn.  They  met  the  mockery  of  chance  with 
cheerful  energy  and  n-t-ujK'rative  power,  and  if  over- 
whi'hned  one  moment  l»v  sonu;  s\V(  t[)ing  financial 
rr.'ish  or  obliteratin*'  <-«»nriatrration,  thev  were  on  tht  ir 
ht  t  the  next,  phinning  fresh  undertakings,  and  con- 
structing n«w  i»uildings.** 

Although  accident  rather  than  perseverance  brought 
fortiiiie^ — the  happy  s|K'eulation  on  the  turn  of  the 

"A till  withnnt  knowia^  anytliiug  alMxit  tho  partner  or  parties,  adils 
Wiiit..,  /•/..;,«»•,  MS.,  VM.  -Jul. 

'■'M.iwlcy,  'tliKerr.,  MS.,.  IH,  trrite*  that  he  was  hnnu'il  out  six  times 
witliiii  li'^s  than  a  vi-ar  aivi  a  half;  au<l  N'eall,  I'*;/.,  MS.,  l.'>  10,  four  times 
within  14  months.  (M  o»arae  inauy  mjcouiiiImmI.  J.tiiits  t'lidin  was  engaged 
ill  tniili'  at  Citicinnati  when  th*.-  i:<4<i  ftver  iniluo«si  hini  to  tran^tfiT  his  ^'cu- 
i''^:il  III.  ri'liaiiilim-  to  .S.  F..  aa«l  tb«.-re  <-«talili>li  hiniM'lf  in  Au^;.  I.H4'.t  with  his 
iir.itlier,  uiiiliT  the  firm  .1.  &  .M.  IlK-ltn.  tor  wlu.'h  a  tliir<I  hrothir,  .lolin,  .a 
iiicr.'liitnt  of  N.  York.  a<-t<->l  a«  Atlantic  a;:<'nt  Fires  .'umI  niisiiiaiiagcini'iit 
l.y  )i:u'tiiiT.s  nia.'te  ini-twti!^  in  tiiMc,  bat  Mr  I'li.lan  turn«.l  to  the  n^sciii'  and 
r.>iitiiiii('d  :is  Mole  trader  till  \'^Oit.  Ut  devote  hiiiiM'lf  to  Ins  interest  in  Isinkin^ 
aiiil  r.'al  eMtate,  the  latter  •listnimted  lit  dilj'erent  sections  of  the  coast,  and 
iiulii. ling  oiii- III  tho  moait  cwo»jmc«,«i»i«  l»niliii(i.'s  of  .S,  V.  In  ISTd  he  hiljieil 
til  i)ri;.iiiiye  tli.'  lir^t  natKioal  iaamk,  **  {•rt'^ideiit,  acting  also  a.^  .Iinctor  ..t  the 
n.iti.iiial  hank  of  San  -Ime.  He  alwt  lurticiiMtted  in  forming  tlie  Western 
Kill'  ,'iiid  Marine  Insurance  f'o..  aii<l  in  |>u.«liMig  o|icratious  on  ilut  I'anami^ 
c-iii  il  I'.y  ;ill  who  kr.ew  him  h<-  w*«  ai-knowleilj^e-i  as  one  o''  the  most  enter- 
lirMNi;  ot  oiir  Cil  'iioiiet'r*.  aikl  a*  uii«  tu  whom  tho  state  was  indehted  for 
niiirli  of  its  !-arly  priwiK-Tity. 

^'Oiie  cia^s  of  giHwls  in  an  iuxntctr  w<miM  frojuentl)  hring  a  fortune,  while 
tiip  ri'.t  jtroved  a  Iims.  Instano*  liy  <"<»leman,  V'lj-,  M.S.,  ITM-tNi;  Di'iinn 
V'l'.  .Ms.,  ;<.  Ill  iNitMnar  nrtnn  o.ia ract.  I  witha'chile  house  tor  !(HI,<MK) 
til  •.'iMi.(HH)  Kirrels  of  rfiuir  a:  *l*.  ejicli  tirin  asHUming  respon.-iihility  for 
^7<Ni,iMM),  with  a  forfeit  <A  ^Un,iUU.  The  market  ros.r,  tin  v  siieidily  niaiio 
!"'v.i  d  linndre.l  thous.ind  dolLar*,  an.l  «-«>ul<l  li.ivi-  retir..!  with  .i  Liig«!  ..iirpliis 
■lit.  I-  |nyiiig  till!  forfeit,  hut  they  continuetl  t<.  .i<-cel»t  ttii.  tloiir,  which  i.ll  and 
wili.Heil  much  mor"!  than  %he  iK*>ttu.  //itutt  ■•  S.  /  ..  'JK*  14.  Chomv  .V 
Hoxcl  I  He  ,,i  Haui.  ir  jtUi)  a  pradt  ut  9VO,iMi  ou  jjfHO.tXM)  lu  vested  iu  duur. 


f 

1  ^4 1 


n  ■ 


'^■3 


if  '    ■; 
II  '^ 

Si*.  ■> 


ii 


I 


170 


HUSINKSS   MKTIlOhS  AM>  (HAUAtTKRlSTICS. 


niarkft,  or  tlio  fnitmiatt'  |tosst'ssi«>ii  oI^iimkIh  to  hum  t  a 
jlcmaiKl  }  ft  sliicwtli/css  and  oltscivation  wcic  |>nilit- 
uliK'.  'I'Im'  ticalt'i'  could  Iccl  tlic  maiki't  l>v  ad\aiit  in  ^ 
his  j)ricts   iipdii  rarli  siU'crs.siM'  jmi'cluisi'r ;   lie  cdiild 


Sf 


iiif  class  ol'  yjoods  on  condition  that  ci-rt; 


ini  luuU 


siiai»lc  clircts  should  he  taken;'''  he  could  huv  ai 
foi«-cd  auttion  and  send  tin-  merchandise  to  hettci 
iidand  niaik.  ts,  or  sell  it  out  on  the  street  corners  at 
Jilt  at  pKilit." 

'I'lie  co>t  «»f  liaiullinLC  ;4'oods  and  the  cond>inatioii  nf 
traders  tiiidcd  tt»  maintain  I'etail  [)rices  within  ctit:i:ii 
liniits,  is|)«'cially  in  the  intei-ior,  with  its  numerous 
points  ot"  (hstiihution,  so  that  the  miners  trained  onlv 
in  a  iiuasuie  hy  the  ijedine  at  San  l''ranciseo.  I'luy 
Weic,  tor  that  mattei',  the  o^olden  i^eese,  to  hi'  plllck. d 
primarily  hy  tin;  store-ki-epers  who  followed  their  trail, 
and  indirictly  i)y  merchants,  carrii-rs,  and  maniilar 
twrt  I's. "  l»y  maintaining  agents  at  the  chiet'  mart. 
and  eonununicatjon  with  tlic  camps,  dealers  at  tlic  in- 
terior enii'i  iHtts  rould  do  a  sah-  and   ttrtilitahle  tra<l< .' 


and   (-a  mi  I   s 


tore 


wi 


th   tl 


V 


M'lr  small  und  variet 


d  >t. 


ran   little  risk.     Competition   naturally  caused  ^rrai 
tluctiial ions  also  here,  within   the  hountis  assiniicd  \>\ 


)  \\;is 


the  co>t  of  |(M'al  transp(utation,  hut  if  one  cam] 
Wtll  pntN  ided,  the.->upply  train  would  usually  «li^tril'iiit 
its  curjj^o  in  sncdl  lots  at  dill'erent  di'jf^inn's.  .Mthoii^h 
llttur  sold  during  the   middle  of  ISJO  at  fifteen  and 

Cniri/'.^  ''';/■.  MS,,  .'?,  Siliwarf/,  i>ii|ii)Hiti'  Sai',,  fmiii  tin'  s,i|i'  of  iiu'loiis,  rcil 
iziil  tlial  jtiir  (IM',>)  .S't'MKHi.  Hiumll'i  /.'..•.,  MS.,  li.  1,'iJ  :t.  WliiU-  ni  Sm 
Jimi-  ll.tij  ,1  |mIc  li  III  iililiillK  Uilicll  llt'tlcil  llllll  iiMI'  ;^l'-',tHK)  III  iHl'.t,  C,;..hii< 
JJiyiil-^,   MS,    I  I'M;     H'l^Hl't  Shfni,  .1/..,,   171. 

••' li  iiiils  III  >.ivi' sliir.ijif.  'I'lic  |>i ii'i'  fur  ^ihkI.h  wiiiilil  nilcii  ilidif  \m  ii  1;. 
at  iliirirciit fillips,  Sr/,„iifl>ll's  Slit'.,  .Ms.,  I   •_>, 

•■■.Siiiiliy,  If./.,  Ms.,  17  'J'J,  Mill!  Munt'  I'lNMJvcry  iit  !?'•  ;i  <r.il«',  .-iiiil  iimni 
till' hiiyi  r  ri'lailiii^  il  at  %Ci  ii  iiiicc,  liiiots  iiiiii'liaii'il  at  iiuilinii  !<■!'  ^liM'i 
$l(t  a   pair  wci-i'   mIiI  nii   llic  aIiii  t  at  .l^.**!)  to  $>I(H),  .tml  .so  utili  \\iiii'<.  1 1' 

CiiIiiii'Iii'k  I'/';/.,  MS.,  I.Vl  (i.'>,  llllt  Irr  at  '_'(>  i't.-<  <\'.l.M  .sclil  tii  I'liliillia  tii  .■■■  II  !'■' 
W)  cIm,  vt,\;  liiiUiii,)/  Ti<ii,srn)>l,  M.in'li  I'.',  1N74;  Sinii's  Slut.,  MS.  7  '.I 
Uii.s.ilalilc  j.ipaiiiiiil  w.'iittr.''  \\\'Vv  tr.iii^li>i'iiii  il  iiitu  valinil  tmn  ii'Dli?*  Ii'i'  <  "i" 
ei'i«;    tliu  ciiipticil   linitU.s  III'   .Ht'U/.fi'  w.'tlor  miIiI  tor  muri'  tli.ui   tliu  on.i;>ii:u 

'•  llilpcr,  l.'iiiil  ii/dnlil,  1 10  1,  lif.stiiw.s  a  waii  oxer  tin'  ilii>n<  s, 
*"S'.r.   'I'i-.ii,.<i-ii)it,  .1.111    I  I.  l.s.M.  iiiMi.iiii.s  a  .>4Uci'i'.iMtul  linii  of  ^^u(•.,  "Inch 
in  8  lllUlltlirt  »<>lil  $l.*iO,INh)  Will  tll  III  ;;iiii<l.i. 


AU-SENCK  l»F  LAW, 


171 


|i'  (if  iiiilims.  iimI 

Wliilu  I'l  San 

n>   IM'.t.   (■/■..-''.//- 

Itt'll    illlll  T  M  1  li  I.' 


loll'S. 


pcwnteon  dnllars per  liundrrd-wcij^lit  in  cortain  ink-iior 
statii'iis,  with  otln'r  artidrs  in  j>r<i|tnrtioii,  vet  in  tlirso 
cailv  (lavs  tlic  mtc  was  usually  kept  aKovo  twciity-fivo 
(viils  a  |t(»uiMi.  'I'Im'  iiu'iHiiso  «»t'  lin'Iit  rivt'f  Htraiii'-rs 
tt'iiditi  mainly  to  mmIiko  the  cost  <)!"  transport,  lor  tiny 
jit  in  t  rated  into  inctst  of  tiu!  tiihutaiits,  and  in  the 
iiiDiiiitain  <Iistricts  tin'  aWundanco  of  yanio  sirvt-d  as  a 
(Ik ck  on  tradcl'S.  Nt'\<'rtlulrss,  if  tlirsc  were  l'»'- 
stiaiind  in  ci-i'tain  dirti-tions,  tlu'y  fould  always  r»|y 
(III  oiii'  proiili*'  source  of  icvcnue,  in  tlio  t'xti'a vacant 


aiK 


1  cuiiviNial   iialii(s  of  tho   niinrrs,   most  of  uin 


tux 


.|iiii(  all  tluir  golden  winnini^sat  tin.'  l>ar  if  not  at  the 
iiiti  r.     Till*  siniple-mindcd    Indians  and  the  piodi- 


'Sd 


1  Mexicans  wero  even  more  welconio  customcij 


The  ri>k  attending;  early  California  coniinei'ee  was 
iiHieased  liy  the  altseiice  of  civil  "Littvernnieiit  and  laws 
t«»  cnroice  the  ol»ser\an<'e  of  ol>lii;atioiis,  midst  the 
I'cnnal  diso|Mani/,ati<»n.  'I'his  had  to  he  left  to  tlio 
Imiiiir  (if  the  |)arties;  and  at  lirst  the  method  woiked 
Will,  partly  hecause  the  readiness  with  which  wealtii 
prexiiied  itself  reduct  d  the  ti'iniitatioii  to  defrautl. 
Mi-^fi  III  line  always  met  with  conslderalion,  while  sum- 
was  apt  to  he  meted  to  suspicious 
I  jjrowiiiL;'  pressure  aiul  strange  adiiiix- 


liiaiy    justice 


|iait 


les. 


WitI 


tiiiv  of  men,  triekerv  and  rascality  urcw  apace.  The 
tli^taiiee  from  foreign  and  tastern  claimants  was  L;reat, 
and  e\a>ion  easy,  with  frecpieiit.  coiillaL;'rations.  and 
I'liaiit  or  Petitions  partners  t(»  cover  any  maiiipulaliou." 

*'Tlic  TiiilianR  wero  fniiiui  tn  lie  pnxl  I'dstonurs  from  tluir  l.uk  of  a|iiiro- 
ciatin.:  tin  v.ilui'  of  iiioiun,  aii'l  lln'  i'>'.oiiiii'>s  \\illi  uliicli  tiny  >'<i|iii|  lie  iiti- 
|i"-i.|  iip.iri,  c.sin'iially  to  inuilii-'  li  iiilil.s  .iiid  iiilfiinr  iiilicU's.  Itniruiii,  .Vw; 
1/ •../'.<,  li.'i  (.  CoioihI,  riuiiix  (  ci/.,  Ms.,  I  !•_•  li,  gi\o  Mil  lUiii^;  iii.st.tiiiT-..  S|i;in- 
bli  Ann  I  u'.iiis  provi'il  no  IfiM  |iiiilil,iliii.' Ii'oiii  tlirii'(.'Xlr.'i\;iL;iiiK-u  atnl  ivudincsM 
ttis(Hihi  liiolicy,  Urt  lU'l'Icii,  ,S'/<(/.,  Ms.,  uli-,'),  tiiiilnl  ill  IiIm  iliMJiii^-i  Willi  llifiii. 

'•  TIhth  was  no  tiiiiu  to  limit  rascalM;  liiiL  tliosr  ualiiii  na*  li  Wfii-  liaMi' 
tomniiiuaiy  rhastiNiiiieiit.  (iaiiiis.H  rdatcH  tliat  a  vacillaliiin  iiarty  to  i  con- 
tr.ift  was  |iroiiipt'.^  rciiiiuded  of  iliily  liy  iiaviiiu  liis  altiiitimi  <  .illnl  to  n  i  rnin) 
111  aniir. I  nil  11  who  Will)  evidently  awaiting  oi'lir^.    A'/c///  />ii;/^,  MS.,  I,'}. 

'' Alter  f^rcat  lins  it  Wiw  coiiinioii  riioU);li  to  fiijiii  or  inagiiilA  Iohshh.  Oho 
inrtih  !•  wiiiil  i  mil  to  aiiotlior,  and  wli.ii  lir  tailed,  l«iiy  Iiaik  tln'  iiiferMt  at  a 
neiiiiu;d  Niiiii.  l''or  I, list' entries  and  If  iiinI'.im  llie  eaie  ol  troiiiii\  Miirklcy 
III  K')|  all'iM'dM  a  ^tnUillg  lualdiicc.     Fraudulent  luokura,  LNiukcra,  iu^uruiiuo 


172 


BUSINESS   MKTIIOIiS   AND  CIIAUACTKUISTICS. 


i 


I 


n  i 


\h ' 


I 


'i 


1 1.  , 
!'!  J 


Th(;  crnlit  HyHtcm  of  Culit'ornia  was  fVaupfht  witli 
Hiuch  li)i/ai'(l,  aside  t'nuii  tli(^  prevalent  spirit  ()t's|irou- 
liitiuii  wliicli  re(juired  it;  instance  merely  the  eliiiiatic 
influence  on  niinin«^,  particularly  on  so-called  dry  dii^'- 
<;in<;s,  where  the  realization  of  many  months  of  lahur 
tlepen<led  Upon  tlio  hricf  rainy  season,  a  seascui  which 
a;^ain  closed  operations  and  intercourse  in  otiier  quar- 
ters. Payments  were  also  larj^'ely  connected  with  the 
succ«'ss  of  prospectors,  so  that  camp  traders  had  to 
count  ui)on  many  risks,  which  in  turn  exten<le(l  tVuin 
them,  as  the  chief  and  primary  ai^ents,**  to  all  hraiiclu  s 
of  busimss.  The  or;^'ani/ation  of  the  ('hainlxr  nf 
(\>mm<rce  in  IKJO*^  hrouijfht  early  remedies  for  many 
ditticulties,  hut  nothing  savi^  hitter  experience  could 
check  the  re<'klessness  and  over-confidenco  wliiih 
stamped  tlush-timo  trading. 

Tho  main  causes  of  commercial  disasters  were  the 
oxcessiv(!  an<l  hadly  selected  shipments  which  pcriddi- 
cally,  upon  sliLjht  encoura;j;ement,  Hoodeil  the  mar- 
kets/" to  tlu!  ruin  of  merchants.  Then  canus  a  series 
of  d(!vustatin<jf  tires  to  undermine  additional  uumlturs, 


i; 


nKPFits,  etc.,  posoil  a  wliilc  till  their  net  was  filled.  Hnw  high  intorost  ((nilJ 
i':i|)iclly  fill  aw.iy  a  laryu  capital  may  l»^  si'iii  fioin  thti  case  of  (iluilwiii,  llii.'.', 
&  Co.,  ill  .S'.  /•'.  /{ull>tiii,  Scj.t.  'M,  IS.'iS.  Adulteration  of  Hour  li'd  to  .Mrnii^ 
iniasuriM.  A/.,  Apr.  '2H,  I.S."»(i;  Alt'i  i'nl.,  r«l>.  14,  1«.V.'.  (Vrtaia  dud. 
and  losscH  wiri!  a.scrilicil  to  rats.  XihICh  Vii/.,  .MS.,  17.  Notwitli.itaii'liiit;  i 
irolijliitioii  ai't  ngnin.st  lottcrieH,  <'•»/.  ,StAitiit<  ■<,  |S,">|,  j>.  'Jll,  tlu'.so  a|iirliiris 
or  di'ct'ptioit  and  for  uii.-*alaMi'  rtfuotH  continuiMl  to  llourisli  for  Ncvcral  V'  .ir>. 
lilt  HJiown  in  my  jireocding  rliajitcr  on  Hoi-irty.  'I'liiTo  was  an  oiitery  .u  iiu-t 
tliiiu  ill  till!  Ic'lji.-datiire  as  carlv  as  IH."(4.  Citl.  Jour,  Sen.,  1854,  lip.  H'J4  ti,  .i|i 
7;  IS.'m,  jip.  47  '.»;  I.S.'>(i,  pp.  SI4   !'.»,  ap.  '2\. 

"To  ri'fuMO  iTcilit  was  not  ]iolitio  aiiioii^'  ho  fraternal  a  elass  as  ihIiuts 
Fir  HI  I  III  lit,  ('ill.,  .MS.,  IT'S.  Culver  laments  ill  iS.'il  the  niieertainty  of  ii  [kiv- 
inuiits.  Snr.  Pirfffiirif,  74.  An  unjust  attaehmeiit  law,  wliiidi  ^^;i\^^>  prniiiTty 
to  eriMJitoi's  aeeordiiig  to  tlii)  date  of  tliuir  leviun,  exponud  to  Bei/ure  aUu  uii- 
paid  ^oods  ill  po.Hsessnm  of  the  delitor. 

<'Oii  May  1,  isriO;  ineoriiorated  Nov.  3,  IS.'l.  Air.  AV»w,  May  10,  h.'iO; 
Nov.  '-'7,  isill,  etc.;  .V.  F.  Ill  mil,  June  n,  hSoO;  Com.  Hinilil,  N.iV.  ]\  iMil 
Its  loeatioii  was  in  tlio  niurehanto'  exeliaii^'e,  which  had  openecl  in  iKc.  1^1'.'. 
See  .tll.i  r,il.,  Kee.  1.'.,  1S4'.»;  .S".  F.  liuUitiii,  Nov.  10,  IS.V.I;  XfiU'i  If,/.  MS, 
Is  -0.  Its  aiiniiat  reports  have  proveil  valiiahle  for  the  present  chii'ti-r: 
likewise  those  of  the  S.  F.  Cotnuiercial  ussoe.,  aiming  to  protest  a..aiii.'<t 
fr.iinls. 

"'California  trndern  were  lesH  to  hlaino  for  this  rush.  They  flufTeriil  v.h^ 
from  unpriii('i|di'd  Hhipper--,  who  Would  taki!  hints  from  orders  reei'i\c  i|  aii'i 
fiirw;ird  them  hy  slow  vi^-^eis,  wliile  sending  coitai^uniuutts  uf  tUoir  u"u  I'y 
fantcr  Huilum,  and  ho  foretitall  tlie  customer. 


ru's. 


RKVERSKS  AND  FAILUUES. 


173 


■aU|:jllt  w'ltli 

rit  ot*  Hjifcu- 
tlio  cliiiialic 
led  «lry  tli'^'- 
tlis  of  laliur 
;'IIS<HI  wlilcli 

otiior  qitiir- 
UmI  with  the 
(Uth  liad  ti) 
ti'iidi-'d  from 
all  l»raii('lits 
( 'handier  <'f 
it's  for  iiiiiny 
rieiicc  cniild 
leMco    wliuli 

ITS  were  tlic 
hich  luriiitli- 
I'd  the  iiuir- 
•anu!  a  scries 
iiul  nuuiliers, 


ij;h  intorost  cduM 
(;lail\viii,  llu.':, 
ir  l«!il  til  ^t^l'llg 
(Vi'tiiiit  il' lilt* 
itwillistati'lin^  I 
tlinse  iipt  rtuin 
for  scviTiil  yi  ir*, 
lu  outcry  ,ij  iiiiit 

■>4,  i>i).  :»l;4 1',  .11' 

I'lasH  as  iniiu'ni 
•rtaiiity  of  r.  i'.iy- 
rh  ^avf  iir.'pirty 
II  Hi'izure  aUii  uu- 

■■S  May  1(1,  1S.'><>; 
/,  Nov.  is,  isiiT. 
M'A  ill  l>ii'.  i^y. 

■,;lll's    li;l..  MS, 

Ijiri'sriit  I'li.ii'''''': 
jn-titust  a..iiii»l 

[icy  8Hff(Tiil  :ilw' 

lll-S  rit'lMM  '1  :>i''' 

lof  tlicir  owu  Ijy 


1111(1  .ilfe<'t  every  inhahitaiit  in  San  Franeiseo.  UndiT 
su(  li  lireuinstances  it  is  utranefe  that  .so  few  panics  are 
tu  he  ree(»rded.  The  first,  in  September  1 850,  attemled 
liy  a  'run'  u|»on  the  hunks,  resulted  in  the  suspension 
t.i"  tlie  pioneer  hankinjLf  establisinnent.  Ahout  tlu; 
same  time  the  three  leading  hanks  of  Sacramento 
(■(.llaj)sed  with  a  shock  that  was  felt  throuj^hout  the 
iiiiniiii^  re.i(ion.*^ 

The  second  and  «ifri>ater  monetary  crisis  occurred  in 
1,'^,").'),  after  hrewinj^  for  suvc^ral  years.  A  revolution 
iiad  uradually  taken  place  in  the  industrial  and  com- 
iMi  nial  contlition  of  the  state.  The  diirjnin|LJ^H  were 
(Ix  liiiiiii;,  and  altlumj^h  nearly  balanced  by  the  tlevcl- 
<t|tm(iit  of  quartz  veins,  nnnin<j^  was  pa.ssinj^  lar«^ely 
iiitu  tlie  hands  of  companies  and  (jmployers,  to  the 
( \(  lusioii  of  a  host  of  hundde  nnners,  who  were  cast 
aihift  to  swell  the  labor  market,  and  lower  incomes  in 
every  direction.  Their  chief  recourse  was  a<^riculture, 
with  the  etfect  of  incroasin«if  the  yield  of  wheat  an<l 
liaiKy  alone  from  less  than  MO, 000  bushels  in  1850  to 
ever  8,000,000  bushels  in  1850,  and  decreasinj,?  to  a 
mere  tritle  the  import  of  staple  provisions,  whieli  dur- 
iiij,'  tlu!  early  years  had  almost  all  bei'U  introduced 
frmii  abroad.  The  chanL?e  in  occupation  and  income 
|iru(lii(((l,  moreover,  aihlitional  contractions  from  re- 
tr< iicliiiit  lit  and  home  production.  Yet  comnureial 
circlis  remained  stupidly  blind  to  the  variation,  huer- 
i:iii<4  thein.selves  with  the  di'lusion  that  local  mishaps 
and  (  phtJineral  causes  were  acecmntable  for  a  depres- 
,Mi>ii  tliat  must  be  temporary.  And  so  oviT-tradin^, 
s|it  (Illation,  and  extrava<,^anee  continued,  with  i^n-owini^ 
iadrhtedness,  glutti'd  markets,  and  a  dulness  which  at 
San  Francisc-o  was  soon  manifested  in  declinin;^  ton- 
naijc.  teiiantle.ss  houses,  and  fallinef  real  e.state  vahu-s. 

Tii(((tnvulsion  bejij^an  in  18.')5  with  the  news  that 
tlic  St  Lon'  •.  parent  house  of  Pa-^t',  Bacon,  and  dttn- 
pany.liadinLf  bankers  of  San  Francisco,  had  suspiMided. 

'"  I'arfim  I.»  «•  in.ido  nn  Msigniiient  oil  Aug.  .'•th,  with  liabilities  over 
$l.(J(Mi,(KH»;  the  lirnia  of  lluiiluy  uiid  Waliasg  followed  shortly  after. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


// 


'  % 


:/j 


1.0 


I.I 


»-  IIIIIM    III  2.5 


IIIIIM 


Z2 

12.0 

1.8 


1.25      1.4 

1  1.6 

„ 6"     — 

»» 

Hiotographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


V),  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  l'<580 

(716)  d>'^4503 


§ 


V.A 


174 


BUSINESS  METHODS  AND  CHARACTERISTICS. 


in 


^\ 


The  first  manifestation  was  a  run  upon  tliis  bank, 
which  succumbed  on  February  22(1,  followed  by  the 
suspension  of  a  lari^e  number  of  establishments,  nota- 
bly Adams  and  Company.  This  was  an  express  and 
banking-house,  witli  branches  in  almost  every  town 
and  mining  camp  on  the  coast.  It  had  grown  u\)  in 
the  confidence  of  the  people,  and  among  its  depositors 
wore  many  who  had  entrusted  their  all  to  its  keeping. 
When  this  institution  fell,  faith  in  bankers  seemed  fi»r 
the  time  destroyed,  A  financial  storm  swept  over 
the  country,  leaving  in  its  track  disaster,  ruin  and  con- 
fusion. In  San  Francisco  alone,  two  hundred  firms 
failed  that  year,  with  liabilities  exceeding  ei^jht  mil- 
lions,  and  assets  estimated  at  less  than  one-fifth  of  tliis 
amount;  and  yet  the  city  numbered  scarcely  40,000 
inhabitants.  Of  firms  established  before  1850  not  (me 
in  ten  survived.  On  the  22d  of  February,  not  then  a 
legal  holiday,  a  quiet  run  was  made  u})on  Adams  aiul 
Company,  and  it  was  said  that  6250,000  and  upwards 
was  withdrawn.  Still  the  general  feeling  was  that 
tlie  bank  would  maintain  itself,  and  during  the  run, 
while  eager  demands  were  made  by  some  patrons, 
o^^hers  came  to  express  confidence  and  to  extend  the 
time  on  their  deposits.  Tlv.^  offlcers  of  the  bank,  liow- 
ever,  looked  with  alarm  U|  aiothers  day's  run;  fer 
while  it  seemed  certain  thai  .ts  assets  were  sufticieiit, 
much  of  its  funds  were  held  in  different  branch  offices. 
Without  this  help,  which  could  not  be  had  in  time, 
because  there  was  no  railroad  comnmnication  with 
any  of  these  offices,  and  telegraphic  lines  to  only  two 
or  three  of  them  near  the  city,  another  day's  run 
would  bo  a  catastrophe. 

A  consultation  with  the  best  legal  talent  on  the 
Pacific  coast  was  had  ;  the  whole  night  of  the  22d  wa^ 
spent  in  eff'orts  to  meet  the  crisis.  I.  C  Woods,  pait- 
ner  and  manager  of  the  bank,  was  of  the  opinion  that 
the  coin  would  give  out  early  in  the  day,  and  in 
this  event  it  was  a  question  whether  excited  and 
suspicious  depositors  would  accept  gold-dust.    Trener 


A  DEMORALIZING  FACTOR. 


175 


K' 


W.  pail'  insisted  that  it  would  be  a  hazardous 
c'>vporimciit  to  oiler  gold-dust.  Others  tried  to  pre- 
vail upon  Woods  to  open  the  batik  and  pay  out 
cold-dust  if  necessary,  because  it  was  faii'ly  current, 
and  because  also  it  would  bo  more  acce[)table  with 
whatever  discount,  than  to  undergo  the  expense  and 
nncertainty  of  litigation.  But  Pai'k  prevailed.  In 
what  way  tlien  could  the  bank  be  closed  ?  What 
]cL;al  form  invoked  ?  Superior  counsel  j)ointed  out 
to  Woods  that  a  ^letition  in  insolvency  to  liquidate 
the  debts  of  the  bank  jrro  rata  had  better  l)e  made. 
But  finally  it  was  determined  to  appoint  a  receiver, 
and  the  man  selected  was  A.  A.  Cohen,  who  after 
some  demur  consented,  his  bonds  of  $1,000,000  being 
inmiediately  furnished  and  approved. 

IJcfore  proceeding  further,  it  should  be  here  re- 
marked that  as  to  ]\Ir  Cohen's  receivership,  I  have  in 
the  main  followed  his  own  statement,  in  the  absence 
of  conclusive  evidence  to  the  contrary,  taking  him  at 
his  word. 

It  was  sugsxosted  that,  owini;  to  the  excitable  char- 
actor  of  the  population,  an  attack  would  doubtless  be 
iiiado  u[)on  the  bank  and  the  funds  carried  away ; 
therefore  it  might  be  advisable  for  tlie  receive;'  to 
remove  tlic  coin,  gold-dust,  and  valuables.  Cohen 
acted  upon  this  advice ;  but  owing  to  the  limited 
time,  it  was  impossible  to  have  the  coin  counted 
and  the  gold-dust  weighed;  besides,  it  was  not  neces- 
sary, as  Woods  assured  him  that  two  employes  of 
the  l)aidv  had  already  taken  an  account  of  the  contents 
of  the  vaults,  which  were  then  hurriedly  removed  and 
deposited  with  Alsop  and  Company,  private  bankers 
of  San  Francisco.  This  same  morning  the  l)ank  of 
Adams  and  Company  was  surrounded  by  a  threaten- 
iiii;  and  angry  mob  of  creditors,  who  demanded  })ay- 
iiient  of  their  various  claims.  Similar  scenes  were 
enacted  arijund  all  the  branch  offices  in  the  state. 

In  tliose  days  we  were  witliout  railroads,  and  except 
one  or  two  near  points,  witliout  telegraphic  connection. 


176 


BUSINESS  METHODS  AND   CHARACTERISTICS. 


mi 


It  was  tliereforc  difficult,  to  communicate  witli  the 
agents  of  tlic  company,  only  a  few  near  offices  answer- 
ing the  (leniond  of  the  receiver  by  sending  coin  and 
dust.  The  creditors  in  the  interior,  immo(Hately  tlioy 
learned  of  the  suspension  of  the  bank,  attached  wluit- 
ever  they  could  get,  while  sheriffs  and  constahles 
broke  opcju  safes  and  vaults  of  the  company,  and  took 
awa}'"  in  every  case  nmcli  more  than  sufficient  to  [)ay 
the  amounts  covered  by  the  writs  of  attachment  in 
their  hands;  in  many  cases  the  original  demands 
were  less  than  twenty  dollars,  the  costs  of  tliose 
amounted  to  four  times  that  sum.  It  was  not  possi- 
ble to  get  possession  of  the  scattered  assets  of  AdaiiH 
and  Company. 

It  became  apparent  to  the  receiver  that  Adams  and 
Company  could  not  resume  business,  and  upon  making 
an  examination  of  tlie  books  which  came  to  liim  fioiu 
the  San  Francisco  office,  he  found  that  the  money 
which  lie  had  actually  received  was  considerably  less 
than  the  amount  which  the  books  showed  he  should 
have  on  hand.  It  was  ascertained  that  when  the 
stoppage  of  the  bank  had  been  resolved  upon,  and 
before  the  receiver  had  been  notified,  a  large  amount 
of  gold-dust  and  coin  had  been  removed  from  the 
office  of  Adams  and  Company  to  the  private  as^ay 
office  of  Kellogg,  Hewston  and  Company,  and  that 
the  gold-dust  which  had  been  received  from  the  in- 
terior on  the  evening  of  the  22d  of  February  had 
been  taken  to  the  same  place.  These  funds  had  boon 
dissipated,  whether  rightfully  or  wrongfully,  and  with- 
out remedy.  Part  of  the  amount  was  covered  in' 
cash  checks,  while  the  gold-dust  abstracted,  it  was 
claimed,  was  not  the  property  of  the  bank,  and  wa;? 
held  for  the  account  of  those  who  had  shipped  it 
through  the  company  as  an  express  agent.  Finally 
the  attorneys  of  Adams  and  Company,  realizing  that 
there  was  no  possibilit}''  of  winding  up  the  atl'airs  of 
the  firm  through  a  receiver,  and  not  being  ahle  to 
induce  any  one  to  accept  this  office  who  could  at  the 


1; 


THE  ASSIGNEES. 


177 


paino  time  give  tlic  necessary  bond,  adopted  tlio  idea, 
first  suu'gested  by  John  T.  J3oyle,  of  settling  tho  es- 
tate I)V  ;i  |)r()ceeding  in  insolvency.  It  may  here  be 
rtuuukcd  that  this  gentleman,  elsewhere  quoted  as 
authority  in  my  California,  has  been,  since  tho  caily 
(lavs  of  this  state,  a  very  conspicuous  and  reputable 
jui  ist ;  recognized  not  only  as  among  the  ablest  law- 
vor;  on  the  coast,  but  as  one  who  can  be  depcu.dcd 
upon  to  maintain  the  honor  and  dignity  of  the  bar; 
and  withal,  a  scholar  of  rare  culture  and  refinement. 

The  court  entertained  the  petition,  and  three  as- 
signees were  appointed  to  take  charge  of  the  estate 
and  administer  it.  Thereupon  Cohen  did  not  im- 
mediately jiress  his  application  to  be  discharged  as 
receiver,  but  awaited  the  election  of  the  assignees 
to  wliom  he  might  turn  over  his  accounts.  Those 
selected  were  Richard  Roman,  Edward  Jones,  and 
A.  A.  Cohen.  At  once  turning  over  to  the  assignees 
all  moneys  and  property  of  every  description,  the  re- 
ceiver took  a  receipt  for  the  same,  and  thereupon 
jiressing  his  application  to  be  relieved,  tho  court 
appointed  William  G.  Wood  referee  to  examine  his 
accounts.  Wood  made  his  report,  showing  that 
(,"ohen  had  fully  and  fairly  accounted  for  everthing; 
and  now  the  court  made  an  order  dircctinijf  that  his 
bonds  be  cancelled  and  he  be  relieved. 

Soon  afterward  great  confusion  was  caused  by  the 
decision  of  the  supreme  court  that  all  proceedings  in 
insolvency  were  void;  for  the  creditors  of  Adams  and 
{'onipany  thereupon  brought  suit  to  attach  the  funds 
nf  that  firm,  now  deposited  in  the  banking  house  of 
Palmer,  Cook  and  Company,  and  garnished  all  the 
debtors  who  owed  thetn  money. 

The  court  then  required  Cohen  again  to  take  charge 
of  this  [)roperty  as  receiver,  whicli  he  refused  to  do, 
•tn  tlie  ground  that  he  had  been  discharged  and  his 
bonds  cancelled.  Meanwhile,  during  his  temporary 
absence  in  the  eastern  states,  the  court  had  seen  fit 
to  order  his  removal  from  the  receivership,  and  to 

Hist.  Cai.  ,  Vol.  VU.    12 


178 


BUSINESS   METHODS   AND  CHARACTERISTICS. 


appoint  to  tliat  place  Hcnn'  M.  Naorleo.  C<»li-n. 
beiiiqr  required  by  the  court  to  account  tor  the  iiii»ii,^f 
funds  of  Ada!ns  and  Company,  set  forth  the  facts  a.s 
above  narrated,  showing  that  he  had  lost  all  autliority 
and  control  over  the  same,  and  that  he  had  no  pnwi  r 
to  account  for  tliem,  and  was  altogether  unable  to  mii- 
render  the  same  to  the  court.  A  suit  was  then  cum- 
menced  through  Naglee,  on  account  of  Adams  ami 
Conipany,  against  Cohen.  It  was  a  most  vexatiuus 
suit.  A  great  deal  of  excitement  prevailed,  and  the 
press  of  San  Francisco  preferred  to  lay  all  blaniu  ujon 
and  to  criminate  the  most  convenient  person  for  u.-e 
in  its  articles,  and  manifested  neither  the  dispositiun 
nor  the  capacity  to  consider  the  embarrassing  circum- 
stances un<ler  their  legal  as]>ect.  Cohen  was  teinj)o- 
rarily  made  the  scapegoat  for  all  in  the  court  hou-e. 
The  verdict  aijianst  him,  by  which  he  was  attached 
and  required  to  give  bond,  was  really  inellective.  and 
remained  in  statu  quo.  Various  motions  w^ere  made, 
exceptions  taken,  divers  proceedings  were  instituted, 
but  no  iudiiment  was  entered,  as  it  was  necessarv  \'i'V 
a  further  accounting  before  any  final  judgment  could 
be  rentlered. 

After  waitin<jf  until  18G2,  soliciting  investigation  at 
all  tii.ie.s,  and  vindicating  himself  whenever  o[)]»<irtu- 
nity  was  allowed,  at  last,  feeling  that  to  permit  ad- 
vei-se  record  atjfainst  him  any  lonij^er  was  not  oidv 
doing  an  injustice  to  himself,  but  was  doing  hinix  h 
and  liis  friends  an  injury,  Coiien,  through  his  atti<r 
n.y.s,  insisted  that  whatever  prosecution  was  to  bo 
mide  against  him  should  be  made  and  finished  foith- 
with.  Hence,  after  he  had  been  imprisoned  for  .-ix 
months,  awaiting  trial  in  the  district  court  of  the 
fourth  judicial  district  of  the  state  of  California,  <'ii 
the  aoth  of  June,  1802,  it  was  ordered  by  the  court 
that  this  suit  be  forever  dismissed.** 


iii  ■ 


**  AIfrc.1  A.  Colien  was  bom  in  London  July  17,  1829.  His  father  was  a 
coffee  |>UiiU'r  in  the  Wedt  Iiitlies,  wlio  failud  as  the  result  of  the  cMiiicipi- 
tion  act  of  1838,  a.ud  was  uuable  to  complete  the  cduuatioa  of  lus  suii,  who 


CONFUSION. 


170 


The  litigation  which  followed  the  first  proceed  in  ji;s 
in  tlic  tUiline  of  Adams  and  Company  lasted  for  nearly 
a  (Itcade,  and  swallowed  up  their  assets.  Under  tlu' 
law  a  bank  could  not  avail  itself  of  its  insolvency  act, 
nor  could  its  creditors  demand  an  equitable  distribu- 
tion. The  amount  received  depended  upon  the  i^rasp, 
more  or  less  forciblv  fixed  and  tenaciously  maintained. 
hv  lawyers  who  divided  the  spoil  with  their  client-, 
aihl  not  upon  the  just  amount  of  the  claims.  The 
poorrr  depositors,  who  were  not  able  to  fio^ht  a;gain.-t 
licavv  odds,  realized  nothing.  But  from  first  to  last 
tli<'  public  never  understood  how  disaster  occurred,  or 
wluie  the  money  went  which  should  have  been  in  the 
bank  to  meet  the  claims  of  its  patrons.  The  newspapers 
coukl  only  recite  those  matters  which  were  made 
known  through  the  courts,  the  courts  were  not  free 
from  the  imputations  of  fraud,  the  rage  of  the  busines.s 
coiiiuiunity  against  them,  exhibited  later  by  the  pro- 
coedinu's  of  the  Vii-ilant  committee,  coni])elled  the 
judges  to  vacate  the  bench,  and  all  was  confusion. 

Tlu>  effect  was  continuous,  assisting  in  1856  to  drag 
down  over  one  hundred  and  forty  firms,*^  but  with  lia- 


was  jitit  to  tlio  study  of  the  law,  Imt  at  the  aj;e  of  fourtueii  went  to  ("aiiail:i 
to  stilt  in  life  for  himself.  In  1847  ho  went  as  clerk  to  .laniaica.  an. I  in 
ls4'.i  litt  New  York  for  California,  where  lie  arriveil  in  1850,  engaging  in  tiie 
liiwiiic-^s  of  a  commission  merchant  in  Sacramento  and  San  Francisco.  In 
KS.')7  lie  was  formerly  admitted  to  the  har,  and  shortly  after  was  appointed 
justiciMif  the  peace  for  Alameda  county,  occupying  himself  also  with  tanning 
and  liiiitii'ultiire.  In  18l>2  he  retired  from  practice.  He  was  the  huilder  or 
the  Sill  Krancisco  and  Alameda  railroad,  wliich  was  coinplete<l  in  18()4,  and 
aftciwiirds  extended  to  Haywards.  In  ISG.j  he  obtained  control  of  tiie  .San 
Francisco  and  Oakland  railroad,  and  built  the  steamers  El  Capiltn  and 
At'.iiiiiitd  —  the  lirst  donblo-enders  on  tlie  coast.  In  18(1!)  lie  sold  out  his  rail 
road  intensta  to  tlie  Central  I'acitio  company.  In  1807  ho  was  .admitted  to 
pricticc  before  ti>e  .Supreme  Court  of  tiie  United  States.  From  1870  to  bSSS, 
wluii  ho  retired  almost  entirely  from  practice,  he  took  only  cases  involving 
large  results,  and  was  usually  successful,  being  for  several  years  employed 
as  attorney  for  the  Central  Pacitic.  He  died  suddenly  while  en  route  late 
in  iNST  from  New  York  to  his  home  in  Alameda. 

"(til  Feb.  17,  18.")."),  the  steamer  brouglit  news  of  the  suspension  of  the 
St  Lniiis  firm  of  Page,  Bacon  &  Co.,  and  a  run  ensued  upon  this  bank.  This 
was  Well  sustained  with  nearly  $1,2(X),0J0  in  the  vaults,  hut  live  days  later 
the  linn  announced  its  suspension.  .Sherman,  Mem.,  i.  1001(1,  had  been 
warned  of  danger  with  regard  to  the  Hrin  in  1854,  .and  ho  states  tiiat  the 
iiriii:i:.'iiig  partner  objected  to  freely  exhibit  the  condition  of  the  bank  during 
tlie  crisis.  It  paid  out  sotne  8000,000  before  closing  on  Pel).  22d.  Business 
was  re:iumcd,  but  further  bud  news  from  St  Louis  forced  ii  'Vo  liquidation 


> 


1 


tilil 


180 


BUSINESS  METHODS  AND  CHARACTERISTICS. 


bilitics  of  hardly  three  and  a  half  millions.  The  ninst 
serious  was  the  failure  of  the  bank  of  Palmer,  ('(ok 
and  Company,  which  involved  a  number  of  officials,'" 
and  shook  the  credit  of  the  state.  Then,  with  a  mis- 
understood uprisinjjf  of  p()[)ular  power,  California  sank 
into  dis^^race  abroad.  But  it  was  only  for  a  time. 
In  view  of  tlie  apparently  reckless  way  of  doing 
business,  California  has  been  remarkably  free  fioni 
financial  convulsions,  and  these  misfortunes,  the  onl}^ 
great  disasters  during  ihish  times,  were  brought  upon 
her  primarily  through  her  connections. 

The  crisis  of  1855-G  was  but  the  clouded  change 
from  the  magnificent  disorder  of  the  golden  period  to 
the  better  reijfulated  tenor  of  a  setttled  era;  from  tlie 
speculative  mania  of  general  mining  to  the  sedate 
habits  of  broad  industrial  expansion.  On  the  ruins 
of  mushroom  firms  rose  the  substantial  houses  of  men 
trained  and  purified  by  varied  experience;  men  who 
h"ad  helped  to  raise  reliable  safeguards  against  hurt- 
ful fluctuations,  and  established  standards  for  UKue 
legitimate  business,  under  which  San  Francisco  was 
to  retain  the  high  position  gained  as  the  fifth  comuuT- 
cial  city  in  the  union,  and  the  foremost  on  the  Paeidc. 

in  May.  Nine  years  later  there  waa  still  half  a  million  owing,  heside^  in- 
terest, with  a  residue  of  barely  five  per  cent  to  meet  it.  Mcanwliilc  the 
run  extended  to  otlier  banks,  among  them  foremost  Adams  &  (.'o.  Tlu:  i;iil- 
ures  for  the  year,  chiefly  connected  with  this  crisis,  numbered  li(7,  witli 
liabilities  over  $8,300,000,  and  assets  estimated  at  only  §1,500,000.  Aiiiiui^' 
tliese  figured  Markwald  &  Caspari  with  about  $'268,000  liabilities,  .1.  H.  i!i- 
dlomau  #261,000,  A.  J.  Tobias  §250,000,  E.  Vischer  .^1 92,000,  J.  MuMktDii 
§180,000,  Cliapin  &  Sawyer  §180,000,  (Jibbs  &  Co.  §166,000,  T.  F.  (ioul.l 
§145,000,  A.  S.  Wright  §145,000,  C.  H.  West  §144,000,  li.  H.  Chonciy 
§140,000,  .1.  A.  McCrea  §131,000,  F.  Vassault  §lll»,000,  M.  A.  Cdiita 
§116,000,  T.  Sherry  §115,000,  Lepien,  Schultz  &  Co.  §112,000.  Lucas,  Tur- 
ner &  Co.,  B.  Davidson  &,  Co.,  and  Urexel,  Sather  &  Church  sustained  tlicm- 
selves  under  heavy  pressure;  Palmer,  Cook  &  Co.,  and  Tallant  &  Wiklu 
were  considered  sound  enough  to  escape  the  fury;  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.  .sus- 
pended only  temporarily  for  lack  of  ready  coin;  but  Wright's  Miners'  Kx- 
chaiigu  bank  succumbed,  as  did  Robinson  &  Co.'s  savings  bank.  Other  sivviiigs 
banks  are  mentioned  elsewhere. 

•'•'  Wlio  had  intrusted  it  with  large  sums  of  public  money  on  the  strength 
of  tlie  surety  oflfered  for  them.  Its  liabilities  as  bondsmen  for  .^ate  <  tiiciAh 
alone  were  placed  at  §583,000.  Sac.  Union,  Oct.  17,  1855;  Jul/  IftC!);  S.  F. 
Jiulli'tin,  Nov.  28,  1855;  .July  30,  1856;  Alta  Cat  In  June  I.i56  tii.;  tiini 
failed  for  the  second  time  to  pay  the  interest  on  the  state  bonds  it  N.  York, 
and  to  meet  tiieir  own  drafts  there.  Among  the  leading  banl;rui)ts  were 
Oliffonl  &  Simmons  for  ,§355,000.  Friedlander  k  Kirchner  §285,000,  II.  A. 
Breed  §132,00J,  H.  B.  Pomeroy  §107,000,  E.  S.  Perkins  §108,000. 


ncs. 


FUAZKR  RIVER   r.XClTKMKXT. 


131 


The  most 
Imor,  ("fiik 
3f  officials,'" 
with  a  inis- 
ifornia  sank 
for  a  time, 
y  of  doing 
T  free  from 
es,  the  only 
:ought  uiiiin 

ided  chan<40 
en  period  to 
■a;  from  the 
I   the  sedate 
)n  the  ruins 
ouses  of  men 
;c;  men  wlio 
tgahist  hurt- 
I'ds  for  nuirc 
rancisco  was 
fth  conuncr- 
i  the  racific. 

iwing,  besiilcs  iii- 
Meainvhili;  tin; 
,  &  Co.  TUo  Im\- 
inbered  l'.»7,  witli 
500,000.  AmiMi- 
vhilities,  .1.  15.  lii- 

000,  J.  MiaaU'toii 

300,  T.  1''.  <!""l'l 
K.  H.  Chciiory 
),  M.  A.  ei.iri;^ 
XX).  Lucas,  Tur- 
II  sustained  tlifin- 
Tallaut  &  \ViUle 
Fargo  &  Co.  sus- 
rht'a  MiiiL'is"  Kx- 
Other  sp.viiigs 

y  on  the  stroiigth 
.  for  -♦■•ate  ( tiiciiili 

julr  16"'-;  •^•'''• 

lie   l.'SG  tlio  tirm 

londs  \i  N-  '^'"'''' 

banl.ruiit-  wore 

^285, 000,  U.  A. 

bs.ooo. 


The  Frazcr  river  excitement  of  1858  j)laced  a  tcm- 
p;)iaiy  check  on  revival,  antl  the  civil  war,  while 
iiii|iaitiiii;  floater  .stability  to  Californian  enterpriso, 
di  r aii'j,''d  the  order  of  afllairs  to  some  extent.  Finan- 
ciallv,  it  }»rovcd  a  golden  harvest  for  dealings  with  the 
eastnn  states,  where  a  depreciated  pa[)er  currency 
pir\  aiK'<i,  while  sales  here  commanded  coin.  IJistanco 
and  unciitainty  concerning  the  duration  of  the  strug- 
(-Ir  impeded  tlic  nearer  adjustment  of  values  whicli 
Uie  overland  railway  helped  to  establish  after  IHGl). 
Tlie  eli'eet  on  trade  by  railway  conniiunication  wa.s  at 
first  dejiressiiig;  it  cut  off  many  industries,  and  ruined 
inanv  lirms.  Under  diminishing  imports  by  soa,  and 
Uio  opening  of  the  interior  to  direct  eastern  sources, 
V-m  Francisco  suffered  in  particular.  She  had.  more- 
over, to  share  the  growing  export,  notably  wheat,  with 
Hcveral  hay  ])orts.  But  compensation  in  due  time  arose 
in  the  gen<.>ral  increase  of  trade,  due  to  growth  of  pop- 
ulation, and  expansion  of  settlement,  stimulated  by 
mining  and  agricultural  developments  throughout  the 
state  and  in  adjoining  territories.  These  remain  trib- 
utary to  the  bay  city  as  the  oidy  good  harbor  except 
tliat  of  San  Dicijo  alon<j  a  coast  hno  of  thirteen  de- 
ore (s  of  latitude,  at  the  gate  of  the  richest  valleys  on 
the  Pacific  slope,  and  consequently  the  main  distrib- 
uting' point  for  an  ocean  traffic  which  extends  from 
Alaska  tt)  South  America,  from  Australia  to  China, 
The  raihvay  systems  concentrating  at  tliis  outlet  are 
suhsidiary  chamiels  to  fresh  fields  in  adjacent  states 
and  en  the  Atlantic  slope,  while  a  growing  competi- 
tion facilitates  the  introduction  of  supplies  for  local 
manufactures.  The  manifold  resources  of  California, 
which  exceed  those  of  any  Pacific  coast  region,  and 
her  .superior  advantages  in  many  iniportant  indus- 
tries over  countries  in  the  south  and  in  the  orient, 
hold  out  the  prospects  of  an  ever-widening  range  of 
uiarkets. 

So  far  the  proportionately  greater  wealth  among 
the  Pacific  coa.st  population,  marked  by  higher  wages, 


182 


lUTSINRSS   MKTHOnS   AND  rilARAOTKRISTICS. 


aiul  tlu'ir  onterpriHliiiJC  and  open-luinded  disposition, 
fostered  l)y  niceiit  settleiiuMit  and  cliuuitio  conditiuns, 
has  tended  to  promoti!  a  lively  trade,  far  above  tlic 
avcraij^e  tor  eastern  states.  This  was  stimulated  liy 
the  frequent  renewal  of  luininj^  excitements,  thiou'^h 
the  openiiiL,'  of  fresh  deposits  in  and  l)c>yond  th:' stiitc, 
wliieh,  on  the  other  iiand,  tended  to  ki  i'[)  alive  in  a 
great  nu^asure  the  s[)eeulative  spirit  of  the  ihish  times, 
and  to  stimulate  a  demoralizing^  gamhlini^  in  miiiiiit,' 
share's,  By  this  means  a  larp^o  class  was  impovei'islu d, 
and  taxed,  moreover,  with  assessments  to  \'v(^d  tricky 
inana<»'(.:rs,  who  gained  control  of  mines  purely  lor 
fraudulent  manipulations  on  the  stock  market.''^  Sinli 
operations  could  not  fail  to  affect  onunercial  monility 
to  a  certain  d(!gree,  and  to  endanger  the  standiiiu-  of 
the  numerous  banks  and  firms  connected  therewith. 

This  state  of  affairs,  the  wide  colla[)se  of  mines,  the 
failure  of  crops,  and  the  inflated  value  of  real  est;itt', 
contributed  to  bring  about  the  financial  crisis  of  I  >77, 
the  solitary  one  for  a  long  period,  attended  by  bank 
ftiilures  and  a  tlnwitening  attitude  on  the  })art  of  the 
laboring  classes,  directed  j)artieularly  against  the  Chi- 
nese/'    With  the  reaction  came  a  more  sound  eoiuli- 

'"'  Favored  by  lon.so  state  laws,  unscrupulous  speculators  couM  jn  uii.sc 
t]icir  swiniUes  \\  itli  impunity.  Tliey  woulil  acijuirc  tlio  niaiia^'cinciit  ol  luiiua 
l)y  uloction  triuks,  ami  tlicn  use  tlicir  position  to  'bear  ami  bull'  tlie  shins 
to  tlieir  own  gain,  concealing  valuable  discoveriod  made  by  tlie  dianioiid  drill, 
or  other  means,  until  the  share  could  bo  depreciated  by  damaging,'  I'c'iKntiUii  I 
secured;  or  when  Irxles  gave  sigtis  of  exhaustion,  to  unload  the  shar.i  11)11111 
a  duped  public  dazzled  by  unwarranted  dividends.  The  directors  contr.icUii 
with  tiieniselves  as  owners  of  quartz-milb,  tiinber-laml,  and  tiain.s,  to  cru.-li 
ore  which  often  was  too  poor  to  pay  the  expense,  or  to  do  other  neCiUi-s  nr 
costly  worlc,  employed  their  tools  at  high  salaries.  For  all  of  wliicli  tli  ■  1!  • 
luded  pul)lic  had  to  pay  in  assessments  or  deductions  from  prolits.  Tiie  cliii  i 
men  in  these  transactions  usually  disguised  tlieir  rascality  by  holdill^'  tluir 
shares  in  tiiu  name  of  trustees,  wiio  frefjuently  knew  not  the  actual  owur. 
Within  2'2  years  fully  870,000,01)0  was  thus  extorted  in  assessments  aloiio. 
In  ]87'2  the  sal..!  of  shares  amounted  to  ,S'200,00l),000,  and  this  v.ms  liy  im 
means  the  maxinnim  figure.  The  levy  was  largely  for  worthless  in;ii'S 
gilded  by  rcHections  from  such  glittering  sources  as  the  C'niwn  Vi  an  1 
Bolchcr  mines,  wliich  yielded  over  i<40,000,000  in  three  ami  a  half  yciii-,  aiil 
those  of  the  still  richer  Consolidated  Virginia.  For  a  history  of  the  stm  k 
exelianges,  see  especially  J7//»';).7  7iV(7>(r,  187S-9,  5--1;  periodical  reviews  liy 
(litl'erent  journals;  references  in  the  ciiaptcr  on  mining. 

'  The  direct  loss  by  the  drougiit  was  some  6'20, 0(H), 000.  The  two  1,  uli",' 
ComstooU  mines  alone  shrank  SNO, 000,000  in  value  within  two  year-,  unl 
many  disappeared  from  view,  iugultirig  scores  of  supposed  millionaires. 


^TICS. 


Tin:  IIKACTION. 


183 


disposition, 
3  conclitiniis, 
r  aUove  tlic 
iinulated  liy 

llts,   tlu'oll'ill 

nd  tliv  state, 
•p  alive  in  a 
>  liiisU  times, 
ig  in  minin;,,' 
mpovcrisiied, 

0  feed  tileky 
)s  purely  t'nr 
vkvt''  Sneh 
fcitd  inonility 
('  standiii'j  nf 

1  therewith. 
of  mines,  the 
)f  real  estate, 
crisis  of  I  ^77, 
ided   hy  hank 

e  part  of  the 
linst  the  ( 'Ill- 
sound  eontli- 

tors  coulil  in"iL'tiso 

uiuL'ciiicnt  nl  iiiiiH'S 

nd  Iniir  t!iu  .sliiivs 

tlic»li;iiiuiii>l  (lull, 

(1,1  the  sh;ir  .Mip.'ii 
lil•cct^)l•.^  CDiiti""'"' 
[ml  tiuius,  t"  I'lii-l' 
,)  otlior  uctMli'.-*  vr 
lU  of  whicli  tlK;il.- 
protits.  TiiL'  chili 
:y  by  li,-iai!i,,' ''■""• 
the  actii:',l  <Avur. 
lass'jssuicnts  "I'H"^' 
ml  this  v.-a.s  I'.V  "" 
•  worthless   iHiius 

Iho    Cl-oWll    I'C    III" 

1,1  a  halt  NVHi--.  ■■"i;l 
istory  of  tl;c  ^t,«k 
Iriodioal  rcvK\vsl>y 

Tho  two  I  iiilii'g 
liin  two  yiar-,  uud 
luilliouaiit-'-i. 


lion  ofhusiiicss,  purged  of  many  ohjectioiiablo  features. 
Juinressed  hv  the  lesson,  the  masses  widelv  nhandoncd 
.■^tnck-'^ainhHng  for  more  providi-nt  liai>its,  and  their 
inereased  means,  applied  to  homo  building  and  (om- 
tiiils  gave  a  material  prop  to  legitimate'  trade,  whieh 
h\-  IS.sl-'J  rose  to  unequalled  propoi'tioiis,  and  vou- 
tinin  (I  to  aecpiire  strength  for  the  bright  future  as- 
.siU'i'd  to  it. 

('alifornia  occupies  a  position  of  rare  iniportanc(\ 
and  her  intiuc>nce  reaches  tar  beyond  the  limits  (d"  the 
rjcilie  coast.  Through  her  the  United  States  have 
Im  u  [ihiceda  half-century  in  advance  of  other  nations 
in  nil  rcautile  enterprise.  Her  gold  yield,  while  chang- 
in""  tho  value  of  this  medium  of  exchange,  as  the  early 
Spanish  discoveries  did  that  of  silver,  has  stimulated 
tliioughout  the  world  an  industrial  and  connuereial 
activity  never  before  imaijjined, 


u3 


'■■■'  Anion,'  tho  k;a(liiig  bankers,  insuraiiuo,  and  buainoss  men  of  thio  state 
the  f.>lliiuiiiy;  arc  « ortiiy  of  note: 

\V.I!i:iiii  Alvortl,  cx-incsidont  of  tho  baidc  of  C.'al.,  was  1)orn  at  Albany, 
N.  \.,  .)  111.  I>,  is.'i;!,  came  to  C'al.  in  IS.")!},  (.'onductuil  tlio  1  anlwan-  biisini's.s 
lit  .Mvdiil  and  Uavihiiid,  .Mary.sville,  for  two  yt;irs,  after  wi.ich  lio  continnud 
till!  hu.^illc.sJ  in  San  Francisco  nnder  the  name  of  William  Alvonl  ^;  Co., 
lint:!  IS.iC),  and  wa.^  one  of  tliosu  wlio  in  that  year  orj,'aiii/cd  tlio  l*acihc 
l^lUin^'-lllill  CO.  Among  tliQ  many  jio.sition.s  of  honor  an, I  trust  lirhl  by  .Mr 
Alvmcl  Were,  tru.stcc  of  the  college  of  Cal.;  presiilent  of  tlie  S.  V.  art  asso- 
ciation; incsiil.nt  of  tlio  riiilharnionic  society;  vice-president  of  tlie  Loriiig 
cluh;  (iiildin  (late  iiark  com.;  police  com.;  and  mayor  of  S.  V. 

l),irius  Ogdeii  Mills,  wlio  came  so  op[iortuiiely  to  tlie  rescue  of  tho  bank 
of  Cahioniia,  was  a  trained  banker  before  reaching  this  oast.  He  was  also 
fiirtiliuil  by  early  seh'-rcliancc  for  allliough  his  fatiier  was  a  land-lioldir  an, I 
justice  lit  the  peace  at  North  i  'em,  N.  Y.,  where  Darius  was  bom  Se])t.  .">, 
1S'.'.">,  he  was  left  to  make  hi.s  own  way  sooner  tlian  cxiieeted.  15y  1.S47  he 
Lecaiiie  casiiier  and  partner  in  tlie  Mcrcliaiits'  bank  of  liiili'alo,  but  .seizcl  by 
tliu  .--piritof  ailvcnture,  he  .started  in  1S4S  for  California,  and  at  once  launched 
into  trade  at  Sacramento.  Within  a  few  months  he  Iiad  cleared  .SK),(K)i),  and 
.siiiiii  iifter  opened  a  l)ank  under  his  name.  In  ISlit  ho  lent  his  aid  to  found 
tin;  liank  of  California,  holding  the  presidency  till  IST.'i,  ;ifter  raising  the 
iiijtitution  to  the  tirst  rank. 

Auiong  interior  bankers  may  bo  mentioned  Oliver  S.  Witlierby,  president 
(if  the  eoiisolidatfd  bank  of  San  I'iego,  into  whieh  were  mergi^d  the  b:ink  of 
S.  1>.  and  the  Cimimercial  bank,  with  tlie  rank  of  national  b.ink.  His  career 
exhiliits  a  wide  range  of  experience.  Born  at  Cineiiinati  Feb.  19,  l!Sl."),  and 
cdr.c  itiil  at  Miami  university,  he  entered  tho  legal  profession,  only  to  yield 
til  the  lliiist  for  military  glory  by  sharing  in  tirj  Mexican  war  as  a  lieutenant 
nf  \iiluiiteers,  anil  then,  after  a  brief  career  as  editor,  to  join  tho  Mexican 
hiiuiilary  commission  as  quartermaster,  in  which  character  he  readied  San 
i)ii;.'i>  in  IS  19.  Here  ho  settled,  and  was  chosen  to  represent  tlio  county  in 
tlio  lir-t  and  subseipient  legislatures.  In  1S,"0  ho  was  judge  of  tho  fir.'^i; 
juilici  d  ilistrict,  then  collector  of  customs,  and  liually  he  embarked  in  budi- 
uoss,  and  became  a  banker. 


IM 


nUSlNKSS  MKTHODS  AND  rHAUACTKUlSTICS. 


.  lii; 


.1 

ti  ft;. 


A  C(ll^•.■l|^'Ut•  iiiiil  coiitL'iiiiioiiir y  iiiciu'cr  is  K.  Wieil  Morne,  lidrii  fVt.  10, 
\B'2'.i,  lit  Aiin'.--liuiy,  M.IW.S,  and  uImp  taiiie  to  Cal.  in  .hily  IM'J.  Stii'kia 
■lidi'ily  :iitiT  l)y  tuvfi'  wiiilu  miiiiiij.',  Iio  »i<mj{!it  ilif  iliiiKitc  oi  Sjiii  I'l-g^i, 
t'Viiii  tlii'ii  iKitt^l  iiH  ii  liiialtli  nsiirt.  Ikiie  liu  .sui'i'vsslnlly  I'lijjayeil  iii  (^fiitial 
traili!,  and  todk  iidsitioii  u.s  a  ri'prusciitativi'  I'iti/.fu.  In  1>."'-  In-  was  cliitfil 
as.iocialL' jiistuc  of  tlio  court  <>t  st'.ssioin,  ami  simii  after  u  city  trustcf  ami 
Bccit'lary.  In  KS.'i(i  he  was  adinitluil  to  practice  in  tlio  di-'triet  coiirt.  On 
resuiiiiii;;  trade,  lie  reeuived  the  agency  lor  Wells,  Fai%'o  it  Co.,  anil  iiinveil 
in  KSlt.)  to  new  Sm  I)iej;o,  assistiiij;  there  to  organi/e  the  hank  ol  S.  !>.,  ami 
coiitinuin;^  as  direetor  of  its  sueeessor,  identilied,  moreover,  with  road  ami 
railway  liiiilding,  und  holding  oltice  as  jiulilic  adiuinistr.i.or  and  eouiity 
treasurer. 

Another  colleague  is  Hryant  Uoward,  horn  at  IJntialo,  May  17,  \X"'k  \vlin 
settled  at  San  Dieyo  in  ISliT,  and  hi'canic  the  lirst  cashier  ol  the  liaiik  nf 
S.  I).,  taki.ig  the  iiosition  in  1870  of  iiiesident  of  the  lon^olida'td  li.nik, 
which  ill!  lilled  with  honor,  lie  has  taken  a  proniiiu'iit  part  in  the  liudliii)} 
Up  of  tile  city,  li.^'uriiig  as  founder  of  the  Ben 'Volent  soeiety,  as  iiienilier  nf 
the  citi/.en.s'  railway  coiiiinittce,  treasurer  of  the  Central  Market  co.,  ami 
the  Maioaic  huihling  association,  president  of  the  free  lilirary,  and  siiico 
1880  as  city  treasurer.  He  is  also  a.  director  ami  founder  of  the  Savings 
bank  of  South.  Cal.  at  Los  Angeles,  where  he  has  .>tlicr  Inisiiiess  interests. 

To  A.  I'auly  credit  is  due  as  one  of  the  founders  of  tiie  cliauilier  of  com- 
morct!  at  San  l>iet,'o,  of  which  he  hccaine  the  presitlent.  He  was  Imrii  iit 
Lcdiaiioii,  Oiiio,  May  24,  ISI'2,  and  reicheil  t'll.  as  a  iiionccr  of  IM'.l,  eii'.'a,'- 
inn  'list  in  general  trade  in  Butte,  ami  then  in  stoek-raisini.'  till  IS(iil,  when 
ho  moved  to  S.  !>.,  landing  the  lirst  goods  on  Hortoii's  wharf  for  his  g-iiir;il 
store.  Since  187")  he  has  devoted  1  iinself  to  real  estate  busines.s,  and  to  tiie 
dutiui  of  tax  Collector. 

A  :!tiil;ing  instance  of  southern  progress  is  presented  in  Santa  Ana,  wiiich 
within  u.  fev  years  lias  risen  from  a  ranclio  to  a  town  of  l.',i)()0  inhah.  \Viii 
H.  Spnrgeon  was  mainly  instrumental  in  hiying  out  this  place,  where  in' 
openc.l  the  lirst  general  store,  still  the  leading  estalilishment,  under  the  liiiu 
name  of  Spurgeon  hros.  He  was  horn  in  Henry  co.,  Ky,  Oct.  10,  I8l',I.  :iiii1 
came  t<i  tins  coast  in  lSr)2.  After  mining  for  four  jears,  he  relumed  home, 
but  could  not  long  resist  the  attractions  of  California. 

Ja'iief  U.  Toherman,  a  native  of  \'a,  eaine  to  Cal.  in  185'.).  After  ni- 
gaging  in  several  luanchcs  of  business  in  diiJ'crent  places,  he  bi'canie  later- 
ested  ill  banking  at  Los  Angeles,  and  entered  politics,  being  elected  to  tlie 
otlice  of  mayor  of  Los  Angehs  in  1878,  With  the  prosperity  of  Los  Aiij.li< 
Mr  Toh.'riiian  jirospered. 

Another  prominent  bank 'r  of  Cal.  is  E.  V.  Spencc.  Born  in  Ireland  in 
1S'^^2,  he  came  to  Cal.  at  the  age  of  19,  and  embarked  in  the  drug  bu-iin-s 
at  Nevad  i  city,  where  he  continued  for  fourteen  years.  In  18tii)  he  maiiea 
tour  of  Kiiropi',  and  cm  his  return  went  to  San  Jose,  where  he  tir^t  beeanio 
connci^ted  with  the  banking  business  through  the  San  .lose  savinus  I'U'ik. 
In  1871  ho  went  to  San  l>ieg(>,  and  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  ('(nn- 
mcreial  bank;  three  years  aftir  he  went  to  Los  Angeles  to  organize  a  Kink, 
bouglit  proiierty,  for  which  Jj.")01)  per  foot  for  the  lot  was  paid,  and  help 'I  to 
orginizu  the  (.'ommercial  bank  of  Los  Angeles.  In  1881  it  was  cliaiucd 
from  a  stat'i  to  a  national  bank,  Spcnce  beconiiiig  its  president.  He  hecaiiio 
connected  with  eight  banks  in  southern  Cal.,  being  president  of  twoof  tlicin. 
During  the  time  he  was  at  Nevada  city  he  tilled  the  otlices  of  city  trii-tee 
and  county  treasurer,  and  in  18tiO  was  elected  to  the  legislature  on  liie 
republican  ticket,  serving  a  term  also  as  mayor  of  Los  Angeles  in  1883. 

One  of  those  who  in  IS.'iO  organized  the  Hibcrnia  savings  ami  loan  .'ociety 
was  the  late  Edward  Martin,  who  was  also  one  of  the  tii'.st  trustees,  ami  1  itor 
secretary  and  treasurer,  which  offices  he  held  until  bis  death.  A  iiativLMi' 
Emiescorthy,  Ireland,  where  he  was  born  March  3,  1819,  lie  came  to  C.d.  in 
Sept.  1848,  and  soon  afterward  engaged  in  the  real  estate  business.  In  l^ij'5 
he  established  the  wholesale  liquor  business  of  E.  Martin  &  Co.,  and  -non 


BAXKFin.S,  INsrRANCK.  AND   IJUSIXKSS   MKN. 


185 


aftcrw.ir'l  Ixhmiii'j  one  of  the  l;irgo<t  liiicl-oNviier-!  on  tlio  const,  willi  4.">L),(H)0 
aciTi  (il  t'aririiiig,  gra/iisg,  uii<l  tituIxT  l.iinU  iii  fiiHtern  l)rc;^oii. 

Alli^'it  Millir,  a  (lativo  of  Haimvcr,  c- iiiie  to  San  FiamiHi'ii  in  1S.")1,  uiul  p. 
fow  \i'ai-i  lali'i"  iM'caiiie  a  inrtiKT  in  a  I'M'lnig  dry -goods  lirui.  In  iMiJ,  in 
ciiiijiiiu'lioii  will)  Jiiliii  Aivliljal.)  and  Jana's  do  Fruniory,  lie  cstaMislud  tin' 
Sill  I'r.iuoiscii  Savings  Union,  oi  wli'cli  lit.'  lia<  rvur  sini-'o  l> 'cn  \n-un  Imt  or 
\  ki' !iro-idunt.  In  1SS8  liLWisont-of  tlio-.c  wlio  ini'oi'ixiratud  tlm  Sitlicr 
Itiiikiiig  I'ompany.  Ho  is  also  agent  and  niauagt-r  ot'  tliu  diitial  (luroni- 
tiuiiv,  and  is  romifoted  witli  other  leading  enlLiprise-s,  in  the  ujanagiinent 
of  wliiiii  liL'  tak<.s  an  active  Dart. 

Aiiioiig  the  leading  lianker^  of  8<iutlierii  California  is  Major  (irorj,'i.'  II. 
Hon.  liiiki',  wlio  in  ISSH  organized  an<l  is  .-till  the  iiresidrnt  ut  tiie  l,o<  .An- 
L'rii  s  .National  liank.  Ho  aLso  aided  in  orgaiii/ini,'  tlio  Fir.st  Nationd  hanks 
at  i'li.soili'iia,  roiiiona,  Uiverside,  >.inta  Ana,  ami  Santa  .Mmiioa,  llio  wtato 
hank  at  Santa  i'.uda,  Ventnra  co.,  and  others,  wiiiih,  like  the  aho\  e,  are  in 
a  siniiid  and  lloiiri.shiiig  conditi«'n.  A  native  of  I'reMe  eo.,  ().,  after  gradii- 
atiii:^  with  distiiu'tioii  at  tiie  Ottorl>ein  universi'y,  serviir,'  with  jirr.itor  dis- 
tini.tiiin  almost  tliioiiglioiit  the  eivil  war,  alter  j)raotising  iau  ;it  \Viinlie.ster, 
ill  lianiiersinii  with  ( ieiieral  Tlioinas  .M.  Hrowno,  in  lN7f<  ho  can  e  to  Los  An- 
j;iliM  on  account  of  his  wife 'a  failing  health,  and  there  he  lia.s  ever  since 
ri'si'ird. 

(IniMil  the  directors  of  the  Los  Angeles  eo.  hank  s  lliii;h  Livinttf.<u 
.M  u'Noil,  a  native  of  rertli,  (-'.m.,  where  he  was  liorn  '  ig.  !l,  ISol).  f'l  |.S7ti 
lie  <''<iiie  to  ( 'al.  for  his  health's  sake,  and  in  Jan.  following  v  is  apiioinled 
teller  and  hook  keeper,  and  three  years  later  ea-iliier  of  tlu  hank,  \\liich 
jii).*iti'iii  I  held  until  ISSli.  .Meapnvhilj  he  invested  in  r  )nutry  and  city 
laiiu.',  II. <.  with  such  .'iueecss  that,  though  still  almost  a  young  man,  he  is 
iiort-  worth  .■rl,.")IJi).000. 

I'loinimut  among  tlif  hankers,  hiisiness  men,  and  stock-rai..ii  s  of  Siski- 
you co.  is  .Icronio  (.'liiirehill,  a  native  of  Kliziihethtown,  iS'.  V.,  who  came  to 
i'al.  in  ISt'.l,  and  alter  following  various  occuiiations,  in  lh.")l  estahlished 
j;ciieia!  iiieicliandise  .storis  at  Vrck.'x  ami  Hiimhti:^  city,  enjiagiiiu  also  in  the 
tieiuhtiii;,'  hu>iness.  He  is  presiilent  of  liie  Vreka  hank,  and  tiie  owner  of 
tiinc  1  ir^e  ranclie<,  on  which  he  raises  hor-es  and  heef-eattlo. 

I'iianiiccy  II.  I'liillifts  w;is  in  form»T  >ear-i  a  loading  hanker  in  San  Luis 
Ohisjio  CO.,  lirst  in  partnership  with  H.  M.  NN'ardeii,  and  afterward  as  ii^hier 
inid  iii:inii;,';r  of  the  hank  of  San  Luis  (11ii-po.  A  native  of  Medina  id.,  t)., 
lie  caiiio  to  this  coast  in  1S(;4,  ami  after  hlling  various  jiositions,  eni,'aj;ed  in 
I'lialiiiij  and  real  estate  o))erations.  Li  1^M>  he  was  one  of  the  live  men  hy 
wlioiii  was  orj^aiiized  the  West  (.'oast  Land  eo.,  of  which  he  was  the  jiro- 
jfctor. 

]\\  David  Burris  wag  estahlished.  in  I^T").  the  hank  of  Sononii'.  of  which 
]x  has  ever  .siiu'.!  h.'cn  president.  To  him  also  is  <lue  the  organization  of  the 
S;iiita  liosa  h;ink,  .some  years  hefore  that  date.  A  native  ol  .Mo.,  Mr  Unrria 
Is  a  pioneer  of  1S4'.(,  and  has  made  his  fortune  principally  hy  stockraisiug 
ill  Tidirc  CO.,  in  which  occupation  he  is  still  engaged. 

Among  those  of  central  California  is  John  1'.  Stephens,  hy  whom  w  u 
orgaiiizei!,  in  l!S(i8,  the  hank  of  WmMlhind,  which  under  iiis  aoU'  manage 
iiHMit  has  paid  nearly  !?1, 000, 000  in  ilivideu'ls.  A  native  of  Cooper  eo..  Mo., 
liiit  of  \'iigiiiian  parentage,  Mr  .Stepluns  is  one  of  our  pioneers,  his  lirst 
eiciipatioii  hi'iiig  stock-raising  in  Volo  ei-..  wliere  he  was  also  the  lirst  to 
iiitriiihici?  sheep  hushandiy.  By  him  Woodland  and  its  iieigiihorhood  were 
uiriiishe  I  with  a  plentiful  supply  of  cheap  water  and  gas,  and  otherwise, 
(-]ii'ii.illy  in  educational  matters,  he  has  largely  aided  this  ncctioa  of  the 
stato. 

rroiniiu'iit  among  insurance  men  is  William  !•.  (larland,  lor  many  years 
t'lr  man  i;4ir  of  the  Eijuitahle  Insurance  eo.  ol  \.  V.  Born  Sept.  1:7,  IS'JS, 
ip.  IViiohscot  CO.,  Me,  where,  excejit  for  a  year  or  two,  his  youth  was  \iassed, 
ln'arrived  in  this  state  in  Auu'.  l.S,"0.  W,thin  17  monlhs  he  made  a  small 
fiirtuiio  at  the  mines,  and  returning  cast  increased  it  largely  lU  the  luinher 


18S 


BUSINESS   METHODS   AND  CHARACTERISTICS. 


vh 


tniilo,  I)iit  w;in  one  of  those  wlio  suiroroil  fmaiiciiil  Kliii)\vrcck  in  tlio  priiii  •  of 
]Si>7.  (,'oiniii^t  i);iok  to  tliis  i'o:ist,  utter  noiiie  furtlicr  luiiuiif^  ex|n'i'i('mi'  in 
Ni'V.,  he  w,i  ;  aiipoiiiteil  in  KStilt  an  iiisiiraiieo  agent  for  the  Mntual  Lite  his. 
eo.  of  N.  Y.,  and  from  that  iiositiou  rose  to  he  giMieral  agent  anil  nian.i^i  r  nf 
the  Ivjnitalile.  In  1887  ho  retired  from  aetive  husiiness  with  a  .stainless  n  [ni- 
tation  and  a  repnted  ineome  of  !?ir),()OI)  a  year. 

.Among  oni'  prominent  Imsinoss  men  was  .\ndrew  J.  Bryant,  a  native  of  N,  «■ 
Hani)(sliire,  who  eame  to  Cal.  in  IHM),  wlien  he  wa.s  18  yi'ar.s  of  a^ie.  lu 
IS.")1  he  \\  as  doing  hnsine.ss  in  Henieia,  wiiere  he  was  twiee  elected  eity  iii;ir- 
hhal,  afterward  estahli.shing  a  hnsiness  in  Sae.,  and  in  18(i()  in  S.  K.,  eoiitinii- 
ing  in  husiness  until  he  was  a}>i)ointed  naval  ollieer.  In  1870  he  lueaiii'j 
general  agent  on  the  I'aeilie  coast  of  tiie  Brooklyn  Life  Insurance  co..  and 
was  for  many  year.s  manager  of  the  State  investment  and  Insnraiiic  lo, 
Mr  tJryant  was  eli.iirman  of  the  Union  party  in  18(14,  and  afterward  lull 
the  same  position  on  the  democratic  state  central  eonnnittce.  In  IsT'ilio 
was  elected  mayor  of  S,  F.,  which  he  held  for  two  years.     Me  died  in  Is^S. 

The  name  ,if  ^Villiam  F.  Bahcock  ha.s  ever  heiii  prominent  anion.;  Sun 
Fraiu;iseo  husiness  nu^n.  Mr  Bahcock  is  descended  from  a  hiiig  line  of 
Knglisli  ancestors,  tlu^  family  in  tiie  ni'W  world  heing  as  conspicumis  as  in 
the  old  World.  He  was  horn  in  Mass  in  18'_'0,  and  entered  a  countiie,'  iuiise 
in  New  York  city  at  the  age  of  Id,  removing  thence  to  New  Orleans  in  Isl.'i, 
and  coining  to  Cal.  in  18.JL',  condneting  here  the  extensive?  husiness  of  havis, 
15rooks  &  (.'().,  with  which  he  had  heen  as.soeiuted  in  New  York  and  New 
Orleans,  and  taking  charge  of  their  .steamers  on  the  I'aeilie,  hnally  h.cuniiii^ 
associated  with  A.  B.  Forhes  in  the  agency  of  the  I'aeilie  mail  sti;iiiisli;|) 
company.  In  Feh.  \SM  he  was  made  president  of  the  Spring  \'alliv  watn 
works,  ami  in  I8(i()  hccame  a  ]piirtner  in  tin?  house  of  Alsop  &  (  n.  Mr 
Bahcock  in  hS.'iO  married  .Miss  Kate  Duer  Bahcock,  a  second  cousin,  lie 
died  Sept.  '-'"J,   188."),  liigidy  respicted. 

.\.  B.  Forhes  was  horn  in  New  .lersey  ,Iuly  15,  18'J4,  an<l  came  to  Cal.  in 
184'.>,  He  was  purser  on  the  steamer  Ctill/nniiii,  and  later  was  iiiaiK' aL'' lit 
of  tiie  line  at  S.  F.,  in  company  with  -Mr  Bahcock.  .Mr  Forbes  was  always 
a,  pnhlic-spirited  man,  interested  in  tlu!  widfarc  of  the  city. 

Tlionias  11.  Selhy  was  horn  in  New  Y'ork  eity  May  14,  18'J0,  eiitricl  the 
dry-goods  houses  of  A.  T.  .Stewart  &  Co.  at  the  age  of  17,  after  eii;:agini.' in 
husiness  with  two  brothers  on  their  own  account.  He  married  Mi-s  .laiio 
Williams  of  Stockhriilge,  Mass,  who  was  the  mother  of  Clara  \V.  and  I'nii- 
tiss  Selhy,  and  who  died  in  1848.  In  184'.)  Mr  Selhy  came  to  Cal.  aiul  en- 
gaged in  the  metal  husiness  in  S.  F.,  where  to  the  day  of  his  ile.itii  ho 
remained  one  of  San  Francisco's  most  honored  merchants.  He  was  e.iiiy 
city  alderman,  and  later  mayor.  In  18."i;{  Mr.  .Selhy  married  in  .S.  I'.  Mis 
Henrietta  I.  Keosc,  who  hore  liiin  six  children,  four  survi/ing.  .Nir  .Scihy 
died  .lune  !•,  187."). 

Henry  M.  Newhall  was  a  native  of  .Saugns,  Mass.  After  a  sailoi'  trip  to 
the  West  Indies,  ho  entered  an  auction  lioi'.sc  in  I'liila,  and  condiielcil  Imsi. 
ness  on  ids  own  account  in  Nasiivillc,  Tenii.  Coming  to  Cal.  in  IM!',  alter 
ii  short  exiierienec  in  the  mines,  ho  cngageil  in  the  auction  husiness  in  8.  K. 
where  he  soon  took  the  lead.  He  invested  heavily  in  landed  property,  anil 
founded  the  town  of  Newliall  in  sontiiern  Cal.  He  was  twice  mariieil.  lirst 
at  Nashville  to  .Sarah  White,  hy  whom  he  had  three  sons,  Henry  C.,  W  iUiani, 
and  Edwin,  who  succeeded  to  the  husiness  upon  the  dcatii  of  tiie  fatiiir, 
which  occurred  in  188"J.  His  second  wife  was  .Margaret  White,  sister  el  tiie 
first  wile,  hy  whom  he  had  two  sons,  Walter  .S.  anil  (jeorgo  A.  Mr  .New hall 
was  a  man  of  strong  character  and  sterling  integrity. 

Aimer  I.  Hall,  a  native  of  Wallingford,  Connecticut,  eame  to  San  .Imm  in 
1840,  where  he  hcgan  the  hotel  hnsiness,  the  ehamhers  of  his  hotel  hein,' 
used  for  tiio  senate  of  the  first  h^gislaturo  of  Cal.  In  ISfiO  he  reiiioveil  to 
.S.  F.,  where  he  engaged  in  the  auction  hnsiness,  and  was  hurii'^  1  out  in  I'^el. 
afterward  lieeoming  the  New  York  aiieiit  for  Newhall  &  Co.  .After  the  death 
of  Mr  Mewhall.  he  estahlislied  the  linn  of  A.  I.  Hall  &  Son  oi  S.  I'.  1!" 
married  Miss  Mary  Hall  in  \So.i,  and  had  throe  children. 


■¥4   H 


BANKEllS,  INSURANCK,  AND  BUSINESS   MEN. 


187 


CIiuKm  M.  I'luin,  one  of  niir  Icailing  mercliaiits  in  the  line  of  furniture 
anil  iiiMoi  t(;ry,  was  liorn  in  New  Yoik  cit>  I>oc.  ;{1,  IS'JT,  and  c:iinu  to  Cal. 
ill  |~il.l.  ill.'  was  iufsiilont  of  tiiu  Meclianics'  Institute,  niuniburol  tlioscliool 
biar  1,  all. I  oiiu  of  tliu  trustees  of  tlie  Lick  fund. 

Ami  i;i'  the  CDnniiercial  houses  of  tlie  I'ae  coast  none  rank  liiglior  than 
thi'  "i"'t  harlwuro  lirni  known  as  tlie  Huntington- Ho[ikin.s  co.,  in  eonnec- 
tum  uitli  which  yliouM  he  nientioneil  tlie  jiresidcnt  of  tlie  corporation,  Allicrt 
(JalUcin.  15  >rii  in  X.  Y.  state  Dee.  10,  IS:{.">,  Mr  (lallatin  passed  ills  hoy- 
liii.iloi  iiis  fatiicr's  farm,  attending  tlie  district  sdiool  as  opportunity  (ithred. 
Af:  'r  several  chaiigiM  of  occupation  and  residence,  he  cunie  to  this  state  in 
IS  i),  and  in  the  fnlhiwin;^  year  found  eniiiloynicnt  in  tlie  .Sacramento  store, 
attlutelit-  the  only  store  of  Huntington,  Ho[ikins  &  t'o.  15eyinniii!»  as  a 
port  'r.  lie  displayed  such  ability  and  zeal  that  in  IStiS  he  was  admitted  to  a 
iiiiii'ir  partnership,  and  in  ItSSS  was  elected  president  of  the  company  in 
wliii  h  til.'  husiiiess  of  tlie  linn  was  merged. 

Oae  of  our  leading  husiiiess  men  and  vinicnlturists  is  (instavc  Niehauin, 
who  lii'g  in  life  as  a  sailor  boy  in  the  service  of  the  Uussi.in  .Vincrican  co.,  re- 
in ii:ii:i'4  lor  thcMiunt  (lart  in  their  employ  until  the  tiansf(  r  of  the  territory  in 
ISiiT,  h.'fore  which  date  he  had  been  ])ronioted  to  the  captaincy  of  a  steamer. 
Alt  r  the  transfer,  he  determined  to  try  his  fortune  in  seal  hiintiiiL.',  ami  on 
I'hiistiiias  eve  of  the  same  yi'ar  landed  at  .'^t  I'anl  island.  I)ininL'  the  cri- 
.siiiii.;  soHon  he  gathered  about  lO.IXK)  seal-skins,  with  which  he  ciine  to 
S.  1'".,  and  eiitereil  into  partnership  with  Hutchinson,  Kohl  iV  Co.,  the  lirm 
111  1^7-  tiaii^f<iriiig  their  interests  to  the  .Maska  Commereial  co..  of  which 
Mr  Niehaiim  w.is  Lreinral  manager.  I.ati  r  he  embarked  in  various  branches 
ol  iinsiiie<s,  in  ISS',1  purehasiiig  a  ranch  of  I  I, (MM)  .acres,  and  engaging  in  \\iiie- 
iiiikiii.,',  in  which  lie  was  very  successful,  his  vintage  for  I8.S4  lieing  1 10.(100 

la  th^  Wool  business  the  most  prominent  man  is  .luhn  H.  \\  ise,  of  the 
Will  ka  iwii  .S.  F.  hrin  of  t'hr.sty  and  Wise.  IJorn  in  Accoiiiaik  co.,  Va, 
July  !'.>,  ISu",t,  and  a  graduate  of  the  university  of  Iiid.,  lie  brg.in  life  in  the 
oiiiploy  of  the  Atlantic  coa.-^t  survey.  Coming  to  S.  !•'.  in  IS.'ilt,  he  found 
ciiipliiyiuent  in  the  customdioiise,  and  in  ISIil,  having  nieanwhili'  passed 
sniiij  years  in  Washington,  where  he  was  chief  coHi-ctor,  iirst  tiiriiecl  his 
attention  to  the  wtiol  business,  taking  into  partnership  .'^iiiieon  1'.  Christy, 
\vlii)<o  interest  was  transtcrreil  ill  lfS7(i  to  tlanies  l>eiiig.aii,  from  the  tirst  an 
i':M|iloye  of  the  firm.  Hy  this  tirni  is  now  iiandled  about  one  half  of  the 
I'litiie  Wool  eroi)  of  the  state.  As  president  of  the  (,'oiiiiiiereial  Insurance  co., 
till'  I' I'ili  '  States  Savings  and  l.,oan  co.,  and  other  associations,  Mr  Wi.se  is 
also  u\ll  known  in  business  ami  tinanei.d  circles. 

Til  re  are  few  among  the  merchants  of  San  Francisco  whose  memory  is 
.--.i  iiriili  respected  as  that  of  the  kite;  .loliii  Deaiie,  formerly  a  j>.irtner  in  the 
wLol.sde  dry-goods  house  of  Murphy,  (I.  int  fi  Co.  A  native  of  co.  Mayo, 
In!  Ill  I,  ill  IS.'d  Mr  l)eine  came  with  his  lather  and  his  elder  brother  Coll  to 
I'iiili  hipliia.  and  in  ISdl,  aftc'r  some  years  of  service  at  the  headi|iiarters  of 
tliat  liiiii  ill  New  Y'ork,  w.as  promoted  to  a  partnership  in  the  S.  F.  biaiieh, 
whi  li  position  he  retained  until  his  deceasi;  on  the  'JTtii  of  Ajuil,  I.SS.'). 

.\iiio;ig  our  leading  business  men  in  the  line  i  f  high  e\iilosi\cs  is  .Julius 
lUinliiiaii.  a  native  of  ila'iibiirg,  where  he  was  born  .Inly  "J  I,  IS'J.'i.  Alter 
re.'oiving  his  ediic  itioii  and  gaining  an  insight  into  biisiiiiss  in  that  city, 
wlierc^  he  «as  in  the  einiiloy  of  one  of  the  largest  firms,  he  <ame  to  this  coun- 
try 111  early  inanhood,  ami  in  p  irtner.^hii)  with  Hans  Nielsen,  introduced 
.Mfred  \oln  I's  high  explosives,  for  which  the  lirm  were  general  ag.  'its.  lie 
altiTwar.l  b;'('anie  one  (it  the;  largest  stockholders  in  the  Atlantic  ! 'ynamito 
CO.,  viih-U  has  iniw  the  most  exleiisi\c  business  in  this  line.  For  a  iiiimbcr 
(if  y  lis  h(>  eoadueted  the  . 'telling  department  of  the  (Want  Fowder  to.,  which 
posilion  he  still  retains. 

One  of  the  most  ])roin<ncnt  merchants  and  pioneers  of  i^ati  Fr.imisco  was 
tlii'lih'  .loscpli  lanerie,  a  native  of  Noncllis,  in  the;  south  of  France,  who, 
iiit  r  1  iei\  iiig  a  thorough  bnsines.-i  training  in  his  n.itive  laiul.  came  to  this 
cea^t  ill  I'eh,  1841*.     Alter  engaging  in  various  occupations,  ho  began  fariiiiig 


188 


DUSIXKS.S   METHODS  AXD  niARACTERISTICS. 


on  tliu  S:in  I'iihlo  rancli,  near  IJerlic'K'y,  wlicri^  lu  soon  became  the  owner  of 
•2,500  iiciva  ot  land,  now  worth  nearly  !jl,0.)0,(IOJ.  Ho  was  also  a  niemlifr  of 
tliu  liaanco  coinniittco  of  tliu  lioaril  of  siiiKTVisor.-s  for  Contra  I'o.sta  co.  l,i 
IStJO  lie  Citalilisiied  in  S.  F.  a  general  commission  liou.se,  iuiiiorting  lar-ily 
L'd  from  MoilitL'rraneau  i)in'ts.      Oil  his  dei'ia^i',  m 


r)f  F 


rono.i  yooiii  anu  wine 


IS,;.),  li 


i)nl 


of  hid  ample  estate  was  left  ti 


11^ 


F.  !•: 


In  tlij  luiiiher  linsit"j.>s  oii'j  of  the  most  piominent  men  is  Asa  M.  Siiui) 


who  wa 


s  horn  m 


lir 


1S.")0.     After  workiiii'  for  a  time  a 


■5 wick.  Me,   in   ISl'O,  and  came  to  this  .state   in  A|)l 


t  tl 


10  mines, 


he    1) 


i.;an    shiiiinng 


hlililji 


from  S.  F.  to  Slocltton  and  Sacramento,  and  in  IS.Vi  started  the  inannf  uttiro 
of  lumhjr  at  Astoria,  gradually  enlar;?iiig  liia  optTations  on  the  Coluniliia 
river  and  elsewhere,  thonyli  still  witli  his  licadiinarter.s  at  S.  F.  My  him  \\:i.i 
estal)li.;lK'd  at  <!  ray's  harbor  a  shipyard,  at  which  have  been  built  a  miiiilicr 


of  sailiiiu  \  !•. 


L'ls  and  steamboats. 


H 


urv 


X.  M 


orse  was   horn  in 


Uhlic  [Clioiil. 


h 


New  York  Feb.  2-J,  ISo.'),  atten.liiii^  tiic 
l.i  until  he  was  ten  ycar.i  of  age,  when  his  parents  consented  fur 


lini  to  become  a  sailor.      In  IS!'.)  he  lame  to  (.'al..  ami  afler  v 


irious  cliain.s 


:.f 


re.siik;: 


be  removed  in   IS.")!  to  Oakland  and  slarted   in  busin 


II 


was  elected  ^lieritiiii  l.S(i4,  hokling  the  oliice  ct)ii.secutividy  for  14  years.     In 
\ii'>')  be  mariied  .Mi.ss  Heslai',  who  bore  him  seven  children,  three  >niviviii_:,' 


Lnotlier  .successful    man  was  the  late  J)avid  L.  15ecl 


l\,  who  was 


.  o:U  ci 


ty  Sept.  '2ti,  1S14;  in  1^41    he  became  a  partner  in  the  estahlisli 


meiit  of  lloyt  &   Hog, lit,   came  to  S.  F 


bV">,). 


enanilisinL:  ami  commission  hnsmess. 


engaging  in  gcnenl  iiar 


th 


u!  coiinnis.ioii  bnsine-^s  under  tl 


Ho  afterward  established   him.scll   in 
firm  name  uf   \).  L.  H  ck  &  Sons.     For 


two  or  three  years  before  his  dealh,  in    bSS4,  he  did  not  talie  an  active  jurt 


in  onsiness,  i 


t  bei 


jicople 


iiig  earned  on  liy  Ins  .sons. 


He 


0  was  an  advocate  oi  thu 


es  party,  and  one  of  the  earl}'  founders  of  the  hie  de[iartm.nt,  and  <il 


the  pre>byterian  church.      In    1841    he   married   Miss  W'anile,  aiK 


had  Idur 


L'hihl 


ren,  two  !-urvivin:j 


ifr 


A.  t.ncces.->fiil  business  man  of  Oiklainl  has  been  Frederick  I'elger,  a  intivc 


ia.     E  Iward  F.  I)ek'er,  his 


b 


S.    F.   Oct.  L't. 


.'.I,  III 


jiarent  >  ..hortly  afterward  I'emoving  to  Oakland,  where  he  atlciided 


contiiuiiiig  his 


stndi 


engaiic 


d  m  I 


msiness  in 


i; 

Oak  hi 


11)1 


taki 


.Marry 


iiu 


Mi.is  r 


nor  o 


f  S.  1' 


111  bS^.i,  lie 


111'  also  an  active  interest  m  iiolitii 


In  S.i 


ito  one  of  theleuling   iiieieli;ints  is  1'. 


11','CllO 


J.  ( 


•  rciferv.  Mill) 


was  born  in  S.  F.  Aug.  15,  liS.')4.  and  liiiislud   his   education   at   the   >i\nUi 


VI 


ira  colleifo 


In  1874  his  father  di 


eaviiii;  a  lai 


conducted  until  18S'J 


111  it  liasscd  into  the  hands  of  himself  a. id  I 


)usiiiess,  wiiiiii  lie 


rotlRT, 


under  the  linn   ii.uue  of  (iregory  b 


Ik 


IS  also  elected  ami  .servnl  a 


term  as  mavor  ( 


if  Sa 


I' 


ity. 


H 


ugene  Ocnnain,  a  native  of  Switze 
h 


eriand,  came  m 


ere    lie  in 


;aged   in   the   mercantile  bu>iiies 


ISI)9  to  Los  Aii.elcs. 
d   bv   close   atteulioii   iiiiil 


economy  he  was  enabled  to  e.\tciid  lii.s  oiieration  from  time  to  ti 


me  nil 


til 


he 


became   president  of   the  (ierii 


Fi 


lilt     CO. 


the   hi 


rgc> 


^C      f 


riiit  shipi'ii's  (it 


itliern  (  al.,  and  also  president  of   the  Los   .AngcLM   boar<l  of  trad',  ami 
the  Cal.  Fruit  ami  I'roduce  Shiiiiicrs' association,     (iennainwas  al-o  I'lcsi- 


(lent  of  the  I'roduce  E.xchange  lor  two  years,  and  is  a  linn 
future  greatness  of  Los  Angeles. 


The  French  consul  at  Los  AiiLrele.s  is  L.  Lo 


loch,  a  iiKMiilier  oi  the  iii\ 


beli 
f  th. 


e\cr  111  tiie 


iiU 


firm  of  Stern,  Cahii  (.*i:  Loeb,  proprietors  of  the  City  of  Paris  store,  the  hui^i'st 
in  the  southern  inetropolis.  Leaving  l''raiice  in  180.'),  h'i  settled  at  L  i-  .\ii- 
gelcs  in  Feb.  of  the  following  year,  and  gradually  W(ui  for  himselt  tin  y<i>i- 
tion  which  he  now  occupies  as  one  of  her  leading  bi.siiicbs  men  and  iim-'t 
public-spirited  citizens 


Am 


the  merchants  of  San  .lose  should   bo  mentioned   T.  \V.  8| 


cam  '  to  this  coast  in    ]SA[)  as  a  member  of   .M.i 


der's  bat'(  IV,  a  ei  to 


8.  F.  ill  1851,  when  he  made  the  acijuaiiitance  of  the  late  H.  M.  Newliali,  to 


whom  he  owes  his  start  in  life.      Tli 


(Ugh  ii'.ceMiig  with  strong  o[ipo>iti 


gradually  won  his  way  to  a  foremost  rank  among  the  business 
'gartlou  city.' 


tiiu 


AUTHORITIES. 


ISO 


Pronnucnt.  ainonc;  the  authorities  that  have  hcon  consulted'  in  iircpanng 
th  ■  ipriCLHiiii^'  chaj)!.  IS  arc  tliu  L'iiU.,il  .Statics  gDVoniiiiciit  (locmiioits,  ol  whicli, 
wiili  iLlVieiifo  lo  tiie  rc'spci'tivo  iiiciicuij,  the  most  important  are  tlu  .•'.■;iioul- 
t'li  il,  iai'iU  ;tri:>l,  cc:isiu,  and  Luicl-oliicc  r.ports;  tl;o  reports  of  the  becro- 
tiiiiM  "f  the  iuterio";  t!.c  JI.  Ex.  l):>c.,  and  J//.vi'.  Doe.;  the  Svu.  K.r.  Dor., 
S' II.  M'l^i'-  J)oc.,  and  S  ii.  Co. a.  ]{i]ili:  al.;o  Puj^Ur.  Lairs,  Mi^f.  a)iil  Due, 
rWiv'  iSiirn;',  I'^^tciit  Off.  L'lpl,  and  Coii'j.  Cilohe.  To  whieh  must  he  ad. lid 
( '^d:.i)i':.ia  oliicial  duL'iii'Kiit.i:  ( V.7.  Si'ii.  Jour.,  and  Asian.  Joir.,  dil. 
S' il':  -';;•''■'•.  Soc,  Til  I  IIS.,  and  reports  of  the  differLut  departmenf.i.  A\m) 
amnii','  goaeral  authoi-;:  Burnrtt's  liccolL,  AIS.,  i.  ',V,',V,  ii.,  passim;  Alttiiidd 
Co-  y.'-/'.,  All;i:  Akj'  ui'li'i;  Mnihl,  etc.,  llryt,  pa;.iini;  AuiinU  S.F.;  Jiiii/ 
lii-'l.  llirth-ii'.l.  Sue.,  Tniiiit.,  ia72,  1-40;  Co.r'.-i  .{iiiniU  «t'  Ti'mltii  Co.:  linrc- 
l.m.<l!<]t,  l-ll;  A:i.wlor  Co.  Hist.:  Doirs  Tour,  ST- ."•_•,"  lS-J^-1;  'Diji'.-i  /.'irolL, 
MS.,  ,"..  'JJ;  liirtii'S  Or.  owl  C"l.,  MS.,  1,');  Bildi's  Tin'  Mines,  dr.,  f)!!!)  71, 
:>;.■>,  .">77;  Oirnis'  S/n  Chira  VcL,  1  !),  'JO  1 ;  linrtons  Jlisf.  Tiilnre,  V2 
li:-u-r^  X'W  West,  'J!S-:>J<),  4"0;  rrvrv.i  Aii/f}>oilrs,  518-'J<J;  lioyiitons  S/nie. 
ii.nl,  .MS.,  1-3;  Amlcrtioii's  Silirr  Cimiilnj,  11,  84-0,  1)11;  Ap]ili(itii'.-i  Cuiile, 
'MX  Sii'.'-T.'),  S8'2;  Ainerlrmi  Xotiiralist,  i.  3;i7-4'2;  l.iu  I'tistoml  l.i/r,  MS.; 
Ili.ij.rsOi-kiit.  to  Orridciit,  124-:i8;  Pliiicr-I'rowd's  Cui,  40-7,  58,  (;.'>-". S4,  \m- 
'iii  l.'i;!  7,  1ti--4;  (!i'iir<ii's  /'roi/ri'ss  and  Porcrti/:  J/ilpvr's  Land,  if  Oil,  1(5- 
■Jil.  .'M  5.  .'8-'.),  101  \\  ■i:{8-4'2.  ■]«•_>-:?;  ILillvlCs  jivs.  Col.,  LV)  tl,  70  8.),  IT)!  '237, 
'JIO;  /•/.,  ,S.  F.,  1-JS  488;  Codes  Cnl.,  ii.  KUU),  IStil;  }'i).sr./„7c,  o,". -0,  4:)  '-'; 
('iiiiiii.rnr.  and  Iiidii.itr'n->,  143,  148;  Fail's  Hist.  Farts,  M.S.,  3-10,  14,  17; 
/•,VW<'  L'ahinis.,  MS.,  !•_>,  14-1.'),  ir.8-4'J,''20S  12;  JLtyis'  Col.,  imluding  agri- 
riihiuf,  iiiiiiing,  and  iiuhistrie.s,  natural  phenomena  and  matirial  iil  iiiii;;  to 
the  lii-tory  of  cities  and  towni  in  California;  Fitln'rs  C<d.,  2  0,  10  '27;  Faith- 
fid's  TIn-i'e  Visits,  237-42;  Foster's  Slrtfeiiieiif,  MS.;  /(/.,  O'old  l.'iyinii,  17-22; 
['•i"-li r's  Ilia r  Part >i,  MS.,  7;  liaeleifs  We.-'t  CoaU  Ainer.,  WW;  Gordo:i's  driiit 
i!f.'i<ri-s,  ]-'i'^:  O'lrin's  Sprrrlies  on  Land  Ti.'hs:  Id.,  Memoirs,  MS.,  (i7  73,  81, 
I2J.  178-8.');  O/i'sCal,  13,  10-32;  liartlett's  Xarr.,  MS.,  3-8,  54;  Oinini.ton's 
IrtrJ'lis,  127 -.">'),  ir)0-78;  lliliard's  Pliijs.  and  A'jrir.;  Poarh's  Slat.,  MS.,  5, 
i:!.  Hi;  ni,.-<,'s  Slit  ,  ^iS.,  3-20,  24-30;  J!ois  From  Wis.  to  Cai,  125-7;  Hut- 
hr's  J,'i -:  Mmiterrii  Co.,  11-21;  J/ai/dcn's  iSnrrei/-<;  JJi/utt's  O'rajye  Cull.,  22(i, 
.■ii'li.  I  1),  27  0;  JJiira.<tli:i's  I'll!'.  (Irnyes,  1-21,  85-0;  Browne's  Hesnurres,  275- 
Hl,  ISO;  Id.,  Mill.  Iks.,  1808,  4;;2-41;  Brown's  Stit.,  .MS.,  11,  15-10;  Peivn's 
Kill  II  lid  S'lildle,  105;  /(/.,  Tour  of  ihiti/,  254;  Loin's  The  Ldionr,  58;  (ioi.za- 
l:^'  Slat.,  MS.;  Iluiiilioldt  Co.  I/i.^f.:  J/all's  Cai,  4-7,  8-11,  25,  113  14,  10.3-4; 
U-il's  Aatiiralist,  88,  230,  238-44;  Lanccif's  Crni.se  of  the  Dale,  87,  180  00; 
I.<ilr.  Co.  (  lirk  Pept,  GS-71;  Po.ss'  Stat.,  MS.,  9-13;  IliUitiiijs'  E.i.i/.  (Inide, 
121  (!;  I/arri.-iiiii's  Oiiide,  [)0;  Cai.  Coininis.J'or  Land  Cluinis,  1-20;  Iloires  ]Viii- 
t  i-lloii.e-t,  18-37,210;  v.  124;  Bauer's Stid,.,  MS.,  3,  7,  14-15;  Banerofl's  Junr. 
h  Or.,  10-2.);  //.,  Cnide  Par.  States,  3-t),  150-0;  J/ollistrr's  Stat.,  MS.,  2  4, 
^^  12;  // ';x'i)//',s  Silrer  Coinai/e:  Lnirrcnee's  Itii'lij,   ctr.,  passim;    Burbs    Pur. 

II.  I!.,  78-00;  Beadle's  L'nd'irel.  We-f,  255-80;  Id.,  Wi.^tern  World,  112-14, 
111  (d;  Fre-'iiio  Co.  Hist.:  I/mrlei/'s  Lo.f  A  in/.,  vtr.;  Id.,  lliuid.oldt  C>.;  I  lay. 
ilni's  dreat  West,  371-81;  BuHe  'Co.  JPi.H.,  ?',  12-17,  200-9,  227-8,218,  252-3, 
2,V,i  (ill,  2ii;!;  Itoirleij  Wooil,  ctr.,  Mem.,  pas.sim;   Larkin,  hoc,  MS.,  vi.  74,  107, 

III,  141,  101,  1(;.3,  107;  Jliiifon's  Ariz.,  22-4,  33;  Bunnell's  Yoseni.;  Lannhy'.i 
Ti-'iilf  par.,  i.  4-5,  13-15;  Monterei/  Parr.,  15-31;  I/utehinijs'  yo.iein.,  1877, 
:MI)2;  liarri/'s  Fp  and  Down,  111-14;  /.ns  An;/.  1114.;  Belden'.i  St  it.,  MS., 
.'il,  (lO-l;  Dari.i  Oliiiipr.es,  MS.,  7,  111-12;  Bdi'if  Traielat  Hoii.r,  41-51,  87- 
l">'.l;  ]>'•  B mneinaiii's  Stork  Raisin;/,  MS.,  10-12;  Kiilifs  E.reur.sion,  ii.  14-11), 
■-'A  2ril);  KeniCo.  Jli.d..;  Bars/ow's  Slat.,  M>>.,  1-14;  '/.aiJierfii's  Co//.,  20S  0; 
KioUiiiid's  IVvc/i.,  20-7,  30;  Poui/la.^'  S]x'eehi  s,  ,]\\n  s  '2i'>-H,  l.s50;  Kridl'sStd., 
MS.:  (,,/.  Pi:rier's  Hand  Book,  27,  32-4,  37,  40;  Koldvrs  Wine  Prod.,  3-22; 
Cl'U-k's  llrii;iid.t.,  MS.,  2-5;  Cooke's  Treatise:  Dnnphj's  Stat.,  MS.;  Cidi«fiii/,i 
mini  linnl::  Inserts  Injnrioiis  to  Fruit  Trees;  Cai.  Irrijation:  Froehcl,  .tut 
•  I'MV.  ii.  521-2;  Xafoiial  Aim.,  \i>M,  434-5;  CnnplieL's  Xotes,  i.  71,  78-80; 
//•/\'.,.  \  /,'<  ,/,n(/v',,  Ms.,  37-8,  40;  Cai.  S'/uh-rel  Lair:  Deni.-<nn's  Yi:.<eir.  l'iew<: 
.irniis  (  ,/.  Pirtiires;  Pnri.^iina  J//.v.s.  Arrh.,  MS.,  3;}-4;  <l,al,o>/ii  v.<  U.  S.,  1- 
1-0;  Hudiiij's  A.rer.,  307,  437,  400-1;  Cai  Mineral  Sprinjs,  Srrap.^  1-C,  28; 


190 


AUTHORITIKS. 


i; 


lit 


San  LuixOh  (h.ITht.;  jlfom.?  cO  Bennett's  Maiiuf.   Int.,  1-46;  Tj/son's  0<-oJ 
etc.,  o/Ciii,  79-80;  Tylers  BiUwiU's  Bar,  MS.,  0-7;  Sittil  ij  Mex.,  KiS;  /•,„,' 
ana's  Rr.rol.,  MS.,  3-5;  I'cirrc's  Bowjh  Skc/r/,rs,  MS.,  108,  110,    IJ'2;  .]/.;/>„/ 
Ctt!.,  'M7i;  Ziiltriskie's  Land  Laws:   Yu'kiCo.  llUf.;  Slurmans  Mem.,  i.,  ]ia~<ini; 
Shippee's  St  it.,  MS.;  Ccrntti's  Ilamlilinijs,  30-40;  C'roslii/'s  Eiv.nts  in  Cnl.,  Ms.; 
(J.  <S'.  Mcils,  Scraps,  5-19,. 27-54;  S/ieni)ooil's  Pocket  Guide,  25-(>,  75;  Si-nl- 
tier's  Miuj.,  vi.  G41-51;  x.  278;  xvii.  G44-52;  Semi-Tropic  Vid.,  iii.  1  ct  s'cj.; 
Mni/hew's  h'ecoL,  MS.;  Todd's  Slat.,  MS.,  21-8;    Velasco,  Sononi,  308;    Willn,', 
I'er.^nnd  Mem.,  MS.,  82-110;    Wdliams'  liec.  Earlif  J)(ii/s,  MS.,  4-5,  9,  ]|   h]- 
Id.,  Pic.  Mail  Steam.  Co.,  MS.;  Id.,  Mam.  Trees 'Cal.:' Id.,  Pac.  Touri.-<t.  -JU 
19,  248;  Siii/p.-<on.sGold  Mines,  G,  24-5;  Tiller's  Mormon  Bit.,  2StJ-7;  'y',r;4« 
r/m/.   Cal.,  14-18;  /Sdivir/c,  Co/.,  iii.  128,  138-9;  Id.,  MS.,  iv.  43-4,  52,  2i;2  :<• 
r'ar.so/i's  /i(j)-///  HecoL,  G-50;  'yHcA's  5o«.   ir««w,  2-14,  22-G;    Wood  Bros   Ur^ 
Slock  Move.:  SteliUns' Eiijhty  Years,  37-08,81;  Sclih'ijiiitweit,  Cal.,  101-42;  .Moui. 
(jomerys  Ileminis.,  MS.,  2-3;  MeCollnm's  Cal.,  3l)-40,  G4-5;   Yolo  Co.   Ili.i . 
Staples'  Slat.,  MS.,  5-17;  Strohel's  Slat,  MS.;    Visc/i'-r's  Pict.   Cal.;  Sf-}il,i„- 
sons  Stat.,  MS.;  Shuck's  Bepres.  Men  of  S.  F.,  1015-20,  1077;   Yoscm.  and  Ui/ 
T.-ees:  Wi!pnore'sSt'it.,Mf>.,  1-2;  McKinatry'sPap-rs,  10;  Starr's  Merrh.  iw\ 
MS.;  Currei/'s  Incidents,  MS.,  11-12,   Cron'i.<e's  I'al.;   Woods'  Pioneer  Work,  VI 
13,  1(),  22-3;  /(/.,  10  Months,  70,  88,  171;  Smyth's  Lniy  Ilo-ne.,  45,  407;  .Vu-'. 
Mr.r..   (<'en;i.,  vi.  77;  Skellenijer's  lieminis.,  MS.;  Sclioll's  Prerip.,  74-7,  ill)  17: 
Id.,  D'lstrihiitions,  12-15;  Century  Maij.,  July  1882,  388;  Nov.  1883,  27:  S;.,q,- 
mil's  Slat.,  MS.;    Ventura  Co.  Pen  Pictures,  9-10,  21-3;    )('(('(/'.■,•  Cal.:  Spm-hh' 
Pac.  Steam.  Lines,  MS.,  1-149;  Stearns'  Stat.,  MS.,  17-19;  Xiderer's  Lii'r  aiM 
Adixnt.,  140-2;    Wakemnn's  Loif,  114-38,  22J-1;  So'd'''s  Stal.,  Mf^.,  4;  Sntion^ 
Stat.,  MS.;  Serrano,  Apuntes,  139,  140-8,  153-4;    Whit^:'s  Pict.  Pio-ieer  Ti m<. 
JiIS.,  1<)4;  .V.  Amer.  Pco.,  Ixxv.  410-24;  Sh  nr's  Golden  Dreams,  23i;;  Smih/s 
Vi;.   Co.,1.,  MS.,  10-22;    West  Shore  Gaz.,  Yolo  Co.,  137-58;  Sac.   ///„.■,,  8-11; 
Wilder s  ('.'/.;    Walton's  Min.  Sprintjs:    Whitmy's  Ml  Ilei'/ht'i,  4  0;  Sac.  Diirr- 
t  try,  iSo.VA,  1850,  1857-8,  1871;  Sac.  Co.   I'/isl.:  Stanislaus  Co.  Iltst.:  \\u 
Buren's   Bemarks,    March    1852,    1-8;    Wiiian's  St  it.,    MS.,    4-10;    T- .nhlnj. 
Meteor.  Oaklind:  Koyes'  Redmood  and  Lum'ier.  in  Cal.;  Sutter  Co.  Hist.:  Sis- 
kiyou Co.  IIi.il.;  Id.,  Affairs,  MS.,  27,  29;    Woodivanl's  Slat.,  MS.,  14,   \S-'l'i: 
Powers'  Afoot,  274-G;  Pelo's  Bes.  Amer.,  153,  3.):!;  Sol  mo  Co.  I/is/.;  Snuomi 
"o.  Hist.;  Powell's  Land-  of  Arid  Bej.,  47-50;  Sclun'iedvU's  Slit.,  MS.,  ]   2,  G; 
A^'eall's  Viy.  Com.,  MS.,   5,  7-9,    11-22;  Proceed.  1st  Xat.  Conn.   Cat/lr,i,ri,; 
Schenck's  Viij.  Com.,  MS.,  15-22;    Warrens  Dust  and  Foa'n,  140;  Ti r.  Aim., 
185'.),  13i)-5{);   TnrrilVs  Cal.  Notes,  18-21,  87-95,  177-8,  232;  Sayward's  Per- 
sonal  7iV)h/«/.s'.,  MS.;  TifTami's  Guide,  30,  72;   Cal.   Bureau  Lnhor  .SV '/, -//>... 
18S3-4;  Californian,   1881,  April,  1-20;  Aug.,  321-G;  S.  F.  Manual,  HI!!  «: 
San  Bernardino  Co.  Hist.;  Treasury  of  Travel,  103-4;  San  Luis  (/li.'sjin  ('■,. 
Hist.;    W/iitney's  Yosem.,  9-15,  24-40,  113-55;  Santa  Clara  Val.  Bes..  U-J,  •J-t: 
Sin  Gabriel  Liliro  de  Mis.,  MS.,  9-1.);  Thompsons  Law  of  the  Farm:    Wlailcr' 
Snrv.  Bept,  1R75-1S77;  Santa  Birhira  Arch.,  i,  74,  129;  ii.  G5-0;  v.  pissim; 
vi.  r;,'l-5;  ix.  5.)S-9;  x.  49;J-8,  502-0;  Santa  Birhara  Co.  Hist.;  SanDieioCihj. 
Vl-Vo;   T train s  Bowjhiwj  It,  70-2;  Tiif.'illl's  Cal.,  324-45,  351-7;  San  ,lni-iuin 
and  Kiii/s  Birer  Irrij.   Co.;   Wheaton's  Slat.,  MS.,  9,  38-9;  San  Jon/'iin  C'l 
Hist.;  Id.,   Directory,   1878,42-1;  Id.,  Val.   Ayrie.  ,Sor.,  Trans.,  1801,  4  lod, 
108-71;  1803,02-77,  107-90;    r((/(V;yV.^ /.Vw/h/n.,  MS.,  34-5,  39-10;  Van.Mhi.^ 
Slat.,  MS.,  29-31;  Santa  Clara  Co.  Hist.,  Atli.%  10-17;  Sanlt  CruzCo.  Bid.: 
Van  Trai.p's  Adirnt.,  300;   Tai/lors  Sj'cc.  Press;  II.,  Cal.  Notes,  5S-(i():  W.. 
Between  (/<(/«.  140-05,    174-92,'239,  208-9;  II.,  Cal.   Life  Illiis.,  218  H;  Id.. 
Eldorado,  i.,  ii.;  Sm  Mateo  Co.  Hist.;    Van  Dyke's  Stat.,  MS.,  8-9;   7'ApW- 
tnorton's  Min.   B'pt,   1-15;    Vallejo,  Docs.,  iii.   228-3J;  xii.  320;  xiii.    1'.',  ST. 
179;  xxviii.  98-101;  xxix.   48;  xxxiii.  203;  xxxv.  08;  Baudin,  />«•..  2,  ;i,  4; 
Beadle's  Monthly,  Nov.  1800;  Bryant's  Cal.,  304,  449.     Moreover,  a  iiiuliitu.li; 
of  newspapers  ami  perioilicaU  pnMi.shed  in  California  anil  elsewlu're,  I.hi  iiu- 
luurous  to  specify,  have  been  cxaiiiiued.     Mention  can  only  lie  niaiK'  cf  ,i  iVw; 
namely,  the  Alia,  Ereniwj  Bulletin,  Chronicle,  Mornimj  Call,  Eivnin'j  /'"^',  //"' 
alil.  Times,  News  Letter,   Golden  Era,  Eraininer,  Scienlijic  Press,  IhiiUj  y^'i'k 
Exc/iatKje,  AnjomitU,  Abend  Post,  and  La  Sociedad,  all  issued  in  San  Fiaiicisco. 


CHAPTER  IX. 


CRIMINAL  AND  JUDICIAL. 

1849-1879. 

CuKMioN  ciF  Courts— Their  Powers  and  Position — Leoislators,  Law- 
\  i.i;-,  .IrixiKs,  AND  Ooneunors,  the  Enemies  of  the  People  and  thr 
1'i;ii:m)s  ok  C'liniisAi-.s — Early  Juixies — And  ykt  imutE  have  hk.en 
JI(im:st  Men  on  ihe  IJench — Weak  and  Uni'rincu'lkd  CovEitNous— 
C'.M.iiDKNiA  THE  Murderers'  Paradise — The  Noble  Profession  of 
Ilii;ii\\ AV.MAN — California  BANDirri-JuDiiEs  who  should  havb 
i.v.v.s  llANtJED— Prostitution  of  the  Pardoning  Power. 


Thk  constitution  of  California  vested  tlio  judicial 
power  ill  a  supremo  court,  district  courts,  county 
courts,  and  justices  of  the  peace;  and  the  legisla- 
ture had  power  to  establish  such  numicijial  and  other 
inferior  courts  as  might  be  necessary.  IMic  supreme 
court  had  appellate  jurisdiction  in  matters  in  dis- 
pute exeixvliug  .3200,  and  decided  questions  of  law 
coiieerning  tax,  toll,  import,  and  felony  cases.  The 
district  courts  had  original  jurisdiction  in  law  and 
C'luity  in  all  civil  cases  where  the  amount  exceeded 
S-iin.  Ill  criminal  cases,  not  otherwise  provided  for, 
and  in  all  issues  of  fact  joined  in  the  probate  courts, 
their  jurisdiction  was  unlimited.  The  county  courts 
v.ere  also  probate  courtij ;  and  the  county  judge,  with 
two  ^  'ices  of  the  peace,  constituted  a  court  of  ses- 
sions with  such  jurisdiction  as  the  legislature  should 
router ;  but  the  county  courts  had  no  original 
jurisdiction. 

The  first  legislature  established  the  superior  court 
of  San  Francisco,  consisting  of  a  chief  justice  and  two 
associate  justices.     This  court  had  the  same  original 

(191) 


I 


I'  m 


i 


^  1 


i 


r 


192 


CRIMINAL  AND  JUDICIAL. 


juris  liftlon  as  conferred  upon  district  courts.  Either 
of  the  justices  might  hold  court  tor  the  trial  of  causes, 
and  diii'erent  trials  might  take  place  at  the  same  time 
before  diifeient  judges;  but  all  points  reserved  and 
issues  of  law  were  argued  before  at  lea-t  two  of  the 
three  justices.  The  superior  court  had  uo  power  to 
send  any  i)roccss  beyond  the  limits  of  the  town,  ex- 
cept to  subpx'na  witnesses,  and  in  such  cases  as  those 
in  which  district  courts  might  issue  final  process  he- 
vond  their  lunits.  A  cause  mi<jjht  be  transferrcj 
front  tlic  district  court  of  San  Francisco  to  the  supe- 
rior court.  Each  of  the  justices  had  the  power  to 
issue  writs  of  habeas  corpus  at  the  instance  of  a!iv 
|>erson  held  in  actual  custody,  and  had  in  fact  the 
same  powei's  as  district  judges.  The  judg<  s  in  all  the 
courts  «.)f  tlie  state  were  to  be  chosen  at  the  gencial 
election,  excejtt  those  first  appointed  by  the  legisla- 
ture.^ Superior  judges  held  their  offices  three  years. 
(two  being  appointed  each  year,  as  vacancies  occurred; 
district  judges  for  two  yeai'S,  and  supreme  justices  fur 
six  years.  Thus  the  machinery  of  justice  .-eemc  d  pro- 
vided for,  and  it  was  only  by  its  numerous  failures  that 
its  weakness  was  discovered. 

The  end  sought  to  be  attained  by  a  state  govern- 
ment, whicli  was  the  prevention  and  ptmishment  'f 
crime,  tlie  regulation  of  landed  property,  and  gcncri! 
ijood  order  of  society,  was  defeated  Ijy  a  numbi  r  <'f 
causes,  the  chief  of  wliicli  were  found  to  be  the  de- 
fective laws  enacted,  and  imperfect  organization  of  the 
courts:  the  incompentency  of  the  district  attonKV?. 
who  were  generally  young  men  without  an  ade<|uati' 
knowledge  of  the  law  ;  the  want  of  secure   pri-ons; 

'The  legi-laturc  of  ISj'O  appointed  P.  H.  Morse  chief  jiistics  of  the  s:;]' 
cnnrt  of  S.  v.,  uiid  Hugh  ('.  Murray  and  James  Caleb  Smith  assrjciatos.  The 
etatc  was  divided  into  nine  tlistrict-i,  luunhered  from  San  Diego  toward  tne 
north.  S.  F.  co.  hoin;;  tlic  4th,  and  Sae.  ami  El  Dorailothe  Gth.  T!io  jiulitrs 
ap[K>inteil  hv  tiie  lir-t  legislature  wore,  for  the  1st  distriet  O.  S.  Witheri'J, 
2.1  Henri-  A."  Tefit,  .^,1  John  H.  Wat-ion,  4th  Levi  Parsons.  5th  ("harlot  M. 
<"rean<T.  (itli  Janie-j  S.  'I'hoiiia-i,  71  li  Koliort  Ho])kins.  8th  William  R.  Turner, 
Jhh  W.   Scott  Slierwood.   Cd,   Juui:    Lcj.,   1850,  'JS^^,  25(>-tio;  Cal  SU, 

isoo,  y3. 


».  8.  WitlierlT, 


IXEFFICIEXCY  OF  LAWs;    .x-, 

^^   i^AW^  A.ND  JUDGES.  jgg 

tJjo  expense  of  kcepin.r  nm„„=,  o    i 

tJ,o  iiiii,o,s,si{.,hty  ofseourin.r  ^.ol,  :   ^  ^^^^nesses,   aiul 
'"  tJ'o  pnneipa]  towns  wJientevf ''"''''' /'^^i'^'^'^«"v 

'-t  r]Ku;,vahJe  with  the  pi    u/^'f  ^^'^  ^«^vs  M-ero 

'•'"""''^J  eJ<'inent,  wJuch/  .ok  '^,/^^^^^  ^''%   inorc.asino- 
^'"7  '^;'^-t  the  ends  of  u    ice  "v?  '''"^'-  *^  ^^^^"  f»- 

the  hrst  .rand   jurv  ivnorf    •      I    ^'"''^'^'  ^'^'^^'S.     L 
7^/ iHdi..tnu.ti.tio'wi"h^"  *;"---.  wc.^^ 

^^'']-     (rune,  they  said    st^IW        /'"'"^^"'^'^^^ty  of  tin- 

^""'  ^^r^  were  insiucted  bv  t^^  '^Z'^  "^  ^en  da. 
'-f  tak..  eo,o.„i,,,,,.  ^,/Y/  ^^  «^o  court  tJiat  they  conJd 

.  -"'  J"^  'nessaoo  to  the  ieoislof„^,    •     t 

'"^■'^■':'""' Burnett  in^>-ed  tl  '    .       '  '"  '^"'^"^O'  185] 

!-■  nn.ina]  Jaws,  poi^o-  out  Tf^^  ''^'  ^^"^'^^^^ 

;""^'^;'  wInVh  M-ererequh-;     to   '    i1 /^^  /^'^'  ^'-triot 
'■'""'''  ^^'t^'  '^"'^-  interval.      /       ^'"^^'^  ^•"^'  ^^  «.rtain 

•^"^i^v.sted   conferrin<r  erim^..]    •   * '^,/'«<"cIers.     He 
"I'^^^t  of  sessions  fo?  so  "o"^^   J^nsdiction  upon  iln^ 

•■<-'mnended  that  for  ;;!,     I,?"  ^''^''^  o^nj.poaJ. 
■"^  PiinisJinient  should  iJj     A     "'''".>'  ^'^"^  I'ob  .erv 
!:^-vi.i.d  with  ^nty^Ss"aM  ^'^  ^^^^^  ^^^^^ 
J^  Hinm  of  grand  larcin       n     f     r^  P^"itentiary. 
j^l^N  Jkis  becoine  so  ccSo,'/ h.    '"^"^^'  ^^«^«^«  and 
'^''  "message,   '«as  to  dim  S        ""'^">"  I^^'-^^^V  savs 
"-•c....vo..vn.  ,3'''""«^s^i  tlieir   vaJue   fifty  p^j. 


II 


ifir^ 


104 


CRIMINAL  AND  JUDICIAL. 


fit  111. 


rent.  In  some  instances  wliole  bands  of  tame  cattle 
have  been  stolen,  and  fanners  liave  lost  all  their  teams, 
and  been  compelled  to  abandon  their  business  in  con- 
sequence." 'ihis  condition  of  aflairs  led  to  the  crea- 
tion of  a  class  of  judges  not  before  known  to  leu^al 
parlance,  who  were  denominated  Judges  of  the  Plains, 
whoso  duties  were  to  attend  rodeos,  and  to  dtcide 
disputes  concerning  ownership.  An  appeal  niii^ht  bu 
taken  to  a  justice  of  the  peace  of  the  township,  pro- 
vided it  were  taken  witliin  twenty-four  hours  at'tir 
the  decision.  These  officers  were  appointed  by  the 
court  of  sessions.  In  1857  this  act  was  amended  so 
as  to  empower  the  judge  of  the  plains  to  make  arrests, 
and  take  before  a  magistrate  any  persons  susiu'ctcd  of 
sti^aling,  hiding,  or  killing  cattle  or  horses.  "Wo 
believe,"  said  one  of  the  public  journals,  "that  there 
arc  over  1,000  men  in  California  who  make  horse- 
stealing a  regular  business."  l^ut  it  disapi)r()\r(l  of 
hanging  for  stealing,  as  a  disgrace  to  the  statutes, 
saying  a  jury  would  not  condemn  a  horse-tliitf  tn 
death.  It,  however,  declared  the  courts  not  sunuuary 
enough,  straw  bail  too  common,  peace  officers  nut 
sufficiently  responsible.  Murders,  it  said,  might  Im' 
nightly  committed  in  saloons  with  impunity  had  the 
victim  no  friend  present.  Officers  executed  warranto 
as  they  pleased,  before  pursuing  a  fleeing  criniina! 
asking  the  price  of  county  scrip. 

Concerning  the  number  of  assassinations,  another 
authority  says,  "There  was  no  crime  for  whicli  im- 
munity could  not  be  bought.  Many  times  have  I  met 
in  the  street  a  man  who  was  known  to  be  guilty  of 
murdering  his  companion  for  $2000,  half  of  whieli 
distributiKl  among  his  judges  had  obtained  him  a  full 
acquittal."  Murder  was  even  more  lightly  judged 
than  robbery,  for  a  man  carried  his  life  about  w  itli 
him,  and  was  generally  esteemed  capable  of  takinu 
care  of  it;  but  property  was  the  object  of  living,  and 
was  often  defenceless;  crime  against  property,  there- 
fore, was  taken  more  notice  of  than  crime  against  life, 


li:;; 


:ir 


CRIMES  AND  rUXiSIlMKXTS. 


vxcvpt  whoro  murcior  wnc  ^         •  ^* 

trJu,:r...,  ,„a„"en         '  •="'">'"Wcd  inastealtl,y  and 

^i!<kiwj;  note  of  those  thin 
l^overm.rs  suoo,,stions,  t],e    ff;:^'  considering  the 

^•■'!\"'^;  tl,e,n  ,.<.  .Kfro  em^   ;;:^  ^f-tin,^  t].e  co/rts, 
<"'i('nal  statute  fixed  tJ,c  ti  ne  of  I    ir     ''"^"'^^-      ^^^^'^ 
p.irts.>so]ute!y;  tlio  anu^  ^/l       ',''^-   tl.c  district 
"•'--{  ^^;""«  in  the  most  i    p^'rt  nT    '^^  V"'  *""-^  '>^ 
to  t]...,„d..s,  without  iiK-rea  E'/'*  '""'/^'^'^  '^"tirejy 
'^;n.-  ad<lu,o,Kd  power  ^vas  c  S    '' '.'"''''^'^'^''^^^''•n''^ 
'  .  '^'-^'"nf   in   crin.inal    c^sc^      Tr'  "J""  ^''-  ->u.^ 

t"  tlie  discretion  of  tI,o  ;,    ^"'^^f'ed  so  as  to  leave  i? 

'■>.  fi'iy  dollar.,  or  it  ^^=;  "^  I"-"l''-rt,v  of  t|,..V,  ^ 
l;"*;""-Mt  from  one  to  t"  T"  ''"""''"'I'le  In  i,„. 
.""•  ''-'etion  of  tl,c  jur  -  "■     i'T,-  "'"■  ■'.'•  <'''»t''-  in 

:;-'v.s  fr,„„  tJ,o  state  „t'ou['T"'^'""  '"  •'''■^^''t 
.-'^l^'tm-0,  ,f  in  ,,,„.       ^/ '''    »t  t'''^'  fonsent  of  tl,o 

'"'■"W"  of  is.,1    whli"?  .  '"'•'"'  "'P^"'''!  In-  ti,e  le  " 
•"  ""■.i«'%os  of  the '^'  |:,f  fe"-""'"!  I'-avo  .^f  a  I,  ,  :^- 

"""  "l'«""l  tl.e  doc'   to     •""'/*■' J"'l''i'-'I<li.stri'ts 

'?''*-/7;<  'm's'  j^fT'^"'  isoi,  15-10.  r,,/    T 

?';•  j'"'-t;  'g,:'4^^T-.  ifiin? '  '^z.  f"r  \'r'  -'■-  '^'"^^'^ 

°  "'  '^-  ■«'•  //0«>,  M.S.,  8-y. 


190 


(•H1.M:X.\L  AM)  JUDICIAL. 


t: 


provision  in  tlio  law  fi)!*  rc(juli'in<^  tlic  distrirt  jud'ifs. 
or  superior  jucl^cs  to  aticiirl  court,  exctjit  at  tlnii 
pleasure",  and  the  slioritt'  had  power  to  a<ljourn  tip 
court  until  the  next  term, should  a  judi;*^  of  a  distriit 
be  absent  for  three  successive  days,  the  matters  pnnl- 
iiii^  beiiiL*'  continued  over,  and  the  same  latitude  i  x- 
temled  also  to  the  superior  judu'i  s.  ]t  is  needless  to 
[)oint  out  the  effect  of  tliis  lax  judicial  system,  wlun 
combined  with  the  conditions  of  sociity  already  iinn- 
tioned.  In  tlio  elective  sv.stem  M'as  an  v\\\  of  still 
.greater  mai,niitu(le,  for  the  very  worst  men  soui^lii 
ottice,  and  were  su)i])orted  l)y  tlios<>  who  int(  nded  In 
use  them  for  nefarious  )>urpos(>s.  Hays  one  aut]iorit\, 
there  were  tliose  "  holdiuL;  oHices  of  truht  and  di^iiitv 
whose  mor  il  life  would  disgrace  the  lowest  resorts  (f 
the  most  degraded  beings  in  human  form."  ^  A 
Botany  bay  convict  was  a  town  constabK« ;  the  county 
jud^e  was  a  drunkard  and  debauchee;  liis  suecessi.r 
could  not  spell  correctly.  A  man  caught  intlieiKf 
of  committing  grand  larccnv  was  tried  and  a(<iuitttii 
on  a  quibble.  A  dozen  3'ears  later  this  man  Wii< 
elected  county  judge  of  one  of  the  best  countit  s.  iwA 
])ronounced  sentence  upon  similar  otfenders  in  tlj 
presence  of  the  lawyer  who  had  defended  him. 

To  the  8th  judicial  district,  in  LSoO,  the  legislature 
appointed  a  southerner  from  the  lone-star  state,  ow 
who  had,  together  with  a  narrow  mind  and  iiittir 
prejudices,  the  bowie-knife  maimers  of  that  lieidcr- 
land.  Therefore,  when  an  attorney  fiom  N(  w  York' 
sent  him  a  package  of  New  York  papers,  as  a  vciv 
proper  attention,  lie  became  enraged  at  an  article  in 
the  Kvcv'nig  /W,  and  made  w^ar  on  this  vouiil;  law- 
yer, fining,  imprisoiiing,  banishing  him  from  ceun, 
and  ruining  his  business.  He  went  still  furtlu  r  ami 
sent  the  sheriff  to  arrest  the  county  judge,"  who  \\as 

*  Fam/iniii,  Cnl.,  404-7;  Hutchliri^,  i.  409.  The  people  of  Mavtiinz  Jo- 
manded  the  resignation  of  George  F.  Worth,  as  he  was  unfit  to  hold  theoliii; 
of  county  judge.  S.  F.  Biillfthi,  Dec. 'J4,  IS.'io. 

i^ Stephen  J.  Field.   See  Field's  Eirhj  Dnyn  in  Cnl,  4l-r)5. 

*Uauu,  who  was  appointed  U.  S.  senator  in  Broderick's  place,  was  juilje 


ERA  OF  rniME. 


1!I7 


lie  of  Martiiu'Z  ;1'^- 
IfittohoUUhe^'l"'^' 


sittiii'  in  court  at  tlic  tiiiu'.  Tlio  JU(1l,'c  romiinlcd 
the  shtiitF  of  liis  duty,  at  tho  saiiii'  time  i)()iiitiii,!^-  a 
iKivv  rcvolvrr  at  liiiii  wlioii  ho  ritioatttl.  Tlic  sla  litV 
iiiiL'd  3-U()  {'or  contcniitt ;  but  such  was  the  in- 


\v;is 


tliuMice  of  till'  Tcxaii  that  thi'  county  judjj-'c,  Hauii,  ho 
iii:,^  also  a  pro-slavery  mail,  was  foici'd  to  a}M»l(iL;i/,c 
ti  him  for  liaviii;^'  hchavcd  in  a  fiicMdly  miiiiiK  r  to- 
ward the  disbarred  attorney.  The  su})reuie  court  or- 
,|,.ir(l  the  lawyer  rienstated,  but  the  Texan  n  fust'd  to 
V  the  mandate,  and  threatened  violence.  After 
)air  of  revolvers  for  some  time  to  (hfend 


(liK 


(■airviii'''  ! 


ai 


liiiii-flf.  the  lawyer  was  luckily  ehcted  to  the  legisla- 
ture, where  ho  employed  himself  "ri'formiiig  tho 
iiidieiarv,"  one  part  of  lii.s  reform  being  tho  ban- 
i.>liiii.iit  of  the  southerner  by  so  arranuin^-  thi'  judi- 
cial districts  that  he  was  sent  to  the  wilds  of  Trmity 
;inil  Klamath,  which  counties  wi're  made  to  constitute 
tliij  ^tli  district.  He  also  moved  his  impeachment, 
whereupon  l>.  1\  Moore,  another  southerner,  made 
liiiii  the  subject  of  disi)arai^in;4  remarks,  with  the  ap- 
]ian  iit  intention  of  provokin<4'  a  duel,  which  was  hap- 
[lily  averted  by  tho  interposition  of  friends,  Moore 
;ilii>lri^izin'>'  bciwre  tho  assemi)lv.  A  brother  of  tho 
jud4e.  soon  after  tho  adjournment  of  tho  h'ii,islatiu'e, 
attempted  to  assassinate  this  northern  "abolitionist" 
ill  a   public   saloon,"  but  was  fortunately  proveutod. 

■f  Yiibn,  CO.  Attorneys  J.  O.  Oooihviii  aiiil  S.  R.  Miilfonl  vere  cxpellod 
'rnmcourt  al>iii,'  with  Fiold.  Turiu.'r  relates  tlieso  iiieideiits  in  liis  /)  irniin  nf-i, 
'/'■..  MS.  lie  say.>i  tliiit  Field's  friends  lired  10  or  \2  shots  at  luui  during  tlie 
time  KieM  was  in  conlinenient. 

'Field  relates  liow  on  two  occasion'*  Broiloriek  Itefriendod  liiin,  even  to 
savini.'  lii-i  life.  The  lirst  was  when  he  felt  lie  must  oiler  to  lij^'iit  .Moore,  hut 
i"iiM  liiid  no  one  willing  to  act  as  his  second  nn  account  of  the  provisimi 
;iL;:iinst  iliielliui;  in  the  constitution.  'Whilst  thiiikinu'  tlio  matter  over,' 
>:iys  lie,  '  I  haiijiened  ahout  0  o'clock  in  the  evening'  to  walk  into  the  -leiiate 
i!i.imher.  and  there  found  .Mr  Havid  ('.  I'lroderick,  afterwarils  I.'.  S.  .senator. 
>ittiiii»  at  liis  ile-ik,  writiiiL'.  He  was  at  tliat  time  ])resident  liro  teiu.  I  had 
Kiiiiwii  iiiin  for  .some  time,  but  not  intimately:  we  were  mere  liowini;  ae- 
ti'tiiitauccs.  As  I  etitereil  he  looked  n]i  ami  said.  "Why,  .IuiIl'o,  you  (lon't 
I'l'ik  well;  what  is  the  matter?"  I  answered  tjjat  I  did  not  feel  well,  for  I 
liil  not  a  friend  in  the  world.  He  re])lied,  "  What  is  it  that  wonies  you  ':  " 
\\'!'ii  tiie  iiiattc'r  had  heen  exjilained,  liroclcrick  said,  "  My  dear  Field,  I 
v.ill  li'  \iiiii'  fi'iend  in  this  matter;  yoand  write  .-it  once  a  note  to  Moore,  and 
1  >vill  deliver  it  myself.  "'     Prury  Lialdwiu  waj  Moore 'a  "  friend,  '  and  upon 


lOS 


(UIMIN'AL  AND  JUDICIAL. 


If 

1 


1 1}\ 

Mil 

'■I 
f 

1 


1 

i 


T^poii   such  Hlt'iiilci'  tliivjuls  ]iuii<'  tliu  lives  of  '•iiat 
aial  small  in  this  i  [xxh  of  criiuc. 

Amonj^tlio  daiiLjcrs  hy  whicli  nun  were  |icr|)('tu;illv 
sun-ouiicK'd  was  that  of  \)v'u\<^  wmnUnd  for  tlicir 
inoiuy  or  property."     To  lucutioii  even  a  small  piu- 

liiiii  Itrndcrick  ralltd  for  tlio  aimwfir  t"  FkIiI'h  iii«to.  BiiMwin  rciilitil  tli.it 
h\s  |inii('iiiiil  liud  ^ivcii  tipilning  iiiiytliiiii;  liiitlicr  In  tiji'  iiiiUur.  lirrMUrick 
tlnii  s;ii(l  tli;it  I'li'lil  woiilil  1'isu  in  liis  soat  in  tin-  Inmx',  ami  aft(  r  gi\  ni;^  ;i 
Htatfiiii  lit  (if  all  that  liad  jpassftl,  call  iMiiori' a  liar  ami  cuManl.  ■Tiicii,' 
Haiil  Italiluiu,  Mudgi'  Fii'ld  wdl  get  .slicit  in  lii.s  ><at.'  'In  thai  ra^c,'  n  • 
jciliud  Ijrudoriuk,  'ihcri'Vill  he  ntiici.-*  shot.'  \Vhfn  the  Iichhi^  inrt,  I'u  M 
tiiok  his  »<Mit  prcpai'L'il  to  do  as  ISruderiik  had  >aiil,  who  .-^at  hthinil  iiiin  \nili 
.si'Vtral  <if  lii.i  i)ur.-(inal  friends,  all  arnnMl.  Jii.-il  as  Field  ruse.  Mm. re  iil^u 
vhm;  and  the  .s[iiiiker  reionnized  him  liist.  Ilo  made  a  conijili'te  a|)(il(i;;v, 
and  tliat  ^int  a  utop  to  Kiuithern  had^erinj^  fur  that  term.  JJut  in  .N(a>  in]. 
lowiiit;,  Kn'ld  heing  in  San  Kraneisoo,  and  \isitiiii;  JJrniurick  at  hi.s  liotd, 
wliilu  taking  \vim)  to^cLlier  at  the  har,  HinderieU  suddenly  threw  hiiiiscll 
lieioro  him,  and  with  gnat  violence  ]in^hed  him  out  of  the  room.  'Jo  Ku  iU 
astonished  arul  indignant  (iiU'stioii,  'What  does  this  mean.  Mr  Hrnderirk  ?  ' 
ho  received  for  re[ily  tliat  \'.  'I'lirner,  a  well  known  de-perado,  had  dravn 
from  lieneiilh  his  Sjianidi  eloak  a  navy  revolver,  and  levelh'd  it  at  I'leld,  .-ii> 
ing  which  llrodcricK  threw  hini>elf  hel  ween  thcin  and  earried  otl'  thu  intemlLiI 
victim.  Kir!;/  hnijM  in  CuL,  77-<*>.!;   1'"'"'  < '".  llltl.,  ."il-'J. 

'  '{'here  were  ',\  classes  of  acknowledged  criminals — the  native  CaliforniaiH, 
wlio  stole  horses,  and  lassoed  trM\ellei-i;  the  '  Sydney  ihicUs,' who  eomiiiitlil 
gi'and  larceny  in  the  towns,  and  killt'd  tlio  successful  nniiers  rcturni'ig  to 
S.  F.  to  sliip  for  home;  and  those  from  the  states,  who  were  eitlicr  ]iriiti-i- 
sionals,  or  through  ill  luck  ami  evil  associations  had  heconie  inducted  iiilii 
eiinie.  'I'iie  victims  of  roiiheries  verc  almost  always  kiileil,  whether  or  ii  t 
murder  was  necessary  to  the  consummation  of  the  rohhciy.  Of  the  .Mexican^, 
there  wore  some  wlio  were  thieves  only,  Imt  who  paid  the  jienally  of  tluir 
ciime.s  '  at  the  discretion  '  of  a  miners'  jury  hy  strangulation.  /•''  "•  ■•>  .l/V..  Ii  ■'; 
linlliii-i,-k\  2'J('i  7;  /'(']>iiliir  7'ri'iniiitU,  this  series,  jiassim.  'i'he  miiu'rs  lieiiii; 
luucli  tronliled  hy  this  class,  took  advantage  of  the  auiended  criminal  law  t.i 
rid  tliemselves  inform.-iily  of  tin'  daiigi^rous  men  who  prowhd  in  the  viiiniiy 
of  tiieir  camps,  hut  jtarticuiarly  of  the  natives  of  .Mexican  origin.  Tlieve  c\. 
isted  for  10  or  1")  yeais  after  tiie  eoiupust,  among  the  ignoiaiit,  half  ImiImii, 
native  [lopulation,  a  liatred  of  Americans  whicli  they  noiiri-he  I  as  p.-itrioti  iii. 
and  jn^itied  u])oii  the  ground  that  as  the  Anierieans  had  taken  the  coinitrv, 
with  the  gold  in  it,  away  from  them,  it  was  (juite  fair  to  take  the  lives  if  tie 
intrndci's,  and  re]iossess  themselves  of  the  treasure  .stolen  from  (heir  coimtiy. 
Ihindreds  of  murders  on  t'  e  highway  in  every  i)art  of  the  state  were  can- 
1  itted  liy  these  assassins.  Ahout  iSot)  they  higan  to  form  haudilti,  fcrini- 
c  hlo  for  their  numlierand  crimes.  At  lirst  they  operated  chielly  in  the 
n  vtliern  counties,  hut  soon  infested  all  the  mining  ]ioriions  of  the  state,  aii'l 
>  roads  in  every  direction.  There  were  several  Mexican  roMur  luinils 
c  1  in  I84'.>.  One  was  headed  hy  Andreas  Arniijo.  and  another  hy  'riiiiins 
^l  ia  Carrillo,  a  dislianded  soldier  of  the  late  ('alifornian  army.  />'i""/.--. 
F'  ■  Moiilli.%  UiS  it.  KS7  8.  Still  another  celehrated  handit  was  .^al. .111.11 
Til  who  committed  a  great  many  crimes.  Onl.  m  Mi;:-.  Dniw,  l-l);  '.'/<.;,, 
Lij  <iii(l  A(lvctituri:<,  ]'.>.  Pico  ranged  in  the  region  of  Monterey.  In  .Ajiiil 
18:  ,  lie  fixed  upon  a  day  to  visit  the  F.scoliar  ranclio,  fi  miles  froju  touii.  111 
charge  of  an  American,  .fosiah  .Swain,  who  was  to  be  killed.  Imt  one  »i  Irs 
baud  refusing  to  take  i)art  in  tho  uiurdcr  was  threateued,  aud  dcacrtLil,  ex- 


1' 


VIi ;ILAXCK  ( DM MITTKtX 


199 


txiitlou  of  tlio  outrsiirrs  ])(  rjK't rated  upon  tlio  iiidus- 
tiioiiH  l>v  tlic  |)ro|limiti'  clii^s  \\t»ul(l  ctiiivrit  liistory 
into  a  "iiolici-  r<|Mirt.  Justice  did  not  ivacii  tlio 
otll  iiilcrs,  and  tlio  |ko|>1o  Uramo  slurifK,  jurv,  judge, 
and  CM  tutioiiiT.  J^ynrhing  became  coinnion,  anil  was 
ot'ttii  jiistitiahlc,  lor  what  was  to  be  doni'  with  a  rcd- 
liai.iK'd  nuwderer  or  a  highwayman  by  a  community 
wiiitli  had  no  |»ri>oM,  and  whose  slurill',  for  anythiniL,^ 
till  V  knew  to  the  contrary,  mii^ht  be  in  collusion  with 
the  criminal.  Possibly  tlu-y  sometimes  han<;i'd  an  in- 
nocent nam  ;  but  the  district  courts  were  liable  to  error, 
us  ill  the  i-ase  of  Thomas  liurdue,"  where  mistaken 


I)ii.«in?  Ills  former  conicueratcs.  A  coinpany  was  raisud  m  Montercj-,  and 
till'  nililifrs  iiitfrcei>teil  f«ii  tin-  IStli.  Fivo  wore  arrcstiil,  and  two  disdiarp'd 
{(ir  wiiit  of  cvidoncf.  I'loo,  CVciliii  Mc>a,  and  William  Otin  wltu  tiird  l>y  a 
iituiiji^'s  cimrt,  and  si>nteii<-fd  to  I'e  lianj^cil,  init  flic  lc;.'al  aiitlioiitirs  intcr- 
fiTC'il.  .M<'-a  was  di-iliarj^eil.  State  senator  dc  la  <  Jiiurra  liccaiin'  liad  for 
J'ii'ii,  wlio  ran  away,  wlmi  <iiu'rra  retiisod  to  l>c  niacje  rosiiun.-siliK'.  Otis, 
mIio  t'  alias  va-i  Hill  Wihh1-i.  Imt  who-o  nal  name  was  W  illiain  ()li>  llaH, 
liaviii','  nil  t'riiiiils,  lanL'nislKil  in  jiri-on  for  some  tinii',  lint  liiially  csrajicd. 
Ill,'  was  ritaki-n,  anil  handed  I'V  tlic  iiti>]ile.  Tlie  nu«  sjiaiiers  and  liooks  of 
tiiM-l  ainl  advontiin;  of  tlie  jK-ri'-d  ncoid  a  fcail'iil  list  of  f(  Imiies. 

Ai'i-ordiiiL;  to  till-  jiroelainatioa  of  tin;  {.'ovcriinr  of  Sonora,  tlicro  was  a 
Iiaiiil  of  Aimrii-aii  higliwaynun,  'MH)  strtinj,',  raiii,'iiig  almut  tlie  eiossing  of 
tlio  Ciilonulii  for  tlie  iinrjMi>e  fif  roMiin;:  riliiiiiing  niiniis.  'J'lie  governor 
(lirirted  an  investiiration  to  Ik;  niadi ,  and  tiie  ]iriieeiMlings  iseiit  to  liim. 
I'iir'rt,  Ci'll.,  no.  1077.  t)n  tlie  other liand  the  t'alilonua  newsiiaiuis  attrili- 
titiil  liie  same  rolilH^ries  t'>  Kanditti  fruiii  Mexicn,  vliuli  va.s  more  jiidliaKle. 
(V.  /'.  /''''•.  Xf"'-',  Aug.  I.  IViO.  l)nrini;  -May  Ksol,  a  li  ml  or  roliliers,  iiniler 
t  i«  leailersiiiji  of  Jitliu  Irvnig,  a  Texan,  raiib  d  tlie  county  of  Lus  Angeles, 
.'striking  tei  ror  into  tlio  hearts  of  the  native  iioimlatioii,  many  .if  w  Ik  mi  tied  to 
the  iMiiip  of  the  militia  uiaj.-i:en.,  .Ji.shn.'i  11.  15ean,  w  iio  was  at  C'ajon  jias.s 
ill  jiur-ut  lit  the  liiilian  n.nnierer.s  of  eleven  men  who  ke[it  a  ferry  on  the 
t'uliirado  river.  Irving  hail  threatened  the  ranelios  of  several  .Sjianiaids  in 
Lns  Angeles  eo.  mIio  tleil  liefore  him,  leaving  their  jiroiierty  to  lie  jiillagcd. 
living  was  Ihially  killed  with  10  <if  his  men,  liy  Jnan  Antonio,  a  chief  of 
the  Colniilla  trilie,  ami  au  alcalde  in  lii.s  district,  who  with  his  |ieoj)le  fdl- 
IdWcd  and  tmigiit  the  liaiiditti.  In  his  turn  Antonio,  alarmed  at  a  riimtir 
that  •JOI)  wliite  men  were  a!«>ut  tii  attack  him  in  .cveiig  for  living's  death, 
lied  to  the  nionntains,  twi.  di  his  children  lieing  lost  in  his  tliglit,  who  wero 
not  recovered  for  several  days.  The  gratelnl  inhaliitants  .soon  found  inean.s 
to  reassure  .Antonio,  ami  retnni  him  to  his  liome  at  .\iiolitan,  on  the  San 
Heiii.iriiinn  ranclio.  There  wa.i  a  scandal  co  meeted  witli  ISean's  coniinand 
to  the  elleet  that  siinie  of  the  volunteers  were,  in  syiiiiiathy  \\  illi    Irving,  and 


liiiiiiiiicd  lieeanse  they  were  Hot  j.ermitti 


jiniiisii 


the  In 


akiii!. 


up  the  cdiiiiiiand.   (luf.'s  .-!;/,<  c   j/..-.«'»'/c,    IS.'il,    9;   J/in/r s'  S,  r(t]ii,  Jiiiliiiiin,  i. 

td-.'>.  (;S:  /</.   Airjil'.-,   i.    Hm;  !•_».      llean  was   assassinated   in   Nov.   l.sr)'_>,  at 

Los  Angeles,  liy  three   Mexican.s  who  were  tried  and  haii'ed  hy  the  iieoidu 
Dee.  II.  =  J  1      1 

'  liei lino  petitioned  the  legislature  in  IS.");?  for  indemnity  to  the  anionnt 
(if  ?t.(MM)  fur  the  injury  to  Ids  feelings,  person,  and  estate,  miflered  in  his 
iiiiinisuunient  and  triaL     The  report  of  the  judiciary  com.  ou  the  suhject 


200 


CRIMINAL  AND  JUDICIAL. 


L 


identity  Was  proved  and  the  innocent  man  narrowly 
escaped. 

In  May  1851,  state  senator  S.  E.  Woodwortli  was 
commissioned  by  Governor  McDougal  to  raise  a  com- 
pany of  rangers  to  capture  horse-thieves  in  Montcrcv 
county.  Only  one  of  tlie  band  was  cauglit,  who  after 
confessing,  and  inculpating  others,  endeavored  to  es- 
cape and  was  sliot.  The  expedit'on  cost  the  state 
§0,000.'"  One  of  the  singuhir  features  of  this  epi- 
demic of  crime  was  that  men  in  good  standing  becaiiio 
infected  ;  and  not  only  the  low  and  (le])rave(l  were 
engaged  in  robberies,  but  those  who  had  previouslv 
sustained  good  reputations.  They  behaved  like  ])e(i- 
ple  at  a  sliipwreck  or  a  fire,  who  carry  ofl'  whtxt  does 
not  belong  to  them  to  prevent  other  people  from  so 
doing. 

Nor  was  tliis  period  confined  to  the  first  three  or 
tour  years  of  excitement  and  foreign  immigration.  It 
reappeared,  over  and  over  again,  notwithstandiiiL;' 
criminal  laws,  and  vigilance  conunittees,  and  notwitli- 
standin'ji:  that  laws  were  i)assed  against  convict  iiniiii- 
Ufration,  makin'j^  it  a  misdemeanor  for  anv  master  of 
a  vessel  or  other  person  knowingly  to  land  a  f(  Ion 
or  convict  upon  California  shores.  It  was  not  that 
so  many  confessed  outlaws  had  immigrated  to  the 
new  state,  but  that  the  conflict  of  races,  of  ideas,  of 
customs,  and  of  the  principles  of  the  world's  future 
ifovcrnment,  takin<>'  root  in  the  S(nl  of  the  Pacific, 
and  steeped  in  the  crude  semi-civilization  of  Spaiiisli 
territories,   produced    this  strange    crisis  in   morals. 


was  a  refusal,  with  the  remark  that  in  society  the  innocent  often  wore  w  rnng- 
fully  accu.scil,  ami  Iio  .should  he  rcjdicoil  that  the  law.s  all'onluil  hiui  iuMtoc- 
tiou  when  wrongfully  accused.  Cut.  S'li.  Jniir.,  185.'*;  Apji.  /)  «•.  .'tT.  The 
liistory  of  the  Hurduo  case  is  given  in  full  in  vol.  i.  of  my  Pojnilur  TriiiKiiii'". 
".>?.  /-'.  Altt,  May  It  and  June:?.  1851.  The  same  pajmr  of  Munli  'Jl, 
said  tliat  I'.U'hcco's  ranclio,  at  tlio  foot  of  Paclicco  ]iass,  Sau  tl(i:ii[uin  \:illi'y, 
iiad  l(nt  900  hcail  of  horses  ahout  the  lOth  of  that  month.  I'achci'n  liail 
I)oen  rohhed  of  .SI."), 000  in  g(vld  a  short  time  ju'cvious.  Salinas  viilliy  \v;ts 
raido<l.  Tiicodore  (londoh'/  lost  most  of  his  stock.  Juan  Anser  of  St  .lnlm 
valley  lost  all  of  his;  around  Mission  Solcilad  IGO  Mere  taken,  and  a  H'^u'ii 
of  de-ijiair  existed  among  the  rancheros,  whose  husiness  domanded  the  scr'ice 
of  niu'iy  huraes. 


JURORS  AND  JUDOES. 


201 


*'AVliat  tlicn  shall  cleanse  tliy  bosom,  rrontlc  earth, 
from  all  its  pahiful  meiDorics  of  guilt?  Tlio  whelm- 
iii'4  flood,  ov  the  renewiiin-  firo,  or  tlio  slow  raug-es  of 
time  \  That  so  at  h^ist  the  horrid  tale  of  perjury  and 
strit't!  wliieh  we  call  history  may  seem  a  fal)l(>,  like  the 
invi'iitions  told  i)y  poets  of  the  j^ods  of  Greeee." 

Tlie  millers  ooeasionully  framed  muiiieipal  i-e<j;ula- 
fioii-;  within  the  limits  of  their  eamp  or  district,  ex- 
cliiilini;'  L^amhh'rs;  ^•amh^m;^■  generally  heinLi;  a  [)relude 
to  i'ohi)ery  and  murder.  At  a  eamp  in  ]?laeer  county, 
in  18.').'^,  the  miners  lost  one  of  tlieir  number  at  the 
hands  of  a  'Lii;and)ler,  wlio  shot  the  man  iu  sinmlated 
aii'^er,  for  detecting  a  false  play.  The  sound  of  his 
pi-tol  was  hardly  stilled  before  he  found  himself 
seized  and  pitiioned.  In  another  half  hour  he  was 
s\viir"in<j[  stark  on  the  limb  of  a  nei-'liborinu'  oak  tree. 
Tlie  followiuL!;  dav  the  sheriff  of  the  coiintv,  a  friend 
of  t!ie  dead  gamester's,  appeared  "with  a  posse  to  arrest 
the  jiersons  concerned  in  the  hanging  ;  l)ut  the  miners 
having  decided  upori  a  course  of  action  in  such  an 
cviit,  were  prepared,  and  on  a  concerted  signal  sur- 
riiunded  the  officer  of  the  law,  and  accusing  him  and 
hif'.  ])ossc  of  being  confederates  in  evil  of  the  man  they 
liad  executed,  gM\-e  hiiii  five  minutes  to  consi(hr  the 
propriety  of  withdrawing  from  the  camp,  or  suffering 
tli(^  alternative  of  being  Ivnched  with  his  lieutenants. 
Tlie  shiTiff" could  only  submit.' 

Ill  tliis  case  the  letter  of  tlie  law  was  violated,  botli 
ill  the  unauthorized  hanuintj,'  of  the  uamblcr,  and  re- 
sistunce  to  the  sheriff.  Yet  the  murderer  onlv  met 
his  j!ist  de.serts,  and  tlic  miners  were  right  to  prevent 
his  executioners  from  falling  into  the  hands  of  those 
whom  they  suspected  of  having  no  regard  for  the  law, 
M'hilo  they  used  it  as  a  cloak  for  tlu^ir  crimes.  Tliis 
^^aiiie  camp  jd'terwaid  made  and  enforced  a  regulation 
against  gambling,  but  auain  violated  the  law  in  so  do- 


"  l[f<'  hi  thr  M'mnlniih-i  or  Four  M.»th.^  in  ihc  .Vh».-'.  30  n2.  Tlie  author  of 
tliis  Inoiluiro  signs  iiiinsclf  S.  Wo-tcn,  uml  ■:;iy-;  he  was  many  years  principal 
of  a  imblic  grauimur  sulidol  at  rj;oviJt;ui;u,  ii.'  1. 


■ 

m 

Wtm 

Wk^ 

HB 

■m 

In 

Si 

wBt 

si 

1^^ 

H 

1 

1 

H 

1 

202 


CRIMINAL  AND  JUDICIAL. 


|i  III!*; 


ing,  as  only  a  license  was  required  by  the  statutes  to 
make  nainbliiiii'  le<>al. 

lliuiiwaviucn,  as  well  as  criminals  of  a  liioflier  social 
position,  perceived  the  weakness  of  tlie  laws  and  tLeir 
ineffectual  operation.  Force  could  be  nu't  only  bv 
force;  hence  the  vigilant  svteni,  and  ubiquitous  Ju(l'>c 

-m-  ■  ~.*« 

Lynch,  li\  the  meantime  business  nien  and  well- 
disjiosed  people  were  in  despair,  and  by  an  ui^'ising  in 
1850  gained  a  temporary  relief,  cs[)ecially  for  S;iu 
Francisco  and  the  principal  towns.  But  u[ion  the 
hii^hways  leading  from  canq)  to  camp,  from  town  to 
town,  safety  had  not  been  secured.  With  the  estab- 
lishment of  mail  and  stage  lines  into  the  mountains, 
and  ])articularly  with  the  opening  of  the  Pioneer 
stage  line  to  Carson  valley,  and  tiio  overland  line  tVoiu 
St  Louis,  via  New  ^lexico,  Sonora,  and  San  Diego,  to 
San  Francisco,  there  sprang  up  a  new  class  of  liigli- 
waymen  whose  business  it  was  to  rob  coaches  of 
treasuie  in  transit,  and  to  pillage  travellers  bv  stauo. 
]\Iurdrrdid  not  always  accompany  a  robbery,  but  was 
not  infrequent.  This  form  of  brigandage  came  up 
about  1851),  and  is  not  quite  done  away  with  to  tliis 
day.  An  armed  guard,  and  a  coach  full  of  arnui] 
travelleis  were  generally  unable  to  prevent  the  plun- 
dering of  the  express  company's  tieasure-box,  the 
mails,  and  the  passengers  themselves,  owing  to  the 
suddenni'ss  with  which  tlie  order  was  given  to  "iuilt! 
hold  u|»  your  hands,"  enforced  at  the  muzzles  of  srv- 
eral  rilles.  liesistance  was  seldom  oH'ered,  although 
occasionalh'  si  looting  occurred,  and  one  or  more  }irr- 
sons  were  killed;  at  other  times  drollery  or  nioik 
ii'enerositv  was  indulijcd  in  by  the  robbers. 

Chinamen  were  very  often  losers.  Tiny  usual]}' 
walked  to  the  mines,  cr  travelled  on  Indian  ponies; 
but  returning,  if  they  had  treasure,  they  took  the 
coach,  and  by  this  means  frequently  lost  a  whole  sea- 
son's profits.  The  ex[)ress  conqianies  were  the  luav- 
iest  sufferers.  The  state  had  no  banking  system  or 
medium  of  cxcjianLre  between  the  interio'-  towns  and 


BANDITTI. 


tes  to 

social 
1  their 
'Iv  by 

Jud^c 
I  well- 
sing  in 
jr  San 
on  tlie 
L)\vn  to 

L'Still)- 

mtaiiis. 
E^iouc'cr 
ne  tVdia 
•it';j;*>,  to 
)f  \\Vj}\- 

cllfS     of 

y  staLio, 

but  was 

anie  ay 

to  til  is 

arnuil 

le  pluu- 

|OX,    till' 
to    tlil' 

-halt! 
of  sov- 

Itlioli.uh 
IV  I't  r- 
nu'ik 

lusually 
ponit  s ; 
lok  tlir 
l)lc  sra- 
luav- 
Itcni  or 
ns  ami 


tlio  metropolis  of  San  Francisco,  except  coin  and  fj;olil- 
dust;  lieiice  laroe  amounts  were  frequently  carried 
over  the  roads  <n  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.'s  coaclu'S,  which 
sums  were  greatly  augmented  by  the  opening  of  tlie 
C'omstock  lode  about  this  period.  Such  was  the  loss 
aad  danger  resulting  from  bi'igandage  that  the  gov- 
ernor, in  18G0,  reconunended  that  it  should  be  pun- 
isiied  with  death." 

After  the  expulsion  of  the  foreign  convict  class,  in 
18.3(5,  the  banditti  of  the  state  were  predominantly 
Me.-vicans,  or  native  Californians/''  for  the   next  ten 

^'Kiior,  Under'jrnun'l,  f^TA-l;  Par.  Mi.nthbj,  xi.  834-5;  Ral  niinT  IikIc- 
prn,!r,it,  Fel>.  14,  18(K;;  Orn.ss  VaWy  Union,  July  31,  ISCO;  Nordh'^fs  Cal., 
CU;  Cal.  Jiiur.  An^cni.,  ISOl,  384. 

'■'Among  the  Californians  was  Joaquin  Murieta,  a  young  Sonorau,  who 
was  iliiof  ot  a  con.siderahlc  company  of  natives.  He  told  a  romantic  story 
of  wi'oiig  anil  oppres.sion  heapL'il  ujion  liim  hy  the  Americans  in  ('alavi:ras 
CO.  His  rohl)crie.s  were  innumerahlo,  ami  usually  accomiianicd  liy  murders. 
His  followers  thought  nothing  of  riding  up  ti)  a  miner'  tent  and  shooting  t!ie 
iniiiaies  before  tliey  reali/etl  tlieir  danger.  TraveUer.-^  received  a  I'all  in  the 
haclv  of  tiie  head.  Kanchos  were  invaded  and  pillageil.  t'hinamen  wei-o 
killed  as  ]i\inters  kill  a  covey  of  (piail.  Many  attempts  were  made  to  eaplure 
Murieta,  liut  ho  liad  the  Heetest  liorscs  in  the  country  witli  rehiys  in  the 
liaU'U  of  confederates,  and  was  never  approached  nearer  than  liaif  a  mile 
hy  pin-su3rs.  This  gave  liiiu  the  advantage  of  heing  personally  unknown. 
T'lie  counties  he  ravaged  were  Calaveras,  'J'uolumne,  and  San  .loaipiin.  At 
leiiL;th  the  governor  otl'ered  a  rcwanlof  Sl.OOl)  for  his  capture,  dead  or  alive, 
wlueh  was  increased  to  ?."),0()().  IJeing  in  Stockton  in  disguise  and  seeing 
the  liiiudliills  ollering  this  reward,  he  wrote  underneath  in  pencil  '1  will  give 
^10,(11)1)  myself,  Joaipiin.'  Tiie  reward  otl'ered  l)y  the  governnu^nt  proved 
suHicieut  to  JHiut  him  down,  and  ho  was  linally  surprised,  ami  after  a  des- 
perate resistance  killdl  iii  ISo;},  and  ids  head  sent  to  Stockton  together  willi 
the  liiud  of  Three-lingered  Jack,  a  well-known  mcndier  of  liis  liand.  The 
legislature  passed  an  act  giving  the  reward  of  .S'^CHM)  to  Henry  Love,  who 
tli'ectcd  the  capture.  Joaquin's  true  name  was  Carrillo,  of  a  respected 
•Mexican  family,  and  J.  .\I.  Covarruhias,  when  the  hill  otl'ering  a  reward  for 
the  ciipture  of  the  l)andit  chief  was  hefore  tlie  committee  of  which  lie  was 
chairman,  reported  against  it,  on  the  ground  tliat  to  set  a  price  upon  the 
head  of  any  iiulividual  wiio  hail  not  l>(>en  examined  and  convicted,  is  to  pro- 
ceed U[)(in  an  assumption  of  ids  guilt.'  f'd.  Jour.  Ansrnili..  \S'<'.\,  7<K).  H.  C. 
.Miller,  '  tlie  poet  of  tiic  sierras,'  obtained  ids  souhricpiet  of  Joaipiin  from  the 
versified  story  of  the  rohhor's  life.  Harry  Love  was  a  noted  mountaineer, 
and  is  ileseriheil  as  rcsenihling  Walter  Sci>tt"s  hlack  knight.  He  xinietime-i 
woie  a  sword  jiresented  to  him  hy  a  wealthy  Mexican,  whom  ho  rescucil 
fioiii  the  savages  during  his  mountain  life.  He  appeared  at  a  rourth  of 
.luly  Cell  hration  at  Santa  Cruz  in  18(5."),  when  the  /'■ijam  Tiim.-i  s])oke  of  hioi 
as  of  a  'tall,  manly  figure,  witli  s])arkling  eyes,  long  curling  hair  falhng 
far  down  his  siioulders,  witli  his  knigiitly  sword  hanging  hy  his  side.'  Ihil 
others,  who  liatecl  almo-t  cveryliody  connected  with  the  repression  of  crime, 
said  ho  looked  more  like  a  large-si/i'd  ape  tlian  a  mati,  that  he  was  illiterate 
and  a  coward.  S.  F.  l'i).4,  April  1'2.  |S7<).  Much  has  hcen  written  ahout 
Joaquin  Murieta  to  give  liim  a.  chivalric  eiiaraeter  i-caemhling  liolnu  Hood. 


204 


CRIMINAL  AXD  JUDICIAL. 


vfars,  after  wliioli  tluTo  wa?^  nii  influx  of  tlio  outlaw 
class  from  the  states  in  rL'ljfUion,  wlio  iiaturallv  ttmk 
to  the  highways,  iiiakiii;^  a  j)retenec  of  leaving  puiihc 
grievanees  to  adjust  by  private  reprisal.     It  requir(  d 


A  fow  of   liis  men  were   capturcil   with  him,  ami  several  were 


taken  ami  cNeciileil  in  soiithern  < 'al. 


A  -M 


cxir.ui    iiamiM 


I    t'l 


uiiliii  w  a- 


i;ttk 


i-li 


1) 


iiiiii''  is.rj 


1  iiclit  th 


a  cniitcmpnrai-y   of   Mui-icta,  perli:i|i-:  a 


10  sdiirherii  miiK'<  in  a  state  nt  teri-(iri>iji 


lie  was   eajitiu'eil   in   !&.");{  on  liis  way  to    .MonU'icy  witii  (J  of  his  men  iiy  II 


I'oilc 


\\  -I  ic 


if  thi 


Claiulio  and  5  of  h 


I" 


IS   me'i  w 


ilii'.a-i,  who  heaileil  a  jiarty  of  S  leiohiti. 
ere  killeil   in   the  tight  with  Coelvs'  party.     'I 


one  who  e-^eajieil  was  .ifterwan'  hammed  hy  tlio  peoi)le.  S'ln  Joiniiiiii  Vuln/ 
Ariii'!,  .fiino  i.'f,  ]S74;  llnyi.t'  Scr")i-<,  Cil.  ^N'oAs,  v.  71:  Sfrdrrs  Jhr'iH.,  I.Vi; 
J'Uifix''ii.'i'   Vi'f  I  )/  Ai\,  'Jill.      FiT.nciseo  (iarcia  was  the  next  famous  rolilier.  at 


the  JHU'l  of  a  n 
0,'t.  '2-2,  IS.-)1;  J/„ 


nixed  eompanv  < 


<l]h 


■f  -Mi 


x.eaii-i  and  riiliianly  .'^axoii 


ri>/. 


II'J  i: 


II 


ly 


e  \\  as  woiiml 


S.  /•'.  Alt: 
d  I.y 


1 ;  -i  own 


i  tried 


lieutenants   in  a  (|uarrel  over  tiie   sjioils.     One  of  these,  Sehastiau  Flnro-i 
(|iiarrell!ii.;  with  tiie  other,  Heas  AnL;..'hno,  turned  state's  evidenec,  and  lia  1 
Ani;ehno  iian!:;ed.     <!areia,  after  a  Moody  eareer  of  17  year- 
old  indietment  at  San  .lose,  Flores  hein;,'  iletained  m  a  witness.     Ti 
put  oil',  and  at  the  next  session  of  er)urt  I  iareia  was  aeipiitted.   San  Jnsr  P.:tri  •!, 
Oot.  IS,  I.S70.     Anastasio  (Jaieia,   another  of  this 


on  .'lu 
ic  ease  w  as 


d,  was  .scntcneeil  to 


state  prison 


for  horse-steal 


nil',  and  on 


re'^ainiiiL'  his  freed 


telle 


d  toL 


.■s  to  reveiiL 


.It 


om,  in  1S,")I(,  lia< 

upon  t!ie  iiiforiuer.     Wiiile  liidiii'. 


in  the  iiills  he  fell  in  witli  another  evildoer,  and  in  a  hrief  time  had  gatheieil 
to  himself  a  dozen  k'udred  s]iirits,  most  of  wliom  were  Aiii;c  leiiOi.      Among 


til 


1' 

'Kl  Chino,'  r 


v\v 


Dam 


1,  .li 


Fh 


l' 


Fl  Tuerto,'  V 


^p;u. 


lustino  (Iareia,  .luati  Carta 


Al 
Ii 


F. 


lUtl 


,1  Ar- 


iliilero,  'el  lauru.'     They  ealled  them~elves  '  los  Manilas,'  and  Useil  \n 


■lis,  etc 


Tl 


n-  trai 


as   horse-stealiuL',  with   its  attendant  iiuiilriili 


Anastaeio  <  iareia  and  his  mauilas  dou'<_'e(l  the  .ste 


Juan  ( ':ipistraiio,  hut  th 

that  ])laee,  and  rohheil  tlie  jili 


u  e^eapiiig,  they  murdered  the  storeke<  [ler  at 


if  the  iiifonnant  to  Saa 
k 


I.  Is 


>pemlin 


I" 

I  the  ni^ht  in  di'iiiiki 


revelry.      Woid  lieiug  sent  to  J^os  Angeh's.  Slieritl'  James  l{art( 


with 


u'mecl   men,    two  of    wlioin  Mere    eon.staMes,    \\'illiam    II.    Little  aiul 


ley  Were  amlmsi 


acled  at  t'le 


,1 
< 'harles  K.  Baker,  set  out  for  San  Juan.     T 

narraueo  ile  Im  Alisos,  and  iiarton   ami  the   two  constahles  kiUed,  the  re- 
mainder of  the  party  esca]iing  haik  to  Los  Angele 


y/.; 


T 


"./' 


I.  (M. 


u-i  oeeurrenci^ 


■atlv  alaruK'd  tiie  .Anu'eleno-:,  as  the  liandits  were  al!  i!,itivc 


i'aliforuiaiH,  and  tiie  Ameriea 


d  otlier  forei 


ign-horn  residents  feared  that 


tile  Califoniiau-i  synipatliized  witli  tlie  eriniinals.  The  cxeitemeiit  ran  hii;li, 
and  tiie  feeling  of  inseeurity  heeame  so  great  that  an  armed  defensive  iitli- 
tildc  was  mutually  maintained.  Hut  eonlideii'-e  was  restored  wiieii  several 
prominent  Californians  took  lun-se  at  the  head  of  10  of  their  eountrymeii,  and 


itl 


puruKiig  tlio  outlaws  eaptured  m< 


-t  of   them  in  tlie  Sierra  de  Santiago,  ami 


lirought  them  to  Los  Angeles,  where,  after  a  trial  hy  the  people,  they  weie 


langei 


I.     T 


onia;j  Sanehe/,  who,  with   Andreas    I'ieo,   was  aetivc  iu  m.ikiii: 


eso  captures,  wa.s  afterwartl  slurill",  anil  maintained  a  party  of  nioiiiited 


men  until  ;ill  t!ie  manilas  had 


t:il. 


lien  ami  exeeii 


ited.     Tl 


lis  aetion  on  tlie 


part  of  the  Californians  restored  eonlideiiee  lietweeii  the  two  raec^s.  C  fii''', 
Minn,  'J04-!>.  Varela,  a  person  who  was  well  eomujeted,  was  pardoiiid.  ami 
at  the  hreaking  out  of  the  civil  w.ar  joined  the  emifederate  army,  hut  reliiriu-.I 
to  Los  Angeles,  and  lived  eonformahly  to  the  laws.  A'cro  (/•</./,  1  17:  ■'>'''' 
linrhitrii  /'iv.-^i,  Mareli  !),  1S7S.     Sato  ;ind  Seiiati  were  two  other  native  han- 


dit 


s,  notorious 


it    ls:i(i.   /)/. 


117. 'Vr-  r 


'iiiiiii-'if.  1.  ()' 


■t,  no.    T 


iliin'i'i.i 


Vasijnez  ligured  at  a  later  period.     His  jiride  was  to  surprise  large  parlicf 


EXTINCT   HIGHWAYMEN. 


205 


nerve  to  attack  thesn  outlaw  organizations.  Valuable 
]i\e8  were  lost  in  attenn)t.s  to  nutke  arrests,  but  occa- 
sioiiallv  a  man  attained  to  fame  by  liis  tiaring  in  pur- 
suiu'j;  banditti.  Tlio  general  <4<)Vernnient  was  fre- 
quciitlv  ap[ii'aled  tt)  for  aid  down  t(j  1877." 

J'aiiditti,  sueli  as  swept  tlirou^h  the  southern  coun- 
ties wliile  the  po[)ulation  was  s])arse,  can  no  loriucr 
exist,  llebels  against  labor  and  order  now  tranij) 
ahout  the  country  in  the  role  of  mendicants,  but  so 
watched  and  sus}K>cted  that  tlu-y  arc  powerh  ss,  rhf 
law  having  asserted  itst>lf  everywhere.  Oecasidually 
one  bolder  than  his  comrades  in  distress  wavlavs  a 
countiy  stage  and  "  holds  up"  the  jiassengers;  or  soinc 


;{,')  iiiou  woro  liiHiml  ami  rolilidl  at  Kingston,  Fresno  co.,  liy  l'$  of  liis  gang, 
lio  escapeil  willi  their  Imoty.      Ho  was  linally  oaptnrod   liy  tlie  ntlicurs   if 


I.us  Aiu'Lius  CO.,  in  Mav  1^74,  and  hangoil  in  Is".").      H 


IS  oiiliging  gnar<l  on 


ilav  asked  him  il  tliere  was  anyone  ho  wouhl  like  to  liave  visit  him.      '  \\  ho 


is  that  little    Irishman — the    ])oll-tax    collector?'    asked    Vasfinez. 


.M 


lilll.'  'H, 


rrplio  1  tiio  guard,  'woiihl  yf)u  like  to  see  h 


.\( 


'Mike 
d  Vas- 


j\iez,  ■  !)iit  ho  is  a  luiniy  littlo  fellow.     I  was  riding  ahme  in  the  canon  dc  los 


Vordiigos  wlien  I  met  liim  itriving  in  a  hnggy 
manii' 


Ht 


e  asked  ii  a  very  important 


■r  whetlier  I  liad  paid  my  pnll-tax.      L  saiil  no,  and  lie  asked  if  I 


p;iy  it  tlien.     I  answered  tliat  I  would,  for  I  was  a  good  citi/ci 
paid  my  taxes. 


He  d 


row  a  hoo 


1   f 


turk( 


y- 


;-k    illi 


jiencu   troni  Ins  poc 


■ket, 


dd 

ilways 

and  swellim; 


(Uired   my  n 


imo.      When  I  said  'J'ilmrc 


astiiu 


d  sliook  so  that  he  cnuld  hardly  write  tlic  receipt.      I  paid  him  the 
ami  without  saying  good  liye  lie  wiiiiiped  up  his  horse,  ami  kept  whipping 


as  far  as  I  Cfiuld 


him.'     There  is  almost  as  mucii  literature  ahiut  tins 


Mgue 


ah 


lut  .some  earlier  ones,  as  t  'iin 


V  Ti 


ii.-ijii 


-..  h 


nil  new-papers;  ('<rniti.  Rmnliliii'ji,  MS.,  1-17;    I'iim/iiiz,  J/i<  (' 


ing  .scrajis 
•r,  in  ,S'.  /'. 


'il,  0>' 


2o,    ]S-:\;  6'.  /'.  nnllrlhi,  Jar 


1S7 


S.  /•'.  Alt,,   April    lM   and   May    l."),    1S74;  J/n;/, 


S.  /■'.  Pu.<t,  May  I,-.,  KS74; 


IM 


iiii'ifr 


Ml  ii.nriiliui",    V2'A- i);  ('<//. 

May'Jl,  1.S74;  Si'liimy  (  ity 

Santos  .Sotelhi,  the  successor  to  the  honors  of  Vas- 


'/  S'"-i./i/  ,SV/vr;)s,  100   1;  S">i  l>l''<io  [' 
•It,  May  -J.'),  IS74. 


quoz,  was  se 
Nli'xii'an  !iir 


nt  ti 


irison  m 


and  was  the  last  of   th 


ililier  chiefs  of 


th  who  liave  trouliled  the  liorder  counties.  Sotello  \\as  arrested, 
siiiyle-lianded,  liy  a  young  ("alifornian,  Ilafuel  L<ipe/,  who  tlierehy  accpiired 
an  iioiior.ihle  reimtatiou.     Ciiavex,  one  of  his  lieutenants,  was  caiitured  and 


k'llc 


little  earlier,   and  those   Ic 


hrnk 


the    liaml.      TI 


ifie  V  as  a 


claim  for  his  capture  liefore  the  Cal.  lejjislatun;   in   1877  8.      Of  the  Aiigh)- 
Toiu  Bell,  horn  in  Aliiany,  N.  Y.,  tigured  in   \!-M>,  and  was 


Saxon  rfil 
executed  liv  the 


]ici)ple  with  a  numlier  ot  his 


fnlh 


.lark    1' 


iweis  «as 


another  well  known   roldier  of    IS.")()  7.      In  ISoS,  San  I.uis  Oliisjio  anil  San 
I  :.'o  were  terroii/ed  hy  organizeit  hands  of  outlaws.   S.  /'.  Alt',  dune  14  and 


.\uu'.  •J7.  18.")N.     Th 


.Ir 


le  civil  war  drew  a  good  many  ot  tins  class  aw.ay 


f  th 


rla 


tlie 


clnsc  watch  kept  ujiou  all  kinds  of  outlawry  during    I8li'J~.")  was  a  deciileil 
il.c.k  to  crime.  Sf>!  Burharn  Gnzitt.,\  'IW  WW,  (il   70,  87- 101>. 

"Siicli  a  man  was  Stephen  Venard,  a  detective   emjdoycd    hy  AA'ells, 
Faryo  &  I'o.,  wl 


lo  niaile  .several  un 


higl 


iwavnien.    Ukhili  Pi 


ipoi 
Nov.  It),  1871;  (, 


rtant  captures,  and  killed  half  a  dozen 


'1 


Viilliy  Uiiiiii,  May  l(i,  iMKi 


l/>"U.i,uni  t'la.j,  ill  S.  F.  Bulktin,  Jau.  U,  1680;  U.  IS.  11.  Doc,  13,  p.  "JO-J  3 
4j  Cong,  1  sess, 


206 


CRIMINAL  AND  JUDICIAL. 


m 

MSk' 


desperate  rogues  plan  the  capture  of  railroad  trains, 
ill  wliich  enterprises  they  have  sometimes  been  suc- 
cessful. As  tlie  certainty  of  punishment  beconxs 
more  evident,  tlie  number  of  oHcncts  gradually  lessens. 

I  have  given  considerable  space  to  outlawry.  y<t 
have  oidy  outlined  it.  Without  presenting  this  picture 
it  would  be  difficult  to  represent  fairly  the  rospoiisi- 
bility  resting  upon  the  courts  and  offii-crs  of  the  law. 
Ad<l  to  the  crimes  of  banditti  the  individual  criuK  s 
r<)mmitted  from  various  impulses,  the  reckless  slujot- 
ing  by  gamblers  and  drunkards,  the  vendetta,''  bur- 

*^  An  instance  of  the  vendetta,  ia  Monterey  co.,  resulting  in  10  munlirs 
an!  a  niiiii'tfr  of  wournlod,  illustrates  a  plia-ie  of  society  in  southern  coim. 
ties.  .Jo-it'  Miria  Sanchez  was  a<!(;i(lently  drowneil  in  ISVJ,  and  left  an 
estate  worth  from  S«jl),(X)i)  to  ."^OO.OOO.  William  Koacli  administered  up. a 
the  estatij.  and  L'nvis  Belcher  was  iiis  l)on<lsman.  Uoacli  ohtaiued  jin--!  >• 
•ioa  of  all  tliu  money  ami  property,  and  B(dclier  quarreled  «'ith  him  for  a 
aJiare  ia  it.  Mrs  Sanche>!  iiad  married  a  Dr  Sauford,  who  »ide<l  with  IVI- 
cher  in  the  unarrcl.  and  loi^al  proceedings  were  ci....mencfd  against  H>m<  li, 
who  was  arrested  and  lodj^cid  in  Stockton  jail.  But  Uoaoh  jtersuadt-d  Ins 
jailer  ti  lilierate  liim,  and  lly  with  iiim  to  Monterey.  Here  he  delied  tlic 
liw.  and  natlien'd  al)out  him  a  following  of  fmrsotial  friends  on  whom  iir 
ciuld  rely.  Belcher  also  had  a  party  on  his  .side,  and  a  hixly-guanl.  aiiioiii.' 
wfaosn  wa-i  Aua-stacio  (rarcia,  heforo  mentioned,  wiio  was  living  at  tliel'.iriinl 
inis'iion.  He  cletermined  to  take  Roach,  and  the  fend  was  at  a  white  li'.'a'. 
MoMahon,  a  l>rotlier-in-la\v  of  Roach,  meeting  Sauford  in  a  Iwr-rooin.  liotii 

men  tired,  and  hoth  fell  dead.     A  hrother-indaw  of  Sanford,  named  Atw !, 

in  the  CTcitemeiit  of  the<o  proceedings  hlew  out  his  own  hrains.  Two 
friends  of  Roacli.  Isaac  B.  Wall,  collector  of  the  iH)rt  of  Monterey.  >p<-akcr 
of  the  as-:e!nlily  in  lSo3,  and  Thomas  Wil'  amson,  late  of  'lenn.,  ."ei  out  i.t 
.*»an  Luis  0')i-i])a  with  pack  mule  and  arms.  They  liad  not  proceeded  ni;iny 
iniles  when  tliey  were  assas<inate  1,  as  it  was  supposed  hy  Belcher's  tool, 
Anastscio  (!  ircia.  The  sheriff  went  to  Garcia "s  house  to  arrest  him  with  a 
posse.  .'{  of  whom  wore  killed  hy  (rarcia,  who  escaped.  On  the  ISth  of  .lime 
ISjO,  Belcher,  standing  in  tlie  harroom  of  the  Washington  hotel  was  shut 
l»y  s*>me  unknown  person  on  the  outside,  and  died  next  day.  In  his  dyini.' 
<Ie[>osition  lie  said  he  l)elieved  that  Roach,  ("rarcia,  and  others  wiioiii  he 
named,  were  liis  assassins.  But  as  there  was  no  proof  on  examination, 
nothina;  could  he  done.  After  Belcher's  death  Roach  retired  t<i  hi«  farm  in 
.Santa  (Jruz  co.  and  lived  quietly.  Garcia,  however,  was  arrested  and  tlirown 
int**  prison,  for  the  murder  of  Wall  and  Williamson.  Some  i»ersr.ns  o'.taiiied 
aoees»  to  his  cell  and  hanged  him  there,  it  was  said  lest  he  shouM  <'oiifc-is 
and  iniplicAte  tliem.      After  a  time  Roach  too  was  as.sassinated  near  Wat-on- 

*-iUe,  it  was  alleged,  on  tlie  ground  that  he  talkeil  too  freely  a1»out  pa<t nr- 

rence*  for  the  safety'  of  his  former  confederates.  In  thi.s  feud,  arising  frfiiii 
the  efforts  of  'two  men  to  rob  a  woman  of  her  estate,  eleven  persons  wire 
killed — Gomez  says  13 — and  several  wonnded.  Meantime  the  woman  liad 
marrieil  (Jeorge  Crane,  who  perstiaded  her  to  deed  all  the  property  to  him, 
whi<"h  he  spent  in  a  short  time,  ond  going  ea.st  died,  and  the  object  of  the<e 
doisen  murders  was  accomplished,  namely,  robbing  a  widow.  S.  F.  //■"''''■ 
Jane  21.  18.50.  The  only  one  of  these  criminals  punished  was  Garcia,  and 
be  was  hanged  by  his  friends  and  not  by  the  law. 


INEFFICIENT  JURIES. 


207 


ng  in  10  munlera 
in  soutlieru  c.mn- 
1S.VJ,  ami  li-ft  an 
l.lIlliui^<tere.l  upnn 
li  (>l>taiut"l  jHi-rs- 
,1   with  liiiii  t'T  a 
lo  si'lc'l  with  IVl- 
cil  against  Kn.uii, 
.ach  i>ersiiaik-.l  iiii 
lerc  he  dulit-l   tlic 
leii'W   on   wli'iin  lif 
•ivlv-guaril.  aiii"iii: 
iviiigat  tliel'.iniKl 
at  a  whitf   li'--a'. 
a  1>ar-r<M'iii.  '"'tli 
1,  iiaiiie.1  At\vii»l, 
f.wn   1  trains.     T«o 
Monterey,  spcikcr 
Icnn..  sei  ""t  I  r 
,t  proceeili-'l  iMimv 
hv   Bek-herV  t.«.l. 
•arrest  hitii  « ith  i 
n  the  ISth  of . I  tine 
on  hotel  was  shot 
iiy.     In  his  .lying 
others  whom  lie 
on  examination, 
•ed  tf  his  funii  in 
,este.lan.l  tlirown 
if*  i>ersons  oittuiiie^i 
le   shoul.l   i-oiifi-'i 
.tc'l  near  Watson- 
a1>out  pa<t  o.'.Mir- 
'eiul.  arising  from 
iven  pers<ins  were 
the  woman  btul 
property  to  ''i'"- 
je  object  "f  tlie-e 
U.  S.  F.  n-r'!'!, 
was  Garcia,  aud 


o'larioa,  larcenies,  ami  other  felonies,  with  the  £jreat 
luiiden  of  civil  suits  of  all  kinds,  and  the  lalior  of  dis- 
iiosiiijj;'  of  all  apiH-ars  Cyclopean.  Says  one  who  had 
everv  opportunity  of  knowin<^,  "People  from  18.10  to 
ISfiS  coinplaiiu'd  of  corruption  in  the  courts,  hut  the 
acousations  were  unfounded.  The  courts,  as  a  jroiural 
rule,  administered  the  law  to  the  hest  of  thrir  ahilitv." 

It  cannot  he  denied  that  the  couits  \v»'iv  often 
rripph'd  in  their  action  hy  juries  who  decided,  not 
accoidiniX  to  fact,  but  to  exi)edii'ncv:  who,  in.stead 
of  im|uirin!^  did  the  prisoner  conunit  the  crime,  asked 
dill  tlie  murdered  man  deserve  to  be  killed  ?  \  distinc- 
tinii  wliieli,  if  not  i^ood  law,  was  sometimes  i^ood  jus- 
tice. But  it  was  the  general  opinion  that  the  courts 
and  juries  erred  on  the  side  of  clemency.  The  pris- 
oner might  have  friends  on  the  jury;  or  a  juror 
miglit  luive  sensitive  qualms;  or  he  might  be  affected 
with  the  moral  disease  about  him.  Such  things  are 
nut  unknown  even  now  ;  but  probably  the  infecti(>n 
referred  to  was  the  most  dangerous,  because  the  most 
suhtle  enemy  with  which  the  law  had  to  conten<l,  for 
when  a  judge  or  juror  c<mdt)nes  a  crime,  he  is  an 
a'('(>ssory  after  the  fact,  as  far  as  the  moral  of  it  goes. 

I  have  no  means  of  deternnning  what  was  the  pro- 
portion of  punishment  to  crime,  but  the  judges  re- 
ceived a  large  amount  of  blame,  and  the  press,  which 
hut  echoed  the  public  sentiment,  fell  under  the  dis- 
jtlrasure  of  the  courts  in  several  instances.  A  certain 
judge  of  the  4th  judicial  district  suggested  to  the 
grand  jury  which  met  in  March  1851,  "the  propriety 
of  inquiring  into  the  conduct  of  the  press,  and,  if  it  trans- 
c'iii(h'd  certain  limits,  of  presenting  it  as  a  nuisance." 
Tlio  editor  of  a  San  Francisco  journal  of  r(>spcctabil- 
ity  was  arrested  for  contempt  of  court,  in  commenting 
on  tliP  judge's  charge  to  th.e  grand  jurv.  and  without 
the  benefit  of  jury,  the  judge  himself  sitting  in  judg- 
ment, was  sentenced  to  pay  a  fine  of  $500  or  in  default 
of  payment  to  go  to  prison.  An  indignation  meeting 
of  citizens  was  thereupon  held  at  the  plaza,  speeches 


£03 


CllIMIN.U,  AND  JUDICIAL. 


made  condemning  tlie  action  of  tlie  judge,  and  reso- 
lutions of  censure  jiassed,  with  talk  of  impeaclmunt 
and  a  c<>m})]aint  to  tlie  presidentof  the  United  Stativs, 
who  had  nothing  to  do  with  it,  since  the  state  legi.sla- 
tui'e  had  elected  the  judges.  The  grand  jury  for  the 
following  term  gave  even  more  cause  for  disj)lcasuro, 
since  it  censured  the  judge  officially,  and  in  no  mild 
terms,  insomuch  that  he  was  constrained  to  move  tlic 
court  of  sessions  to  strike  out  from  their  report  tliu 
stinging  paragraphs. ^° 

The  judge  of  the  10th  judicial  district,  which  thou 
consisted  of  Yuha,  Nevada,  and  Sutter  counties," 
was  spoken  of  as  the  most  dissolute  man  that  ever 
wore  the  ermine  of  justice,'"  a  gambler,  and  associate 
and  protector  of  gamblers.  Great  effort  was  btiiig 
made  to  have  laws  enacted  aijainst  iiamblinir  hv 
men  and  women,  and  trenchant  articles  were  writtni 
for  the  press  in  all  parts  of  the  state;  but  this 
infamous  jurist  only  gave  encouragement  to  the  sport- 
ing fraternity,  and  became,  according  to  one  of  the 

^''•('iinrij  hniloits,  10-11;  .S.  F.  Attn,  March  9  an<l  10,  1851.  Tlie  rojinrt 
co.icei'iK'd  the  vigilance  coniinitteo  of  ]8r>I,  an<l  reail  as  follows:  '^\lu■ll\^e 
recall  the  delays,  the  insufKciciit  and,  we  helieve  with  much  truth  it  uiay  lie 
said,  corrupt  aihniuistration  of  the  law;  the  incapacity  and  inditlcninf  of 
those  who  are  its  sworn  guardians  and  ministers;  the  freijuent  and  un- 
necessary postponement  of  important  trials  in  the  district  court:  the  dis- 
regard of  duty  and  impatience  wliile  attending  to  iierform  it,  inanifc.-t<  il  liy 
some  of  our  judges  having  criminal  jurisdiction;  the  man}' notorious  villains 
who  have  gone  unwhipped  of  justice  lead  us  to  believe  that  the  mcniln-Ts  ni 
tliat  association  have  been  governed  by  a  feeling  of  opposition  to  tlieiriiimier 
in  which  the  law  is  administered,  and  those  who  have  administercil  it, 
rather  than  a  determination  to  disregard  the  law  itself.'  S.  F.  Jhmhl,  \\ig. 
.3,  1851. 

*'Tlie  legislature  of  ISol  increased  the  judicial  districts  to  11.  Tlie 
11th  consisted  of  Yolo,  Placer,  and  El  Dorado  counties.  Cnl.  Stnt<\  1851,  12. 

>i"  Nnnrrlit  (InzfUc,  Dec.  9, 1864.  The  judge  challenged  Field  to  fight  a  dncl, 
hut  made  it  appear  that  he  was  the  challenged  in  order  to  secure  the  choice 
of  arms.  He  selected  bowie-knives  and  colt  revolvers;  the  fighting  tn  lie 
done  in  a  room  20  feet  square,  the  principals  to  be  placed  with  their  faces  tn 
the  M-alls,  and  to  turn  and  fire  at  a  given  signal,  then  to  advance  with  tlieir 
knives.  Field  accepted,  believing  this  a  device  of  a  coward,  and  so  it  proved, 
for  the  judcc  first  modified  his  mode,  and  then  withdrew  altogether  from  tlie 
fight,  screening  himself  behind  his  judicial  oflBce.  He  threatened,  however, 
to  kill  anyone  who  should  assault  him.  Hearing  that  his  course  had  been 
ridiculed,"  he  attempted  to  shoot  Field  from  behind,  the  latter  being  unarmed. 
Fiehru  EiirJy  Dnysi,  100-107.  The  judge  was  indicted  in  1854  for  a  cruiimal 
offence,  but  continued  in  office  from  1852  to  1858. 


A  DISGUSTED  GRAND  JURY. 


209 


iucliics  of  the  court  of  sessions  in  Yuba  county,  "the 
htjul  of  the  licll-concocted  junta,  headed  by  the  judge 
(<rtho  10th  district,  and  tailed  by  a  noted  jjfanibler  of 
Murvsville."  Some  libel  suits  grew  out  of  this  free- 
dom of  speech,  but  public  sentiment  sustained  the 
press,  as  did  also  the  courts  in  general.^'' 

The  grand  jury  of  San  Francisco,  at  the  September 
term,  1851,  wished  to  resign,  because  the  governor 
liiid  pardoned  a  certain  notorious  character  who  had 
been  convicted  of  a  brutal  assault  and  sent  to  prison; 
but  Campbell,  who  had  succeeded  Murray  on  his 
promotion  to  the  supreme  bench,  refused  to  discharge 
them.  The  jury  represented  m  their  report,  that  if 
the  judgment  of  the  courts  and  the  lives  and  property 
of  the  people  were  to  be  set  at  naught  by  the  execu- 
tive, their  acts  as  grand  jurymen  were  not  required. 
But  this  was  only  the  temporary  disgust  and  despair 
which  overcame  the  people  when  the  highest  officials 
failed  in  their  duty.  In  1856  the  grand  jury  had  be- 
come less  sensitive.  Its  bill  for  expenses  for  a  single 
term  was  almost  $1,000. 

The  organization  of  a  county,  or  the  establishment 
of  a  new  judicial  district,  was  the  occasion  for  the 
swarming  of  the  office-seekers,  who  were  thereupon 
hived  by  their  leaders.  In  1852,  the  Tulare  valley  was 
explored  by  an  expedition  under  Indian  Agent  Savage, 
the  legislature  having  divided  Mariposa  county  by  act 
of  April  20,  1852,  named  the  southern  portion  Tulare, 
aud  provided  for  an  election  in  July  for  choosing 
county  officers.  As  the  new  county  was  inhabited 
solely  by  Indians,  Savage  and  company  were  the  first 
"settlers."  They  proceeded  to  hold  an  election  the 
(lay  after  arriving,  at  Poole's  ferry,  on  King  river, 
and  at  a  place  called  Woodville,  on  the  Kaweah  river, 
from  a  trader  named  Wood,  who  had  established  a 

"  The  first  libel  suit  against  a  newspaper  was  in  re  Melhado  vs.  Crane  k 
Rice.  The  verdict  of  the  lower  court  was  against  the  defendants,  but  Judge 
Murray  declared  it  contrary  to  law  and  fac^  and  granted  a  new  trial.  Sac. 
Tmimript,  Feb.  28,  1851. 

Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  VU.    14 


210 


CRnilXAL  AND  JUDICIAL, 


B-m 


post  tlierc,  but  whom  the  Indians  had  killed.  Tho 
number  of  votes  polled  at  both  places  was  1C9,  Ijut 
from  this  population  the  requisite  officials  were  chosen, 
a  certain  major  beini^  elected  county  judf^e.  Next 
day  most  of  the  electors  and  elected  returned  to 
Mariposa.  Shortly  after  he  qualified  as  judi;e,  tlic 
major  killed  Savage  in  a  quarrel,""  and  under  circiiiii- 
stances  which  caused  people  to  regard  the  death  of 
the  Indian  agent  as  the  result  of  a  conspiracy  to  vacato 
his  position.  The  major  had  only  organized  the  cduit 
of  sessions,  and  his  own  arrest  was  the  first  in  Tulare 
county.  He  was  permitted  to  go  free,  but  puhlic 
sentiment  being  much  against  him,  he  left  the  coun- 
try, and  Thomas  Baker  was  appointed  in  his  pla('(\ 

But  the  wrong-doing  was  not  b}^  any  means  all  on 
the  side  of  the  courts.  In  Napa,  in  1851,  J.  A.  Sel- 
lers, justice  of  the  peace,  nonsuited  a  certain  poison 
for  being  absent.  Meeting  the  justice  in  a  ])uhlic 
place, the  other  endeavored  to  provoke  a  fjuarrel.  which 
the  justice  equally  endeavored  to  avoid,  but  finally,  he- 
ing  irritated,  said  that  if  he  reallv  wishetl  to  fioht,  he 
would  send  a  negro  to  fight  him,  whereupon  he  was 
stabbed  in  the  breast,  and  died  in  a  few  minutos." 
The  legislature  passed  an  act  within  a  week  providing 
for  a  special  term  of  district  court  in  Solano  county 
to  try  the  murderer  of  Sellers,  but  he  escaped  punish- 
ment. In  1850  a  Sacramento  judge  was  i)ul)licly 
whipped  by  a  man  whom  he  had  not  long  before  sen- 
tenced. There  were  none  to  interfere,  and  the  judge 
resigned  his  office.  Such  examples  were  not  encour- 
aging to  the  administration  of  justice.  Judge  Wilson 
of  the  Sacramento  court  of  sessions,  in  1852,  was  as- 
saulted on  leaving  the  court-room  by  two  men,  one 
of  whom  was   a  prominent   lawyer   of   that   place, 

»Cal.  Cmirier,  Sept.  10,  1851;  S.  F.  Alta,  March  14,  1856.  Savage  was 
the  3d  man  of  the  expecUtion  who  was  killed  before  the  year  was  dut. 
Barton,  Hid.  Ttclarf,  3. 

'^^Snr.  Trnnsrript,  March  14,  1851;  Jfnrtiirll,  Convention,  MS.,  pt  IS,  1-4. 
Another  man  attempted  to  kill  Judge  McCabe,  but  was  pardoned.  S-  F. 
AUa,  March  l7,  1855. 


ADMINISTUATIOX  OF  JUSTKK. 


211 


whil.'  l><)th  had  figured  ifi  the  S(|uatter  riots,  and  also 
uurd  liiiii  a  grudge.  Wilson  defended  iiinisrll'  with 
ji  eiine-swonl,  whieli  ho  thrust  into  the  lawyei-'s  K'ft 
liiM'4.  A  slieritt*  named  McDonald  intert'eritig,  dis- 
;iini('(l  the  judge,  whereupon  the  latter  was  shot  at, 
hut  th(!  sheritt',  in  endeavoring  to  shield  Wilson,  re- 
<rivc(l  the  bullet  in  liis  own  person.  A  great  excite- 
ment arose,  and  the  vigilance  committee  was  called 
tdgcthcr.  The  offender  was  taken  in  charge,  and  placed 
on  the  ))rison  hrig,  and  the  committee  demanded  an 
imniodiate  trial.  Chief  Justice  Willis  could  not  pre- 
side at  the  case  because  the  affray  took  place  at  his 
rooms.  Aldrich,  the  district  judge,  could  not  try  him 
until  lie  was  indicted.  It  was  decided,  however,  to  let 
the  law  take  its  course,  and  the  wounded  man  recov- 
ering, the  affair  blew  over,  (jlrand  juries  were  ex- 
tivmcly  negligent  in  bringing  evil-doers  to  trial, 
fiviiucntly  ignoring  assaults  with  intent  to  kill,  and 
manslaughter.  Men  of  criminal  reputation  often 
wont  free  for  years,  committing  numerous  crimes 
against  life  without  being  punished.'" 

Tlic  difficultv  in  brinsinLr  a  cause  to  trial  where  the 
parties  charged  with  crime  were  of  southern  antece- 
dents, and  especially  if  they  occupied  official  positions, 
was  illustrated  bv  the  case  with  which  Terry  eluded 
the  law  for  the  Killing  of  Broderick.  A  chauLie  of 
vonuo  to  a  district  where  the  judge  was  also  a  south- 
erner and  sympathizer,  a  trick  to  delay  witnesses,  a 

■--Tlie  Lloyd  family  were  an  example.  Etlward  Lloyd  shot  and  killed 
Tlioriitdii,  a  teamster,  in  18G1,  at  Oroville.  He  was  tried  and  sentenced  to 
10yi.':iM  in  state  prison,  hut  through  a  decision  of  the  supreme  court  was 
rtloasi  il.  In  18C2  he  was  killed  hy  T.  N.  Smitli,  in  tlie  iiglit  between  steam- 
liiiat  runners  in  Sacramento.  Smith  rem.ained  in  tiie  county  jail  six  montiis, 
viieii  tiie  grand  jury  ignored  the  cliarge  against  him.  Within  an  hour  after 
liis  (li^iliarge  he  was  killed  by  (jleorge  Lloyd,  wlio  was  tried  and  acquitted; 
Imt  \v,is  killed  in  a  quarrel  over  mining  claims  in  Nevada,  the  murderer  lieing 
siiiipuscil  to  he  his  brother-in-law,  Coleman,  who  was  also  shot  and  killed  at 
I'iiiclie,  by  IJarney  Flood,  in  1867,  the  grand  jury  refusing  to  indict  Flood. 
Tliimias  T.loyd  shot  and  killed  a  man  in  S.  F.  in  1865,  and  was  sentenced  to 
10  jiars  ii  prison.  Sears,  an  intimate  of  the  Lloyds  stole  a  horse,  was  pur- 
sue', .md  killed.  Not  long  after  the  owner  of  the  horse  was  assasinated, 
presuinahly  liy  the  Lloyds,  or  their  friends.  Four  other  deaths  resulted  from 
the  violence  of  this  ruHianly  association,  making  12  in  all,  yet  the  only  one 
puui  'led  by  the  law  was  Thomas  Lloyd.  S.  F,  AUa,  April  15,  1871. 


SIS 


CRIMINAL  AND  JUDICIAL. 


i^ 


dismissal  of  tho  case,  and  all  was  settled.     No,  not 
all,  tor  the  legislature  in  the  case  of  certain  crinnnak 

>assed  ex  post  facto  amendments  to  the  laws  for  tlitir 

)cnefit.'"' 

A  case  which  may  be  here  recorded,  comprehend- 
ing all  these  judicial  and  legislative  artifices,  occurred 
in  1801.  A  feud  had  grown  up  between  a  liilti- 
inorean  and  a  Kentuckian,  both  citizens  of  a  certain 
town  in  PHcer  county,  of  which  the  latter  had  boon 
mayor.  The  quarrel  arose  concerning  some  personal 
remarks  made  first  by  the  Kentuckian's  wife,  who 
was  a  sister  of  the  judge  of  the  IGth  judicial  district, 
and  replied  to  in  kind  by  the  other.  Something  of  a 
political  aspect  was  given  to  the  hostilities,  the  l^al- 
timorean  being  a  Douglas  democrat,  while  the  Ken- 
tuckian was  of  the  Lecompton  order.  The  former, 
who  was  a  newspaper  publisher,  went  to  San  Fran- 
cisco to  purchase  stock  for  his  office.  He  was  followed 
by  the  judge  and  the  ex-mayor,  who  did  not  conceal 
their  intention  of  killing  him  should  they  meet  him, 
which  they  did  in  the  forenoon  of  New  Year's  day 
on  Sacramento  street.  Tl-e  Kentuckian  at  once  at- 
tacked with  a  bowie-knife,  and  soon  his  victim  lay  diad 
on  the  ground.  With  his  accomplice,  who  was  close 
at  hand,  he  then  walked  arm-in-arm  to  the  police  sta- 
tion, and  was  introduced  by  his  companion  to  the  chief 
of  police,  who  locked  the  murderer  up,  safe  away  from 
vigilance  committees,  or  any  honest  man  who  niiii;lit 
hurt  him.  A  writ  of  habeas  corpus  was  issued  by  Kob- 
inson,  judge  of  the  Sacramento  county  court,  which 
required  the  prisoner  to  be  brought  before  the  1  '1th 
district  court,  Campbell,  judge.  His  attorney  applied 
for  chango  of  venue,  but  the  application  w-as  denied. 
The  ex-mayor  then  petitioned  the  legislature  to  i)ass 


^'An  act  to  amend  an  act  entitled  an  act  to  ref^rnlate  proceedings  in 
criminal  cases,  passed  May  1,  1851.  Cat.  Stat.,  1860,  71.  This  .iiiieiiilmeiit 
provides  for  granting  a  change  of  venue,  and  was  passed  alter  tlie  Terry 
fiasco.  In  1857  it  was  proposed  to  pass  an  act  requiring  a  judge  to  grant  i 
change  of  venue,  but  the  judiciary  committee  to  whom  it  was  referreil  lupu- 
diated  it 


LEGAL  rROTECTION  OF  ASSASSINATION. 


213 


an  art  directing  the  court  to  grant  a  change  of  venue 
to  Placer  county,  and  such  was  the  influence  of  tlje 
soutliern  minority  in  that  body  that  a  bill  was  actually 
passed  by  a  larLje  inajorit}',  requiring  the  submission 
of  Campbell  to  legislative  interference  with  his  duties. 
Till'  governor  vetoed  the  bill,  but  nevertheless  it  was 
passi'd  over  his  heatl,  through  the  exertions  of  lobby- 
ists wlm  |KTsuaded  some  of  those  who  had  voted 
jii,'ainst  it  to  pair  off,  and  leave  the  bill  to  its  sup- 
porters. The  constitutionality  of  tiio  act  was  argued 
before  Can»pboll,  who  decided  against  it  on  many 
(•loiiiids,  but  i)articularly  because  it  was  a  special  act 
to  lilterate  the  as.sas$in. 

Tlie  opinion  of  Campbell  being  conclusive,  instead  of 
appealing  to  the  supreme  court,  the  murderer's  friends 
again  applied  to  the  legislature  to  enact  a  general 
law  covering  all  similar  cases  as  well  as  this  one. 
Certain  public  journals  had  commented  from  time  to 
time  upon  the  case,  and  the  same  influence  which  had 
procured  the  special  act  for  the  relief  of  a  murderer, 
caused  the  introduction  of  a  bill  declaring  "it  unlaw- 
ful to  print  in  a  newsjMiper  the  testimony  or  facts,  or 
the  probable  testimony  or  facts,  or  any  statement 
whatever  of  the  testimony,  facts,  or  circumstances,  or 
anything  purp>rting  to  be  such  evidence  or  statement 
of  facts  or  circumstances  relative  to  any  crime  or  mis- 
demeanor in  this  state,  under  a  penalty  of  from  $50 
to  ,$500  for  each  oflence;"  but  the  publication  of  the 
general  nature  of  an  ofi*ence  with  the  name  of  the  ac- 
cused, or  the  proceedings  after  trial,  was  not  prohib- 
ited, nor  the  publication  of  evidence  of  an  offence  of  a 
political  or  insurrectionarj'^  character,  or  of  the  wrong- 
ful acts  of  public  officers.  Murder,  only  murder,  was 
to  be  so  sheltered  and  defended,  that  the  bowie-knife 
cliivalry  might  have  their  safety  in  their  own  hands, 
whatsoever  lives  thev  might  choose  to  take. 

The  legislature  did  not,  however,  venture  upon 
tills  further  outrage  to  public  sentiment.  As  for 
the  chief  instigator  of  the  acts   above   related,  he 


214 


CRIMINAL  AND  JUDICIAL. 


rli; 


was  iiidiotcd  for  the  murder  of  the  Baltimorean  by  tlie 
grand  jury  of  San  Francisco,  and  arrested  at  Sacra- 
mento on  the  28tli  of  March,  on  the  jijround  that  he 
was  an  aeeesscjry  before  the  fact,  and  in  the  eye  of  tlie 
law  equally  guilty  with  the  other.  A.  habeas  corpus 
was  issued  by  Baldwin,  judge  of  the  sui)reme  court, 
returnable  before  Judy:e  Kobinson  of  Sacramento,  wlio 
declined  to  have  anything  to  do  with  it.  A  writ  \vas 
then  issued  returnable  before  Judge  McKinstry  of 
the  7th  district,  who  also  declined  jurisdiction.  Still 
another  writ  was  made,  returnable  before  Judge  Mc- 
Kune  of  the  6th  district.  About  the  middle  of  April 
the  sui)reme  court  rendered  an  opinion  that  the  special 
act  of  tlie  legislature  was  constitutional,  and  Judtrc 
Campbell  made  the  order  transferring  the  assassin  to 
the  1 1th  district  court  in  his  own  countv,  which  ac- 
quitted  him.  His  accomplice  was  soon  again  seated 
upon  the  judicial  bench,  and  the  doctrine  that  homi- 
cides could  be  cleared  bv  the  leuislature  was  souiidlv 
engrafted  upon  (,'alifornia  jurisprudence.  In  Ibii'l, 
the  ex-niayoi  having  knocked  down  an  ag<'nt  of  Wells, 
Fargo  k  Co.  at  A'irginia  City,  Nevada,  was  shot,  and 
ilied  from  the  wound.  The  judge  v/as  im[)eached  upmi 
charges  of  malfeasance  in  ofiiee,  of  uttering  disloyal  m  u- 
tinients,  ami  language  unbecoming  his  high  position. 
W.  M.  Badgely  succeeded  him  as  judge  of  the  district. 
While  it  is  extraordinary  that  so  many  men  chosen 
to  administer  the  law  in  criminal  courts  should  jirove 
themselves  crinunal,  tJiey  were  after  all  the  excep- 
tions." California  had  forty-three  counties,  each 
with  its  county  court,  and  court  of  sessions  ;  eiglittcn 
judicial  districts  with  a  judge  for  each  ;  the  suj»i  lior 
court  of  San   Francisco,   with  three  justices;  lower 


••i<5.  ./•'.  BuWtin,  March  22,  ISfih  Cnl.  Jmir.  Ansem.,  1802,  ."(50-72,  f.OO  II, 
653-0,  l'u\\  S.  F.  Jinllrfin,  Maruli  .'{0,  1801.  Yet  tliere  were  in  raliinrni.i 
iiKxlcl  jmlges.  impartial  ami  decornus,  men  of  whom  any  jieople  miuht  lie 
prouil.  There  were  Eilwanl  Norton  of  the  12th  district,  afterwanls  Mijuinii' 
judge;  John  S.  Hager  of  the  4tli  district,  and  Sliattiick  of  the  siiiMiii'i' 
court  of  S.  F.  Campbell  of  fSan  Francisco  was  an  able  and  honest  judge  m 
early  times. 


CATALOGUE  OF  MURDER. 


215 


luuuicipal  courts  in  towns  with  as  many  justices  as 
required ;  a  supreme  court,  and  a  United  State  cir- 
cuit court.  It  would  seem  that  with  so  much  legal 
machinery,  order  should  have  reigned.  But  it  took 
tl.i'  .strong  hand  of  the  general  government  to  evolve 
(.iihr  out  of  the  discordant  element  in  California;  and 
ill  that  respect  the  civil  war  was  a  blessing. 


From  1841)  to  1854  inclusive,  4,200  murders  were 
rounnitted  in  California.'''  In  San  Francisco  there 
were  l,i200,  and  only  one  conviction.  In  1855,  538 
|n  rsons  died  by  violence  out  of  a  population  enibrac- 
hil;  i  10,223  voters.-**  One  wishes  to  turn  away  from 
such  wliolesale  blood-letting,  and  yut  if  we  consider 
tlic  cliiiractcr  of  the  ))o[»uUition  and  the  infrtcjucncy 
(if  juiiiishments,  we  have  no  reason  to  be  surprised 
at  this  enormous  proportion  of  homicides.'-'  In 
thi'  county  of  Sacramento  during  thirty  yeras, 
fioiii  IS50  to  1880,  there  were  21  legal  executions. 
Tin;  record  of  San  Francisco  from  1852  to  1882 
sliows  tliat  there  have  been  but  IG  legal  execu 
tiniis,  and  13'J  convictions  for  dilferent  degrees  of 
inaiishiughter   which   were   [)unished  with  ini[)ri.son- 

-■'  ll'lpcr  in  his  Lam  I  of  Ooll,  20,  gives  .1  list  of  lives  In.st:  murders  4,  "200; 
kiliijil  liy  [iiiliaus  en  route  to  Cal.  l.tJiK);  perished  of  want,  and  accident, 
ail. I  liy  Indians  in  Cat,  o,300;  wrecked  and  lost  at  sea,  eu  route,  'If'liM; 
siiicides  1,  l(W;  l)ecaine  insane  1,700;  total  1G,-WX). 

•'Of  tliese  .Sr)7  were  white  persons:  LIS  Imlians;  32  Cliinaineii;  .'?  negroes. 
Kvchi.-ive  of  Indians  there  were  40.-)  homicides.  The  jiartii'ulars  are  not 
always  given  hut  the  following  are  kniwn:  found  murdered,  41);  exi'cuted  l>y 
iiiiilis,  47;  executed  a(!eording  i  iliw,  i);  killed  hy  sheriffs  or  jiolice,  10;  killed 
liy  ciillcctors  of  miners  license,  (>;  kilh^ti  l>y  Indians,  .'VJ  ci^  ili/.ation  i.s  far 
ln'fon' savagisiii  in  human  hnte'  ciy  -i;i  iusiiliahU  homieides  17;  in  i[uarrels 
aiimit  iiiiiiiui!;  claims,  12;  •n  gamiiling  disputes,  S;  for  rohliery.  Id.  Hilt'll, 
/,'iM«/v,.<,  ;{7rj  7;  S.  F.  Ailn^  .March  I'.t,  \>>X>.  The  WnLlji  '(luzilt,-  of  Sta 
liir'iaii,  .Time  7,  18."»,  .says  tliat  according  to  the  c.ilciidir  iniMisheil  in 
V.w  Chrdiiii'lc,  there  were  l.VJ  murders  coiiimittetl  in  the  state  duriiiu  tlietir.st 
f'liii'  iiiiiiiths  of  tlie  year;  two  were  hanged  hy  the  sherifl';  14  hy  the  excited 
iiiiili.  .iiid  S  convicted. 

■'  The  lirst  man  hanged  umler  C.d.  laws  w.is  a  Mexiciii  in  Mari(iosa 
couiily.  Sim  Jiiiiiiuin  Iti ,>iilili<-itn  in  .V.  /'.  .4//',  .lime  it,  Ls.^il.  Tlie  first  in 
.">iiii  I'laii.-isco  CO.  was  a  .Spaiiiii'.l,  .lose  Fariiii,  «  ho  was  h.ingcd  on  Uiissiaii 
liill  i'  |s,-)2.  There  was  no  Iiu.il  execution  in  Mni.tiiey  unt  il  l.s.'is,  whin 
•'  .ast.icio  w;is  sentenced  hy  Judgo  llcdter  and  hanged.   MoitttK  j  JJcr- 

M,  Oct.  2:5,  1S7J. 


216 


CRIMINAL  AND  JUDICIAL. 


11 

i 

i     f  i 


k  * 


'..'I 


4   * 


ment.  Of  these  31  were  sentenced  to  imprisonment 
for  life.  The  total  of  155  convictions  for  the  tliou- 
sands  of  lives  taken  in  over  thirty  years,  gives  us  a 
sense  of  something  peci'^iar  in  the  laws  themselves, 
or  in  their  administration.  What  it  is,  let  the  stu- 
dent of  law  and  social  science  determine ;  the  fact  re- 
mains that  an  average  of  25  homicides  has  taken 
place  yearly  in  this  city  for  the  last  decade,  during 
which  none  of  the  exciting  causes  of  the  first  twenty 
years  have  existed,  and  that  out  of  the  250  or  more 
homicidal  crimes,  only  four  have  been  punished  capi- 
tally, and  seventy-seven  by  imprisonment.  In  all  tlie 
other  cases  the  juries  probably  agreed  that  the  victim 
deserved  to  be  killed,  the  attorney  for  the  defence 
usually  being  chosen  for  his  skill  in  proving  mur  lei 
justifiable,  and  his  patience  in  exhausting  the  j'mV'- 
legos  of  all  the  courts.  In  1871,  when  people  w'.s!i  u 
to  have  hanged  Laura  D.  Fair  for  the  murder  of  lier 
paramour  in  the  presence  of  his  family,  the  crime  be- 
ing augmented  by  the  social  eminence  of  the  man, 
they  were  restrained  in  the  expression  of  this  feeling 
by  a  sense  of  the  shame  it  would  be  to  make  an  ex- 
ample of  a  woman,  when  they  allowed  four  out  of  five 
men  to  escape.  But  of  the  several  atrocious  pultlio 
assassinations  by  men  of  social  standing  since  that 
event,  not  one  has  resulted  in  conviction. 

The  combined  operation  of  all  of  the  courts  in  tlie 
state,  even  in  this  laxity  in  administering  the  laws, 
furnishes  a  large  number  of  prisoners  to  the  peniten- 
tiary. The  whole  number  received  at  the  state  pri>;i  tn 
from  1851,  when  it  was  first  occupied,  until  1880,  when 
the  new  constitution  went  into  effect,  was  0,320,  of 
whom  7,75G  had  been  discharged,  and  1,564  remained. 
In  the  first  decade  so  many  prisoners  escaped  "  that  the 

^Tn  IS.'iG  the  convicts  confined  in  the  prison  l)rig  at  Sac.  conspirnl  tn 
murder  the  officers  and  escai)e,  hut  were  suspected,  and  the  first  plot  I'nis- 
trated.  A  second  attempt  wa.s  discovered  to  the  officers  l>y  one  of  tln'ir 
numher  under  sentence  of  death,  for  which  service  the  governor  roniimitiil 
his  sentence.  Sic.  Uiihit,  June  3,  185G;  S.  F.  AlUi,  Sept.  27,  IS.'iC).  li'  the 
spring  of  1857,  i  convicta  escaped  from  Sau  Qucatiu  in  an  opeu  boat,  but 


WHOLESALE  PARDONING. 


217 


nnvdoiuns^  power  was  not  called  into  exercise  to  any 
ovvdt  (le<'^rce.     The  disposition  to  pardon   felons  Las 
since  increased  to  such  an  an  extent  as  to  make  the 
try  ill""  and  sentencing  them  appear  an  official  farce. 
In  1861  tiie  governor  pardoned  41  convicts  out  of  the 
penitentiary.       In    1862-3    there   were    26    pardons. 
J^'nun  1863  to  1865  the  number  was  reduced  to  an 
avera^'e  of  eleven  pardoned  yearly  by  Governor  IjOW. 
But  from   1865  to   1867   the  govcrnf)r  liberated  83 
state  prisoners,  and  17  from  county  jails.     From  1867 
to  1S6!>  were  pardoned  42  out  of  the  state  prison  and 
two  out  of  jail;  and  from  1869  to  1871  the  governor 
freed  70  from  state  prison  and  13  from  jail.     From 


were  rctal<en.  In  the  following  November,  some  convicts  being  on  a  wooil- 
li(i;it.  wliii'li  they  were  unloading,  moved  the  boat  onward,  as  they  aftcnvard 
;illci.'til,  by  tlie  order  of  the  person  having  them  in  charge;  but  a  guard 
st.iiiiliiig  by  a  G-pounil  gun  seeing  tlic  movement,  atid  rcmenibfriiig  the  late 
esoapc.  lincl  on  the  prisoners,  killing  ."}  and  wounding  5.  iS.  /'.  Built  tin,  Nov. 
9,  1S.")7  The  conduct  of  the  jirison  under  the  contract  sy.'-teni  was  highly 
(liscivilihiblo  to  tlie  state.  The  state  Mas  robbed,  and  the  pri.^^ouers  were 
!it,iiV(.Ml  luicl  ill-treated.  Escapes  were  frequent.  It  used  to  be  .said  of  crini- 
iiKils  th.it  tliey  '  miglit  as  well  have  been  freed,  for  if  the  courts  do  not  tiirn 
tlieiii  loose,  Estill  will.'  S.  F.  Bultiiin,  March  2,  1857.  In  1858,  Gov. 
WilKr  tiuik  forcible  possession,  for  the  good  of  botli  state  and  prisoners,  and 
lic'giui  tlie  reform  which  has  culminated  in  a  tlioroughly  good  system  of  jirison 
disoiiiUiiu  and  management,  altliough  the  policy  of  legislation  forbidding 
prisiiii  labor  to  compete  with  outside  manufactures  has  dcjirived  one  third  of 
tlic  prisoners  i)f  tlie  benefits  of  employment.  Rffif.  Dir  oj  Col.  State  PriMm, 
.hdy  1,  1S7!).  V/heu  CJov.  Weller  instituted  his  reforms  there  were  585  con- 
victs cniwded  into  a  buihling  M'hich  could  Ufit  comfortably  arconmiodate 
more  than  .S.")0.  At  present,  with  more  than  twice  the  number,  the  arrange- 
ments fur  healthfulness,  moral  training,  religious  instruction,  reatling,  and 
bc'iii.il,-,  fur  tlie  younger  prisoners,  are  admirable.  In  May  18.''.9,  14  convicts 
.-ca;'iii  from  San  Quentin,  and  in  June  another  attemjited  escape  was 
;ilaiiui."l.  in  tlie  execution  of  which  5  were  killed.  In  Oct.  there  was  still 
anoilii,  ilariiig  effort  made  to  secure  freedom,  but  the  jirisoners  Mere  this 
ta.i's  safely  recommitted.  The  great  revolt  occurred  in  18(J2,  Mhen  the  lieut- 
;ri.\  »•,:  J  'ivjt'ag  the  prison.  He  Mas  seized  by  a  body  of  nearly  'JOO  convicts, 
'(li  ''lore  I'im  liefore  'hem  around  the  Malls,  and  comjiellcd  him  to  signal  to 
For.  *'Ic( ''  n.m  not  to  fire  on  them.  Tlie  officers,  however,  nianagcil  to  get 
in  ntu' ;ii 't  without  hitting  the  lieut-gov.,  M'liicli  jiartially  disbanded  them, 
anil  tliroujih  the  assist.ince  of  the  citizens  of  San  Itafael  the  main  body  of 
tliiMu  wore  captured  and  returned  to  prison.  Ten  M-ere  killed  and  30  m dundcd. 
N"-  ll'ifid  Jnunml,  July  '-'f>,  ISIi-J;  M'iriii  Co.  Ili.st.,  i:!0  2;  ,S'.  t\  Bull, tin, 
■bily  '-'."t,  I8()'2.  In  18()4,  while  the  prisoners  at  San  0"C"tin  Mere  at  Mork  in 
the  hrick-yard,  an  otFort  was  made  to  escape  by  scaling  tlie  Mall  and  taking 
pii<t  Nn.  4.  The  guard  M-as  assailed  Mith  every  sort  of  missile  at  tl.eir  coni- 
iiiand.  and  to  prevent  the  prisoners  using  the  cannon,  spiked  llieiu.  After  a 
li:ii(l  liittle  betM-een  the  4  guanls  at  the  post  and  *j:i  convicts,  the  latter  Mere 
ii'inptllcd  to  return  to  the  prison,  4  being  killed,  8  wounded,  3  mortally. 
S.  /'.  JiutletiH,  April  4,  1864. 


218 


CRIMINAL  AND  JUDICIAL. 


h 


^i     ' 


1871  to  1875  were  liberated  80  from  the  state  prison, 
18  from  jails,  and  coiniuutetl  tlie  sentences  of  12 
convicts.  Pacheco,  wlic  held  the  office  of  governor 
only  from  February  to  December  1875,  relcu.scj 
GO  state  prisoners,  IG  county  prisoners,  and  ci.ui- 
muted  the  sentences  of  five,  Irwin  followed  in 
187G-7  and  1878-9,  with  101)  pardons  for  state  pris- 
oners and  21  for  county  prisoners,  beside  25  commu- 
tations of  sentence.  Thus  in  nineteen  years,  after 
society  had  recovered  from  its  first  fermentative  state, 
there  were  deliberately  liberated  in  its  midst  5oG 
state  criminals  and  81  prisoners  confined  in  countv 
priijons,  while  42  had  their  sentences  connnntcd.  In 
tb'  i  "^"'t  cases  were  the  grand  juries  mistaken  ?  J>i(l 
the  esses  perjure   themselves,   were  the  judges 

mistake.. i  in  the  law,  or  unduly  severe  in  their  decrees  f 
These  are  seldom  urged  as  reasons  for  exercising  the 
pardoning  power.  A  i)e'tition  for  the  release  of  a 
l)risoner,  containing  certain  statements  to  account  f^r 
his  incarceration,  and  favoring  his  liberation,  to  wliieh  is 
appended  a  long  list  of  names,  among  them  being  ofttn 
those  of  the  prosecuting  attt)rney  who  convicted  and 
the  judge  who  sentenced  him,  is  the  evidence  wliieli 
undoes  all  that  the  former  testimony  had  eflected. 
These  petitions  are  signed  by  persons  who  know  nntli- 
ing  of  tlio  merits  of  the  case,  and  who  do  not  even 
stop  to  inquire  the  contents  of  the  paper  to  wliidi 
they  subscribe.  This  part  of  a  dangerous  act  may 
be  attributed  to  a  reprehensible  carelessness;  Imt 
when  those  who  administer  the  laws  petition  to  liavc 
their  operation  set  aside,  the  conclusicMi  is  soon  arrived 
at  that  the  majesty  of  the  law  has  departed.  As  for 
the  governor,  he  is  but  an  instrument,  and  if  the  l.iU- 
makers  and  law-administrators  counsel  him  to  n  tuiii 
so  many  electors  to  their  forfeited  privileges,  wlint 
then?  It  would  be  curious  if  the  evil -disposed  slmuld 
show  greater  resjiect  for  the  goverinnent  which  tails 
in  respect  for  itself 

In  the  report  of  the  board  of  prison  com  miss!  iners 


tatc  prison, 
nces  of  12 
'f  governor 
5,   released 

and  ((ini- 
bllowed   in 

state  ])ris- 
25  coniniu- 
ears,  after 
ativc  state, 
midst   5'oG 
in  county 
luted.     Ill 
fon?_    Did 
:lic  judges 
ir  dociee.s  i 
rcisiiig  the 
least'  (.)f  a 
?count  fur 
:o  wliiehisi 
eiiig  often 
^^icted  and 
100  wlilvh 
I   effected. 

now  iKitll- 
liot   e\e!l 
to    wliieli 
act  may 
ncss;   liut 
Q  to  linve 
n  anived 
As  f„r 
the  l;.\v- 
to  return 
;es,  what 
u\  slidnld 
lich  fails 


ixifUMAXE  ix.)csr;rK. 


iissienei's 


c 


i  'I 


i^l 


H 


m 


Ai 


! 


n    <  ,    '  V 

hill] 


^1 


1 


^1 


l;i 


CHAPTER  X. 

THE  JUDICIARY. 

1850-1872. 

The  First  Supreme  Court— Personnel  of  the  Jcixjes — Isflcf.nce  on 
Opinion — Evils  of  an  ELEcnvE  Judiciary— Charactek  of  Cases  m 
BE  Determined,  and  Influence  on  Industry — Land  and  Minis.; 
Interests— Effect  OF  the  Amended  Constitutios— Federal  C'oiims 
IN  California — The  Municipality  and  the  Consoudation  Act- 
PuEitLo  Lands — Compilation  of  the  Laws. 

The  supreme  judges  elected  by  the  legislature  in  1850 
were  S.  C.  Hastings,  chief  justice,  and  H.  A.  Lyons  and 
Natliaiiiel  Bennett,  associates,  Hastings  served  his 
term  of  two  years.  Lyons  became  chief  justice  W 
seniority  in  1852,  but  resigned  in  April.  Bennett 
had  resigned  in  October  1851.  Thus,  in  the  cour.sc' 
of  a  little  more  than  two  years,  the  whole  supreme 
bench  was  chan<>ed.  Solomon  Hevdenfeklt  was  the 
first  elected  supreme  judge  to  succeed  Hastiii:j;> 
To  nil  vacancies,  Hugh  C.  Murray  was  appniuted 
vice  Bennett ;  A.  Anderson  vice  Lyons.  At  the 
general  election  of  1852,  Murray  was  chosen  to  fill 
the  unexpired  term  of  Bennett ;  and  in  1855  he  was 
re-elected,  to  a  full  term,  but  died  before  tlie  eii<l  of 
his  term.  At  the  same  election  Alexander  Wells 
was  chosen  for  the  unexpired  term  of  Lyons,  and  in 
IH53  he  was  elected  for  a  full  term,  but  died  in  Octo- 
ber  1854.  Cliarles  N.  Bryan  was  appointed  to  the 
vacancy  until  September  1855,  when  David  S.  Teriv 
was  elected  to  the  unexpired  term  of  Weils,  vndmji, 
in  1859,  Heydenfeldt  serv^ed  until  January  l^'i7. 
when  he  resigned,  and  P.  H.  Burnett  was  ajipointeil 
tij  the  vacancy.     Thus  in  seven  years  there  were  ten 

(■i»; 


SUrilE.ME  COURT  LAW  AND  PRACTICE. 


221 


iudios  on  the  supreme  bench,  and  the  intent  of  the 
Constitution  in  chissifying  the  first  three  appointments 
so  tliiit  the  election  of  justices  for  long  terms  should 
be  the  more  quickly  secured,  was  defeated. 

(^)U(stions  of  law  arose  among  the  judges  on  the 
supreme  bench.  The  temporary  absence  of  one  of 
the  tliree  judges  made  a  decision  impossible  in  the 
( asc  of  a  disagreement  between  the  remaining  two. 
In  February  1852  the  legislature  granted  Heyden- 
r'l  hit  leave  of  absence  for  six  months,  and  in  March 
jiiissed  an  act  authorizing  the  governor  to  fill  tempor- 
aiv  vacancies  by  appointment.  The  governor  of- 
forod  the  place  left  by  Heydenfeldt  to  Burnett,  who 
declined,  deeming  the  act  unconstitutional.  Wells, 
however,  accepted.  The  constitutionality  of  the  act 
was  tested  on  an  agreed  case.  Murray  decided 
against,  and  Anderson  in  favor  of  it.  There  being 
therefore  no  decision,  Wells  remained  upon  the  bench 
until  Heydenfeldt's  return,  when  Murray's  opinion 
was  concurred  in,  and  his  occupancy  by  appointment 
during  a  vacancy  occasioned  by  the  voluntary  ab- 
sence of  a  judge  who  had  not  resigned,  was  declared 
to  be  unconstitutional.  His  subsequent  election  soon 
ristored  him  to  his  place  on  the  supreme  bench. 
When  Murray  took  his  seat  in  1856  for  the  beginning 
of  a  new  term,  he  claimed  that  by  virtue  of  his  ap- 
jiointnient  in  1851,  and  election  in  1852,  he  was  the 
senior  justice  in  commission.  Heydenfeldt,  who  was 
elected  in  1851,  was  entitled  to  the  place,  but  not 
likinL,'  to  have  a  quarrel,  yielded  his  right. 

Murray  dying  in  September  1857,  Burnett,  then 
serving  as  associate  justice,  was  appointed  to  that 
vacancy,  and  Stephen  J.  Field  to  the  place  left  va- 
cant by  Burnett's  promotion.  Field  was  at  that  time 
associate  justice  elect,  to  succeed  Heydenfeldt  in 
January  1858.  Murray's  successor  was  Joseph  G. 
Baldwin,  elected  to  fill  the  unexpired  term,  ending  in 
January  1862,  By  the  expiration  of  Heydenfeldt's 
term,  Terry  became  chief  justice.     He  resigned  just 


•*  4  ■*  i 


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THE  JUDICIARY. 


before  his  time  expired  by  limitation,  and  W.  W,  Cojio 
was  elected  to  sueeeed  him,  Field,  who  had  been  onlv 
a  little  more  than  one  year  on  the  bench,  takiii*^  tlic 
chief-juHticeship.  Baldwin's  successor  was  Edward 
Norton,  pioneer  lawyer  of  San  Francisco. 

The  constitution  of  California  said  that  the  justices 
of  the  supreme  court  should  be  elected  for  six  years; 
yet  ^[urray,Wells,  Terry,  and  Baldwin  were  elected  for 
unexpired,  or  short  terms,  varying  from  two,  to  four, 
and  five  years.  The  constitution  said  that  the  u;ov- 
ernor  should  have  power  to  appoint,  when  any  ofHcc 
became  vacant,  from  any  cause,  but  the  commission 
should  expire  at  the  end  of  the  next  legislative  t^es- 
sion,  or  at  the  next  election  by  the  people.  The  con- 
stitution had  not  provided  a  mode  for  filling  a 
vacancy  in  the  supreme  court.  The  governor  tlicrt- 
fore  ai)pointed,  temj)orarily,  and  issued  a  proclainati<in 
for  an  (election  of  a  judge,  or  judges,  at  the  next  ;j,eii- 
eral  election,  but  "  for  the  unexpired  term " ;  and 
neither  the  bench,  the  bar,  nor  the  people  found  faulr 
with  this  interpretation,  although  it  plainly  (Icfcatid 
the  evident  intent,  and  the  letter  of  the  constitution. 
The  governor,  also,  as  in  the  case  mentioned  ahovo. 
appointed  when  there  was  no  actual  vacancy,  tlic 
judge  being  still  in  commission,  and  only  absent  for 
his  own  pleasure. 

The  administration  of  justice,  particularly  of  tho 
higher  courts,  is  beyond  everything  the  nu)st  inijior- 
tant  part  of  the  government.  By  the  degree  of  en- 
lightenment in  the  jurisprudence  of  the  country,  its 
advancement  in  national  greatness  is  to  be  estiuiaud. 
But  it  is  irrational  to  expect  of  an  elective  judiciary, 
nominated  in  party  conventions,  taking  part  in  excit- 
ing campaigns,  cognizant  of,  and  sharing  in  the  per- 
sonal abuse  of  the  rostrum,  that  dignity,  purity,  or 
learniniif  which  constitute  an  eidightened  iudieiary. 
The  judicial  ermine  which  has  been  dragged  tlirouuli 
the  political  pool  in  any  state  must  have  lost  its 
whiteness.     What   then    of   the    immaculatencss  ut 


LAW  WORSE  THAN  JUDOES. 


2"3 


flictod  judges  during  tlic  first  docado  of  California 
judicial  history  ?  The  franicrs  of  the  constitution  in 
their  honest  dependence  upon  the  virtue  sui)})oscd  to 
resitii!  in  the  exercise  of  the  electoral  privilege,  lost 
si  'lit  of  the  peculiar  conditions  likely  to  acc(jnipany 
tli.it  fnuKdiise  in  California.  But  who  shall  say  th;it, 
iiiiil  the  elective  power  been  conferred  upon  the  legis- 
lature, the  welfare  of  the  people  would  have  been 
more  safe  than  in  the  hands  of  the  judges  elected  by 
themselves?  for  the  legislatures  were  not  much  above 
political  conventions. 

In  the  older,  agricultural  states,  settled  slowly  by 
industrious  and  conscientious  men,  with  parents  and 
;jjraiidi)arents,  brothers  and  sisters,  wives  and  (ddldren, 
each  ill  their  way  influencing  legislation,  the  purity  of 
tho  ballot-box,  and  the  honesty  of  the  law-makers 
miL^lit  be  depended  upon  for  a  generation  at  least. 
But  in  California,  overrun  by  adventurers  from  every 
land  under  heaven,  with  the  scum  of  the  great  sea  of 
liumanitv  floating  to  its  shores,  until  earth,  air,  and 
water  shared  the  contamination,  the  body  politic  could 
not  be  healthy,  nor  its  soul  pure ;  least  of  all  should 
wo  look  for  tliK-l:  highest  expression  of  S(jcial  integrity 
and  culture,  a  perfect  judiciary. 

Yet  we  should  bo  justly  surprised  not  to  find  among 
tlio  aspirants  to  positi<ms  oftrust,  who  have  secured  the 
favor  of  a  majority  of  the  electors,  some,  even  many, 
who  deserved  that  favor;  for  even  a  political  conven- 
tion may  respect  the  prejudices  of  the  better  ])ortion 
of  society  sufficiently  to  put  forward  its  most  respect- 
able material,  intellectually,  or  otherwise,  to  be  voted 
for,  And  so  it  fell  out,  that  in  the  rudest  times  of 
the  rude  epoch  of  California  history  the  supeiior  and 
supiemo  judges,  with  certain  marked  and  most  in- 
tamous  exceptions,  made  themselves  respected,^     But 

■  Xi'iio  more  so  than  Orville  C,  Pratt,  a  native  of  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y., 
nil.  II'  Ik-  wiis  l)ora  April  'J4,  ]81'J.  After  practising  as  a  lawyer,  liint  at 
K'^lifstcv,  \.  v.,  and  later  at  Galena,  111.,  he  was  appointeil  associate  jtidge 
inOii'-(in,  wiiere  he  rendered  excellent  service  in  the  Whitman  massacre 
ouies,  and  in  the  famous  location  controversy  of  1651-U.     In  ISoO  he  re- 


884 


THE  JUDICIARY. 


I : 


they  could  not  always  make  the  constitution  and  laws 
respected,  hecause  some  faults  in  both  interfered  w  itli 
thc.'ir  satisfactory  interpretation,  a  matter  i  )  which  1 
shall  aj^ain  refer. 

The  difficulty  of  keeping  the  private  opinions  of  a 
judge  out  of  the  legal  decisions  was  illustrated  by 
Burnett  in  the  case  of  the  negro  Archy,  related  in  an- 
other place.  Burnett  decided  that  Stovall,  who 
claimed  Archy,  was  not  entitled,  under  the  law  of  tlio 
state,  to  have  possession  of  him  ;  but  that  "  there  were 
circumstances  connected  with  the  particular  case  that 
may  exempt  him  from  the  operation  of  the  rules  we 
have  laid  down,"  and  being  "not  disposed  to  rinidly 
enforce  the  rule  for  the  first  time/'  Stovall  nii;j;lit 
have  the  negro,  though  this  decision  was  not  to  bo  a 
precedent  for  the  future,  in  similar  cases.  The  criti- 
cal, and  by  no  means  reverent  California  public,  openly 
ridiculed  the  opinion  of  one  whose  prejudices  ami 
amiability  together  had  led  him  to  commit  a  judicial 
blunder,  of  which  much  worse  judges  and  men  would 
not  have  been  guilty.  In  this  judgment  Terry,  of 
course,  concurred. 

As  I  have  before  said,  it  was  the  law,  more  tlian 
the  judges,  which  was  at  fault,  though  the  latter 
were  also  to  blame.     For  a  considerable  period  in 

moved  to  San  Francisco,  where  after  practising  for  three  years  in  jiaitiuT- 
ship  with  Alex.  Campbell,  he  was  elected  judge  for  tlie  twxlftli  jiulicial 
district.  His  decisions  are  among  the  classics  of  the  law,  and  as  a  juii^st  lie 
has  won  a  reputation  second  to  none  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

The  Hrst  chief  justice  of  California,  Hastings,  was  a  native  of  ,Fi  tl'ersoii 
CO.,  N.  Y.,  at  the  time  3C  years  of  age,  tall  and  powerful  fraino,  i.'Liii:il 
manner,  and  some  legal  lore.  He  was  elected  to  congress  in  18-10,  anil  aji- 
pointed  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  Iowa  in  1848,  but  resii^uuil  to 
c(niie  to  Cal.  the  following  year.  He  retired  from  public  life  in  1S.");{,  having 
served  one  term  as  attorney-general.  Of  his  associates,  Lyons  and  Ik-nnftt, 
tiie  same  might  be  said.  Bennett  was  also  a  New  Yorker,  born  in  1S1">,  and 
educated  at  Hamilton  college.  He  came  to  Cal.  in  1849  by  sea.  Muiray 
was  of  Scottish  descent,  but  was  born  in  St  Louis,  and  reared  in  southern 
111.  He  joined  the  14th  infantry  regiment  at  the  age  of  21  to  tight  in  tlie 
battles  under  Scott  in  Mexico,  winning  the  commission  of  a  lieut.  Cuming 
to  Cal.  in  1849,  he  was  elected  one  of  the  associate  justices  of  the  sniioridr 
court  of  S.  P.,  created  by  the  legislature  of  1851.  J.  Caleb  Smith  of  \  a  was 
his  associate,  and  Morse  presiding  judge.  Sac.  Union,  Sept.  19,  ISol.  It  is 
said  that  being  asked  what  he  knew  about  law,  he  replied,  'I  do  not  know 
much  about  it,  and  am  too  indolent  to  study.     If  I  am  elected  I  shall  acquire 


ii)  I 


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EARLY  JUWES. 
l'^.")')    no  .SUJ)roino    court  \vn<a   ]     n         rr 

al'srnt  iron,  the  .state;  Torrvw'     ;       ^f;->'''^'»^^'Mt  w.-ks 

kiio«k,l,'c  «itl...ut  effort.     Kv„.„7„. 


"itlmiit  effort      Fv        I 

.  .-■  o,/^.o,.  yv;.j:;::  -j-^t ...  ,  ^.„j 


kiioH 
ui)iiij)iil.-<iiry 

Jii'ii.ul  .Mu„l,  that  I...  .n/  ""^^  l'""'^''"  of  1'i.s  .lie. nor      ,•    '      .'-     •^'"•''  "■■■« 

--  'l-'-l  to  it  in  ^f,,!'^,'^7'''-le  vac^^nt,,:'   ;;    :  .7-'^^ 

tmio  Mitli  -Mun-av  were  ff^u 7  77'1^''-'''  tl'u  I.encJ.  for  H,« 

"'i'^"  iM'hMlcl  in  the  flenn.       :•    '**  '■ei'i'tiition  of  (hn  „.'•''  <'">'t«'^t  ia 

":^-"'"""-^  f'"-e\vho  olR.i  1':  ",*'-^'i^^''-'«»<=«.  a  typical  chiAw  "':'•'''■'•"  "'■•»". 
"'"■=".^  vi.'.iance  con        teof,•''^ ''•''"  l'''-'<i^o,l  h   ,,5,      ^""'■^;  ''"''  '•••vlnh- 

;;:  :  '" fe"'t  l.y  them  S  Xe  th"T.;f  '"^  '^'••''''-  "^  Bil  ^  iuirjfn"''  'r  '"fe''' 

•'10  insi.inT  had  iir.f  o  I     7      V^  J"''fe'*'' oil  a  wi-it  «f  I,  7  ^'"''  "'10  Was 

^'"i''^-.  he  i-^I.M  thSiest'V""^'"^  --n?^^^  t:^n"'^;;"  ^"^  ^>'-^ 

^''■■"!--m1  tlian  out  of  the  r  L  .'  """"''  «"*  of  res  ,e<  1-  f      .  '"  l"-'^"'"'!-  for 

l'''yofal..„t40me  'u^,n"f  of  ju-stice  to  the  n ru^  t  *'"-"  "»i^e  J,e  de- 
l"""'-.  one  fro„,  L,  a„  I  ''  ^^^  ^exa,,  f„r  C  j^'  i,'  /?'''•>'  ^^'-^^  o..e  „f  ^ 
a-rival  i„  t\al  1  h«,?  °',''^  ^'■"'»  Mis..,  trav  io  ^ "'  ^^^'*-  '^^o  other 
"  ■'''  ='  '"^*"'  a,      Kinf  '•''^•^'  *''?I'"te  S    "r'l^"^:";!-"^-     After  1  I 


"'^•'fterM,Wt,sn     ''™«'-e««  paying  the  in    'f        f^^'^'-'"  I"gislat.,ro 
""i»^'e  f  .r    ,e  t?trr;'  '"'^•^"^"''""-^  of  ttee  n  a  nil  "''r^'"'-  '^^^rotj^t 

"^••^""t  without  irZh      Vrfi  ''V'"""'''  c«rtai,:iV  J  ,".  ,  ^'''^  ^'  '"''''•o^*' 

I" tome  ,l,,«n  "00  .^  '^""'^  i-'ilates  that  th,  .  "^^'"  I'ant'u.I.     H„ 

— I '.  tt  si'i"""  '''4 '.y  a  ,;■',";:""■?;'■'-■■■!,  -  «" 


sse 


THE  JUDICIARY. 


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ii;  •'■•^ 


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mill 


Ills 

CS- 

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of  their  displeasure.     The  chief  justice,        veasoDs  of 
his  own,  was  somewhat  shy  about  com.    ^  in  contact 
with  tlie  |)ooj)le's  poHce  wiiiio  they  held  entire  ((.ii- 
trol  of   the  city  and   were   in    a  dangerous  luiiiKir. 
But   the   people   liad   a    proper   rejjard    for   np|ii;ir- 
anees,  and    left    their   supremo    court    to   the  jiid'^''- 
mcnt  of  the  world,   from  which  there  is  no  appru], 
whoso   verdict  no  brii)ery  can  reverse.     Terry  wag 
discharijjed  with  the  admonition  that  the  state  (leaind 
his  rosiii^nation,  which  he  heeded  not,  resuniiiii^ 
seat  upon  the  bencli  until  ho  stepped  from  his  pci 
tal  in  1859  to  kill  Broderick.     I^Iurrav  died  in  S(i 
tond)cr  1857,  at  the  early  ago  of  thirty -two,  cx])iatiii!; 
thereby,  it  would  seem,  the  failings  of  his  life,  for  bar, 
press,  and  pulpit  paid  to  his  memory  the  tril)ut('s  dm; 
to  goodness  and  greatness,  as  lavishly  as  they  hud 
only   a    few   months    before    censured    him    for  his 
infirmities. 

Yet,  it  would  be  altogether  unfair  to  withliold 
from  Murray  and  his  associates  the  credit  of  hav- 
ing done  much,  while  dispensing  just'  to  frann^  tlie 
jutlicial  system  of  California,  which  <ie  for  e(|uity 

and  soundness  unsurpassed  by  any  ot  ine  older  statts, 
Upon  the  supreme  court,  during  the  first  half  dozen 
years  of  its  existence,  devolved  the  task  of  testing 
the  constitution  and  laws  of  the  new  connnonwcaltli, 
cases  of  appeal  from  the  courts  beneath  being  very 
frequent,  and  many  of  great  importance  in  thenisehes. 
and  as  establishing  precedents  In  similar  cases;  ]\Iexi- 
can  law,  federal  law,  and  the  laws  of  California,  con- 
cordant or  conilicting,  increasing  the  dilHculty  nf 
arrivins:  at  correct  decisions.  The  studv  oftliese  kiinttv 
questions,  whether  aboriginal,  or  by  the  help  ef  the 
ablest  members  of  tlie  bar,  rapidly  developed  tlio  ju- 
rist, so  that  California  in  a  few  years  had  acquirtMl.  in 
spite  of  the  drawbacks  above  cited,  a  high  legal 
reputation. 

The  act  of  1851  defining  the  jurisdiction  and  powers 


QUALITV   OF  DKC  ISIONS. 


SS7 


of  every  jurlieial  officer  in  tlio  state  was  the  produc- 
tion of  Fielil,  then  a  yoini!^  i»iactitioner  siiuirtinjj;  un- 
(1,  r  the  tyranny  ot"  the  district  judoe,  and  recently 
clectod  to  the  California  Ici^islaturo.  It  was  not  likely 
lilt  n  fore  that  he  would  he  guilty  of  an  infraction  of 
the  huv  which  lia<l  emanated  from  his  own  hrain.  ]  lo 
l.ieaiiio  chief  justice  on  the  resii^nution  of  Terry, 
wliieh  position  he  ntained  until  IMG.'J,  when  he  was 
promoted  to  the  bench  of  the  United  States,  and  as- 
si.,'iied  to  tlie  circuit  of  the  Pacific  states."  At  the 
time  Field  canif  to  the  hcncli  in  (California  there  was 
a  vast  amount  of  litiv^ation  growhujf  out  of  land  ques- 
tions, ami  he  di«l  nmch  hy  way  of  evolving  out  of 
cliaiis  a  system  which  could  be  understood,  to  bring 
til.  so  claims  to  a  settlement.  He  held,  in  the  first 
lilaic,  that  the  obligation  on  tlu^  ]>art  of  the  Ignited 
States  was  impoi-ative  to  )»rotc<t,  according  to  the 
maty  of  (iuadalupe  Hitlalgo,  Mexican  grantees,  in 
the  enjoyment  of  their  lands.  In  the  second  [)laee, 
that  they  were  entitled  to  possession,  and  to  recover 
ia  ejoctnient.  until  their  claims  had  been  passed  upon 
liy  the  agents  of  the  go\ernment;  and  wlien  the 
"Tatit  was  net  a  nu-re  fioat,  but  was  defined  by  l^oun- 
(laries  embracing  a  greater  amount  than  s[)ecified,  that 
tlic  grantee  could  n-tain  })ossession  of  the  whole 
against  intruders,  until  the  measuicment  had  been 
(ti  tt  riiiiiird  bv  the  government  surveys.  Such  deci- 
>iiiiis,  althouixh  evidently  just,  were  denounced  l)y  a 
lin^e  class  of  sejuatters.  and  others,  who  asserted  in 
UM  (|ualitied  terms  that  the  judges  so  tleciding  were  in 
the  intirests  of  monojM»lists  anil  land-grabbers. 
Decisions  in  ca.ses  of  government  lands,  whether 


•Sttplich  J.  Field  was  l)om  in  Conn,  in  1816,  liis  father  removing  to 
S*o''k!iri(lge,  Mass..  sonn  after.  Ho  was  eilucated  at  Williams  coHcl'i!  and 
ill  Kiirojuan  scliool.s.  He  came  to  Cal.  in  1H49,  settlina;  at  Marysvillo,  wlicre 
lie  «:is  lir-;t  alcal<k'.  and  jn.<tice  of  the  jieace.  He  <lid  not  ahvay.s  escajie 
ciimiro,  tiiniigli  l>y  im]>artial  observers  it  has  generally  been  admitted  that 
Ills  U'liniiiistration  wa.s  one  of  the  jiurest  in  t!.>e  earlier  reconls  of  our  ( 'alifor- 
li.i  juilioiary.  His  later  reputation,  at  least,  has  not  been  attacked,  pcrhapa 
I'T  tliu  reunion  that  his  position  removes  hiui  from  politics. 


^ 


228 


THE  JUDK'IARY. 


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ii..  '■. 


iiiinoml  orau'rioultural,  oflorod  less  difficulty,  and  wt  iv 
accoj»led  with  5j;roator  a|>})r()l)ati()ii.  The  ininiip,' 
statutes  of  California,  from  which  the  niiniji*^  hnvs  (.|' 
the  more  recent  states  and  territories  were  cliittlv 
borrowed,  provided  that  in  suits  for  mining  claiins. 
l)rouujht  in  magistrate's  courts,  the  customs  and  r(  ^^u- 
lations  of  the  miners  in  the  vicinity  should  he  juit  in 
evidence,  and  when  not  in  conflict  with  the  C(iii>titu- 
tion  and  laws  of  the  United  States,  should  govt  in  ;],( 
decision.  Thus  the  miners  became  their  own  law- 
makers, the  same  principle  being  adopted  in  all  tli 
courts.  The  first  appropriator  of  a  claim  was  cdiisid- 
ered  to  be  the  owner,  from  whom  title  could  be  a(- 
quired  by  another. 

Thii  principle  was  applied  to  possessory  rigJits  in 
all  the  public  lands,  the  government,  which  owind 
the  lands,  not  interfering.  To  interfere  in  all  llioi 
cases,  as  a  party  to  the  suit,  would  have  produ((il  in- 
describable confusion  ;  but  the  court  proceeded  as  if 
a  ^I'rant  reallv  existed  to  the  first  claimant  of  iiiiiics, 
water-])rivileges,  or  lands. 

In  the  early  years  of  mining,  an  opinion  of  the  sii 
l)renie  court  i;ave  weiuht  to  the  belief  entertained  Iv 
some,  that  gold  and  silver  belonged  to  the  state.  Iv 
virtue  of  her  sovereignty  ;  that  the  state  had  tin  ^vl- 
right  to  authorize  the  mines  to  be  worked,  to  iVaiii' 
laws  and  regulations,  to  license  miners,  r.nd  ti>  allix 
such  terms  and  conditions  as  slie  might  deem  iiKpr 
to  the  freedom  of  their  use.  Under  this  deci.^iiiii  tin 
lands  of  private  proprietors  were  invaded  for  niii)iiiL: 
puri)()ses  as  freely  as  public  lands.  This  brought  en 
nun\erous  suits  for  intrusion  on  private  prujKiiy 
claimetl  und(>r  United  States  laws,  and  the  Mqiidii' 
court  was  forced  to  modif^v  this  opinion,  and  to  deeiih 
that  **  an  invasion  of  private  jiroperty  in  ordei  to  en- 
joy a  public  franchise  would  require  more  specific  Ku 
islation  than  any  yet  resorted  to."  This  ri'jlit  u< 
invade  private  lands  in  search  of  gold  was  fii>t  repii 
diated  iu  1850,  by  Judge  Field,  he  finally  establi^liini,' 


LAND  TITLES. 


oor) 


[\ic  (Idctiiiio  that  gold  an<l  silver  bclonf^od  to  the 
land  liki'  any  otlier  product,  or  any  pr(»})erty  fixed  to 
its  surtU'". .  This  opinion  is  now  never  seriously  de- 
iiiiMJ.  hut  the  su|)renie  court,  as  in  other  cases,  was 
iiiuih  iiuilii^nt'd  l)y  the  lahorinjj;  class,  who  bcHexcd 
that  the  court  was  governed  in  its  decision  by  the  in- 
tluciicG  of  capital. 

TitKs  to  land  in  San  Francisco  led  to  incessant 
tiduMc;  ;iiid  the  decisions  ot"  the  courts  coi  -^tanlly 
()ir;t>i(iiud  l)itterness  of  feeling.  Under  Mexican  laws 
San  Frauci-ico  was  a  pueblo,  entitled  tt>  four  square 
1 'a^ucs  of  land,  which  the  niunicii)al  magistrates  were 
autlmrizod  to  ap[)ortion  in  small  (quantities,  to  the  in- 
haijitaiits.  The  city  of  San  Francisco  succeeded  to 
i\w  l;ui(li-d  proprietorship  of  the  pueblo,  and  lots  Wivo. 
sold  liv  the  alcaldes  during  the  military  government 
uf  CaiifDniia,  for  trifling  sums.  But  many  innni- 
uianl-  tivateil  the  land  as  belonging  to  the  Ignited 
8iiti«;,  claiming  anv  vacant  lots  thev  convenient Iv 
coiilil.  tiuir  claims  being  resisted  bv  others,  the  result 
lii'iiig  never-ending  controversies,  cmphasi/.ed  some- 
tiiih's  with  bloodshed,  and  emj;loying  the  whole  legal 
iL'aniiiig  of  the  city  in  tiieir  settlement. 

Ill  IS.M)  San  Fran<-isco  was  incorporated,  and  with 
a  recklessness  characteristic  of  the  tinu'S,  contracted 
)iiniv  del  its  than  she  was  able  to  pay.  Kxeeutions 
wi  IV  K\  led  ui)on  the  city's  lands.  That  jxntion  (»f  the 
lin]iiilati()n  which  denied  th(>  city's  right  to  the  pueblo 
lands  lauglii'd  at  the  shel'iH's  sales;  but  suits  of  ejcet- 
UK'iit  tullowed  rapidly.  Property  of  great  value  was 
Million  execution  for  mertly  nominal  prices,  and  the 
supreme  court  soon  had  to  decide  upon  the  validity 
iif  tilt'  sales.  Its  decision  confirmed  among  others 
111  ■  validity  of  the  Peter  Smith  sales.  In  1853,  Xtwx 
Nt'ss  hring  mayor,  the  city  <'ouncil  [lassed  an  or.ii- 
iiniico  which  bears  his  name,  ai.d  of  which  ho  was  tlie 
i'li  lior.  It  relinijuishcd  the  city's  intiTest  to  lands 
witliiii  its  corporate  limits,  as  defined  b\-  charter,  with 
'^riaiii  e.\ce[>tions,  to  the  persons  in  actual  possession 


THE  JUDICIARY. 


ni  i  i  >, 


on  or  before  January  1,  1855,  provided  they  wen 
still  in  possession  in  June  of  that  year,  when  the  or- 
dinance would  be  introduced  into  the  common  coun- 
cil, and  to  all  persons  holding  under  grants  made  liv 
the  alcaldes  before  July  7,  1846,  or  by  virtue  of  a 
grant  subsequently  made  by  thoic  niagistratis,  if  thi 
grant  had  been  properly  entered  in  a  book  of  record 
in  custody  of  the  recorder  of  the  county,  })revious  t  > 
Aprils,  1850.  This  ordinance  was  approved  by  mt 
of  the  letjislature  in  1858,  and  bv  a  test  case  biou'f]  t 
before  the  supreme  court,  settled  definitely  the  land 
cases  within  the  city  limits,  the  court  confirm iu'j;  Vav 
titles  under  the  ordhiance.  Millinns  worth  of  pinji. 
erty  belonging  to  the  city  was  rescued  from  sincula- 
tors,  and  thousands  of  homes  saved  from  the  s[i(.il(T: 
yet  such  was  the  hatred  incurred  by  the  Judges  from 
disap[)ointed  contestants,  that  if  ev(T  they  had  eiijovi  d 
any  rose-hucd  visions  of  the  dignity  of  their  otticf, 
such  illusions  were  dissipated,  often  to  give  [dacL  to 
dread  of  assassination. 

There  was  another  part  of  the  city  land  question 
whicli  had  to  be  adjudicated  upon.  Tliis  was  tlie 
right  of  tlio  city  to  the  whole  of  the  four  sijuaro 
leagues  belonging  to  the  pueblo.  The  board  of  land 
connnissioners  created  in  1851,  by  act  of  congress  at 
(Jwin's  suggestion,  confirmed  that  portion  eiiibrac'd 
within  the  charter  limits  only.  The  city  a[»i)(al(tl  t ' 
the  district  court,  but  the  case  remahied  undccidid 
until  Se])tember  1854,  when  it  was  bv  congressional 
act  transfern^l  to  the  circuit  court  of  tlie  1  iiittd 
States,  an;i  decided  bv  Justice  Field  as  it  lind  l»nii 
when  he  was  on  the  supreme  bench  1)y  lialdwiii,  tliat 
the  city  had  succeeded  totlic^vliole  of  the  pueblo  lands. 
This  decision  was  the  occasion  of  an  attempt  on  Fi'  Ids 
life  above  referred  to.^ 

'Ifi  CAl.,  p.  ru2;  IfirLi  vs  fi.H.  ."^  Cal..  p.  i210;  Sfmh  vs  li'im'/.  :.  Cal-.p. 
37;  /'(V^/'s  Enrh/  /).'(/>,  I  tO:  '-M'.-il..  pp.  o'-M-.".  In  LS.  .">,  wlun  on  tlie -up. 
Iioneh  (if  the  l^nittnl  Stati'-^.  FiiM  rccfivi'd  a  iiackaL't-  .it  liis  riioin-  in  Wa^li- 
iiiL'tou  oi'iitaining  a  torpidi).  In  the  apiionilix  to  Kirbi  Ihiii-'  in  <'''.,  cxiii'it 
K,  pp.  -13- j,  ia  au  accouut  uf  the  cirouuistaiiuc  by  Judgo  Lukf,  whowaj 


JUSTICES  AND  JUSTICE. 


231 


As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  injury  which  certain  pt  r- 
pDiis,  justly  or  unjustly,  sustained  by  the  derision  of 
the  I'liitt.'d  States  circuit  court  was  due  to  Field,  he 
liaviiig  been  the  author  of  those  parts  of  the  coni^rcs- 
sldiiul  act  pi'oviously  alluded  to,  which  autjiorized  the 
district  court  to  transfer  to  his  court  the  cases  pcnd- 
inu',  in  which  the  title  to  lands  within  the  corporate 
limits  of  a  city  or  town  were  undetermined,  and  which 
rcliii<|uishcd  the  right  of  the  United  States  to  any  of 
tlie  land  within  such  limits,  hi  trust  to  the  city  and 
its  successors,  for  the  uses  specified  in  the  Van  Ness 
ortliuaiice,  except  such  reserves  as  the  government 
had  iiiado  for  military  or  other  public  uses. 

It  niiL;ht  reasonably  be  questioned  whether  a  judge 
should  be  allowed  so  far  to  interfere  with  matters 
eii;4inating  in  another  court  as  to  procure  an  act  of 
cuiigiess  tiansferring  it  to  Ids  own  court;  liut  most  men 
are  reconciled  to  irregular  proceedings  instituted  to 
result  in  better  order.  So  nature  travails,  while  a 
iiiountaln  or  a  mouse  is  born,  and  thenceforth  through- 
(Uit  the  ages  mountains  and  nuce  abound,  the  forme 
ro'iulating  the  winds  that  cool,  and  tlie  waters  that 
fiitilizo  tlie  earth,  the  latter  adding  their  quota  to 
the  sum  of  vermin  without  which  the  universe  would 
remain  unfinished.  This  society,  oppressed  for  long 
Years  witli  uid)earable  wronus,  is  suddcnlv  aiousid  in 
all  its  majesty,  and,  ignoring  law  and  the  machiiu  ry 
of  justice,  exacts  and  obtains  a  justice  higher  than 
the  law. 

Thed:cision  here  referred  to  was  rendered  in  Octo- 
1)(  r  IS(')4.  but  a  motion  for  a  rehearing  kept  it  in 
ceurt  until  IMay  1805,  when  the  decree  was  finally 
entered.     The  United  States  appealed  from  it  to  the 


prp-icnt,  ami  caiitiniu'd  Field  not  to  o])on  it.  When  it  wax  finally  o]ioiic<l, 
aiti'f  liciiif,'  well  doaki'il  in  water,  it  m  ,is  found  to  liavo  parted  insidi;  tlio 
I'uvcr  a  ncwspajHT  »\i\i  an  follows;  '  Monday,  Ovt.  ',\\,  IN(t4.  The  City  of  Sail 
FiMiiiisii.  vs  llnited  States.  Judfio  '-"iild  yesterday  delivered  the  following 
(i]imiim  III  tlie  aliovo  case.  It  will  lie  lead  with  iutiie-t  l>y  the  peoiile  of  this 
city.'  It  may  have  been  to  kill  buiuubudy;  it  may  have  bucu  a  harmlesa 
juke. 


232 


THE  JUDICIARY. 


supremo  court,  in  toto,  and  tlic  city  from  tliat  pait  r.f 
it  which  reserved  certain  (juantities  of  hmd  to  be  di  s- 
ignated  by  tlje  president  witliin  a  given  time.  The 
appeal  not  l>eing  hkely  to  be  reached  in  tlie  supreme 
court  for  a  hms;  time,  and  the  secretary  of  war  Iniiuf 
consulted  as  to  reservations,  and  not  finding  iiuv 
necessary.  Field  drew  a  bill  whicli  the  C^aliforniu  dcl- 
egation  '  took  in  hand  and  carried  througli  both  hou.ses 
of  congress,  quieting  the  city's  title  to  all  the  laml 
embraced  within  the  decree  of  confirmation.  This  act 
was  signed  in  March  180G.  The  a]>peals  WiW  dls- 
misst'd,  and  the  citv  was  finally  at  rest  on  tlie  sul)i((t 
of  titles,  The  municipal  authorities  took  measuns  to 
set  apart  lots  for  public  buildings  and  schools,  and 
reserved  for  a  park  tliat  generous  quantity  of  land 
now  ra[)idly  being  made  one  of  the  finest  of  pleasure 
resorts,  overlooking  the  C;!olden  (iate,  and  witliiii 
sound  of  the  sea's  unending  melody.^ 

The  city  of  San  Francis»'o,  after  going  tlirough  all 
the  courts  for  a  long  series  of  years,  during  which  tlie 
value  of  property  had  increased  extraordinarily,  was 
at  length  placed  upon  a  footing  similar  to  that  of 
towns  uj)on  public  lands  of  the  United  States,  under 
the  town-site  laws;*  that  is,  it  held  its  lands  in  trust 
for  the  occupants,  to  be  conveyed  to  them  upon  sudi 
terms  as  the  legislature  might  prescribe.  If  it  timk 
possession  of  any  lot  or  ])arcel  already  occupied  t^r 
public  purposes,  it  assessed  those  occu|)ants  to  wleun 
title  had  passed  upon  agreement,  and  raised  the  nnHh  v 
re(]uireil  to  make  reasonabh>  compensation  to  the  dis- 
possessed.'    Instead  of  the  insecurity  of  titles  w  hich 


*  Senator  .Tiihii  Coiiness  an>l  Representative  McRiier  liail  iliiir^'i' ii  the 
bill. 

''Frank  McCoppin,  cloctod  mayor  of  tlio  city  iu  IStlT,  was  the  pniiie 
mover  in  tlio  iiiipriiveiiii'ut  of  tlie  park  lands. 

«  Act  of  -May  "A  hS44:  of  Mar.'li  -J.  IsCT:  ami  of  June  ISCS. 

'To  the  (listinguislioil  author  of  k'"rli/  Ihn/-:  in  Cut.  I  am  imlohteil  f^r  tlic 
candid  st.\tenu'nt  of  his  ])art  in  the  l.ihor  of  adjusting  land  niiittcrs  in  eali- 
fornia,  for  while  wading  through  C'lt.  A'cjxirf-s  and  U.  S.  supreme  eourt  do- 
pinions  may  convey  clalioratc  infi)rmation,  it  fails  to  inijir^ss  the  reader  like 
the  narrative  oi  the  actors  iu  the  strife. 


THE  BAD  BALDWIN. 
ii.Mwin.  „„  tJ.e  bo„eJ  of  C,tf     '•'■"  "'T  ''"'"»'"» 

I..  aiTivod  in  San  Fm,^  it'   "■^";f''  t<^'"l>o.'a.Mont. 
tWumIs  witi,  tl,o  Murray  fr^r.,  '^•■'^'  "'"'  '""'^i"- 

»«l'  -.vat  cases,  sonfo  of  wl,iH?ir","  '7""'"'l"'eJ 
"■•"■  f  s."  TJ.ese  cases  w.  '  e  icWr  ?  ""  1^"'^"'= 
;,'".-'  ll.i..ugl,  tl,o  courts  f  ■,.„,  ^  1"-''  '""«•  ''i-'^'- 
P."«t  of  t,,e  lawyers  ^^i^'Z^7<&,r''''  '"  *'^ 

"■'■■-^"■y  to  ,l,e  t;!vns^;S,  ofTuti';;''-""^""'^"-'  '^""S 
bu-mess  a.,  n.iijl.t  I,e  done  at  el.,?n  ''  '^'T^'l^'  *"'■'' 
'■i"T.nce  of  ,l,.ec  justices  w'w  f"""  "''™.  ""'J  tlio  con- 

t'"i'"nv  iM.'k  f>..,n  tli,.ir  I  .mI         '"  l?"'''''"»sers  of  the  o    v  '    '*'•  I""l'<rty 

^';'^"l  i'H-ali.i.  to  .s,.e  t  ;  l-i^ V  f'"'"  V'""-  *'f'^-^  att/..k    ,'',;","■>"'■'••  ».'I.I«,,.. 

r-^"'^  Ti,..;;: '^ • »'  :^^:« ""■'  t,,,,. .i.ci.i  u ,;?Th;:;r '";/""*"'^ " '^i 

-"^""£::.;s  r■'^••--•- 


1 


234 


THE  JUDICIARY. 


i'fr.i 


5  ^ 
mi  ^ 


I    I 


'  ,-1 


j9 

1 

cSn 

1 

by  a  special  election,  at  which  no  officer,  other  tlian 
judicial,  exce[)t  for  the  sajterintendcnt  of  public  in- 
struction, should  be  chosen.  Their  terin  was,  more- 
over, increased  to  ten  years  from  the  1st  <»f  Januaiv 
next  after  their  election,  except  those  elected  at  the  tlrst 
election,  who  sliould  be  so  classified  among  thcnisolves 
bv  lot  that  one  should  <zo  out  of  office  everv  two 
years,  the  justice  drawing  the  shortest  tenn  to  he 
chief  justice. 

Under  this  amended  law,  the  justices  elected  undi  r 
the  former  one  were  legislated  out  of  office,  naiinly. 
W.  W.  Cope  and  Edward  Norton,'*  Field  resiLfiiinij; 
in  May  hSG3,  and  E.  B.  Crocker  being  appointed  to 
the  vacancy.  The  justices  elected  under  the  ana  ndt  d 
constitution,  and  on  the  republican  ticket,  were  Hihii 

costs,  until  an  entirely  new  set  of  officers  were  on  the  liench,  ancl  the  pro].- 
erty  li.iil  so  eiiliaiiuud  in  value  that  '.io  of  the  jiurcha.-^ers  "f  the  city  -liji^  il.- 
fiilmu  ici  ki  r[i  tlic  lots,  tlic  city  ccnisontcil,  ami  jiave  ImjuiIs  for  .'*1.(H»0.o<ki  t.. 
In-  jjiiiil.  Six  otluTs  hroufilit  Huit  later,  and  were  l>caten  by  a  legal  quiljl<It; 
a.4  ai^surd  as  tiio  first,  wliich  saved  tlie  city  .^lUO.UOO. 

In  the  ca.se  of  liiddle  Boggs  v^.  the  Merccil  Mining  Co.,  brought  ti>  ti-t 
tlie  li^rlit  iif  Frt'iiidut  to  the  gold  in  the  land  of  liis  NlariiMi.sa  grant,  ar^'ui-.l 
fcr  Fremont  liy  Haldwiii,  Ijcforu  IJuructt  and  Turry  in  1S58,  it  was  ilwiili.'. 
tliat  the  gold  boloiigi'd  to  tlie  U.  S.  gov't,  the  Alvara^lo  grant  hfiiiu  I'm 
the  1:111(1  only.  Ill  |S,")<.(  the  decision  was  reversed  by  Field  ami  (-'oi^'—  liiiM- 
w  in  not  sitting-  and  Fremont,  or  liis  creditors,  were  adjudged  to  own  th 
C' •inputs  of  tlie  land.  Another  iiiiporUmt  suit  lost  l>y  Baldwin  as  a  lawwr. 
ainl  rexivL'd  wliile  ho  was  on  the  bench,  was  that  of  McC'auley  vs.  The  Mat. 
i'oiitroller,  involving  the  ]irison  contract,  of  which  mention  ha.s  W-eii  inadi  iii 
a  ]iievioiis  Volume.  In  IfibOthe  court  reversed  tlie  decision  of  Bniiu tt  aii'i 
Terry,  and  tlie  controller  Mas  served  with  a  niaiiilanias  for  iSt0.o<Kl.  wiiidi. 
under  the  advice  of  Terry,  now  acting  as  counsellor,  he  refused  to  obey.  .\ 
comiiroiiii.^e  was  efl'ecteil,  the  state  jiaying  ."^'JTO.OtJO,  ten  |H;r  cent,  oi  \\\i->]\ 
Went  to  McCauley's  lawyers.  One  of  the  projectf.rs  of  the  Imlkhead  silieiiit 
which  so  troubled  .S.  F.  for  so  many  years,  wa.s  Felton,  the  quondam  partmr- 
atlaw  of  Haldwin;  and  one  of  its  supporters  was  .Joim  <  "onne.s.s,  then  as.«eiii- 
Myiiian  from  Kl  I>oi'ailo  co.,  who  afterward  was  elevated  to  the  U.  >••  .-eiiate. 
\N  hat  more  natural  than  thivt  people  should  say  that  Felton  laliored  to  iilao- 
("'•niiess  where  he  could  assist  Field  in  settling  land  (picstions  agn ealily  ti' 
Balilwin,  and  his  former  clients?  The.se  are  some  of  the  features  oi  an  elec- 
tive judiciary. 

'"  W.  W.  Cope,  of  Amador,  was  a  southerner.  Field  sjieaks  of  him  .is 
*p<issesseil  of  a  sujicrior  mind,  ami  genial  nature,  lie  made  an  eMcIli'iit 
judce.'  J.ater  he  continued  the  practice  of  the  law  in  S.  F.  'Norton. '■•ays 
the  .same  authority,  was  'learned,  jiatient.  industrious,  and  con-i-ieiitioti*; 
but  he  was  not  adajitcd  for  an  appellate  tribunal.  He  had  no  conlidciu-t'  in 
hi^  own  unaided  judgment.'  Kurli/  l)'t>/.<  in  C'liL,  11^-19.  Tuthill  -ays  tl.al 
while  Norton  was  judge  of  the  I'Jtii  district  court  he  Wiw  particularly  averse 
to  chminal  trials,  but  that  he  wati  au  excellent  man. 


BIOORArillCAL. 


2:!5 


icr  tlian 
uUlc  iu- 
is,  iiiorc- 
Jiimiary 
ttlic  first 
iciiiselves 
very  two 
nil  to  be 

bed  unil  r 
'  iiaiiu'lv. 
resi;j;iiiii;4 
oiiitcd  t«) 
!  anumlHl 
vero  Sllai 


anil  the  prop- 
i  citv  A\\«  il-  ■ 

•  Sl.CHtO.tHKIlH 

k  legal  quiW.lc 

roiiplit  ti)  ti«' 
grant,  ari-iui 
,-;is  di-i-iilr'i 
t   lii-llii:  i'l 

lljK.-     llill'i 
to    1>\VI1    tllJ 

as  :i  lawvir. 
..  The  Mat. 
<(ii  mailc 111 
r.iiriiitt  aii'l 

0.*KXt.  wliiili. 

to  oliey.     A 

lit.  <>I  wliiili 

klieail  sclniiii' 

dam  iwrtntr- 

,  then  ii>sciii- 
U.  >•  .-iiiati'. 

M.retl  t"  jiW'- 


w 

•an 


agrcahly  to 
■cs  of  au  eleo- 

ks  of  him  .is 
an  iN'ill'iit 
Nort.'ii  '"''V- 
onsi-ii'iitiiiii*; 
pouli'ltiK-f  111 
till  -■•.V-  <l'»- 
lularh  aver=<: 


W.  Sanderson,"  who  drew  the  short  term,  Loniizo 
Siwvir,  John  Currey,  Auii^ustus  L.  Eliodes,"  and 
OsiarL.  Sliafter.'*  Sanderson  was  reelected  to  f^uc- 
(T.  d  liiniself,  but  rcsij^iied  in  18G9,  when  Jackson 
Ti mplc  was  appointed  W  tlic  governor,  and  ohtaiiu  d 
a  iniiiiination  in  1871,  but  was  beaten  b}-  Addisun  ('. 
Xilrs,  for  tlic  unexpired  term.  Currey,"  who  was 
rliicf  justice  for  two  years,  went  out  in  1868,  and  was 
defeated  for  reelection  by  William  T.  Wallace.'^ 
Sawyer's '"  term  expired  in  1807,  and  lie  was  defeated 

"  SaiiiK'rson  was  a  native  of  Vt,  born  in  1S'J4,  and  cducatoil  at  WlUiains 
ci'l!'!,'!'.  Mass,  and  Union  college,  X.  Y.,  where  ho  graduated  in  ISlii.  lie 
wii-  iul'uitttil  to  tlie  har  at  All)any  in  I.S4!),  and  hegan  i)ractioe  in  Fliiriii, 
liiit  came  tn  Cil.  in  IS,")!,  settling  in  VA  Dorado.  Although  a  whij,'.  \vli>-ra 
tiiiTi!  was  a  whig  party,  he  was  ek'ctud  <listrict  attorney  in  lb.">S  l>y  t!io 
(li;ii"i'rat-i.  in  ISCi'J  ho  was  electod  liy  the  Union  party  to  tiie  as-cini  ly, 
wiai'o  iio  distingnislii'd  himself  hy  Itecoming  the  author  of  the  Specilii-  (Ln- 
ti'.irt  .\i't.  'Asa  judge  he  knew  no  politic'.s  crei'd,  color,  nationality,  iii- 
tiiiciK'i',  or  wealth.'  At  the  expiration  of  his  term  he  wad  elected  ;"')r  tun 
years. 

'-.\.  L.  Rhodes  was  horn  in  Oneida  Co.,  N.  Y.,  in  1S21,  educated  at 
IliMiilton  ci.lli'j^e,  ainl  after  studying  law  migrated  toKreen  co.,  Ind.,  wIk  m-u 
liu  raiiio  to  California  iu  IS'>'2.  He  settled  at  San  Jose,  lieing  district  atior- 
IR'V,  and  state  senator  in  1S.")9.  As  a  memher  of  the  judiciary  committee, 
lie'uri^ed  tiio  amendments  which  were  afterwards  a<lo[)ted. 

'■"O.  L.  Siiafter  was  horn  in  Vt.,  in  ISI'2.  His  parental  grandfather  fouclit 
at  ;?iiiiker  liiU,  Henningtou,  and  Saratoga,  ami  was  afterward  for  25  yt  aii  a 
ini'iiilicr  of  the  Vi-rmoiit  legislature.  His  father  was  county  judge,  iiit.iuber 
lit  the  cunstitutiunal  coiiveutioa  of  his  state  in  l,s;>(>,  and  several  times  a 
iiuiiilier  of  the  If^'islature.  He  was  educated  at  Williraham  academy  and 
tlie  We-lryan  tinivt'isity,  graduating  in  1SI'«4,  after  wliieh  he  stmlied  law  at 
tlie  llarvanl  law  seliool,  under  Judge  Story.  He  came  to  Cal.  in  ]s.">4, 
iiraiticiiii:  his  jirofos^inn  until  elected  assuciate  justice  of  the  supreme  cntirt. 
He  rp-ii'iiicl  on  ai-count  of  failing  health,  and  went  abroad:  hut  recovery 
vas  iiiipossjlili!,  aii<l  he  died  in  Italy  in  IS73. 

".Iiiiin  Currey  was  a  native  of  Peekskill,  N.  Y.,  where  his  family  had 
liocu  est:ihlisl!C(l  for  a  century.  He  was  horn  in  IS14,  and  educated  at  liis 
nuivc  town,  Vermont  academy  and  Middletown college.  Conn.,  studying' law 
vifh  Willi.iiii  N(l-ou  of  I'cik.^kill,  and  heing  admitl'.'d  to  jiractiee  in  IS-J2. 
Ik'  rame  to  Cal.  in  1.S40,  and  ])assed  through  the  stormy  political  pi-iind  of 
tlie  I'olliiwing  10  years  without  ever  soiling  his  fame  as  an  honest  and  pure 
111:111.  lie  was  one  of  the  tirst  to  make  headway  against  tlie  Leci'mjion 
(Iriuni-racv.  Williams  college,  Mass.,  conferred  on  liiin  in  1870  the  title  of 
L.L.I). 

''William  T.  Wallace,  horn  in  Ky.,  in  1S2S.  was  hrcd  to  the  jirofcssion  of 
the  law,  liaviiig  ju -t  comi>lcted  his  studies  when  he  nmved  to  C'.il.  in  I.")). 
>>'jtrliii^' at  S.in  Jusi-,  he  formed  a  partnership  with  IJnrnett  and  Kylaml; 
and  soon  married  Itonertte,  daughter  of  K\-gov.  Burnett.  He  vas  a  cainli- 
tLite  in  l^iVS  for  the  U.  8.  Ncnate,  ami  also  f(  r  presidential  elertiun.  He 
ovcd  his  election  as  judge  of  the  .supreme  court  in   1S(>9  to  the  democratic 

'■  L'TPn/o  Sawyer  was  horn  in  Le  Roy,  JefTeraon  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  1S20.  liis 
fa'Jier  Jesse  Sawyer  and  his  graudfathor  being  among  the  pioneers  of  the 


i: 


23G 


THE  JUDICIARY. 


I 

u 


by  Royal  T.  Sprague,"  wlio  died  in  February  1872, 
when  Lsaac  S.  Jielcher  was  appointed  in  his  [Aaw.  his 
successor,  E.  W.  McKinstry,  being  chosen  in  l,s73. 
Rh(»d(s'  term  ex  [tired  in  1871,  when  he  was  re-jlectcMl. 
Slialter  resigned  in  December  1807,  Joseph  B.  Crock, 
ctt  being  ap[)ointed,  and  in  1809  elected  for  the  short 
term,  to  succeed  him.  Sawyer  was  chief  justice  in 
18G8-9,  Rhodes  in  1870-1,  S[n'ague  in  1872,  succi-cded 
bv  Wallace  the  same  year,  who  beinix  in  f""'  ten  vears, 
remained  chief  justice  until  tlie  atloption  of  a  new  con- 
stitution again  legislated  out  of  office  the  suprcinu 
ju<lgcs. 

lioth  parties  in  1800,  by  their  ballots,  declared  tlio 
existence  of  a  long  and  short  term,  and  again  in  1871, 
when  Rhodes  was  cliosiMi  for  the  long  term,  and  Xilcs 
for  the  sliort  term,  l^ut  Justice  Crockett,  who  was 
elected  for  an  unexpired  term  of  four  years,  when  it 
was  ended  contended  that  he  had  been  chosen  for  ten 
years,  and  he  was  sustained  in  his  o[>inion  by  tlic 
bench.  It  was  evidently  the  intention  of  the  Ic:^- 
islature  in  amcndhig  the  constitution  in  1802  to 
prevent  the  frequent  recurrence  of  judicial  elec- 
tions, and  to  separate  them  as  nmcli  as  pos.sililo 
from  politics,  yet  the  politicians   were   as   read}'  as 

Black  river  country.  On  the  maternal  side  he  was  related  to  the  dil  I'n-i. 
ciitt  who  led  the  Anicrioaii  fon'Oi  at  Bunker  liill,  find  to  the  historian  di  that 
name.  Ijoren/.o  lived  ujiou  a  farm  until  16  years  of  aye,  hut  heiiig  stmliiPiH, 
a<'(iuired  tlie  rudiments  of  a  goud  education  at  home,  and  at  tlio  lUaik  v\\>t 
institute  in  Watertown.  He  went  to  Oliio  in  1S40,  and  studied  for  a  time  at 
tiie  Western  lleserve  college,  after  which  ho  read  law  with  Gu.<tavus  Swan, 
and  Noah  H.  Swayiio  now  on  the  U.  S.  Hupreme  houch.  On  coming  tn  Cai. 
in  \S')0,  he  located  liimsclf  at  Nevada  city,  hut  soon  removed  to  S.  F.  iii^ 
practicG  was  largo  and  prulitahle.  Ho  was  one  of  the  organizers  nf  tlio 
repuliliean  party  of  t'al.  In  ISli!)  wlieu  his  term  ex]iired  on  tlie  sii]Mi'iiie 
hencli  of  the  state,  he  was  made  U.  S.  circuit  judge  of  tlie  9th  circuit,  win -li 
ho  took  in  1S70.  In  1S77  Hamilton  college,  N.  Y.,  conferrcil  upon  liiin  the 
hoiioi-ary  degree  of  L.L.I).  Hi.s  supremo  court  reports  liU  15  vols,  aii'i  liia 
circuit  court  reports  5  vols. 

''T.  S)irag\ic  was  a  native  of  Vt.,  whence  ho  removed  to  Ohio,  wluic  lie 
ac(piirc<l  his  legal  knowledge.  He  migrateil  lo  <'al.  in  1S4*.>,  making  Iim  n'<- 
ideiuo  in  Shasta  co.  He  was  elected  to  the  state  senate  for  IS.n  ."i"),  iiiit 
declined  reelection  and  devotiMl  himself  to  his  profession.  Of  him,  as  a 
judge,  chief  j.istico  Wallace  declared  that  'no  judicial  odicer  ever  i>o-scsm'i1 
ni  a  liijjher  degree  that  ahsoliite  in(lc|iendcnce  of  soul  wliicli  acknowlcilTcil 
acciiuntaliility  to  none  savcdod  and  his  own  good  conscience  for  the  uiot.VL'S 
by  whieli  hiti  course  here  was  actuated  and  ileteruiiued.' 


:ii; ;. 


rRKATKA'  OF  OURTS. 


237 


hofoiv  to  avail  tlicmselves  of  a  vacancy  to  introduto 
sliort  terms. 

VtVir  ri'>]it  years  trial  of  the  aiiu'iided  judicinl 
pvstt'in,  the  legislature  of  iy6l)-70  ])r(ii)osed  agjiin  lo 
aimnd  so  as  to  establish  courts  of  exelusivi'  criminal 
)Uiis<lietioii  in  cities  or  towns;  to  abolish  s[iecial  i  h  (  - 
tidiis  of  suprenu'  and  district  judges,  and  to  confine  a 
jud'j,!'  elected  to  fill  a  vacancy,  to  the  unexpired  ti  rni 
oiil\.  Any  judicial  officer  wilfully  absenting  himself 
from  the  state  for  thirty  days  ferfi  ited  hiseflice.  The 
ju(Il;<s  aln-ady  in  offiee  should  hold  for  their  full 
tt'rm.  after  which  one  justice  should  go  out  and  his 
sueccssor  be  elected  every  two  years,  the  judge  hav- 
\w^  the  shortest  term  to  be  chief  justice;  but  this 
change  appears  not  to  have  been  made  at  that  time. 

Congress  in  1855  established  a  circuit  court  of  the 
Unit'd  States,  which  had  appellate  jurisdiction  ovir 
tilt!  foilcral  courts  of  the  northern  and  southern  dis- 
tricts. This  act  removed  from  the  United  States  dis- 
trict courts  the  special  jurisdiction  b(  fore  vested  in 
tlicni  over  the  board  of  commissioners  for  the  settle- 
mrnt  of  land  claims.  The  circuit  judge  was  also  rc- 
(|uin'(l,  from  time  to  time,  to  form  j>art  of  and  preside 
iivt  r  the  federal  district  courts  when  either  was  en 
.;:iie(l  in  the  discharge  of  appellate  juris(iiction  over 
till'  l)oard  of  commissioners.  He  liad  no  scat  on  the 
supreme  bench  of  the  United  States,  but  his  offiee 
was  exclusive  to  the  Pacific  coast.'"  The  flist  and 
only  judge  of  this  court,  ^Matthew  Hall  .McAllister," 
nsi;j,tied  in  1802,  and  the  court  was  abolished  soon 
after.  The  subsequent  elevation  of  Field  to  the 
supreme  bench  of  federal  judges,  with  the  circuit  of 
the  Pacific  states,  revived  its  powers. 

'^f'rane  mentions  this  with  indignation,  lioiiij?  the  only  state  in  the  '.tnion 
witliciit  a  jmlicial  representative  at  Washington.     Pn.t/  owl  Pn.-'nf,  :W. 

'•'.M.  H.  .McAllister was  horn  in  Savannah,  Oa.,  in  l.S(K>,  an.l  tilucatt d  at 
Priiucti.n  collige,  N.  J.,  after  whieh  ho  was  trained  in  the  law,  to  which  his 
fathi  1-  was  also  hrcd.  He  practised  in  Savannah  2!)  yars,  and  wa.s  U.  S. 
atty  fi.r  tlie  .southern  di.st  of  (;.a.  As  a  legislator,  and  juo^e  of  law,  he  was 
eiiuiilly  (iLstinguished.     He  died  in  S.  F  ia  1805,  universally  regretted. 


i 


i 


Ml  ' 


I  . 


II  ■  Iff  ^  • 


'^IM 


238 


THE  JUDICIARY. 


The  United  States  district  courts,  as  tlic  niii|(  r 
will  remember,  were  two  in  number,  a  northern  and 
southern.  In  IHOO  the  southern  district  was  alio]. 
ishod,  and  its  jurisdiction  conferred  on  the  court  of 
the  northeni  district.  The  ostensible  reason  for  dls- 
pensinj^  with  one  of  tlie  federal  courts  was  that  tin  iv 
was  not  enough  business  to  give  it  constant  occuiiii- 
tion.  But  while  this  was  true,  it  was  ecjually  triio 
that  many  land  titles  were  still  unsettled,  whicji  liad 
been  thrown  into  litigation  by  the  ITnited  Stati  s 
and  not  by  the  claimants.  Many  claimants  wvw 
already  ruined  by  endless  law-suits;  and  now  the  re- 
maindor  were  required  to  travel  with  their  witnesses 
several  hundred  miles  to  San  Francisco,  and  to  iiK  ur 
an  expense  they  were  unable  to  bear.  It  had  iiedi 
bad  enougli  going  to  ]\[onterey  to  attend  court.  Init 
this  was  an  additional  infliction. 

A  petition  praying  for  a  restoration  of  the  south- 
ern district,  and  a  term  (jf  the  court  annually  i\t  tlic 
city  of  Los  Angeles  was  forwarded  to  congress,  tlic 
business  of  tlie  federal  courts  having  increased  l)c- 
yond  their  capabilities.  An  effort  was  made  liy 
Senator  Stewart  of  Nevada  to  have  the  Xivada 
judicial  district  joined  to  the  southern  district  of  Cali- 
fornia. Nothing  however  was  done  during  the  twnitv 
years  from  18G6  to  1886,  when  a  new  district  was 
formed,  but  congress  failing  to  provide  the  meaii-<  to 
set  the  court  in  operati(m,  no  judge  was  appointed. 
Ogden  Hoffman  long  remained  upon  the  bencJi  where 
he  was  placed  when  a  young  man  in  1851." 

■"  Ayox  Aw/cIm  AV«w,  Jan.  22  ami  2.'),  1867;  S.  F.  Com.  Hn-nUl  and  M'rht 
/?'■!•!,  ,n.  Fell.'  1.S,  ISC.S;  Oil.  Jiulirhirif  SrraiM,  3-8;  S.  F.  C/iiii„Ur  of  <■„,„.  /.'-j-/. 
1870,  24-7;  Montei-'jf  fhnntrriif,  Fel».  8,  1808.  Isaac  S.  K.  0.i,'icr\va-i  the  lirst 
in(.'tiiiil)(;iit  of  the  U.  S.  dist  lienoli  in  soutliern  Cal,  Jiuli^e  .loiics  liaviiiu'  il'il 
soon  aftiM'  Iiis  ivppointincnt.  He  died  cif  apoplexy  at  hear  Valley,  May  -I. 
18(il.  lie  was  formerly  U.  S.  atty  for  tlie  southern  distriet.  Ogierwas  •.iic- 
cecdt'd  l)y  Fleteher  M.  Haij^lit,  who  also  died  in  otlice,  anil  the  ]il,u(!  re- 
mained vacant  for  several  years.  According  to  the  ■!?.  F.  i'hiT>nirli.\;\\\.  .'iO, 
18(>i>,  the  efl'ort.s  made  at  Washington  to  have  a  certain  ohnoxioiis  imlivHln.il 
elevated  to  the  position  of  U.  S.  district  jmlge,  was  the  can.se  of  the  alinlisli- 
ment  of  the  district — to  be  rid  of  persistent  and  disgusting  importunities. 
However  that  may  be,  there  was  much  difficulty  to  secure  its  re-estalilish- 


PRESS  OP  BUSINESS. 


880 


urn  and 
as  al)()l- 
L'ourt  of 
fi»r  (lis- 
at  til  en" 

OCCUpil- 

illy  true 
lucli  lijul 

I     HtiltrS 

its  wcru 
;r  tlio  re- 
.vitiu'ssfs 
to  iiitur 
lad  Ikh'H 
ourt.  I»ut 

lie  south- 

ily  at  tlie 

!;i'ess,  tlie 

uisi'd  1)1'- 

it\(\v    l»y 

Ni'vada 

ofCali- 

e  twenty 

rict  was 

noaii^  to 

)]H)intt(l, 

ii  where 


I  ami  M'irhi 

liVil-l  till'  lii'-'t 
lliaviiif.'  ilii'<l 
J.v,  May  'Jl. 
lierwa-  •Alle- 
lic jili'i!  re- 

V'.l.i'i-  •">' 
individual 

hii'  alii'li^h- 

|)(>rtiiiiitit'9. 

B-estatilish- 


If  tilt-  fcdoral  and  suproiuo  courts  wore  crowded 
with  Imsiiu'ss  the  inferior  courts  were  even  more  so. 
The  'Hh  district  court,  wliicli  o])ened  in  May  iSaO, 
at  Saciami  iito,  had  in  October  4.00  cases  on  its  docket. 
The  husiiiess  of  the  most  ])o])ul(»us  districts  was  re- 
taidi'd,  and  hecainc  sonietinii'S  ruinously  iiuolvcd 
tliniu;;h  the  interference  of  tlic  liiL^her  courts  with 
the  lower.  In  1854,  Judye  Heard,  of  Saci-aiiH  nto 
county  court,  on  an  appeal  from  a  justice's  court,  de- 
c\(\v{\  that  where  the  nmtter  in  dispute  exceedi'd  l^ilOO 
it  was  unconstitutional  for  the  justice's  court  to  take 
cd^iiizance  of  them.  As  a  result  the  county  court 
was  inconveniently  crow'ded  with  cases  on  ai>pral,  he- 
inLi  continued  from  time  to  time,  waitint^  for  an  o|>iiiion 
of  the  supreme  judges  who  ftiiled  to  agree,  until  hy 
the  death  of  one  of  them,  a  cliange  in  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  bench  was  brought  about. 

The  constitutionality  of  the  superior  court  of  San 
Francisco  was  also  called  in  (juestion  in  IFr).").  The 
sii|inine  bench  decided  in  its  favor;  out  in  the  folluw- 
\\vf  vear  it  declared  that  this  court  was  merelv  muni- 
cipal  in  its  jurisdiction,  and  its  authority  nmst  be 
(onliiied  to  the  territory  for  which  it  was  created. 
J^y  this  decision  the  superior  court  became  virtually 
disabled,  and  the  litigants  seriously  injured. 

Another  ditlerence  of  opinion  arose  between  the 
supreme  court  and  the  United  States  district  courts 

imiit.  Of  U.  S.  attys  for  tlio  Routlicm  (list,  AlfrclWlieelcr  was  flic  fir- 1.  Ho 
wa  Ijoiii  ill  Now  York  city,  April  ."(>,  IVJ'J,  ami  faini'  to  Cal.  in  I'^t'.l.  Ilo 
w.i>  siiocccduil  ill  (itlit'o  liy  Oj^ier,  ami  lie,  mi  liis  jirntmitinii.  liy  racilicii  >  Oril, 
who  luld  tlio  otlico  iimler  l.iiii.  IV  C.  W'liitiiii;  was  V.  S.  attdrmy  (luring 
Iliiight's  trriii.  Tlio  first  V.  S.  inardial  for  this  di-trict  was  I'aldu  Noringa, 
(if  San  Joso;  tlie  sfcoiid,  Kdwanl  Ihiiiltr,  of  same  jilacc,  ami  A.  S.  'I'aylor 
clerk;  tliini,  Henry  I).  ISarniws.  Tlic  l'.  S.  atturiicy-i  fur  tlic  iiurlliriii  (list 
Mere.  CalliiMin  Bc'iiliain,  S.  W.  liinc.  and  Win.  H.  Miar]i;  tlio  mar  hals  were 
Huvid  F.  Douglass,  William  H.  Ui.  lianl-on:  cK-ik,  .lohii  H.  Monro,';  third, 
Janus  V.  .Mc|>uliie,  ami  C'has.  W.  it  iiid.  I>id  i<  J.aku  was  aiipoinlc  1  U.  S. 
district  attorney  in  ISOIl.  Lake  vai  lioin  in  Ot  ci/o  iii.,  N.  V.,  in  !>•-().  lie 
1V.H  adiiiittud  to  the  liar  at  the  aye  of  '21.  'I'lie  followimr  year  lie  jiraetised 
liefnro  the  supreme  eourt,  ami  .s(!t!lt'd  in  I'tica,  wlirre  he  heeatne  eity  attor- 
lu'v,  hnt  \\;is  drawn  away  from  a  i;ivod  practiee  to  Cal.  in  l.S.'iO.  In  |S.")1  lie 
«;i-i  appoiiited  district  judfte,  to  till  a  vaiani.-y,  imt  reiL'iied  in  IS.").",  to  return 
to  till' luisines.s  of  a  lawyer.  He  was  one  aiiioii','  tliosi?  who  maintaiued  a 
8putlus3  reputatioa  while  ou  the  bunch. 


I 


l;5    ' 


i  vK 


-iili 


2i() 


TIIF.  .lUDlclAUV, 


ill  i«'nni<l  to  jmisdic'tioii ;  tlio  state  supremo  (•(•urt 
lioMiii;4'  ill  tli«'  face  «>t'  tlio  liiLjlirst  autlnnity,  that  no 
cause  e(»ul«l  be  appealed  tV<»ni  tlii^  stat<'  couits  iliii  ( t 
tn  tlie  United  Statt.s  court,  Judi;(^  Lake  of  tlic  4tli 
di-^tiiet,  and  Judi^e  Sliatturk  of  tlie  superior  1m  ndi 
liM\iii^'  iiiado  orders  on  motions  to  remove  cases  rrmii 
tli'ir  courts  to  tlu-  I'nited  States  district  coiiits.  ' 
Tlierc  was  estahlislied  in  lSf)5  a  circuit  court  of  tlie 
United  States,  in  and  for  (California,  with  app(  Ihifi  ju- 


All 


alls   Wtir 


risdietion  over  the  other  federal  «-ourt.' 

urowiii'n"  daily  more  unsatisfactory,  when  theuiviit  iij 


rism'4  «>eeu 


rred  ill  ISJ('»,  which  Would  iievi  r  ha\ 


li;i  I- 


III' 


peiied  liad  the  courts  diM'liar!L'»'d  their  thity  ti>  t 
puldic.  In  April  1S5(»  there  were  absent  from  tiitir 
places,  McAllister,  of  the  Ignited  States  circuii  /oiiit; 
Ifeydenfeldt,  of  the  supremo  court;  Ojnier.  of  tin 
rnited  States  district  court;  and  lla^er,  of  the  Itli 
district.  Their  i)hices  wero  partly  filK'd  by  sulisti- 
tutes,  but  not  in  the  manner  demanded  by  the  iieeplc. 
lOarly  in  the  year,  Shattuck,  of  thi;  superior  d-  lit. 
had  petitioned  to  iiavo  this  tribunal  abolislud.  owiiiLj 
to  tlu'  (U'cision  of  tlio  supreme  court  that  it  w  ■>  ■  i- 
comjK'tent  to  prote -t  its  own  receiver,  or  send  'ts  li'  a\ 
process  out  of  the  city.  Defendants  in  certain  rdst  s, 
on  account  of  tliis  opinion, refused  to  comply  with  tin 
ord(  r  of  the  superior  judi^e  to  surnnder  jtropeity,  iiml 
the  course  of  justice  was  impeded  in  itroportioii  tn  the 
amount  of  business  thus  obstructed. 

Such  was  the  condition  of  the  judiciary  of  San 
Francisco  and  tlie  state,  wlien  the  revolution  occuik d 
wliicli  resulted  in  an  Imjuoved  administration  ol"  jii>- 
tice.  Only  a  few  months  before  this  revolutionary 
movement,  there  was  passed  by  tlie  legislature  tlie 
consolidation  act,  by  wliicli  the  city  and  county  jj;ev- 

■•'Sliattuck  was  cnnnnamleil  to  revoke  the  order  removing  a  case  to  the 
U.  S.  district  Court,  iiml  rct'uMfil  to  fomiily.  S'lr.  I'lihni,  Mari'li  10.  I**-Vi. 
Slioulil  lie  ol)cy  the  liiaiulatc,  the  I'.  S.  eniirt  eould  iiii|)risoii  liiiii  lor  lU't 
sciidiiij;  the  ease  as  ordered;  anil  sliould  the  .supreme  eoiiit  ciioose  to  imtnf 
his  reliisnl,  it  eotild  piiiii»h  him  fur  diiiobediuuce.  It  was)  plaiu  that  the  >v\k- 
rior  court  must  give  way. 


CONSOLIDATJOX   ^^^.j. 


'II 


rninionts  of  Sun  Fnncis  -o  \ 

tlii.s  art,  wIuVl.  yu-u't  into  ril^cri,!'''rT^  ?  '^"^-      J^^' 

Jii'iin.uy.  ^'•''•^  tonstitutin-  the  U-al 

''•»'!    it    not    In'OII    fnl-   fl..         1 

v.,nfa,uv..o,„.nitt..,eouM    av^     ""''  ""^,^*^''«   ''J  tl.o 
"'"•  '"'^v'  tl.o  rourts  0^1/1   I  ^'"" '•"^•'^' P^'HuanoMt 

'-'^^-.-iaaeioc-ti^jp^.::^^;:^^^^^ 

l''-!'''  •"  tho  autuni,,,  crave  an    ..      .  ^'^^''^^^'m-s  takin.r 

-"•^'  -tor  the  r.^>^lZ^T'Ty'-  ^''--- 

.KIN,..  ..v..ry  city  and  coun'    offi."     "^  '"V'""«  to  tl.i.s 
""''•'^' ^^"i.  an.J  puhl.v  bull,  i,„;^"''"^'*"t;  yet  ti.e  stnvt.s 
'•' asmy^va^  i,„,„,.,,i      j^^^    ,t    roacJn.d    t},e    ritv 

"•^''  '•— '^  a,.ainst  tJn,  c  v  'm  "'"''y-  '^^-^e  who 
^"•;''"'  t.>  accept  .s..rip.  whio'  ;  r^'r^*^"'-''-^!.  were 
''^»^'  -"•  they  el.ar,.e  I  th  ei h  fiv  "^''"•^•^^^-'tJ.h'Ss  ; 
'"■  I""l»''-ty.  ht'apin.r  „„  a  W  U  ,  f"'"'^'''  ^t  services 
;'""""f  was  con  p.TK.7to  '     -^  '"  ""'^  ^''^^  "-w  Z\ 

;;«^"-  ^'-Mn  eontnu-tin.r  ^';  Ir/ '^"^  ^,^^7  remained  in 
^''""••^^'  '"^"•»'>entsca^ne  into  n  ''  '''''^''^'  ^"^'  when 
[•ty  ■rovernn.ent  that  tIa"o  ^  '  '"  P"'*'*  ^^'•^'^  the 
^'•"asury  with  which  to      v    f      ^i  ""   ^""^'^  i»   tl,e 

h".  M.t^;.'';^!  a  T*^^^  "^  Columbia  co    x  y       . 

'''-'■>•  .i.i.l  ul   I  ^oT''?"."*^'"  "^  "'^'licim    J-;  '"'"'^■■'•'"'  ***  William,  col 


242 


THE  JUDICIARY. 


own  oxponso  to  hold  liis  cvcninL;  sessions,  as  ^\(  H  a^ 
stfitioneiv  for  the  use  of  the  court.  In  less  iImh  a 
year  tlie  men  iiomiiuitecl  by  tlie  ]V'oj)le's  iioniiii.itinu' 
coniniittee,  jiiul  eleete^l  hy  tlic  ]\'ople's  paity.  liail 
so  chaiisjjeil  tlic  roinplexiou  of  tliiiii^s,  tliiit  theiv  was 
money  in  tlie  treasury,  and  a  new  prosperity  aii[>urt' ut 
everywhere. 

The  oo!isoli(lation  act  was  exceedin!j;ly  striiimnt. 
Definite  salnries  were  fixed,  only  a  few  officers  elected 
under  the  old  county  jrovernnient  bein;^  allowed  l, 
ri'tain  their  fees  until  tlu^  l(\»;isliiture  could  bebrou^lit 
to  eluninate  theni,after  the  law  had  been  tested.  Xm 
more  public  money  went  into  the  keepinj^  of  the  "jki. 
litical  bank  in  K(>aniey  street."  A  police de]>aitiiieiit 
was  created  which  became  famous  for  its  etHciiiuv 
and  men,  and  women  too,  were  safe  to  tjjo  evervw  lieic 
in  the  city  by  day  or  night.  The  consolidatidii  ;i(t 
liad,  however,  to  U!Kler<i;o  the  scrutiny  of  the  supii  iiie 
court,  where  it  was  sustained.  But  it  often  gave  tin' 
peo])K'  a  shoi'k,  as,  for  exampl(\  when  it  ^^•as  deciikd 
that  the  state  debt  was  unconstitutional,  and  tlu  iv- 
fore  that  the  cre(Ht  of  the  state  was  ruined;  uid  tli,;t 
when  the  peo|)le  d(>tei'mined  that  the  debt  should  i;  :. 
be  r(^[)udiat(Ml,  the  legislature  acted  uuciuistitutioiially 
in  recognizing  the  indebtedness.  The  legislatiiie  wa-. 
however,  permitted  to  shift  the  responsibility  djiuh 
the  electors,  the  ad(^|)tion  of  su(di  a  tlebt  by  tlie  stat' 
not  luring  ]>rovide(l  for  in  the  cojistitution.  It  wnu!  I 
bo  too  much  to  exjiect,  even  in  a  supreme  court,  b>  In 
always  consistent. 

In  18,50  Hoffman  of  the  United  States  (hstiirt 
court  made  a  thcision  in  regard  to  the  banislnm  iit  ef 
a  certain  obnoxious  ])erson  by  the  vigilance  ccMinrHtic 
of  1856.  This  person,  one  ISfartin  (Jallaghcr.  wl;" 
among  his  other  accomplishments,  encompa;-.si'd  tl  at 
of  ballot-box  stuffing,  sued  tlie  ca\)tain  of  the  ]jir 
Vaiikcc,  oil  board  which  vessel  ho  was  j^laced  by  tlio 
committee — an  alternative  to  save  iiim  from  hau'^inj; 
— for  dairages,  the  case  being  decided  in  his  fa-  nr  ly 


niOAXTIC  L..VXD  SmXDLES. 


'^^'^'  SIS 

iho  rnnrt,  which  awanlofJ  OoJlo   i       ^ 
;.....  ,1,0  n„„„™„ce  t„  ;r^  e  .  ,™^:^  f?f ":     Aside 

fiM"ls  c.iit,.,,,!,.,!  that  tl,  .       *'„"»  ^raiirisoo   it. 

Ills  mi.br  a  >vv„li,ti,„n°        '  ''■'"■''-I"-'-,  tlio  ritv  bo- 
f'l'i'-'ii  shore.  n,-iM„.h- fi,    ir  "^''.'•'-P"rt  the  exile  t„  .. 

»'■"•'  "■.,„l,|  |,„,,.  (;  '  ;J.  '.  ■•>«  It  s..,v„l  hk  life, 
"'■'"'  ""t  "f  <l,.^  e„„"p,."'"^ ''•■"'  ''^'  "ot  been  e„„. 
-■«•",  ,M,.,e„ver,  el,ar.>e<rtl,e  V,',h'"'''%"'^  ^"'^  *'<■»>- 
»'tl'   ail   iiite„ti„„    t^    ,r  H,e  .    r  "^  ""•  *■-'■'<!"" 

;'.';"•■-",-'-  .Tpiie^i  ro  'j ; :  ,?;';',?',""■'•' » s-'-o 

'"'■•  ;St,it..,,.  ,„„l  illustrative  of  H     "''/"""•^  "f-'lio 
,.'11"  o..„fi,.„iati.,„  „f  ,l'  ,  i  :.       , 

; ^;  "f «"  -lueh  in,,;  ,;.:";'■,  ""■•  »■".'  sn„tiiii„„ 

'■""■'^■'■".  t"  the  .state    a,-      J  *  ,♦'";   "*>-   "f  «a„ 
'■'""    '"iiiiiii^sioMen.  w.;.  n  ;■""'■•'  '^'■■'f'-'-  liy  the 

;;---'l-l  these  elai,,,*,"  '      ^    ;  f--^  "^  H-.i,  F,.„e,W„ 
.  ;    l""l»-  ..f  levvi,,.,   11,./.':    7"  '"r'W'te,!  ,vith 

""ii-iil."iii  heeaine  ,„■,,„    l-    •   ^^^  ""■"'  (•"iifiniied 

;:"';■;■ '  ""'•''  state.. ,.,  „(-";'"'""'"".'•-"•  ""■"*■  ""^1 

"■•   ■■I'Uli.-.se  „f  ,let  .„,  i  e  -i;;^!";"!"-"""''  ?-'00.000 
':»'.';■'"""'  '■I'liiiis,   as  t      / ';    ^'f ''•'•»"'' J.'fiatin.. 

'"  ■'    States  distriVt  e     rt      T  ■    ' '^  "''  "'   "lo 

'    "'"'  '"  "Pl'osin.r  the      ,       r  ""  """'^'"'  wiis  ex- 

,'!■''  '"  ;l."-  SantiilL-'e    ;„"  .V-'r'-^'''''™"-''«  "f- 
;;^'\liiseourtaln,e.stu".L  ''■"■''■'    '''''•'''"'■'I 

1   "insula  lor  ti,e  eutiro  w,Jth, 


244 


THE  JUDICIARY. 


1^ 


turbcil,  and  some  p;ovcrnnirnt  officials  tlisplayed  thdr 
opposition  by  entering  an  appeal  to  the  supreme  court 
at  Washington. 

At  this  point  in  the  history  of  the  case,  and  ^\•llcrl 
the  claimants  were  confident  of  a  victory,  a  few  citi- 
zens who  feared  for  the  result,  the  claimants  iiuvini,' 
the  record  in  their  favor,  called  a  public  mtctin.j;, 
and  sought  to  arouse  the  people  to  a  realizatinis 
of  their  peril.  A  committee  of  twenty  was  a))p(>iiii<il 
to  resist  land  frauds  in  the  city  and  county  of  San 
Francisco,  of  which  Police-judge  Cooti  was  chiiinnau. 
and  became  somi'what  famous  in  tiiis  conntctiMii. 
The  chief  difficulty  i>i-ing  the  jtrocurcmcnt  of  fuiKis, 
Coon  ap[)liL'd  hitn.si'lf  to  securing  contribution-.  A 
memorial  to  congress  was  proposed  l)y  William  J. 
Shaw,  praying  that  the  case  might  be  remanded  hack 
to  the  United  States  district  court  for  re-trial  on  its 
merits,  offering  to  show  the  pretended  grant  a  fraud. 
and  settijig  forth  particulars.  Care  was  taki  i;  to 
bring  this  memorial  to  the  attention  of  all  the  I'liitcil 
States  judg(M,  including  the  supreme  bench.  The  at- 
torney emi)loyed  was  Nathaniel  Bemiett,  wlio  \n\'- 
sented  an  able  prijited  argument  against  the  claim  in 
the  United  States  supreme  court,"  and  finally  throu,:li 
these  measures,  the  case  being  fairly  brought  to  tlie 
attention  of  the  highest  tril)unal,  the  claim  was  re- 
jected. But  for  this  actictn  on  the  part  of  the  iirojijc 
the  Santillian  claim  would  have  been  confirmed. 

I  have  already  sicken  of  the  settlement  of  tlu  |n]r- 


ivnd  over  tliat  p.art  of  the  city  west  of  Stockton  st.  Some  of  it<  sii|iiiiirttr< 
howcivcr,  for  tin;  jnu'iiose  of  quieting  o[ii»wition,  allugod  tliat  tl.r  cl.i.iii 
ntfi'ctuil  property  only  .••-oiith  of  iv  oiTtaiii  tK'titioiis  line  calU-il  V.illcjn  Imc. 
To  tlv)  riuhi(l(.-l}ihia  Liinil  l'oiiii>any,  however,  wliich  jmreliaseil  tin' olaiiii, 
it  W..8  reiiresi'Utecl  as  eiiiliraciiin  all  outside  of  the  little  Spaiii>li  viliai'c 
hounded  hy  California  and  Stockton  streets.  Liinantour  was  a  Frcinliiiiaii. 
long  resident  in  the  city  of  Mi^xieo.  When  tiie  fraud — which  w:n  ditiitnl 
liy  discovering  thattlie  s(?al  of  the  state  of  Mexico  was  counterfeit  -w:i<  f\ 
|iom(mI  he  deposited  S'UJ.CMM),  tiie  amount  of  his  hail,  with  his  ImiikUiihii.  .in! 
tied  the  country  Oiriii,  Miin.,  MS.,  (i(».  Santillian  was  a  half-incndii  ant  prn't, 
who  never  owned  any  land.  Ovm.  Aiiiinls,  S.  F.,  15. 

'•*Coon  says  that  the  U.  S.  atty-gcn.  has  since licen  'proved  to  h.ivc  Imii 
dee]>ly  interested  in  the  claim,  and  strove  hartl  to  prevent  this  prinieil  argu- 
nieut  from  rooching  the  hands  of  tho  judges.  AnnaU  S.  F.,  MS..  1'.'. 


REFORM  INSTITL'TEI). 


I*'    and  <,'ovorniiient  titles  ).,-    *i 
*'"''':""';'■. ""<!  by  the  \a„  N'L  '!  1?"""""  ■■"•"■'  "f 
..;.ii,nM.,l  f„r  ti,o  city  t„  cU™<if        """?';•     I'  ">'iy 
]:<n  \c»3  ordinance  over  tlVe  I  '    '  l';"r'«™«  "f  tl.o 
t  "■  .Lnrter  lino  of  ISil   a,.   ,!      1  '•V"=  ""^'"''^  "f 
'listri(,u,,i„„  of  those  lanit     T'"t  '?'•  ""•■  l"-"l'or 
i^--.^.     Tl,i..   was  d„„e    In-   ,'""""-'•■>'•' "f""'- 
'-""""  "■■*  tl.e  Outside  Land  t.r!,""""''"''    '■'■.'f«'"ti"» 

<""tl<d  to  tl,en,.     A «„    nl»       !."'^^''  1"''''*"»»  ««  were 
">"'-  ;;.ii«l    the    o«r  td    e"  '"-'■'' "f™,,e" 

"'-■■I  tins  ,jue.uon  and  extend  '    ti?e"d""'/"^''    ''^■"'■■- 

""    <'itv    sJii)    n<j<>.,    .        '""  ^Jjo  deeds. 

'j'-'i't.;.'  ™w.d'i„;rHi  'eT  r;::' '"  "'^  '--■""« 

fi.'-t  I  .-.ee,  tl,e  n.one v  derive,  f  ''■!,'*"^-  I"  "'<' 
'".>  »  f"ts  went  into  tLa  vorte  wl!  ,'  "'l,^  f '^  "^  "■- 
""'".-■  »ent,  fron,  ,85,  t„  ^^,'„ " ^f  f  ti.e  ,,eo,,l,., 

':;'"l't  ""  the  jiurt  of  the  Dn  V  ■  '"  "'""'  ""'  -it- 

■:">'  t-  l"y  back  the     ;„.)",;'?'■'■'  '"  ■'■""'l"'l  "'« 
I"-  •-MMMUIci;  l„».an   its  s!s  J  ^'"I'le's  iMuninat- 

V.'.'-''l'"»'-r«andtheeit-  ;;        ■  ""'  '■""'"■  "''  'I'e 

•I'M  tl,e  candi,late  fo7nC   ',;;''   "  ^'"^  '"--v..v;I 

"  ''■'■■"'I  "fthe  c      \2^t  f  :''?!'''"'•  "'"I  H-  !'•  (    on" 

; "••  f;-"  tl.o su ,rc  ;'"^:;:;"'''' ';';.r"i'o  „f  L 

""'  '".>-»li|' jud.Mnents  F  r  «'l'«'n,.sor.s  to  ,,av 
'"•""■'•  H'at  thert.  could  l,c  '"'"  ""  «'""i"iM.' '  hi 
'■■■"'iJi'- e  ,vith  th?  fi    d  h,'l"  '■"■•■"''"  "■' '  "If"".  0 

;  "■'•     'i"t  fer  this  ther  \  „,      "1     "'T  '■""■''■'I  """ 

1:;:::-,;""'  «'^  ^'t.-  -^^:!:^:z^-xz 

^""g  I'e  l,uinc.  without 


HI 


*l 


i'.' 


24G 


THE  JUDICIARY. 


creating  a  feeling  of  rebfllioii  a*;ainst  the  oonstituiinii 
ami  laws  of  the  state,  which  i)ermitted  them.  As 
early  as  I80G  the  necessity  of  immedi.ate  constitu 
tional  reform  was  urj^ed,  and  a  lon^'  bill  of  indictiii(iit> 
brought  iigainst  the  organic  law  t)f  California,  dn-v 
defects,  especially  in  the  jmliciary,  were  apparent.  A 
large  })art  (tf  the  people  were  in  favor  of  a  territoiial 
government;  but  the  dread  t»f  slavery  '"  had  uil;o(I 
them  on  to  organize  a  free  state,  and  they  hati  ne  iilt<  1- 
native  but  to  erect  their  structure  U])on  a  hastily  im- 
})rovised  legal  foundation.  Since  that  time  the  siiim 
dii-ad  had  kept  thi'm  from  re-modelling  the  constitu- 
tion, knowing  that  to  call  a  convention  would  (i[icii 
the  door  to  a  division  of  the  state. 

Xo  pro\i.sion  was  made  in  tlie  organi<'  l;iw  tor  the 
certain  and  prompt  puni^liment  of  ofiieial  oi'  of  ju- 
dicial misconduct,  and  to  impeach  an  ofticcr  uiuh  r  it 
was  an  ex})ensive  and  inelfectual  jiroceeding.  Judj^ts 
were  treated  as  superior  to  legisliitors.  and  tl:e  cmi- 
stitution  "almost  completely  surrendered  into  tlnir 
hands  the  \erv  rights  of  justice  itself,  of  which  llitv 
are  thij  mere  servants.'"'  "The  clothing  of  jutl'^rs 
with  an  official  importance  lu'Voud  otlier  moital>."'>iml 
the  complainants,  "lias  no  sound  aigunients  to.snp|Miit 
it;  an«l  it  may  he  (juestioned  whether  it  ilocs  not  hai! 
to  the  very  abuses  it  is  <lesigned,  if  there  b"  any  dt- 
sign  in  it,  to  ]»revent.  In  ages  past  Knglish  Judui  >e\- 
ercisetl  the  power,  now  b(tldlv  I'mploved  bv  the  (  alit't'i- 
nia  judiciai'V,  of  making  laws  upon  the  bench  :  but  all 
the  Kn»>ilsh  jud'-es  conddni-d  coidd  not  luiN.nt  an 
aj)peal  to  the  upj)er  branch  of  the  legislative  j»n\vtr. 
"  Who  are  our  judges  ?"  they  asked.    "What  wouKI  tliev 


'•"" SjuM'i'li  of  Will  .T.  Sliaw  in  the  state  sciiati'  in  ISriO. 
■■'''riu'  >.ii|ii(iiic  court  iliiidcil   nil  tlic  (vo  <if   tl'e   ).'i  iii'ial   cltrtH'ti  if   l^'i'' 
tlx'  Cc'lM'    I'l'llljl    one    wlicrr    ai'plirritic  II    WIS    iiiaili"    til    tlir    .--UlilillU'    iiilllt    111 

a  liyiMifliotical  case,  tlial  naiuiali/atiun  j>ai«iN  could  not  lie  taken  oiit  in  any 
C'cmrt.s  (it  tlic  state  c\(('|it  'li<trict  ci.nrt.-i,  nut  even  in  tiic  I'.  S.  I'lmrf'*.  i.\ 
parte  Franii  Kiinwlr-i.  a]']  li'atinn  fur  natiuali/atidii.  Sm:  I'lihrn,  A"a  '■*• 
I8.V1.  A  fnriiKT  ileiisiiin  lia<l  Itei'ii  that  a  \(iter  ennhl  nut  he  rei|iiiri(i  to 
nhiiw  his  natuiali/ati'iii  iiajiei-;  Inure  of  what  eHect  \va;i  olio  cmirt  more 
than  iuiotUcr.  Id.,  Tht  J'toyk  a.  UvnUm  and  iVanvii, 


LAW  AXD  EQUITY. 

he  off  the  bonoli  ?     Wlvit  w       fi 

^^"•'''  < '''aiacter  /     Are  we  t  oJs   /      •''"'■^"'""  ^*^'^"K^ 
Miuit  belong  onJy  t<,  entities  and  tlk^'^r  "'•  '''  ^'^'"^'« 

"'..1    uilliiig  to    oivo    tin.  ?         ;     ^^^'^'^^^  frt^'oiiien 

;'"!'""'^y  •'"  I"  tho  «uilS   ';'/^''.^-^^  tJ--.  with 

bar,,  luajority  of  tJireo    navT'  .T  ^  ^'''*  '^'^"'  ^>^'i"-  a 

«enato,  consisting  of  non'  tb-ln  f  •'^''"^^'  '^"^  ^liJ 
-'ul.l  notoouviora  jud-ro  a  si  1  ^'"/'"'^■'^  ^«  "^^ny, 
ve.-i-.  b.  loss  tban  a  tvvt'tbirds  v  f''''''^''  «^  ^  «"^- 

Kv.Tvbody  know  fl.-.f   .1      i      ^"^^'• 

-  ;J's.inetio^a  bet;,  ? la  ^  t"  ^^^'^^'^-^-  ,„ade 

■•••"'  '•^^■^  •'«  in  conmion  Jan     1        "^"^^^^  ^'^  H.ancerv, 

;^'^"  rl-  of  ascvrtaini  "the   facJ"  ^^'•:^'''^-^''-  -«  to 

-c'l  toN.rated  b<>twe..n%ouitv   InV'!  '''"'^  ^'^^^  ^'^er 

'^^^  H'  suc-h  cases  in  tbe  d^^tt        I'^'f  "^'  ^^^^  ^^is- 
j>'>..d  of  bv  juries      l\uf\T         ''"''^^  ^''ould    bo  dis 

J- ^;'^;<bouId  bee],an  o"  ^7%^'^^  ^'-t/ict 
titled  to  trial  by  ju.-v  J  !,  *^^''  '^'^^''''ts  nc.t  en- 
.lury  system  needed  n'n,.;       •'"  'V'^ ''^'"^^'^'  ^l^at  tJio 

^^^''^--rt,,fw;!:i^;:;j;-ti^ 

'';:  P->l'lo  of  trial  bv  iu  ;  L^/,';^  ^''^  ^"'^''t  tu  de,.ri^■o 
'  .'-r^^  '>^  tbo  judieiaHys  em     ,  r^^'r^^'^-      '^  J'^'«- 

•       ^^.^^^    ^^'^'^-^   «trongl,^t<ed   :   "'^''  <-<>nstitution 
••''">iirion.  ^-^    "^ot^^  a«   a  reason    for  its 

At  li'n"'th  in  J  Q^  1         1   • 

'"■""I  isfia.    Hv  tj,:  ',?,  '"  '*";-■  "'"'  "Hit  into 

^'»tv  oa.  ,!in-d,a  into  f„„         "  ,  '."•.f;'"}".''.--.     Tl,. 

"    "  judniul  districts,  »ub. 


THE  JUDICIARY. 


\  i 
) 


jof't  to  alteratioh  Voin  time  to  time,  the  jik]<;(\s  to  lie 
chosen  at  the  special  eleotit)n  proviihtl  tor  judm  s  df 
the  supremo  court,  and  to  liold  ottiee  for  six  \ » ars. 
The  legislature  was  deprived  of  tin-  pt»\v«r  to  Liiaiit 
leave  of  absence  to  any  judicial  officer;  but  anv  -uch 
officer  who  should  absent  hinistlf  for  more  than  <nie 
month  should  be  dcenjcd  to  have  forfeited  his  oiiit  < . 
Countv  iud<j:es  should  hold  (jffice  f<»r  four  years,  ami 
sjiould  have  the  ])ower  to  issue  naturaliaitictn  pa]**  rs. 
A  ]»rol>at<;  JU(1l'"c  was  allowed  for  tlie  city  and  (duiitv 
r»f  San  Francisct),  whose  term  should  he  four  y<  ars. 
The  jurisdiction  of  each  of  the  courts  was  distinrti\i  Iv 
defined,  as  well  as  the  duties  of  the  district  attorneys 
and  clerks. 

The  p-riod  when  these  changes  were  made  Ik  lii;^r 
that  of  the  ri'hellion,  loyaltv  to  the  g()vernment  was 
re<juired  to  be  sworn  to  by  all  judges  an«l  court  utti- 
cers.  Lecompton  deuKx'nicy,  with  its  office-seeking, 
its  rapacity,  and  its  political  tyranny,  wa<  jnisli.d 
aside,  and  ordered  to  be  silent,  while  loyalty  and  df- 
votion  to  principle  dominated  the  hour.  Xo  faith- 
ful historian  but  would  declare  the  chan;_'e  was 
for  the  better,  or  that  the  judgment  was  a  li^ljl- 
eous  one  which  required  the  chivalrj' to  step  down 
and  out. 

Ke<'kless  legislation  during  the  rciini  of  the  chivahv 
often  obstructed  justice,  as  I  have  ptinted  out  in  in- 
dividual cases,  and  was  fruitful  of  crimes.  Att<>in. y- 
general  Williams  in  1851)  and  18G0  made  a  numlur 
of  suggestions  in  his  report  to  the  governor,"'  com  .rii- 

*  Aiiiciii^  otliiT  matters,  lie  roc(minicn<lo<l  tlie  rci«fal  ««f  .ill  tliat  portion 
of  t!ie  act  of  ls.">l  ciiiiccriiing  utturiii'ys  ami  coiiiHellors  at  law.  alti-r  ^  itinu 
\'l.  Ai'inniiiiji  to  till!  li'tttT  i«f  tlii.-i  act  any  <>titraj;e  or  i-<*iitfiiii>t  may  !« 
couiiiiitti'il  ;iL;,iiiist  tlic  courts,  dtliiT  than  tlic  .siijirfiiie  court,  witiioat  ri  mcly, 
exw]it  liy  tlic  ililatoi-y  in-oci!ss  of  apjilicatiou  to  tlie  hitter  court.  A  lii'ii, 
«ir  any  oiio  who  has  lic.i|icit  every  iiii<a^'inal>lc  'nsiilt  ii|Min  a  ili-trict  or  otliff 
lower  court,  may  coiitimic  jiractisni)i  in  .sudi  court  until  application  >lall 
have  Im'cii  niade  to  the  supremo  court  for  lii.s  cxpu!>ii>n,  Mich  api'h'-ation 
iria.le.  ami  a  jmlninent  fully  remlereil.  This  is  manifestly  wrong  In  a<iili- 
tion  to  the  injustiee  which  may  lie  intticteil  upon  the  lower  courts,  witlmilt* 
jij«-e<ly  remeily.  the  statute  uruler  con-.iileration  may  Ih- liahle  to  twocii- 
ftitutional  oiijections:  First,  it  ^ives  the  siipreme  court  original  juri-<hctiiin 
c'f  a  proccciliug  iu  its  nature  criminal,  wlicu  that  court,  uu«Ur  the  cousiitu- 


'■l'-^^- 


CODE   COMMISSION. 

249 

I'lu-"  i< -Illation   on   rrimo^  i 

Kifiii.r  ,1  r.,. :      •  uif^otl  tilt'  nrrm»..^*..  . /• 


*u»..-u,„.,l  by  tl„.  state,  as  "u  .)       ' "'"'  ^''^^  ""^^  '"jnn 

l«-.l  pr„vi,li„.  f,„.ti,o  roli?:  ""■'■''  ',''"''''»  aot,va, 
;  '■  '""-^  <;f  California  ;.iu.  "".»'"' V.''"l'ilatio„  If 
Ifan.ian.  J„l,„  Cum.;   and  H        P"'''""*!"'.,  J.  B 

;li;'  '■■"■'1-1.  tc  tlivir  w,„k  bv  fi    .^""  ^''-ancisoo 

ii.-t  u-.i<   ,,.,....1     ■      .."^''   I'mslatur-,'    It  I 


,  .'"•-»i™Mva,s  unablut..  (i,,;;      /      ,      -'''  '^^"W- 

"■■'»-  l'--"l,  A,,nl  .1    is-f,"'"'"'-"'."'""  "imtla.r 

"'"'  /^'.'Ini^y  h.  J<>l,ns„n  am  Ifl     h  S'""'™  ^  Tuttle 

«iil'  I'laiiv  j;,vat  ,.uii  ^''-'innaii  „f  tlie  c.nl,.  '"'-^  l'-'i>4  i~li- ,i 


"»  t-'il..  aii.l  I.y  the 


250 


THE  JUUR'IAUY. 


U  1 


1872,   parts  of  tliu  pciiul,  political,  ami  civil    cocIls 
went  into  cttcct." 

Till!  oxpi'iiso  of  the  coilc  commission  \\i\H  not  Itss 
than  S'>0,00(),  hut  it  was  of  tin'  ;j;ivatL'st  valuu  to  tlic 
ytatu  in  pi'unin;j;  the  Iaw\s  of  tliut  unNvholesonic  it  tjuii- 
dancv  which  iiutl  <'ivcn  shelter  to  ill-omened  hiitis  if 
prey  evi'r  watchful  o*  the  unwary.  But  once  iiuviii" 
bei^un  ti>  charge  whateviT  was  wron^;  in  afliiirs  to  tiiu 
constitution  and  laws,  the  idi-a  of  change  hecatiir  a 
point  with  politicians.  The  state  had  grown  fairly  in 
pojiulation,  and  made  strides  in  the  direction  of  in- 
dustries,  commerce,  transportation,  social,  reli^idus. 
and  educational  matters;  hut  along  with  this  gmwtli 
had  run  a  rcactlonarv  tendency — a  sort  of  undt  rtcw 
from  tlic  whelming  tide  of  early  affluence  whieli  had 
dizzied  the  hrain  and  l)ewildercd  the  moral  sense  nf 
those  who,  for  a  time,  had  hecn  borne  upon  the  Hood's 
crest.  A  dozen  years  after  the  amendment  of  the; 
constitution  and  codification  of  tln^  laws,  a  (Iciiiaiid 
ai'os(!  for  a  radical  change,  the  history  of  whit  li  iiiu,>t 
follow  the  recital  of  the  events  which  led  up  to  it. 

^Tiil.  Prnrrrd.  nfCo:)iiii!s.  for  Ririnion  nf  T.nw.'i,  S  pp. ;  .*?.  F.  fl'ill'fi/i.  Oi't 
.•?],  1S71:  (\,/.  ./„„,•'.  S,,>..  1871  '2,  ayi'.  Xo."  41  :i,  iii.;  .S\  /•'.  .il/.f.  \..v.  111.  17, 
IS.  -JO.  •_'!.  I.S7'-':  ('ill.  J"nr.  S'li.,  IS7."{  4.  ajii).  N.i.  17,  •'.'.»  tiO,  iv.,  vi.:  .V.  /'. 
Alf'f,  .Inly  11,  IS7:?;  .S'.  F.  CiU,  Vvh.  4,  iiii.l  Oci-.    14,  KS7:t. 

Wiirlliy  (il  iKiti!  ii;ii(>iii,'  lliu  toi'im  r  iiiL'inliur.s  <if  tliu  jiuliciarv  i-i  11.  M. 
Wiiiucy  <it  Lin  Aii;.iK-i,  ;i  iiuUVi;  nr  Oliiii,  will)  set  iDrlil  \\i'.-.l\\.iril  III  KVi. 
AlUr  ^ilu(lyill;.;  1  iw  aiiil  ciii.Mj.'iiii;  in  viiimu.s  imisiiit.s,  union,'  otlur.s  ilic  i\„l 
e.statu  liiisliii's.),  lio  \v:i.-i  a(-|Hiiiili'(l  di.strK't  jmlgo  Ky  (ioV.  Hoiilli  to  lill  tiiu  liii- 
erijiircil  ti  rni  (if  .Itiiluc  .Mm  rismi,  (Iccl'u.^c.I.  lie  Wii.s  tliu  (injiniiUur  nt  the 
Ky.4«'ni  govirniii;^  tliu  nnivn-iity  fit'  suiitinrii  (uliioriiia,  df  \\liiili  imiiti.iii 
Ls  niiiili!  Ill  a  I.Ult  c-liuiitiT.  'J'lir(iii;^li  iii<  Ihmvitv,  ooiiliu's-i,  anil  (k'tfi'iiiiiia- 
tiiia  at  tliti  tiiin!  (if  t!:o  ('iiiiu'.,o  liui,  at  l.u.i  Aii;^ilus  in  ISTl,  in;  uas  l:irj;ily 
ill  itniiiiriil.il  ill  c!i('t'kin;j;  ;i  wliolo.salu  slan^'Iitcr.  In  tliin  t,'(i<Hl  wm  k  llo^va^ 
aiJc  I  liy  lil.s  IiI'oiIk  T,  ,J.  1'.  Wiilncy,  whi)  caiiio  to  ('alif<ii;iiii  in  1  M.'J,  iiml 
af;pr  sUiilyiiiL;  at  tlie  Tul.-iinl  nicilical  (■(illc;;i',  S.  V.,  and  sci'\  in;.;  fur  tv  lyiii't 
in  Ariziiiiaas  a.<si.itant  sui-.'l'oii  i;i  tlio  V.  S.  army,  in  ISOS  .si'ttli"!  at  l.u-.Vn- 
gcli!.^,  \\luri^  lie  practisoil  lii.s  iinifes.sinll.  lli;  va.s  al.o  diic  <if  tiio  pi.^imtcM 
and  i.s  .st.ll  a  trii  tie  nf  tin'  iinivir-ity  nf  .•iontlnrn  ( ',ilif<iriiia. 

AiiHiTi'^  tlit^  f.irimr  I 'adci-.i  nf  tlie.Sm  Kiancisni  li  ir  may  l>e  im  nliniinl 
till!  1  iti!  .I.iiiiis  i'aik'  r  Trradwi  11,  a  n.itivo  of  Ipswii'li,  .Mass,  wlio  alUr  Lf.i'l- 
n  itiiii;  at  ll.irv.ird  and  |iraiti>in;^  liw  in  liustiin  I'aini'  tn  this  staff  in  l^'il. 
liu  w;is  known  as  a  iiiin  of  gro.it  and  v.irinl  information,  of  slroiiL;  iri^i'ii- 
i  i;;  ]io\v<rs,  and  as  oiu'  who  would  novur  uspousc  u  uause  or  i^ucsiion  lli.it  lio 
1)  liuvod  to  l)u  wroni.'. 


I   civil    fodeg 


value  to  tli(j 
^'soiiiu  r.'.luii- 
^neti  h'wiU  of 

OIH'U   Jliivill.r 

iilliiirs  to  tlio 


^HAPTEK  Xr. 


KS«K). 

■'"^    '•"'■'■»"■':^-'■;u,^.\VK,,^.,.  ,. 

t"  I"  !■  vi,.f,„is.  "  '"  ^>'<'  air,  albtit  invisi|,|e 

/'■  «-■  i"-l.-.l,  I.N.I,'  .1       '  „Io"l"-"'-''L'"'''"''""ti"".s 

"-'-xiou.  bullhead  sci*;,:  .;;!:,,",;  ";■■-;  "^--t 

,,,,„    s  ,  '™'"'-"  "'at  juncture 

(251  t 


I 


1  ; 


1  !?.r"  \' 


2'>'2    LOVAI/rV,    Oil    IHSrXlKN'    AND  A   PACIFIC   ItKI'L'Iil.li  ^ 

thnatcncd  the  city  and  state  with  a  licavy  t;i\  ii|hiti 
its  coiiiiiicrro,  and  the  i^rowth  of  a  j^iaiit  niiiiitipolv 
to  rule  fur  fifty  years.     A  majority  ot'tiie  lej^'islatuiv, 

joint  ciiiivft, tion  f>f  l)(tth  Iinusos  of  the  le^fi^liiture,  and  mio  '>y  tliu  oKm  tortui 
i\\i:  cily  iiii'l  (■(luiity  of  Sun  KniiK'isro.  'I'itiii  of  oIHit,  4  j  .'iirN.  'I'Ihv  witc 
iiiitliiiil/cil  tc  t.ikc  jiimi'-isioii  of  III). I  liolil  all  that  pnitioii  uf  tlie  lia\  i.f  Nmi 
Fr  iiuisco  lyiiij,'  almin  tlif  watiT  front  to  a  ilistaiicf  of  li*M»  fi  ct  into  tln'  Hater's 
of  till!  Iiay  i'l'oiii  lilt!  liru!  of  tiie  watiT  front,  as  ililincil  liy  tiio  act  of  Is.M.tn. 
j,'i'lli('r  witli  ail  of  till!  iinprovc'infut-i,  rij,'lit.s,  |lrivilc■^'l■■;.  aiiil  apimrli  niiiiics 
aiipiTtaiiiiiij;  t'liTt'to,  exri'iit  sufli  portion-*  as  were  lii'M  iimlfr  vali.l  Irasc, 
anil  of  those!  as  .soon  as  the  Icasos  shoiihl  fXpirL'.  This  hoard  was  to  have  tint 
I'litii'i!  iiiaiiagi'iucnt  of  tlii!  state's  [iroprrty  in  tlie  liarhor,  to  nilli'ct  rent., 
ihich  were  to  lie  paiil  into  the  state's  treasury,  ami  iliawn  tliiiv. 


toll 


Is,  eti' 


from  to  fonstriict  the  ini|)rovenients  r('i|iiireil  liy  eiinniiiice.     Tin  y  w 


I' 


lilt 


i.f    th 


iliis  funds,  fur   the  eonstniction   of  a  He; 


(■IV  t. 


the  water  front  from  Marrisuii  st  to  Vallejo  st,  and  after  tii 


;ill  al. 


eoiiipU'tii.ii  \.\ 


tills  portion  as  iniicli  further  as  should  he  foiMid  necessary  to  the'  prnt(ctii.ii 
of  the  harlior,  ai  1  consistent  with  the  stati!  of  tlie  fuiiil.  William  .1.  Lrui 
was  the  tirst  eivil  eiijiiueer  employed  on  the  sea-wall.  In  IS7l',  t he  lc;;i,l;i 
tur(!  ^'ranted  to  the  city  and  county  of  .S.  F.  'all  the  streets  and  alleys  in  tin 
eity  and  eoiinty  of  San  Francisco  which  lie  witiiiii  the  exterior  l)oiiiiil,irii>  n 
certain  salt,  marsli,  and  tide  lainls  donated  hy  the  state  to  tin;  Suiiilicrii  I'l 


citie  U.  II.  C 


nd  tlii^  Western  I'acitic  H.  U.  Co.  for  tirniiiial   im 


piii'|ii 


an  act  of  IS(!S;  and  also  'all  streets  ami  alhvs  within  the  exterior  liMtiii.lani 


i)f  lamh  Iv 


ithiii  the  lioiindaries  of  said  lands  not  donateil  to  >ai(l 


road  I'ompinies,  Init  re-iervt!d  for  market  places,  and  known  as  I'lodiicc  K\ 
cliant;e  and  Market  I'lace,'  and  '  the  lands  set  apart  liy  the  hoard  of  tulc-Lm. 
coinm'rs  for  hasins  known  a<  China  and  Central  hasins,'  with  full  power  t 


ilat. 


t\  manage,  donate,  or  dispo-ic  of  the  sai 


me  f' 


ilroad 


or  otluT  fdiii 
il 


niercial  purposes, on  condition  that  any  lands  thus  donated  should  levcrt  t 
till!  state  if  at  any  time   the  railroad  company  lioldiiiL 


'  slioiiM  cca--e  ti 


tlicin.  This  jiower  to  sell  or  in  any  nianmr  to  alienate  this  ]iio|Miiy  \\a- 
revokoil  by  the  legislature  of  hS74,  which  left  the  city  only  the  ni;lit  t.i  ka-< 
it.  Ill  IJSTH  anot'ier  act  was  passed  dedicating  to  puhlic  use  the  hasin-  in  tin 
harbor,  and  (iroviding  for  the  eoiistruetion  by  the  harbor  eommissunicrs  1.!  .1 
sea-wall,  and  a  thoroughfare  '2()((  feet  in  width,  from  the  east  line  of  laylni 
st  to  tlie  lioundary  between  the  eity  ami  county  of  .San  Francisco  ami  tli- 
eounty  of  San  .Mateo.  The  means  to  be  u^ecl  in  its  eoiistruetion  were  tn  !« 
derived  from  rents,  wharfage,  and  tolls,  and  the  sea-wall  was  deilaii'd  tol" 
for  public  Use,  together  with  the  land  created  by  filling  in  the  lots  I'uriiieil  1) 
running  the  line  of  the  sea-wall  straight  from  point  to  point.  In  l^sti  the 
value  of  this  new  land  amounted  to  .*>!  :{0(),0(H).  Various  suggestions  wi'iv 
otFered  as  to  the  use  to  which  it  shouM  be  devoted  by  the  state.  Jt  w,ii  eiiet- 
proiiosed  by  the  ehambcr  of  coinineree  that  free  grain  warehouses  sliniiM  In 
erected  upon  these  lots,  but  it  was  found  that  this  would  necessitate  a  la.l- 
road,  which  was  not  practicable.  .Some  persons  proposed  niakuig  piilil.i 
parks  of  the  state  land;  others  that  it  should  be  held  for  high  prices,  and 
and  still  others  that  it  should  be  sold  as  fait  as  wanted,  and  the 


1..K- 

voted  to  the   more  rapiii  extension  of  the  sea-wall.      After  miieli  di-(ii.»ieii 
and  consultation  between  the  state  ami  city  authorities,  a  ]iropositiiiii  \v,i- 

eixu.  Il|i.li 

:e,|  l.y 

.Kc:i-w.ill.  t!h- 


de  to  ha\e  tlie  whole  sea-wall  properly  tian<ferreil  to  S.iii  I''rai 
condition  that  the  .system  of  tolls  should   lie  alioli>lied,  and  bomls 
the  city  to  the  amount  of  ."<l.()<)(>.Ot)i>  for  the  completion  of  tl 


money  to  bo  recovered  by  the  lease  of  the  made  laud,  and  tlie  laud  to  iciiia;'; 
unsohl.  A  railroad  to  connect  the  wharves  and  warehouses  along  the  .-i  i- 
wall  i.s  al-io  tiilked  of.  The  legislature  ami  the  freelioMcrs  w  ho  form  tie 
now  city  chiirter  will  probably  soon  decide  the  question  of  sea-w  all  aiel  I'.'iul-. 


IMPOLITIC  .V(;:i;.M,.;.. 


•  '  "i<.iir,.s. 
It  U;l>   Wrll   UlltlorstootJ  *f.,)l]IrJ    I>« 

"■■■  --.;„„.  .,..,„„„,::•,  'ri',:r;i','r'''' •■';;''  "'"'" 

v.i'ii t  this  inicjuitv  "  "i''a«uro  tiio  jiru- 

.;sisl;,n„..  «v„t  into    i;,i„t  '  „  v"  .'I'^'^'-^^ti"".  ti.e 


J.  H.  U  at-oii,  Stit  ( 

Sail     ^/,l 


fi'-taiKl  .\|,,nt, 


•"•■nvi,   St.i  Hi, I 


•'■',v;  Ji.  A.  l;,.,| 


/:"'  Ali^fle.,  s,,n  R, 


'■''•■•'•■I.  Nan  J. 


■Ills   01 


Fi.iii) 


"1.1  II.  I.  X.  (.t 


ra.  --■■■•»  1 11  f  1   :      I ;         aI        I  »        I  '-^^II.-I      lit 


A.   .M 


■n-itt,  ■riii,.i,,,_  j, 


lll'i  >.lll  ./ 


>••        H.    Park. 


■'•.  .■>!.  K 


llT- 

>is(i..: 
Al,i. 
•iiiil 


".Kjuiii; 


'T'l'^-'^T^'^^'^^^'^iuV^^^ 


K.  t'.   (lark 


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i: 


rM       I.OVAI.TY.  Oil  Dl.srxIOX  AXI»  A  TAi  IFIC  UKPriU.K  ? 

fi(>iipto*  left  VMciMit  l)V  ]ii-(»(l<i"i(  k.  and  filled  t('iii|iniaiilv 
l>y  Ifami.  The  wliol.-  a|>|M;iird  to  In-  u  tii»  k,  aiiil 
|)('i){)l(>  said  In  tlicir  wiatli  that  Latliani  had  sold  jiim. 
self,  oi*  ]iad  h<'('n  clt'ctod  to  the  sriuito  hv  tin-  anli- 
[)lottt'r.H  to   get  him   out  of  their  way  t'oi-  iut'am 


oils 


n  loses. 


'I'lie  lej^jislature  of  IHf)*)  jiad  passetj  uii  net  anf her. 
i/iii;^  th<'  jieople  iit'  the-  six  cininties  ot'  San  Luis(  ll.isiin, 
Santa  IMiltara,  Los  An;.^eles,  San  1)U';4  ».  San  H*  r. 
nai(lin<i,  and  a  part  of  Uueiia  \'ista.  or  all  that  p., it 
of  the  stat(>  south  of  the  lUIth  |>aiallel.  ti>  Voti  uihii 
the  (juestion  of  sepafation  from  the  state,  with  thi 
(lesij^n  of  hein,!4  relejjjated  to  a  territorial  conditinn, 
The  Iji'ooniptonites,  takiiejj  a<lvanta;jfo  of  tlie  \\u\  tlmf 
the  native;  ('alifoinians  had  always  hei-n  <»j>|»i.s((|  t.. 
heinjjj  taxed  for  the  su|>|>ort  of  a  state  iioveninM  nt,' 
that  they  complained  of  the  ine<|uality  of  ta\ts  as  hr- 
tween  a!j;rieulturalists  and  miners,  and  maiiitainid 
their  ri'^lit  to  carry  slaves  int«»  any  territor\ ,  had 
fixed  upon  this  means  of  eonsummatiinjf  their  purpnsi 
of  lii'in'.;in;jf  slav(^  property  to  the  I*a<iJie  coast.  I'y 
shn  vvdiv  famiini;  the  Hanu' of  discontent  in  the  south- 
em  counties,  they   managed   to  s«'curu  a  two  thin  1> 

'Say-i  Tntliill:  07  "f  tliom.  ilcinocmt-",  wont  into  <'aiUMi>t  tofrrfliir.  niii!  iti 
till!  1st  li.illiit  t'X-fj(((Vt'rii"ir  Wi'lliT  li^iil  ;t.s  votc^.  fxcdiijiri'sxniaii  hiiivir  'M. 
.hi.luc  It.iMwm  I  I,  ('..lliitdi-  W  ;i.|iiri>.'t,,ii  "l.  ,ii,i|  ticu.  .M.  Dmi^all  .s.  ilry 
trii'il  it  auaiti  III)  an  fMi'ly  ('ii-<iiiii'.^  <-vi-niii&!:  HiMwin  v  .n  \\  iilidiaw  n.  I'ciiMr 
i<t('|>|it'(l  a^iili',  ami  tlio  lir.-'t  liallut  hIiowoiI  I^itiiaiii  ."il,  WclU-r  4H.  \\  i-Ihul' 

toll  'J.  '['lie  two  llciiix'-i  liict  ill  jiiillt  i-i'llVi'lltlMli  nil  till'  lltll  lit  .1.11111  ii\  A 
Sar.  iiiiMiiliiT  iiDiniii.itt'il  liJitliaiii,  a  S.iii  Kraiiriiraii  iicuiiiiiiliil  O  >  ir  I. 
Sliat'lfi',  ami  •liiliii  < 'niiiu's-t  tur  tliu  aiiti-I^'ci>iii]it<>iiites  iiniintuilril  l!iliiiiiii<i 
1{aii'li>l|ili.  TIm!  lirst  liallnt  ^•■,^\^•  Latliain,  vim  tliu  day  lict'nru  vas  iii.iii^ii' 
riitcil  uiivcrniir,  !t7.  |{.'imliil|>li  II.  Siiafti-r  X 

^Oiio  iiliiioNiiiiis  .Mclu'iiit!  was  till'  Oiiiniliiis  Wa^mi  Itiiail  lull,  wliiili  |in>- 
vidod  fur  tliii  nm-itnirtii'.i  nf  xcviial  iLll'i'l-i'iit  inad-t  nvir  tlir  SliTia.  ili  llic 
Haino  dirrftioii.  and  at  ••  (jreat  <'\|h'iiii',  to  jiivc  cniitrin'ts  to  |iii|itii-a!  iiuiiil>. 
This  the  Hiivcniiir  vi'tiu'd.  .ViiiitliiT  hdl  vi-tm-d  was  for  t'haii^'iiiij  tlio  \rmii.' 
ill  till!  inurdir  «a>i' rrlati  d  in  i-,i|i.  i\.,  jtp.  'Jl'-'  \i.  of  tins  vol.  I'.iit  tin'  I'ji'*- 
latiiii!  of  l»t»l  iia«.sc'd  it  over  IiIh  lu'ud.  ( Hl.  St'il.,  ISiil,  47-H;  l^fio:l'' :l,  /'"A 
Ji'tur,  ;i()8. 

•  y<il.  n>r.,  MS..  n.'i.  p.  2('.'i,  and  13.  pp.  .10  •».'>:  St-i  /iiir'-ifi  .ird,,;..  MS., 
8.   pp.   •-'•-•0  :«),   '-»:»:»;  0<l-t,   C'tll,    MS.,   •_>.-,  M,;  hiih,<'   L,lt,rl-yk\    M^.  i':i; 

Hiuiim'  CiiD.ttil.    I41III:   i     pp.  47   H;    I/oifiH    Srni}ii,    Alf/rtiH,   iv.    Iur>;   S'ir.    I'liii'H. 

Fill.  15,  April  14,  May  II.  .^<'iit.  I."),  185.');  Ctl.  Join:  Amni.,  ISiiS,  .'itH  5; 
VaUjhrimn.  F«b.  1881,  pp.  I'J4  7. 


statk  i)rvr.sio\. 


VISUM), 


ni.j.ntvfi.rtljod; 

"f  fv-  rijit  of  .,  .Stat,,  fn  /   I    , 


Hilt  tl 


loi'o  I 


'|'/<'.\.«l  .some  i,t'  lii.s  I 


'^•'"•,t,'a  rnj.st 


»  a  St,. I, 


'I 


tlMFl 


Hiro  f..r  its  roMsiM 


{•'■•^^iMi'Mt 


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with  t, 


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lit! 


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«>ii  of  tl 


,;::':'/"""ti.-sortiusst 


iO 


t  of  f., 11. ,♦,.,.  Tl  •       '-"  <ll  l(   !,.,(     ()v,.p  ,, 


to/It  nt'r.„iutvv.       Tl,,,..  ,.    ,       ,    .  -    ■•. 

t'.eirU.la:.i  cat,  :^.  :':;'.'''''''  ^''^^t^' 


I  to 
".V  .'ire  nn 


tiDuato 
that  th 


o  an;  ruid 


^■' ■'•.'»  lai 


^••'-ta.,.,. :„,:;:!;)■■-. -;Un^,,,i., 


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«"'n;,t  Miinin-  c-h.iM.s  fr 


*"  «!"^''  ''itlirrt,.  j 


'f-    IMIMII 


I'OM 


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oil 


|'"I>'i/iri..n  |„.i„ 


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'•■IVIIlu-     |„,j^.jj    J 


o 


''.'•"f'l.ufin-  l.i.t  litt] 


•-,'  'J'f.rratorv  in  if.s,) 


"'    l/IMlilio 


'I'll  r.»  th 
'I'J'I  that  there 


'•  <^"^  tho  Stat 


''"'^*t<'^m,.|  Ih.,k. 


tho  oti 

U'lMllMfsoiul 


l^'K-itini,,  thov  .''•'■''".""''■"  I"--i»or- 


IS  II.)  n-uioil 


!:"•  i^"tf..„  of  th.'i;.^'''''T''":'i''''-^^^i"M  f. 


"•  Stat 


fi 


l)ii: 


ih  ) 


— ''"Hon  of  the  ass,.,nl  K  'w     '     '"^  '^  UMnatuial 


roiM 


'""^-^es  to  instruct 


'"  •'""gre.s.s  t<> 


■'^•■"at<.i-.s  and 


"^  |'.'is.s<.,|  j„f„tj^.  I 


the 
<'omi/ji 


st;ito.      Tl 


>v 


l\(  s 


."■^    '•'•■-"JutioM,    ,o..,.tI 


■;■"'-i^'l'::l^:t"r■':-^^■*^i^^ 


i;<'l)rcs(.ntat 

''  art  of  isr}0 

i«r   wit  J, 


to  tJtii 


r:!;:!.;:!'^"- vfti...i,:.:;ir',;,;::^^-".v  .;f  «-,,h 


th^ 


w 


.'••-'^"iution.     Jiut 


ty^thoart.mKl 


•'''"'• :"— d  r  :t ';:'r'-^'  -i-^  was 


IK)  jiiirl, ....:..•      »    •*'•       -It  Coiif,,.MJ.„i   ^1  _.    ,/   "'^' 


"".•nuhorit 
aeti( 


y  in  th( 


'list 


'"  "^  the  proviou.  I 


c-on  fV   ,."^'""'''''i  that  tl' 
;;» '•-titiitioM  <.f  tho  St 


"I'V  o 


«i;aiMst 

/"VscMt.'W 

Iiors 

"'•e  wa.s 

'to  for  tl 


le 


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1* 4! 

I  »  -^       -  :  ... 


2r)G      T,OYALTY,  OR  DISUXIOX  AND  A  PACIFIC  IlKrUBLlC? 

or.c  of  tlio  counties  inrlutlod  in  tlio  clissovcivd  |i(ii. 
tion,  and,  in  case  tiny  should  be  stt  oft*,  imxtiii  iililf 
confusion  innnintnt  in  tlic  courts,  and  all  county  1»im- 
r.L'ss,  including  the  collection  of  their  portion  of  tliu 
state  debt.' 

"The  stronij;cst  barrier  we  have  a<;aniRt  the  (u- 
croachnient  of  federal  power  wtmld  be  la-okin  down, 
and  it  Would  be  only  necessary  to  secure  the  l<  ^isla- 
tun^s  of  the  various  states  by  ni<»ney  or  political  f'a\  hk, 
in  order  to  centralize  all  power,  and  consolidate  all 
j^fovminient."  Thus  s]>oke  the  nnnority,  and  as  'state 
rights'  was  one  of  the  hobbies  of  the  party  in  jiowir. 
they  c(»uld  not  but  pay  sonic  lieed  to  the  suggest  idii. 

The  matter  was  debated  with  much  warmth  in  tlic 
assembly,  and  some  ])ointcd  criticisms  were  ulf rnd 
conceridng  the  "governor  of  the  day"  who  had  fi  It 
it  his  duty  to  declare  in  fiivor  of  a  law  which  lie  ad- 
mitted was  opposed  to  the  sentinnMit  of  the  state  at 
large,    which    was  overwhelmingiv  against  it.     Tin; 


interest  created  at  home  by  thes(i  deliates  was  over 
sha(l()wcd  at  the  national  capital  by  more  inipoitaiit 
interests,  and  j)assed  as  merely  an  iiicident  of  Ihsc 
uneasy  times.  Whatever  the  California  delegatieii 
liad  to  say  about  its  ex-officers  does  not  appear  in 
the  proceedings  of  congress." 

Before  the  adjourmiient  of  the  legislature,  wlildi 
remained  in  session  until  April  30th,  the  iioliiical 
cauldron  was  set  boiling,  in  which  was  destined  to  ^u 
ingredient.,  more  full  of  horrible  witchery  than  was 
dreamed,  of  even  by  the  jugglers  themselves.  In 
Jaimary  the  Ijecomj)ton  static  central  committee  Inld 
a  mec'ting  at  Sacramento  and  njade  its  appoiidnieiit, 
taking  the  highest  vote  cast  for  any  candidate  at  the 

•Tlio  act  of  IS.'O  ito  larrd  that  a  oommi'ss'on  hIiouM  lie  appointed  toa.!- 
ju!<t  the  liiiaiici.'il  all'iii  •.^  lictwci'ii  Cal.  iiuil  tlio  new  guvt,  atul  to  di  ir  'iiiiie 
the  tiiiiitiint  of  tlie  new  rovt  to  <'iil.  on  aecouiu  of  tlu!  .state  delit,  tin'  p\|"  n^i"' 
of  tlie  Hiiiil  .'oiiiiirr.-i  to  lie  lioriie  e<|iially  by  the  two  govts,  liiit  no  [diii  I'l  pay- 
nient  of  tlie  (Klit  was  even  sUK^ested.  'ttl.  Sfnt.,  iS.TO,  'MO  11.  Iln' nil"' 
proixweil  for  tht  conteiiiplatcil  territory  was  Colorado.  Sii<:  (Jiiinn,  Ain'il  1\ 
18.')h. 

'"There  ia  a  mere  mention  in  r.  .!>',  Minn.  Doc,  2,  .36  c  i, «{.  1  sesu. 


DELEGATES  TO  CHICAfiO  CONVKNTION. 


2W 


stato  c]<  cti"!!,  and  appointnl  F«l)ruary  2:>tli  f«»r  a  con- 
vciiiioii.  'riiL'  anti-lx'cuinptou  di'iiKHTatic  state  ceii- 
ti;il  (•(•uiiiiittco  followed  suit,  and  Ik  Id  a  ineitinjj^  on 
the  same  UMil    followiiiL^  days;  rcsolviiii^  tliat  the  rc- 


ciiUDi  latioiidf  jus  federal  heresies  hy  Jaimsliuchanaii, 
(Iciiiainlcd  that  they  sliouM  renew  their  fidhereuee  t«> 
iild  iniiiriiiles,  namely,  those  ex})ressed  in  the  Cincin- 
nati iilatfiirm,  and  to  the  "»jjreat  do<'trine  of  |M>])ular 
sdvni  i.i;iity,"  as  expounded  in  1850."  It  was  do- 
tiild  h\  tho  anti-Lc'-onn>ti»n  democrats  not  to  send 
tlilciatis  to  the  national  convention  to  he  held  at 
Cliailvston,  hence  not  to  hold  a  cih  Mention.  The  re- 
niildjcans,  who  were  silently  training  «:;round,  and  who 
flit  that  rlic  h»)ur  had  come  for  action,  held  their 
state  convention  Fehruary  23d,  to  choose  deleijates  to 
till'  national  convention  at  Chicago,  to  !;<•  held  June 
lath,  iiistrui'tin;^  then*  to  vote  f(»r  W.  11.  Seward,  or 
ill  case  the  conventittn  could  not  agree  upon  him,  for 
whomever  it  should  a<»;rec  upon.'" 

The  (luleL^ates  chosen  to  attend  the  Chicacfo  con- 
vention wvw  '!'.  J*.  Tracy  of  San  Francisco,  Leliunl 
Stanl'ord  of  Sacramento,  A.  A.  Sargent  of  XeNada 
city.  J).  W.  Cheesman  of  Butte,  and   1).  J.   Staples 

"A  writer  in  the  AViv/iAr  Joiirn-il,  Oct.  .'5,  1S()0,  iiiakes  tlic  distincti'm  lie- 
twiiii  iie|piil,ir  iiiiil  n>)ii;ittiT  Hiivt-riifiiity.  'We  iiiiilt'i'stitiul,  liy  s<|iiattrr 
Rnvcii  ijt'iity.  a  nii-ca'.liil  inlicrent  right  of  the  |K(i|ih'  iii  uii  iinoijiaiii/i  il  tcr- 
ritoi  y  til  j;nvii-ii  thi'iii>i  lvl■^.  'I'he  ilnctriiie  nf  Mjuutttr  .sovini^'iity  is  tliat 
jiivai  licil  liy  I'lijih,  Mi-cich^riik,  .aiiil  the  S'if.  i'liimi,  tliat  tho  inojiU'  of  a  tiTri- 
tuty  li;i\t'  ci  r\^\\t  <if  theiurK  Ive-t  ti>  iiij{aiii/e  a  jfnveriniunt,  ami  the  ■•niisiitn- 
ti"ii  ot  the  U.  S.  (hies  Hot  >  vti-ii,!  ,,\,f  thi'iii  tiiitil.  at  tlieir  tuition.  saiK  tioiiiii 
liy  ('iiiiL'ri:ss.  It  is  the  (h  *.r 'le  taught  in  Lieher'.s  work  on  ]ioli)iiai  etliies. 
Hy  ]"i|iiil:n' soven'ii;iity  we  uii'hTstanil  tlieixeici.se  of  tlie  right  of  govern- 
iiiiiit  hy  the  |ii'o|ih'  of  a  teiritory  after  an  enaliling  aet  ha-  giantei)  tlie  jier- 
niii-iuii.  'That  is  <!ie  jiliaso  of  the  ihiotrine  taugiit  hy  I'onglas. ...  He  asserts 
tliat  .1  govi'iiiinent  hke  tliit  unih.TtJikin  iiy  '"ah  in  IM'.I  i.s  irregnhir  ami  rev- 
(iliitioii  iry.  'I'lie  ease  of  Cal  is  oiu'  of  sijii.itter  mvi  reignty.  not  |io)itilai 
Kovcnigiity.'  'I'lie  ti-nns  are  often  \\<v'\.  even  hy  jichtieians;  hut  ixjuihir 
KiiviTi'iL'iily,  as  here  ihlinea,  wan  tho  jirinriiih'  for  vhieh  l)o»igla8  ami  Brixl- 
I'i'h ■^  iniiteii.'eil  ill  ihseussing  tlie  Kan.sas  ijiiestion. 

'   '.iiMinl  H.  Parker  was  jircs't  .->(  the  re)inliliean  stato  Cdnvontion  for  tho 

'li'iii f  ilileuates  to  the  national  eonvention;  vi«e  jiri's't,  .).  F.  Cliilhs  of 

Trinity.  T  O.  I'lielps  of  Stiix  Matro;  .'.  S.  M.I.eaii  of  Yiiha;  Wilham  W. 
Bi'Wi.uv  of  .Xinailor.  ani!  <!.  \V.  Towh'  of  .Santa  Clar.a  The  seerotarios 
vrrc  l>r  \\  ilhaiii  Itiho  of  S.  F..  ami  WiUiain  M.  I.yon  of  Sonoma.  From 
till'  iinu'cchiigs  it  apjiears  that  the  re|>ulilican  rauka  received  iuiport.aut 
acecssiiiiis  from  tho  anti-Ltu-oniiitnn  ikrji-icrats. 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  VII.    17 


258      LOYALTY.  OR  DISUXIOX  AND  A  PACIFIC  REPUBLIC? 


of  San  JoiUjuin.  Tlic  alternates  cliowen  weir  ,).  (\ 
IliiM'kley  of  Shasta,  a  recruit  tVom  tlie  aiiti-Lecniiijitiin 
ranks.  Isaac  M.  Hiildwin  of  S»»n(inia,  .I.tlni  H.  ^';nl  nf 
San  Francisco,  Francis  Snyder  t»f  Calavir;i>.  mid 
James  (  liui'cliinan  of  Nevada. 

Tlie  democratic  state  coiu'cntion  was  a  stormv  nno, 
beinj^  distracted  l)y  the  aUsence  of  any  one  le;ulir  uf 
power  to  control  it,  and  liiivin;^'  fi»r  every  wnuM-Kc 
leader  an  anta<jjonistic  pretender.  IMiilip  .NTooiv  \\;i>. 
elected  president.  Tlie  two  prominent  factions  wnc 
the  (Jwin-WelK-r  comhination,  and  the  Latliaiii-l)i n- 
ver  opposition.  In  tht^  choice  of  dele;4ates  to  tin 
Charleston  convention  the  opposition  weretriumpli.nii, 
olectinj^  seven  out  of  eii^ht  of  their  nominees.  TIm 
man  of  most  j)rominence  amon;^  them  was  John  Bid- 
well  of  l^uttr;  the  others  luini^  (J.  W.  Patiirk  of 
Tuolunme,  John  S.  Dndlev  of  Siskivou,  WiHiam 
Hradh'Y  of  Sau  tFoaciuin.  Newell  (ireujorv  of  .Mun- 
terey,  tfohn  A.  Dn-ihclhiss  of  Siiasta,  Austin  K. 
Smith  of  San  Francisco,  John  lliiines  (»f  S;ni  Hit- 
nardino.  So  lon;j^  had  the  ({win- Weller  alliance  hnii 
in  power  that  oidy  men  comiected  with  it  \viiv 
familiar  fi'^ures  in  politi<'s,  and  tiiis  was  the  lieLfiiininuf 
of  a  new  dispens;jtion.  IMie  de1t';j;ates  were  instnirtid 
to  vote  for  Daniel  S.  Dickinson  as  Cidifoi-iuMs  (iist 
choice,  hut  if  he  should  not  receive  the  sup|>oit  nf  a 
majority  of  the  .states,  to  do  their  hest  for  th*  deiim- 
cratic  party,  without  regard  to  choice. 

Jiotli  repuhlica,ns  and  ileniocrats  felt  that  a  ^ivat 
rriais  was  upon  the  nation.  'I'he  southern  wiiii  I't' 
the  latter  party  had  opi-idy  declared  that  the  rjc.ticiii 
of  a  re|>ul>lican  president  would  he  j^round  fur  tin 
seccissiou  of  the  southern  states.  Senator  (Jwiii  had 
said,  in  a  s]>eech  (h'livererl  l)ecend)er  12,  IS;V.).  in  the 
senate  chiunher.  "I  helieve  that  the  Klavc-lioliliiiu 
states  of  this  confederacy  can  est;d)lish  a  separate  and 
indejx'ndent  government  that  will  he  impi'e.;Malde  tn 
the  assaults  of  all  forei^jn  enemies,"  and  had  t;niic  dii 
to  show  why  they  should,  and  how  they  could,  cxi^t 


POLITICAL  .lUCCLICUV, 


259 


laiifc  nrt'l 


as  a  s<  imrato  <j^()\'oriini(iit.  Ifc  liad  also  said  tliat  if 
tlif  suiitlnrii  states  wfiit  out  of  (lH-niii«»n  '•('.•ilitoinia 
wuiilJ  l)c  found  witli  tlio  south;"  l>ut  In-  was  rajcful 


tip  I Aiiun^t' 


this  and  other  simihir  reinarks  from  th(? 


Iliri.tl  nport  of  liis  sjtcrch.  It  was  iiiti'iidrd  for  flu; 
Miiatf  and  not  for  the  car  of  Cahfornia;  liut  it  was 
wat'trd  on   thi-  wiii^s  of   ncwspajxr  <_;-ossi|i.  and   was 

iicwii  hcfori!  eithor  of  tho  convt-ntions  im.t  to  cliooso 


k 


;i  CO 


usi'  for  th<'  future 


|,;it'iain  chalh  ii«j«-d  (Iwin's  declaration  that  C^difor- 


iiia  wiiiilil  140  w 


ith   the  south,  to  which   the  latter  ri 


[ill  il  (hat  lie  had   never  said  so;  that    the  statement 


\v;e 


Institute   of  truth. 


I 


Mr    I 


resident, 


n- 


.sii.i  tlic  suave  politician,  "that  this  union   will   he  ii 
|i(  iis|ial»le.   hut  if  it  is  ever   l>»'oken   u]>,    the   eastern 
lMiiHi<laiy  of  the  Puciflc  re|>idilic  v.  ill  he,  in  my  opinion, 


the  Si' rra  Ma(h'e  and  the  l>ockv  niountain- 


Tl 


I  ere 


\v;is  111) 


litth'   talk    thcnicfoith   ahout    tin'    Pacific    re 


piililic  aM( 


I  ( 


»\vni  s  (lesiLrns 


hut 


pro| 


lie    WcH!    no 


uiiitr  ivadv  to  hflieve  thcr«'  was  anvthiiii;  in  it. 

1  <  «  '^ 


t  yet 


ihixicrick.  lest  he  should  liecome  a  i-epuhlican,  was 
itnievi'd  from  cai'th.  I  )ouelas,  hecause  he  held  to 
liis  |i(.pular-s(»vereie;nty  heliefs.  was  removed  from  the 
]" -^itJiK  of  chairman  of  the  <'onnnittee   on  territoi'iea. 

mplislhd   hoth  ends.      (Jwin 


lie   same    nitlllelice    acco 


iiiiiiself  relates  that  it  was  through  his  management, 
as  iliainiiaii  of  the  suh-coinmittee  of  democratic  sen- 
atdis,  w  ho  repoi'ted  t<»  the  democratic  «"iucus  nominees 
t'lir  tlie  various  committe<'s,  that  Dou^la^  was  re- 
iiievrd."  It  was  only  another  instance  of  that  "in- 
sidious tyraiujy"  of  which  Hrodcrick  complaim d. 


"r;» 


Mr 


MS,,  Itl.'i.      Ill  tlio  ciiiitrKVirNy  1»'t\M'rii  ( iwin  ami  nmi^ilM 


%'liirii  folliiWL'il,  and  ill  s|H'('('|ii,'i  ill    the  sriiatc  at  till'  lii>;iiiiiiii>;  i>l   liu'  :ililii 
i'iii(iri<-(,  It  raiiii-   out  linv   lu-ar   l>iiiij;l:is   li.nt  Imih   tn  yrliliiii;  lii-i  i>ci>iti 


wlihli   111'   wimli 


I    li 


limit]   liiit  tor   iti'i 


'ilijiiil    of    llir    .S',(,'.     I'lii'. 


.nllll;-    t.i    11 


II'    ((MTl'.-l- 


.1. 


iMia,     tins    t.lt'l    WHS     oilllllliill 


talk 


i-liiiii;lii!|. 


S'lVH    K.    I'.    Low,    ill    lii<   f  ii'ii'iiriiii   .1'/' 


lur- 


MS..    111.  .I..I 


III 


Mil  kiiiiii.  Iirariiii;  that  I)i>U{L;laH  iiitfiiili'il  til  l>ai  k  iIhwii,  am!  yiulil  tin'  li^lit 


li 


liiiiaii,    NM'iit   til   iti'mli'rii'k's    rnKiii  and   tnl'l   liiiii  i>t   it. 


Itlnll.' 


tliiiiidn'>tnn  k.  railed  iiki'  a  limi.  Ilr  n'fiHi'd.  at  tir«t.  to  In  lii'vc  tlic  r^tnry, 
tiifii  iM  III,  iiii|iii'i,.iis  «ay,  he  nnli'i'id  llii  kiii.iii  t.i  liiid  l"imL'la.'<,  and  I'liii^ 
lum  toiiiii  I'uuui.     Wliuu  Uuugliia  L'ainu  liu  I'nuud  Un'iUiick  r'i*-'»>^  (''l'  ll»ur. 


t\  •'« 


\\m 


260      LOYALTY,  Oil  DISUXIOX  AND  A  PACIFK'  IIKPUIU.K" 

Lntliaiii  now  procoodod  cautiously.  Ho  said  in  i.^. 
ply  to  (iwiii's  disavowal,  that  lie  was  i^lad  t«»  have 
liis  imprcssiou  coinctcd  ;  tliac  Mv.  (Jwiii  km  w  that 
Calit'oniia  possessed  rcsourcos  not  b(>lontfiii<jr  {,,  ;,m 
otlicr  state  of  tlie  union,  and  the  most  enei^ctic  jmii. 
ulation  on  eai'th,  and  "  why  should  we  ti'ust  to  tic 
inanaL^enient  of  others  what  we  are  ahundantlv  ahli' 
to  do  ourselves?  Why  depeiul  on  the  south  or  tic 
iiortii  to  regulate  our  aflairs  f  And  this,  too.  at'ii  r 
the  north  and  south  have  prov«'(l  theinselvts  incapa- 
hle  of  livinLj  in  harmony  with  one  another."  liii, 
was  more,  iajt  impartial  indejtendenco  of  the  fetkial 
government." 

(  al Horn iii  was  still  tho  ell'-ehild  of  the  tmion,  in  vir 
n'LTularly  hajiti/ed  into  the  family  of  states,  one  w  lijiji 
ftilt  tlu^  isolation  of  her  foreii^u  hlood,  the  pridt  of 
hor  dreamy  ancestry,  an<l  the  self-assurance  of  mi 
questione<l  native  resources.  Many  thinij;s  could  liavi- 
heeii  foritiven  her  liad  she  needed  forgiveness,  wliicji. 
to  her  j^lory  Ih!  it  spoken,  she  never  r(Mjuired,  althoii«.'li 
lier  mistakei!  r(>presentations  would  often  have  ji.  r- 
suiided  the  federal  sisterhood  it  wa.s  her  ]»ur|insr  to 
hetray  them.  Said  Latham,  followinj^  the  leail  ot 
Hannnond  of  South  Carolina,  who  ilenominated  tl,( 
white   lahoriuiX  class    as   the  "  mud-sills    of  soejttv, 

'  Mr  I>()iigliis,'  Maid  lu>,  'I  lu'.ir  \i>u  jiroinisi'  to  .-iliatiilnii  tlui  ti^ht.'  I •(iii(:l.i< 
an»«trc(l,  '  I  sot-  im  liii|n'  nf  siuh'i'hs;  tlicy  will  cnisli  iis;  aiiil  if  the  \  iIh, 
tiicrc  is  no  fiitui't!  for  any  of  n.s,  ami  I  tliink  \\i'  tan  a^ri'i^  upon  tciiii^  thai 
will  virtually  Hust.iiii  ourstlviM. '  Itroilcnik  rrjilird:  '  You  ranic  to  iiu- ii 
your  own  acconl,  asking  nie  to  taki'  this  Ktanil.  I  iiavo  coniniittt'il  hiVhIi 
against  tiiis  infernal  Lt'ooinplon  constitution.  Now,  if  yo\i  ili'sirt  nn  ,  i»itli 
an  oath)  I  will  niaki'  you  cniul  nmlcr  .>our  chair  in  the  senate'.  |)on^l;i>at 
once  resoh'eil  to  stand  tirni,  ami  not  to  su|i|)ort  the  l'!n^li»h  hill  on  whuliiu' 
was  wavering.  In  tlu^  repulilican  convention  at  Sac.  for  the  ehoici'  ol  proi- 
deiitial  elci'ti'rs,  A.  M.  Myers  sanl:  'A  more  nol>le,  o|ien,  glonou.>.  manly 
Htatesnian  never  lived  than  David  ( '.  Uroderiek.  The  jiroudcst  act  (liny 
life  will  have  Keen  to  ean\aM.s  this  statu  >\  ith  hini;  ami  I  tell  you  I  \\<m\'\ 
rather  live  Ml  retirement  all  my  life  than  to  vote  for  Steiihen  A.  l>.'"j;la<. 
the  iirofessed  friend,  who  vilely  lii'trayed  him,  ami  thtMnnn  who  voteil  tei  lIu' 

cnntirHiation  of  the  a|)|iointment  of  Calhoun   lienham,  one  of  the  .'^<'> H  »> 

that  fatal  iluel,  a.s  United  SUiten  ilistrict  attornuy  fur  ('aliforuiu.'  S'lr.  I'li^'n. 
June*JI,  INIU). 

"f/HVH,  Mflll.,  MS.,  17.'>  (J. 

'■''|)em|>ster  tells  us  in  his  M.S.,  .1  4,  that  in  vigilance  oonimittoe  sos^ion^ 
imleiiendenee  of  th<-  federal  government  was  liroached.  Imt  diaoouuiciiaiictiJ 
by  tlie  niajurity.  t'olrmmi  MS.  ruftTu  to  the  Haiau  tliinjj. 


saifl  ill  IV. 

kI  1<>  llMVc 
knew  tli.-it 
•IJL?  to  ;iliy 
r^f'tic  ]),)j|. 
•list   ti)    tliC 

l.'intlv  ;ililt« 
iitli  or  tlie 

,   too.  Jiftrr 

IS  iiic'iiia- 
r."  Jlriv 
ho    fi'ddal 

lion,  iKvi  r 
one  whicli 
r  \n-u\v  (if 

IK'C  of   1111- 

•oiild  Ikivc 

!8S,  wliicli. 

,  altIioUi,'ii 

liavi'  jicr- 

|»Ur|iosr  to 

ic  ic.iil  of 

Mated    tl,c 

sot'iftv, 

V 

jllt.'  Ilciicla* 
111  if  tli.v  i\«, 
Kill  tcl'iii.-.  tlial 
aiiic  t<i  inc  III 
IIMltcil  liiVsill 
scrl  nil,  (With 
l>iiiiv;l.i>  at 

II  nil   willrll  111' 
llnlrc  III    |irrM- 

iiriiiii>,  iiii'Uily 

ist  act  III  my 

ymi   I   nnuM 

n  A.  jtiiii^ias 

1  Viitril  till  llli' 

tilt'    ■.IllillllS  III 

I.'  Siir.  Infill, 


itti'i'  si  •ision!, 
iiDuairiiiiuced 


^IWV.UY   I-!)LI 


VIC 


UVOS 


»)(l 


aiid  ;is  "wljito  si 
*'i'  a  ((iiiiitrv  Jiavo 
jMisitii.M  orVapital  ai„|    U\ 


tl 


iv 


^■^  'y  'ittio  to  d 


l'"l'l!''-'I  iMstitut 


»  M nil    tl 


261 


loiis 


CililS 

A\J|(  I( 


U'lli'd 


111 


>oi-, 


'*-'  i''lutiv, 


to  a  drcJamtioM  tliat 


a'l\  IllJIl; 


Si  II 


^,:  ;:■„':;':;::-;'"'  ''^'-.  ^i:;;i:; 


tid 
jioliij.-al 


«i'»'vaiit.s  to  til 


till!  lli.ljorij,y  vwiy. 
^•■i-    be 


IK 


;''4'/tal,  and   should 


^  niinonty,  wliici 


rl-'Jit 


TJ, 


lU'VvV    I 


)( J    ' ' 


'\«riior,  and   tl 


inui 


laiitdl 


I  i«j)i( 


V'l"  i«-l'''^''^^ntat 


^\I',<»     Ilild'    cicctci 


tl 


it    lu    tia.     I'liited    St 


it 


'Vl'.S    who    ,.J 


lo.Sc 


*''|iiai 
iiiiu 
liiiii 


".;.■  wii.>__y,i,,.,„,  „i„,  ,;;..,:'-;,,"'■- ■■''■■1'> 


Hi    \  I   I 


lal 


•>^I/-ctc.d    t..    h,.   <.|a,s.s,.d   witl 


»o||li. 


In  lie 
SMJfd. 
Ill.lk. 

ti  Ilia 


'^  «•! 


I.SSC'S 


I'ffsclitrd     .,, 


llld 


la  or    I- 


;"'  'V''  '^•■lyiiiir   to  t] 


'M   aj.ology  ^;jj,   ^j 


"'   north.  "  A 


Iiaiids,     I 
slaves, 
^^'■'>f>t';  iiiiich  j 

•^«»T   in   tl 


lo 


"It    w! 
•»!•   with 


( 's.s 


'^'''''•^•<'nt.itisiin..oJ,.     '''';^'•':>■''^vours.... 


yo'l    nr    to  lool, 

Ahaiidi 


'■•^   '"IJ.ossihl,.   f,,,.  (1 


r;ici'. 

wifli 

VVrIf" 


^  "I'-"    V(iiir,,roiv,,j 
'"  It.    and  the 


'^'  ■^•'">'i  tn  trust 


ir. 


tioiial  ri'^ht- 

tl 

ti'iriti 

stat 


^'^  H|"»"   all    ,,i„.sf 

n't  • 


lo||> 


"'•  .south  daii 


•^'MIIll     will 

•  '<»n,i'rnit|ir 


'"-■^  ^^itli  iiidid 


•  r 


'*'  -^'''itli  had   t] 


Tl 


lis    llofhlllo.    hilt     J, 


"•';  ^^''^  •••|iii\al..nt  t 


'<'  '•i-iit    t 


"•>'  '•f'tl...    l'„if„| 


<>  carrx-  s], 


"«'■  <"'»m!ii,»ii 

*■''  •■"Mstihj- 

"  •^••tyi'i,-;  that 


•'  '4'>vorniii,.nt,  f, 


Sl 


iti 


'vi'i'v  ni( 


ai)  .r 


<»"i  vvhich  it 


■S    Hot    o| 


o  a  I 


U'olild 


:4<'iiii/c 


iind 


IT 


'""'•,'  I'orii  ,.v,Tv 


'L:"::''^''''''«i"';::iii:::,r  :;";■.:!!'- 


"ifllK'd    t' 


norti 


i"'"'-  ;viwtc   trash  •  of  tl 


>''i'-|"   th,.  f..d,.i.aj 
'/''•"    toiritorv    or    I 


iiii'ii 


""""I  Nhoijjd  h 


>iavc.s 

■•lllr 


'''■^I'lsi'd  for  tl 


So 


Tl 


K'lr 


•II  r. 


■lie 


to    th..     I 


'"""(■lation  of  ,1 


uti 
.1 


"    <'0|||l 


'.     Wllirji     t] 

"''''^'''l'"Vrrtv  and 


lik 


<■   tin 


IC     vciv 


^(■( 


l"»fti.>n  of  the    d 


<>Ml|»t()| 


"'■'^''  s<'Mf||||,,,,f, 


'  .'^••"■••toria!  rill, 


in  I 


lUMor- 
li- 


•  I  II I 


"•'^"ot  distinct  I 


"•"••<ratic  ,,arf.v  i,,   (•.,) 


W 


'"'I'tonisni. 
■  'f  the  Talif. 


^'  jTo-slavirv  to  tall 


If 


''^•'  a  Ntaiid 


r«.usrd   that 
"iiiia  which 


a,!4''IM|st 


''''•' "''•'''^•"'«tin- the  i.orti 


f'l'ia  senators  did 


not 


'*^<'<'"ni|ilish  l.v 


/...//, 


'  '■'/■''•<.  \H.s: 


"-''""''"'"••lacvofCalif 


<»rnja. 


\tm. 


'1.1  n 


■"^IHnr/i, 


m  ( 


Pt-  -'.  I'   'Hi-J. 
"wj.  t;i,^^,  i^,j__ 


^'  I't  -',  I..  1727 


?«<•.  l/itioH,  May 


^-m 


i 


I'm 


15 


i  :*:■•  * 


i  H 


aC2      LOYATJY,  Oil  DTSUXTON'  AN'D  A  rAHFIC-  nEPURIJC? 

tin-  dtlrjiiatfs  to  tlu!  CIiarlrst«)U  (>oiiveiiti«>ii  «li«l.  Tli»v 
ijlk'vnl  tlu'ir  iiistiiu-tioiis  so  tar  as  to  votr  ft>r  l);tiiirl 
S.  Dickinson  on  tin'  Hist  Ijallot,  at't.  r  wliidi  tlit'V  wi  ul 


over    to    til 


lit 


le    ultra-so 


Utlu'll 


.-si 


II  j)io-siaviiy  MtiiKiciiK  V, 
foisakitii;  tiic  ( 'iiiciiuiati  platform,  the  J'atilif  railiuatl. 
ami  cvcivthiii'''  tluv  luul  l»irii  iiitrust«-il  to  lalior  for, 
lollowiiii;  the  scccdris  cvt-h  t(t  nirliiiioiiii.  In  doihir 
tliis,  and  forsakini;;  the  nortlu'in  d<nuMiii(v,  tluy  lia<l 
ijoiK;  «lir<'ctlv  ('(milter  to  the  1»(  >t  iiit«  r«'sts  of  tlicir 
Ktatf.      IJiit  tlu'V  Wire    infatuated,      "Wliat    is  it  T' 


askfd  tlie  Sacramento  ( 


IIKlH. 


wliicll  lias  so  l»r\\ltlll((| 


tlie  California  reprcsi'iitatives,  from  s.-nator  to  d(  1«  - 
j^ates  to  the  convention  T'  The  answer  was  not  far 
t<»  find.  It  was  that  'insidious  tyranny"  which  tn- 
roii/((l  and  Mattered  alternately,  which  hroke  uj-  t!i.' 
Charleston  convention,  see(>ded  a  second  time  fiom 
the  lialtimore  eonveiiLion.  and  threattiud  the  ruin  <if 
tlie  demtteratic  partv,  should  not  tin-  ultra  wiii<j  hv 
iKrmitted  to  dictate  to  the  national  oartv. 

The  lonu;  and  hitter  contest  end"  <I  hv  the  n<>!iiiiia- 
tioii   of  two  tickets:  Stejdun  A.  Dou-^ias  of  lUiiidis. 


with  Jlersehel  \'.  ,!ohli: 


son  of  ( iioiiiia 


f..rtl 


le  liati 


on- 


ajs,  and  John  C.  Jh'eckenrid}:;*'  of  Kentucky,  with 
Joseph  Lane  of  ( )r(  odii,  for  the  I^ocomptoiiit«s.  Tlir 
hitter  ]>arty  dared  not  put  forward  a  candidate  fi"iM 
tlu'  'iulf  states  for  fcai'  of  heiiij^;  c ^^".idt  r-d  sfcfi.ih.il, 
k!'.o^\ln^•  th(>  noitluin  democrats  had  set  their  health 


on 


1) 


'oULilas. 


'TliiTt;  an-  liills  Iicyini"!  I'i'iitlaii<l, 
Tlicro  arc  Iritli.s  lit  yniul  Fnrtli: 
If  tlii'i't^  iii'i'  liit'il-i  ill  tilt;  HoiitKLiiiJ, 


'11 


K.'iH!  itro  fliiiifn  ill  the  im 


iirth. 


(|Uoti  d  a  Maine  delegate  in  tin-  Haltiim.re  convtiition. 
The  southland  daic  d  Hot  place  u|Min  their  tickt  t  its 
lordliest  lord.s.  The  nationals  holdK  -up|»orte<l  th-ir 
chief. 

The  surprise  of  th(>  Californians  at  tlu^  ivjectioii  hv 
the  eastern  repuhlicaiis  of  their  foremost  leade*-.  S«\v- 
ard.  was  only  t(jUalled  hy  their  dissatisfaction.  'I  In' 
distance,  and  the  time  o(  ( upied  by  mail  trau.-?it,  e\cn 


'LTIUJC? 


STATE  RKiilTS. 


with  tlic  pony  oxr 


2S8 


>r('ss. 


tliat,  |.rjKvt  kii.nvKMJo,.  oVtJ 


W^t  cstaMiisIioil 


Ox-iitictl  agitation  Z\inl 


'i'  'Situation  at  tj 


.■ICCnillital)),.   t 


I  fould  lend 


proven  tttJ 
"'  ftiities 


^Ui_\   Lincoln.  tJicn  | 


<;  action  of  t.itl,,,,.  0/ 


ittJc  k 


tJ 


JIuUi 


'";.';  "'  "^^ti-nal  iv,.utation,  did 
•'"'   H«.t   occur   f,o    fi '.   " 


•'1'  «ati.sta(  toil) 
,i;itat  j)aiti 


\' 


h   (lid    n(»t 

Jit  lit  is  to  be  in  iJa 

iiv>'   of    fact 

Altli 


;,/"•;  f^'-^'t  panic.. 


^'^    to    tJ.cni    tl.at    to   I 


Jiot  at  first 


'.i4*r  <«f  dcxtl 


H"    t 


')'|»f  ar. 


'^''•^    with     past 


uytion  fi,,i„  tj 


<"'  j'ronn- 


ii.'iiii 

Maw, 


'•";4J<  "louhtful  of  t] 
iiincoj 


\\ti< 


f'Tpicsich-nt  and 
'f'liti.d  ticket 


"   «»t   llJi. 
V 


'o  result,  tl 


J^iievaiiccs    t 


If  <-ro.s.s- 


<»    iedrcs.s 
'o  naincsof  Ahra- 


i-:i;;:;;;:tai;:;'.:'':vr'-''i'-.i 


le  !•( 


puhl 


III    o 


wa.s 


vj<v-presidcnt.      Still 


':/»">*  <>r  the  state 


f 


IMotJi 


"!■  .'IS    fhcv  J, 


ow  ca 


:;:t).o  «,.,,,„ ,,,--;;-;-« 


union  partv,  uh, 


Ilcd  tJ 


•'^(■iv.invc  rcpiihlic,.,, 


iJiiiiht 


it'iii.seiv(.s,  tl 


'■'"'•^  i'<'<l  at  first  hoped 

'f  t'-^V  Mict  at  iJalt 
•  if    1 1 

31; 


"^,  and  w] 


'Ji'>re  pn.p,  ,|v  | 


'^'  <'<'nstituti.,nai 


pcd  to  1 


'•>"!   the  rcu,d 


"'  named  « on- 


t'«'»'JVe  in  fl, 


U-  |( 


puhJi 


'"■  'onvciiti 


•^■-.y  'IK  t  at  lia  tinio)',.  .,,,  I  '  ""Mention; 

r.Mncssce    f;.rp.csi^       tu  I'r '!''"'' •'•^''^•''J-' 
■>.-.c|,nscff<r...   .:       ""V/^"«'  i^'lward   Kv.......  .*• 


w 

t!i;it 
tliaf 


iiisctts  for  vi 


''  J"<'i;ai(!  to  si 


'''■i"<'"sldcnt. 


verett  of 


It 


'■""'•'    OXist   o,dv  1 


"'l'K\'  (lie  r..puj,l 


"">  Mich  law 
l"'\^';i'to  enact  one 
'U'liize  slavcrv,  and 


\y  virtui 


'•''■»"s  <ontend.-d 


•■•^'■•^t'd   in   the  t 


( 

wa 


<".iHUnicj|,d   law. 
••'•'•'t"iies.  nor  any 


-'j^'-;-;nuhInotestal.lisl 


^'■''-'^-^ito;T,wl;e:::^r'^•'''••••'•i'•i^i^ 


^UtJi  ( 


'  viusion. 


'•'"  Ver    tlnn 


lie 


iveiToi-  jiosla 


J> 


Ma 


'••«iUfa.s    del 


peopl 


V,  and  neitJ 


^■••rv  Id  anv  t 


ei 


I  or 
ill  anv 
■^  a  lUce.ssitv    foV 
'""•'••■'<?•    (loelaied 


icr  <(»n<rre 


'•'^••O  ^vas.,,,fi.,„,,J 


•vcnil 


I'flrts  of  wy  ),Kt„rv  I  I, 


J^"->^«,  »ior  anv  oti 


ler 


•Ullid 


"'K'   tl 


"•"'  «  I-rivat*.  ,.,„ 


iivo 


>^  <«'iitrit| 


a  thai 


iiwil  ^,-,.iv,.,|  I,..  , 
Niii  1  ..        ■'  I 


■k] 


Mtajj.-  11 


-i;r;-  .u..i..,.„k..,.  uy\ 


>ni,t  of  ttu-  p, 


"<-•  1-1. lit, 


Nk>, 


iiliij 


>   "■"<•.   St  .1,,.,.,,,,    J 


lll.l  ll.llf 
I"l"'l-  .ll 


Is  ri-ct 


"•".V  .irnv,..!  ,„  ,s„ 


^ '■•'  •^'ilt  Jak..  ai..l  ( 


II   M 


ny 


'"ll\(.!(t)ll||s    \y 

I'm  1 1  Mas  i„t,. 
''.Vi  III  •] 


'•  ilozcii  f„rS. 

llli'Nt  « illloiit 


i*'/'!  witli  wil.l 


I'iii.l 


Uf 


'Kilt, 


•■iitl 

'I'  IICW 


i>ii  n 


ifi 


Hill'  S  ,|.-| 


"J'Tl    .-lllll 

arson  valley, 


11 


"i>*i«-<iii.     It  I 


;M::::;:';';!i';;'-<",ofA 


••'•'•  i".-....!,...!!..,, 


iikI  I 


•I   Ml 


>y  tl 


'I'l'itaiic-  « 


'•"ll/yjllt  M)  I,., 


pril. 


tcri  lor.s.  |.\ 


'J,'  I'l-tor.'  tl 


«^  Una  11-,  lull 


'•*  I'liiu,.,!  „|,„„  J 


■St 


"•  lllolllll  of   .1 


:;''^'''->'-i.a.;i:::;a ;:::'::'!;'' ':'.^''-' 


•''I'olfK  of   tl 


lllll 


i'^^i  iiuii  l^una  c.a„t  I 


I'-ifiliti 
"<<"iMoiiii,j{ 


••H  III  f|„,  (• 
mill 


icarii,  riiiiiij 


Itslu; 
|'"lltil-«| 


II 


lis 


^■It  >'ii.'.   \yni  4ij 


'""•■III.   lllll 


V"'   'llitiil„,|,l(   V..I. 


winyiijg  7y  1^.^, 


"'"  "••-iiiiia.i. 


t-Ts. 


20i      LOYAf.TY,  OR  DISUNION'  AN'D  A  PACIFIC  HKI'UP.LIC? 


part  of  tlio  uni(»n,  luid  a  riL,'lit  to  iMtcniu'fldl,'.  Tlip 
UtvrkiMiiidijje  (It'inocracy  flaimcd  the  v\'^]\t  t<)  .aiiv 
slaves,  as  j»nii>«'rty,  into  any  tcri'itory,  and  that  cnn. 
^rcss  was  ImhuhI  to  protrct  siicli  )>r(»|)('rty  wlmi 
nfccsHjirv,  wliothor  or  not  the  ttTritoi-ial  K-^i  t.itup. 
sanctioned  it,  or  tlie  majority  of  the  people  a|iiiiii\i  i|. 
All  the  parties  in  California  favore<l  a  transc(»ntiiiiiit;il 
railroad,  that  hein;;;  the  sine  <|ua  non  of  su|>]i"il  with 
the  peojtlo  of  the  l*acifi<'  coast,  win*  just  then  wen' 
more  troul>l(.vl  ai»out  ti'ansportation  and  lunils  tlimi 
altout  «'thical  jtclitics,'*  hut  v  ho  received  ueitlur  tmiii 
the  out-'^oiii''  administration. 


'I'hn  iiiajnrity  of  tlio  pcii]il('  of  Cal.,  as  I  have  moutinniMl  in  tin'  | 


m^  viiliiiiic,  pii  |i nr 


I  tin'  ifiitril  til  tilt;  siiiitlurii  nuitf  Im-  mail  tiaii-it.    11 


•iitr;il   nmli'  w.n  (.'[•ailiially  oiirucil,    lir.>t  tiuiii    S.ilt    laki-  to  llu'   Mi 


tlltll  l>v  \\ 


ai^uii   trniii   I'lai'fi'v  ille  to  Carinii  valii'V,  ami  lirial 


imi'itinj4  tliiTo  with   tlio   mail   to  St,  ,lii-,»-pli.     (ioii|-j;i-  Cliiii| 


111 

owiH'il  till-  wistiTii  ilivi-iiiii,  Imt  his  iiicaiis  wiTf  liiiiitcil  .iml  t 

liail.      Iti'iiili'i'iik  ciiili'aviiriMl  tn  iirnt'iiri-  tiic  ailnpliiiii  ul  the  cciili.il 


\  1. 


lit 


ii'imiiii; 
111'  III  iiia^'.ii,i-iit 


ifiivirmiiiiit  111 


ami  (lic'i'i'liv  imiiiTciI  tlii'  hi>-ililit\'  of  ( 


thr 

IS.-, 
Till 
cijiiMisiliMii  tn  t!ii'  rriilral 


if  til 


111'  K' 


iiitliii'ii  or  Uiitti'i'lii'M  imiti',  c^tali 


will  ami  till'  siiiitli.iii  iiilliii'iic 


Apioiii't'  111  ( ■  will's  iiii'tlii'iU  liail  till'  cUfi't  til  raii'i!  liiiii  t"  w  iljuirav 


roll  1 1 


It  hi'  .li'l 


th 


llv  wIh'II  111    faiii'inl  III 


saw  ail  ii|i|iiiiliiiiit  y  to  iiiaki'  ('a|iital  fur  liiiiiscir  mit  of  it.     Sinatur  Ifali-,  nf 


N.   II.,  lllll'iiililri'il  a  liill  w  liirli 


riilllil    ll.INo    Im'cM    passi-i 


.1.  wl 


iii'li   wiiiilil  havi! 


gixcii  C.ililuriii.i  ,1  il.iily  mail  hmi'  tin'  iiiitr.il  rniltc.  Hut  C\' in  jiail  srvii'il 
iiiiitivi'-*  fur  (ii'cvciiliiiii;  tin;  pas.'^ann  nf  llii-.  hill.  Ono  wa.s  that  lif  h  k  rr- 
t.iiui'il  in  till'  iiiti'ri'st  of  tlm  sti'aiii.-.lii|i  iom|iaiiy:  aimtlu'r  that  lie  wniilil  iln 
iiotliiiiu  "o  ]i!i'.i-<iii<;  111  the  rr|iiililii'an-<  as  tn  allnw  this  ri'imlilii'iii  lull  i.i  pas^, 
thus  nM'rshailnvmi;;  him;  ami  I'lf^ain,  that  hi-  ri'si'rM'il  to  hiiiisi'lf  tlir  ;:liiry 
of  a|i|iririii^  .1^  tlir  aullmi'  nl'  tin-  I'niilr.ii't  fur  a  tri-Wi't'kl\  mail  oxit  tlii'i'iii- 


tr.'il  i'<iuti'.      Ill'  intrniliiri'il  .iimtlu'r 


tn  ciiiiiarrass 


ll.ih 


.1 


ncitliir  to  pass.  Ihii  this  plank,  on  w  huh  Im  Impcil  to  staiul  whiii  tin'  next 
I'.  .'^.  si'iiatnr  (ihoiilil  hi"  clinscn  in  Cal.,  t.lippi'il  away  frnni  him  vvlin  .  ui'i'ii! 
to  I'dstiiiastcrj^i'm  ral  II 


iftiT  tlio  clnsi'  lit   till'    scssinli,   that  nllii 


ll.ltl 


refu.si'il  to  cari'y  mil  the  trriiis  of  tliu  li.ii'j:,iin  ln'twi'i'ii  tlu'in.      In  this  inaiiiur 


Cal. 


ill' 


il    nf 


il 


.siTN  111',   ('\ri 


pt  iivrr  till'   I'liitti'itiilil  I'liiiti-,  until 


thf  sci'cs.sinn  nf  tilt'  soutlii'rii  st.iti's  ami  a  c'1i,iiil;i'  nf  almini^ir.itiiiii 

till'  siispin.'.inii  111'  this  liiii',  ami  tlm  cstalilislinu'iit  of  tlio  ci'iitiil  rmili'.  .V' 


■il 


/• 


,li 


-Ml.  aii'l  .lulv  •J;i  ami  'JS,  |s(i(l.      j.atli.iiii  nlln'i  il  .suiui'  iiiini'l 


nicnts  to  Half's  hill  wlun  it  was  hi^lori;  tin-  ncnati'.  hut  tliry  wi-iv  ilriratiil 


with    tilt! 


Ill 


pll'Sl'll 


tl'll 


Hiiiim   liijiiri's  whirli   an'    iiitrri"<Hiii;. 


Ki 


Si  pt.   IS.iS  tn  ami  iiiiliiiliiiiT  M.irrli  istld,  tluii' wi  ri' (■>^.■l,'.'(■»^l  htliTs  si-ii!  nvrr 


till'  Ullttrl'liilil    I ti',   III"    pintaiid    nil  wli 

rniltr  VI, I  .S.ilt  likn  ir>.7'.'->,   till'   )iii*ta4(i  nil 


I'nillrar'ni's  rn 


iviil  ."^liOO.UiH)  i,ir  tii  wtiklv  srrvi 


nil  was  .'^VI.^IT''  I'll;  ami  hmc  tlu' 

■h  was  .'<.S(m,.M.     'I'lii'  liutti-r- 

This  was  iiiio  "I 


thf  prnlitalili- iniitr.n'ts  jiivi'ii  tn  sniitliiTn  iiii'ii  hy  tin-  cnnscnt  of  Calil'nriii.'* 
Htnatiirs,  hut,  tin'  siTviii'  piilnriin'il  was  ncviT  i-oiiiplaiiKMl  of.  Tlu  I'arilic 
Mail  .Stcanisliip  comp.iiiy  in  isilt)  ri'fiisi'il  to  I'arry  express  p.'iil;;iu'r-<  i"iit  mi- 
iiiL'  mail  niatli'i',  or  to  rarry  the  in'W'p;ip<'r  inai!,,  wiiii'h  coulil  tint  |.'..iiMr- 
laiiil,  till'  oliji'i'l  of  till'  ri'fns.il  hi'injj  to  fori'*;  conijri'ss,  with  the  lulp  "I 
Califoruia's  ijfiiior  seuator,  togive  the  mail  eoulrat't  to  \  audcrbilt'm'uiui'uuy. 


r.i.ic^ 


HKiir  CHIVAI.llY   INFAMY, 


2C5 


1K-.     Tl,o 

to  (  ;iny 

tllilt    Cllll- 

•tv  win  II 
H>lM'nViM|. 

ihliiiciital 
ix'it  with 
tllt'ii  wi  re 
liiils  tli;m 
tlii'f  tVi'iii 


in  tlic"  priMoil. 
I  li-.ui>it.  Till' 
)  llic   Mi<>i>iiii 

tiiiiiily  t>>  Nilt 
.•  i'liiiiiMimiiij; 
II'  lii:iMil^<'Mii'iit 
.'iiliiil  I If  liy 

f.'talili'hr.l  III 
licni  inlliiriur. 
i>  witli'lrnv  111* 

II    f.llIlM  •!   Iio 

iitor  l!;ilt',  lit 

I  woulil  liavi; 

II  ii;iil  mvi'ImI 
it  111'  «:i'<  IT- 
t   III'  Wnlllil  '111 

tn  l.ill  \'<  \<\'*, 
-.  Ii   tlir  .iliiry 

I  ..\,T  tll.^lll- 

:iinl  ull. ■«.■■! 
rt  lull  tlir  IliXt 

|ii  wlii'i .  ui'iiii; 

.lli,:;il    ll.itly 
III  tliH  liiaiiiiir 

III  ruiitc,  mit:l 
Ir.itiiiu  r.iii-iil 
111  nmlr.  •>'''■• 

illH'  .lllHilil 

>ro  ilctViiliil 


-iiii^;. 


K 


r<iiii 


jlTs  MI'llt  liVlT 

liinl  iiMi"  till' 

•I'll,,    itllttrr 

i,  wai  iiiK'  111 
if  Cilifnniia 
iMlio 
■iitilii- 


Till  f, 


iiiit 

111.'' 
ll'moliiliJliy- 


,ll. 


Till'  itlatforins  btin^  settled  .•iinl  iioniinatii^ns  made, 
ill,  IV  I.I  ;^;ui  the  most  remai'kalih.  stru^'jle  tor  jirinei- 
iilrS  ever  «li'('ide<l  by  ballot.  'I'lio  \vli(»je  coM'^fessiniial 
(leli'^Mtioii  ri'tunu'd  ti»  (/alitoniia  early  in  August  to 
sii|i|i<ift   tlio  Hreekem-id'^i-  ticket;   hut  they  weie  met 


Willi  ii  |in»aclies  wliicli  auj^uifd  i 


tor 


tl 


leir    lioll 


lieal 


jirel'i  iiiieiit  hei'eat'ter.  TheSaii  i'^raiieisco  lUillilln  n\n\ 
the  S;ieraiiiento  /'///o/<  bore  hai'd  ii[toii  (Jwiii  tor  his 
tre.irlji  ly  to  the  interests  of  tlu'  stati*,  and  his  eom- 
jtlirii\'  ill  tlie  Limo  Pitiiit  sah^  to  the  e-(tvermiieiit,  i*e- 
pnrti  (1  to  h(>  just  consummated,  by  which  ,S-i><Kt)oO 
was  I'.iid  for  a  poitit  of  baifen  rock  at  the  Heads, 
which  the  state  would  have  sold  tor  !?-.<>'">.  or  what- 
rvi  r  price  a  jury  empanelled  by  tli(>  «listrict  court 
sliell'd  <leelare  it  t<)  be  Worth. ^^  Tlny  (ploted  from 
his  speech  ill  the  United  States  senate,  where  he  had 


sail 


1:  -Th 


le  northern  states  are  lalioriiiLT  under  a  de 


Iii>i<iii  if  they  think  that  the  southern  states  cannot 
so|iar,ite  iVoni  them,  either' violently  or  peaceably — ■ 
vioji  iitly  if  nec(\ssary.  They  can  take  possession  of 
all  tlir  piihlic  property  within  their  limits,  and  pre- 
]tiiiT  a;^aiiist  any  a;j,;j;ression  of  the  non-sla\e  holdiii;^ 
states,  or  any  [tower  that  may  choose  to  infringe  upon 
what  thi'V  coiic(>ive  to  bo  their  ri-'hts.""  'riiesc*  wero 
alaniiiii'i;  utterances,  whether  it  was  believed  or  not 
that  the  south  could  sucri'cd    in    partiiij,,^     iVom    the 


Ullliill. 


A-  fir  tlie  junior  senator,  who  ha<l  hem  (  leeted 
'j;"Vi  riiiiroiily  a  few  months  betbre,  as  one  whom  the 
lMM|ili.  cuiild  trust,  he  shared  the  opprobrium  of  hav- 
ing iieolccted  the  state's  interests,"'  and  hasiii'^  taken 


that  I 


rill'  li'u'i-'Iatiin'  of  IS.'O  itaH-ii'il  a  law  iiiliiii|i'il  tn  iiii'i'l  i'a«i'-<  uf  tlii-i  kiiul, 


•II'  tl 


ic  jjnvt  n'i|iiii'i'i|  a  |iu'i'i'  ii! 


It   l.tinl,  ami  the  owiii'i-  v  .is  a  iiiiiinr 


r  ihiii  I'l'siili'iit,  nr  fur  aiiv  I'l'a^mi  ii  I'li^i'il  t, 


till'  IiU'I.  a   |iiry  ^ImuM  ap 


I'MiM'  it,  aii'l   till-  slu'riir  lit"  the  t'uimty  sliuulil  cM'tuti'  a  ilciil  in  llic  U.  S. 
'■'/.  .nV7.,  |S.-.i.>,  •.'(;  7. 

'      /.  '.7.'-,  1S.V,»  rrf),  i.t.  1.  p.  I'.T). 

-  rill' li^itlaliiri!  of   ISiiOliiij  |iassi.|  ,a  <"iinoiirnMit  rt'siilutinii   iiHtniotiiiR 

the  Cil.  M'iiatiir'4  ami  rt'iiri'ii'iiiativc!*  ti>  use   tlicir  iiiliut'iift'  ti>  juiu'iin.   the 

!ia»>av!r  uf  a  law  liy  I'mi^ri'-i-i  iluiiitiii^  tnaitual  Ki'ttlrrs  1(1(1  aiTi'int  liinl  fur 

iiuiiiv^trails,  title  to  liu  given  al'u  r  a  ii'iiili'iii'o  uf  ,">  )iar.-*  m  mni-e.   '  W/.  SM., 


I'"' 


__»« 
Sf 


;■!■:     I 


200     LOYALTY,  OR  DLSL'NIOX  AND  A  PAriFlC  llKl'UHLrc? 

sitlcH  with  the  lioltt-rs  from  tho  rcijfulMr  «hiii(M  ratu- 
I)arty,  wlio  hy  th<ir  action  inijK  rilK-d  its  cxi^tt  inc. 
Sii'h  was  tlu'  poHtii-ai  situation  in  (  ant'ornia  in  JuK, 
t'ollowfd  \)\  a  jMMvnij)torv  niarshallin^  of  cliuis.  aiid 
un  ('.\(•itill^■  fain|»ai|L?n.  A  nuniljir  of  national  (Itinn. 
rrats,  rliictly  those  who  liad  luin,  or  wlio  hojxd  tn  1,. 
frdtral  otlici'-lioiiN-rs.  undtr  «hino(i'atic  adinini-tiii- 
tit)ns,  went  ovtT  to  th«'  Jjcconijitonitcs.  IIksc  imiH 
ticians  |tulilis]K'd  a  lfni;thy  manifesto  to  sliow  that  Iv 
till-  two-thirds  ruh' adopted  at  tlie  Cliarie.'-ton  coiivui- 
tion,  Douj^hishad  not  received  tlie  nomination.  Tl,.  v 
did  not  attempt  to  show  that  ]>r(.'ck(  iirit!j;e  Iiad  hnu 
rc'Mdariv  nominatet!,  hut  onlv  chdnud  tlic  ri«dit  to  If 
rei^arded  as  the  real  democratic  j»arty,  lucaui-e  tiidr 
iirinciples  had  Ixon  indorsed  liv  "e\crv  certain  <1(  hki- 
cratic  state,  or  m  other  voids  every  slave  .siiitc. 
Kx-jjfovei-nor  Weller  declared  his  devotion  to  |i!iitv 
j>i'inci|)les,  and  emphasized  the  diclaiation  wilh  tl.i 
UN'owal  that  he  had  been  compelhd  hv  his  fialtv  \>< 
i)artv  to  vote  for  "a  '-andtler  of  thiny  ^«als  ^-iimcl- 
ni;^-  to  !)(>  hiij;h  sherill'  of  San  Fian«'isco,"  iiistiad  cf 
a  hetter  man  wlio  was  opposetl  to  him.     His  exiiiiijijc 


was  ottered  ns  an    instance  o 


f  tl 


lose 


hiul 


I      S(  lltlllK  lit.- 


of  duty  entertained  by  thu  chivalry  in  jiarty  maltiis.  ' 

isno.  |).  no.  .Iiilinsnji  (if  Ti'iin.  iiitr<  iliici  (1  a  liomf^-ttail  Mil  in  llio  sciiato 
in  I  i('i'.  |s."i'.(.  It  iiciu|ii(il  mill  li  Imir.  In  inj;  (i|i|i(i>«'(l  Ky  (.diilln  in  m  iinlcr^ 
aiiil  liri|iii'iitly  .niiciiilr.l.  I'Ut  «;m  liiiallv  ]ia>-iil  I'y  ;i  vi.to  nf  II  In  S,  .liiiic 
10.  lM'il>.  I'lisijctit  liiu-liaiiaii  Mti'i'il  it  iipnii  iIk'  jiic-iiiiil  tliat  it  va<  iiiiiii.«t 
til  liic  iilil  M'tllfi's  who  liiiil  |iaiil  Sl.'J")  ].»r  .urc  for  tluir  iainl^,  ami  tnotlrr 
i.'!as.'<t">  III'  |M'ii|iI(',  imt  agrii'iiltiiialints,  w  Im  hail  an  t  i|iial  intcix'.vt  in  llir  nlii' 
nmn  iiilii'iitaiiiT  (it  all  the  ]i(ii|ilc.  An  aim  ndiiuiit  «as  (lilcicd  hy  dwiii, 
aini  .sii|i|i.iftcil  liy  I.afhain,  ;ii\  ihl;  iiiIik  in  a  rijilit  In  ('ccniiy  I'"'''  c  im'i<f''l 
lands  wiihiiiit  liiMiij,'  cimsidtTt'il  t/csiiasscrs.  iiwin  was  arttul  fiimij;!!  alwMVn 
id  have  •.nine  |ici|iiil:if  incasiirc  ]iiiidiii^'.  luit  his  (■(illcaj.'Uf  had  iKit  -h  iniuii 
tact.  I  he  lii'st  iiill  licfnrc  the  .>.»iialc.  eiiiliiidyiii).;  Imniotcad  iiiiii(i|ili-^,  wiih 
intrddiiccd  hy  <i\vin  in  |S,">((   I.      .\t  the  n«\t  !'c.-..>i(in  he  i-]i(iki'  in  taMifcf  a 

h(iii-ic  and  iKiincstcad  hill,  intnidii I  ."ciiaratcly.      'llji-<  nu'a.-iire  «as  kijit  in 

the  iiiii-|i(i'tiv('  iliiwn  til  iMiO,  and  liiially  |ia»c(l.  duiilitlcss  with  the  kinwi- 
vi\)X>'  that  it  Vdllld  he  vctni'd.  It  scrMil  the  ]iur|iiisi'  nf  llattenil;,'  tin  lii'|'ii' 
while  the  mure  iiii|inrtant  ohjeets  (it  mail  and  railread  eemiiiiiiiiiatii  ii 
siiHeiid  ni'nleet,  and  the  Liiiie  I'dint  swiiiilie  was  jieifeeted.  in  wliiili  a  liiiml- 
Hiiiiie  Imiiiii--  was  helleVed  t(i  have  hi  ell  paid  tn  the  venal  ^<ellatl'l^s.  ('l•ll^.'r(•^<^^ 
enacted  a  hdiiiestead  law  in  IMi'J;  and  in  iMiti  an  act  .iiniilar  tii  the  iniiiiiig- 
Ittw  aimndniellt  (itl'ered  hy  (iwin  in   iMid  vn.is  passed. 

'^  A  Brcckfiiridgu  luocting  was  held  iii  S.  F.,  July  'J8,  ISGO,  when  the  fol- 


FKDKKAL  A\I)  STATK 


'•OLITffS. 


Til."  Dou-I 


jMctuf   \,r'm<r  fnrc.d  to  V(.f(.  f 


>>v  Dtlnv  swiiidlrr.- 

nU>  |»ul.Ii.sli(,J  a  maiiir..sf,,  ,„ 

'"""Illation  nf  llK^iiTJiirf  to  I 


"•  .n.iiiil,|,.|.. 


207 

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till-  Hl''rkr||ji(J-'(.    (I 


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ir 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREI-T 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  1458U 

(716)  872-4503 


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268      LOYALTY,  OR  DISUNION  AND  A  PACIFIC  REPUBLIC? 

the  state  central  committee  in  San  Francisco  on  the 
31st  of  July,  J.  P.  Hoge  being  chairman,  an  eflort 
was  made  to  harmonize  the  two  wings  of  the  olj 
party  by  resolving  that  each  might  select  two  ])Ym- 
dential  electors  for  whom  the  united  party  sliould 
vote,  the  electors  being  pledged  to  cast  their  votes 
hi  the  electoral  college  f>)r  the  democratic  candidate 
receiving  the  majority  in  the  presidential  election, 
But  to  this  the  Breckenridge  delegates  would  not 
agree,  and  Hoge  withdrew  from  the  connnittcc, 
Charles  Lindley  of  Yuba  being  chosen  chainiiaii  in 
his  place.  The  result  was  a  split,  and  the  nomination 
of  two  sets  of  electors  by  two  separate  conventions. 
This  would  seem  to  have  left  a  clear  field  for  the 
republicans,  but  they  also  had  their  difficulties.  Ever 
since  the  adoption  of  the  charter  of  1850,  and  tlie 
rule  of  the  vigilance  connnittec  in  San  ^Francisco,  the 
municipal  officers  of  the  consolidated  county  and  city 
were  nominated  b}'  a  People's  nominating  connnittoo 
irrespective  of  the  political  l.)ias  of  the  nominee,  jiml 
dependent  wholly  on  his  fitness  for  the  office.  I'lnh  r 
this  order  of  affairs  the  city  had  prospered  and  en- 
joyed honest  administration.  The  republicans  wlio 
had  so  far  aided  now  wislied  to  absorb  tlic  people's 
party,  its  efforts  being  regarded  with  di  ''  ^r  by  many 
of  tlie  best  citizens.  Besides,  the  o  was  still 
strongly  democratic,  and  not  favorai)le  to  re[)ub- 
licanism  which  hnd  so  far  done  nothing  for  Culitniiiia, 
except  once  or  twice  to  hold  a  scheming  legislature^  in 
check.  But  clubs  were  ra[)idly  formed  both  in  country 
and  city,  and  their  organizations  grew  apace." 

'•'^Tlio  names  wliich  appear  as  officers  of  the  central  repnMicrm  cin'iof 
S.  F.,  are  William  .Sheniian,  pres't;  M.  S.  Whiting  anil  B.  V.  I'ciivius 
seet'ys;  Ali>liciis  Rull,  treasV;  Peter  Witlieek,  marshal;  I).  C  MdiiuT, 
Alexander  ( 'aiiiphell,  A.  T.  Lawton,  T.  .7.  L.  Smiley,  Henry  Si'li'jiiMii.  II. 
Marton,  William  Ireland,  J.  Regenshurger,  H.  J.  Rogers,  N.  ('.  L:iik',  B. 
T.  Case,  F.  (^.  K.  Tittle,  George  C.  Waller,  .Joseph  Weed.  H.  C.  S(|uiiv. 
William  H.  Culver,  C.  W.  Howe,  Andrew  Walker,  C.  H.  Dexter,  (ieorpe 
Amarige,  C.  L.  Ilohljs,  .lohn  Swett,  H.  A.  Soiitag,  P.  W.  Sheplianl.  Otlicr 
prominent  repuldieans  M-ere  E.  IJ.  Crocker,  S.  U.  Mulford,  E.  Lander,  h. 
Stanford,  Louis  R.  Lull,  H.  If.  Haight,  C.  Wel.b  Howanl,  R.  B.  Swain.  0. 
F.  Willey,  A.  J.  Pope,  Heth  H.  Wetherbee,  Alfred  J.  Ellis,  Ira  P.  Kunkin, 


FEDERAL  AND  STATE  POLITICS. 


iiniiu'f,  ami 


The  Bell  and  Everett  men  took  the  name  of  the 
union  party,  and  held  their  convention  for  the  noini- 
mation  of  presidential  electors.  They  were  chiefly  of 
the  conservative  class,''*  and  lacked  the  eager  spirit  of 
tlie  icpuhHcans,  many  of  whom  were  young  men  de- 
sirous of  ottaching  themselves  to  a  paity  with  princi- 
ples on  wliich  they  could  rely  to  build  up  the  state, 
and  satisfy  personal  and)ition  at  the  same  time.  In 
San  Francisco  the  republican  central  club  won  the 
ai)[»lause  of  the  better  class  of  citizens  by  consenting 
not  to  run  a  nmnicipal  ticket,  but  to  allow  the  people's 
nominating  committee  to  make  up  a  non-partisan 
ticket  which  they  would  support;  but  a  faction  per- 
sisted in  making  a  race  for  the  offices  by  bringing 
out  a  straight  republican  ticket. 

These  matters  settled,  the  campaign  was  jirosecutcd 
withentliusiasm'''  on  all  sides,  the  republicans,  notwith- 
standing some  routjh  treatment  in  those  districts  where 
the  jno-slavery  population  was  in  the  majority,  making 
good  progress,  and  in  November  giving  a  j>lurality 
for  Lincoln  over  Douglas  of  700,  although  Douglas 
received  3,000  more  votes  than  Breckenridge.  Bell 
had  a  meager  G,049  votes.  Lincoln  received  the  four 
votes  of  the  state  in  the  electoral  college.^" 


J.  M.  Batchol.ler,  C.  C.  Wel)l),  Frank  >[.  Pixley,  William  C.  Talbot,  Alfred 
J.  Kills,  James  Laidley,  Caleb  Biirbank,  Thomas  Fiteb,  Captain  Frank 
Fiilgur,  l)r  Wni  Ilabe,  E.  R.  Hawley,  E.  llarte,  (ieorge  W.  Tyler,  Harvey 
S.  Hrown,  William  H.  Weeks,  Cyrus  Palmer,  John  P.  Taylor. 

'"^  TliL'  Bell  and  Everett  delegates  of  S.  F.  to  the  Union  State  convention, 
wero  I).  O.  Shattuck,  .1.  E.  Wainwright,  Capt.  Samuel  Card,  James  I)a^^■ca 
H,  ]{.  F^iviiig.ston,  J.  H.  Gardner,  L.  J.  Wilder,  Mark  Brumagini,  J.  B. 
Crockett.  AN'iii  TafTen,  L.  L.  Treadwell,  Thomas  H.  Seiby,  Joh.n  S.  Bray,  E. 
C.  M.  Ciiailwick,  Wm  N.  Coghill,  Wni  Alvord,  Henry  B.  Brooks.  From 
Sacto,  (;.  W.  Bowie,  A.  P.  Catlin,  H.  O.  Beatty.  R.  II.  McDonald,  V.  J. 
Fiiurfrniiil,  John  H.  Ga.s8,  David  Meeker.  B.  F.  Wallace,  E.  M.  Cbcniault, 
Hi'iijiimiii  Orrick,  J.  Beam,  James  Maildux,  Cjtus  S.  Cofiin,  James  Queen, 
Alfivd  Morton,  .T.  Neely  Johnson,  L.  A.  Booth,  I)aniel  Moore,  P.  H.  Lee, 
n.ili.it  M.  Folger,  D.  S.  llayden,  J.  H.  Shirley,  L.  F.  Reed,  Seth  R. 
Kiici'latid.  George  Griggs,  Edward  Stockton,  G.  W.  Whitlock,  Jame.s  Scott, 
Jesso  Morrill. 

*'0f  the  domestic  newspapers  in  the  state  24  wore  for  Douglas  and  22 
for  Breckenridge.  The  republicans  were  represented  by  only  i ,  and  the 
Union  ]iarty  by  .3.  The  Bulletin  explains  the  large  number  which  declared 
for  Breckenridge  by  showing  how  many  had  been  purchased  for  the  cam- 
paign, liy  sums  varying  from  .*.')00  to  .?1(),000. 

*Tlie  republican  presideutal  electors  were  Charles  D.  Tuttle,  northern 


w 


Si  t 

I? 


li: 


270      LOYALTY,  OR  DISUMON  AND  A  PACIFIC  llEPUBLIC? 

The  revolution  wliicli  had  occurred  w«is  dhertJv 
chargeable  to  the  pro-slavery  wing  of  the  deniocratfc 
party.  It  was  the  result,  so  far  as  Breckenridgc  was 
concerned,  of  the  killing  of  Broderick  by  Terry.  It 
was  the  consequence,  so  f:u"  as  Douglas  was  conccriitd, 
of  the  impression  upon  the  anti-Lecompton  mind  ju 
California  that  Douglas  had  been  untrue  to  Broderick. 
It  was  the  use  made  by  the  republicans  of  the  actimi 
of  the  California  senators  in  dragging  the  state  into 
the  quarrel  between  the  north  and  south,  against 
which  the  whole  population,  except  the  Leconiptiniitts. 
had  always  protested,  and  of  the  fact  of  their  having 
ij:rosslv  neglected  the  welfare  of  the  state  while  irivin-r 
aid  and  comfort  to  disunion  agitators.  Oidy  one  year 
before,  the  chivalry  had  exulted  over  tlie  defeat  of 
free  principles  in  California  ;  one  year,  and  tli< y  had 
by  their  own  acts  put  an  end  to  all  their  gnatnc-s, 
turning  a  majority  of  nearly  21,000  to  a  defeat. 

The  le<jjislature  elected  in  1860  was  not  so  lar-'elv 
re])ublican  as  the  presidential  vote  might  lead  one  to 
expect.  The  hold-over  senators  were  eighteen  in 
number,  eleven  of  whom  were  Douglas  denu)crat>, 
six  Breckenridgc  domocrats,  and  one  republican.  TL' 
senators  elect  were  divided  between  Douglas  demo- 
crats eight,  Breckenridgc  democrats  fiv(!,  rejiub!  leans 
four.  In  the  assembly  there  were  thirtv-ei-j;ht  \)><U'S- 
las  democrats,  twenty-two  Breckenridgc  denio<  iat.>, 
union  one,  and  republicans  nineteen.  Tims  the  legis- 
lative power  was  wrested  from  the  chivalry  by  the 
anti-Lecompton  democrats.  There  were  two  issues 
on  which  the  legislature  had  been  elected ;  one  t!ie 

dist;  W.  H.  Weeks,  central  dist;  C.  H.  Waslilmm,  S.  F.;  Antonio  Maria 
Pico,  southern  dist.  The  electors  chosen  by  the  Union  party  were  ■!.  B. 
Crockett  ami  (r.  W.  Bowie,  at  large;  Phincas  L.  Miner,  Tehama;  .lume^  Liu- 
der,  Los  Angeles.  Alternates,  A.  ^L  Uoseliorough,  of  Siskiyou;  Wilhaiii  P.. 
Langl(!y,  of  Placer;  Dr  E.  (libhons,  of  Alameda,  11.  H.  Daly,  of  .M.irij"'M. 
Ihe  Douglas  deuuicrats  chose  Humphrey  (Jrithtii,  of  Yolo;  Richard  15.  Hani- 
mond,  of  Stockton;  Palilo  de  la  (luerra  ,  of  Santa  Barbara;  (1.  F.  I'ri<e.  .rf 
Yrcka.  'Ihe  Breckenridgc  choice  for  electors,  were  V.  E.  (iieger,  ot  Tehuiia; 
A.  P.  Dudley,  of  Calavuras,  Zach.  Montgomery,  of  Sutter,  Ajitoiiio  i'.  turo- 
nel,  of  Los  Angelea. 


iLIC? 


BRODERICKISM  ASCENDANT. 


271 


dlrvrtlv 
nmcratlc 
idgc  was 
}ny.     It 
)i>ci'nu(l, 
miiwl  in 
rode  rick. 
he  aetidii 
state  iiitn 
,    a;^aiii<t 
ipt<>iiit(>, 
ir  liaviii'4 
ile  <j;iviii'f 
'one  year 
defeat  of 
they  had 
(Xri'atiie>s, 
feat. 

so  hir;^'ely 
ad  one  to 
<dit(eii  in 
t-mocrats, 
ieaii.  Til' 
las  deinii- 
|tuhlicaii- 
lit  1)"U;4- 
(■mocrats. 
the  legis- 
y  hy  th<' 
,vo    issues 
one  the 

Intnnio  Maria 
ly  %ver.-  .1.  H. 
j;  ,l;itii'-»  L"'- 
|i;  WlUiilii  K. 
of    M.iril""sl. 

iianl  r..  H'"i'- 
]    K.  rri."-.  "f 

f,  ot"  'IVliiiiia; 

Duio  I .  ^uro" 


defeat  of  a  proposition  of  tlie  preceding  legishiturc  to 
liold  a  convention  for  the  rcvi.sioii  and  change  of  the 
constitution,  and  the  otlicr  to  prevent  the  passage  of 
a  hulkliead  act.  Although  it  was  acknowledged  that 
t'le  organic  law  needed  revision,  the  people  feared  to 
incur  the  danger  of  a  convention  lest  the  southern 
counties  should  be  separated  from  the  state.  And  as 
to  the  fifty  years'  monopoly  of  the  water-front  of  San 
Francisco,  for  wliich  the  bulkhead  conspirators  were 
still  i)lotting,  that  must  be  defeated. 
The  legislature"  did  not  disappoint  its  constituents 

-''riie  liold-over  senators  were  J.  A.  Kugaii,  .Tames  M.  Vanco,  .Tfilin  P. 
HaviiL's,  W.  H.  Dickiiisdii,  II  1).  Critteiidau,  .Tamos  T.  Kyaii,  S.  H.  ( 'liase, 
0.  T.  I.ixt,  T.  (i.  I'liclps,*  Sdlomoii  A.  Sliaip,  U.  < '.  Clark,  .lohii  II.  Watson, 
I'uliliMlf  la  (iiierra,  Aiulres  Pico,  .T.  Logan,  Hoiiry  Kgerton,  .1.  .F.  Franklin, 
11.  r.  \\  atkius.  .Senators  elect,  A.  I..  l|l|(«li.'s,*  Alameda  ami  Santa  t'lara; 
];irli:inl  liwin,  Biitto  ami  Plumas;  P.  A.  (iallagher,  Calaveras;  A.  St  (.'lair, 
Diiivir:  O.  ilarvey,  El  Dorado;  A.  Merritt,  Mari))osa,  Merced,  Buena  Vista, 
anil  Tulare;  William  Watt,  Nevada;  Phil.  W.  Thomas,  Placer;  Caieh  Bur- 
liuiili,"  .lames  McM.  .Sliafter,*  S.  F,;  E.  H.  Heacock,  Sae'to;  F.  M.  Warm- 
ca^tlc,  San  ,Toa(juin  and  Contra  Costa;  II.  I.  Thornton,  Sierra;  !)r  Hill, 
Si.iiiiiiKi,  M.irin,  and  Mendocino;  C.  V.  Williamson,  Tiiolunmo  and  .Stanis- 
l;ius;  William  H.  Parks,  Yuha  and  .Sutter;  C.  E.  Do  Long,  Ynha.  Tiie  o(H- 
cirs  of  the  .>eiiate  were  Pahlo  de  la  Cuerra,  pres't;  liicliard  Irwin  Pres't, 
jiio  teiii;  Charles  W.  Tozer,  sec;  D.  .1.  Williamson,  ass't.  ssec. ;  (ioorge  C. 
(Iiiiham,  enrolling  clerk;  (ieorge  A.  Ciillespie,  engrossing  clerk;  William  F. 
Williamson,  8erg't-at,arms;  C.  A.  Uhrig,  ass't  serg't-at-arnis. 

The  assemlily  consisted  of,  F'rank  Fargo,*  Alameda;  H.  Burnell,  T.  M. 
Hormll,  Amador;  W.  P.  Tilden,  P.  II.  Harris,  Butte;  B.  E.  I  ii)5)incott, 
William  Childs,  Thomas  O'Brien,  Calaveras;  Dr  Durst,  Colusa  and  'lehama; 
('.  li.  I'orter,*  Contra  Costa;  W.  L.  Buell,  Del  Norte  and  Klamath;  John 
Coiuirss,  Theoran  Foster,  .Tames  .T.  (Jreen,  Ilohert  Henderson,  Alexander 
HuiitiT,  William  Coleman,  Sanuud  Hill,  C.  W.  Coltrin,  El  Dorado;  O.  K. 
Sinitli,  (Union,),  Fresno  and  Tulare;  W.  B.  Hagans,  Humholdt;  Murray 
Mnirison,  Ahcl  Stearns,  Los  Angeles;  N.  M.  Cordon,  Marin;  Daniel 
Sli.iwaltiT,  (Iregory  of  Mariposa;  Martin  Baechtel,  Mendocino;  A.  W. 
I'.lair,*  .Monterey;  .T.  B.  Scott,  Napa;  E,  F.  Spence,*  J.  M.  Avery.*  E.  W. 
('..iiiuilman,  .T.  E.  Eastman,  N.  C.  Miller,  Nevada;  L.  (1.  Smitii;  W.  J. 
Uairisiui,  P.  Munday,  D.  W.  Ilarriman,*  Placer;  A.  Wood,  Plumas;  N. 
<!ieeiie  Curtis,  Joseph  Powell,  Amos  Adams,  Charles  Crocker,*  Sae'to; 
Cliaik-i  W.  Percy,  San  Bernardino ;  D.  B.  Kurt/,  San  Diego;  S.  S.  Tilton,* 
Julm  W.  Cherry.*  Alvan  Flanders,*  F.  C.  E  'J'ittel,*  Rohert  Clark,*  Alex- 
aii.Kr  Campheli,*  J.  A.  Banks,*  O.  F.  Willey,*  L.  K.  Bradley,  Thomas 
Laspeyre,  San  Joatpiin;  C.  E.  Johnson,  S.in  Luis  Ohispo;  .Tames  (i.  Dennis- 
tiiii,  .Sail  Mateo;  J.  M.  Covarrubias,  Santa  Barbara;  11.  W.  Briggs,*  J.  IL 
MiirL'aii,*  Santa  Clara;  Charles  F'ord,*  Santa  Cm/,;  John  White,  .Shasta; 
J.  DuiigluTty,  Thomas  Wright,  Sierra;  F.  Sorrel,  Siskiyou;  D.  15.  liulman, 
.'^"laiiii;  William  Ross,  Sonoma;  Waldram  of  Stanislaus;  Z.  Montgomery, 
Sutter;  F.  Walters,  Trinity;  (I.  W.  Patrick,  M.  V.  <:illett.  Fleming  Amyx, 
T.  .1.  Chandler,  Tuolumne;  W.  C.  Wood,  Yolo;  Lloyd  Magruder,  E.  Lalor, 
J.  H.  Harrison,  D.  L.  Hann,  C.  H.  Kunglo,  Ynba. 

The  assembly  was  ten  days  ballotting  for  a  speaker,  and  at  last  elected 
R.  liuirtill.    For  chief  clerk,  J.  M.  Anderson;  ass't  clerk,  J.  W.  Scobey; 


!' 


272      LOYALTY,  OR  DLSL'XIOX  AND  A  PACIFIC  REPUBLIC? 


•  a 


<'i1 


V, 


in  these  important  issues.  It  deelined  to  approve  of 
the  i)roposal  for  a  convention  by  submitting  it  to  the 
peoi)le,  l)Ut  instead  otlered  several  amendments  to  the 
constitution,  which  were  adopted  in  lbG2,  and  ^\]li(•h 
made  tlie  legislative  sessions  biennial,  the  governors 
term  of  office  four  years  hi  length,  and  changul  the 
judiciary  system,  as  I  have  elsewhere  fully  exphjincd. 
There  was  a  good  deal  of  legislating  about  raihoads. 
and  a  number  of  franchises  granted,  with  more  Hl)or- 
ality  than  foresight,  but  the  general  character  of  the 
acts  passed  was  an  improvement  upon  the  work  of 
their  predecessors. 

Among  the  resolutions  passed  in  the  early  part  of 
the  session  was  one  expunging  that  passed  by  the 
legislature  of  1850,  censuring  Broderick  for  not  sup- 
porting the  administration,  and  requesting  him  to 
resign.  The  new  resolutions  declared  that  "the  peo- 
ple of  the  United  States  have  by  a  very  large  major- 
ity endorsed  the  course  of  D.  C.  Broderick  against 
the  Kansas  policy  of  the  late  president,"  and  tliat  the 
former  resolutions  were  "  unjust  to  his  character  while 
living,  and  derogatory  to  the  honorable  and  patriotic 
fame  which  a  true  and  faithful  record  of  his  acts  will 
always  accord  to  his  memory  ;"  and  further,  that  tluy 
were  "  not  true  in  fact,  and  were  not  sanctioned  by  the 
people  of  California,  but  on  the  contrary,  the  people 
of  this  state  will  cherish  with  profound  respect  the 
memory  and  character  of  the  late  Broderick,  adorned 
as  his  character  eminently  was  by  integrity,  firnniess, 
and  patriotism."  The  events  of  the  winter  of  1860- 
61  caused  a  resolution  of  fidelity  to  the  union  to  be 
passed,  declaring  that  "California  is  ready  to  main- 
tain the  rights  and  honor  of  the  national  (jovcrnnient 
at  home  and  abroad,  and  at  all  times  to  respond  to  any 
requisition  that  may  be  made  upon  her  to  defend  the 
republic  against  foreign  or  domestic  foes."  So  it  was 

8crg't-at-arms,  M.  Gray;  ass'fc  serg't-at-arms,  J.  H.  Iioese;  engrossing  olcrk, 
K.  Coroett;  enrolling  clerk,  H.  V.  Kibbe.  The  republicana  in  both  liouscs 
have  been  marked  with  au  asterisk,  as  it  is  not  unimportant  to  know  the 
pioneers  of  a  great  political  movement. 


SENATORIAL  CONTEST. 


273 


that  this  digging,  delving,  half- foreign,  rich  young 
state  was  not  after  all  able  to  keep  out  of  the  quarrel 
between  the  north  and  south.  As  the  mails  brought 
reports  of  the  disunion  speeches  of  pro-slavery  sena- 
tors, and  the  disloyal  acts  of  southern  people,  her 
nerves  tingled,  and  her  blood  was  up.  Disunion? 
Nevt.r  I     A  Pacific  republic  ?     Never  I 

U|)on  tliis  question  of  loyalty  or  disloyalty  turned 
tli'^  ehoicc  of  a  senator  to  succeed  Gwin,  who  was  now 
politically  dead.  The  Douglas  democrats  in  caucus 
chose  James  A.  McDougall,"  a  few  votes  being  given 
to  Eilinund  Randolph,  Henry  Edgerton,  and  Hum- 
phrey Griffith.  The  republicans  chose  Timothy  G. 
Fliel[)s.  The  Breckenridge  democrats  could  not  for 
some  time  obtain  a  caucus.  In  joint  convention,  on 
the  first  ballot,  Weller  received  twenty-seven  votes, 
McDougall  twenty-seven,  Phelps  twenty-three,  Nu- 
gent nine,  Denver  sixteen.  The  Breckenridge  members 
ten  days  afterward  fixed  upon  John  Nugent  for  their 
nominee.  Nugent  was  former  editcjr  of  the  San  Fran- 
ciseo  HrraJd,  a  democratic  newspaper  which  had  come 
out  for  Breckenridge  in  the  late  campaign,  but  after 
he  had  become  disconnected  with  it  by  selling  out  to 
the  Lecomptonites.  When  Nugent  was  made  candi- 
date by  choice,  the  votes  stood  on  the  twenty -second 
ballot,  McDougall  fifty-six,  Nugent  forty-seven,  Weller 
six,  Phelps  one,  and  Creanor  one.  The  number  re- 
quired to  elect  was  fifty-seven,   and  Phelps  changed 


^Jamea  A.  McDougall  was  born  in  Albany  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  Nov.  1819,  re- 
ceiving a  grammar  school  education  at  Albany.  While  still  a  youth,  lie  as- 
sisted iu  tlie  survey  of  the  first  railroad  in  the  state  of  New  York  -that 
between  All)any  and  Shenectady.  He  then  turned  his  attention  to  the  law 
anil  studied  with  enthusiasm.  In  18.H7  he  migrated  to  Pike  co..  111.,  and  in 
1S4-2  was  elected  attorney -general  of  that  state,  being  reelected  in  1844. 
During  tills  period  of  his  life  he  became  acquainted  with  Baker.  Pratt,  and 
Huge,  nil  afterward,  like  himself,  prominent  in  California  politics.  In  1849 
he  came  to  Cal. ,  overland,  from  the  headquarters  of  the  Rio  del  Norte,  where 
lie  had  been  exploring  for  the  ^jrecious  metals  with  a  party  from  111.  He 
settled  in  S.  F.,  and  began  the  practice  of  the  law,  in  which  he  soon  became 
distinguished  for  wit,  sarcasm,  and  classicism.  He  was  elected  attorney-gen- 
eral (if  Cal.  in  1850,  and  member  of  congress  in  18.5,S.  His  talents  were  un- 
ildubti'il,  though  his  motives  have  been  sometimes  impugucd.  He  died  in 
lStJ7  in  his  native  state. 

UisT.  Cal.,  Vol.  VII.    18 


274      LOYALTY,  OR  DISUNION  AND  A  PACIFIC  PvErUBLIC? 


)■•[ 


his  vote  to  McDougall,  who  was  thereby  cloctcd.  Tlio 
repubHcans  used  their  votes  to  secure  a  loyal  sfiuitor, 
even  thoujjjh  he  were  not  of  their  party.  McDougall 
was  the  only  candidate  professing  union  sentiincnts 
who  could  be  elected  by  a  democratic  legislature  with 
twenty-seven  Breckenridge  members  in  it  voting  .sol- 
idly for  their  nominee. 

Gwin  and  Latham  returned  to  Washington,  whore 
they  quarreled  over  the  action  of  the  former  in  at- 
tempting the  final  defeat  of  the  house  bill  for  an  over- 
land daily  mail  by  the  central  route.  When  (Iwin 
found  his  treachery  exposed  he  changed  his  taotirs, 
and  adroitly  placing  himself  at  the  front,  stole  Latliani's 
laurels.  But  California  was  too  glad  to  get  a  daily 
service  to  care  whence  it  came.  Latham  took  back 
his  assertion  concerning  the  independence  of  his  state 
in  the  event  of  disunion,  and  confessed  that  he  had 
been  mistaken  in  his  estimate  of  the  lo3'alty  of  the 
majority.  When  congress  adjourned  in  tlie  spring  of 
1861  he  returned  to  California,  and  spoke  for  the 
cause  of  the  union,  acting  with  the  administration 
party  in  the  senate  for  that  year;  but  in  186l\  the 
last  year  of  his  term,  his  southern  sympathies  assumed 
ascendancy,  and  he  denounced  abolition  like  a  born 
slave-holder. 

McDougall  came  into  the  senate  at  a  time  when  the 
administration  was  overwhelmed  with  the  responsihility 
of  suppressing  rebellion,  and  he  made  no  opposition ; 
but  gave  a  half-hearted  support  which  failed  to  sat- 
isfy his  state,  and  was  repudiated  by  the  legislature  of 
1864  in  concurrent  resolution. 


CHAPTER  XII 

I'ERIOD  OF  CIVIL  WAR. 

1801-1 805. 

ArnnDEOF  the  Leoislatcre— Sks  timent  of  the  People— The  Crisis — 
Lov.vi.TY  AND  Disloyalty— Moke  OF  the  Pacific  Republic — Repuesen- 
TAiivEs  IN  Washindton — Pakties  a.m>  PoLiiics— State  Riiiiirs  anu 
iSkckssiov— The  Pulpit  and  the  Phess— Coast  Defenses— ('(^nspira- 
OIKS— Army  and  Navy — Men  and  Money— Greenbacks  ani»  Oold — 

MolJK  (toVEUNORS  AND  LEGISLATURES- C'LUBd  AND  CONVENTIONS — NeWS 

OK  THE  Death  ok  Lincoln. 


The  leiifislature  of  1861  had  not  declared  for  the 
sujtport  of  the  federal  goverimient  without  some 
prompting.  The  generations  of  fealty  to  party  to 
whicli  the  democracy  of  the  country  had  been  trained 
rendered  it  painful  to  the  "regular  "  to  discard  his 
fiirtioiicd  brother.  It  was  against  party  usages,  also, 
for  a  democratic  legislature  to  pledge  its  support  to 
any  other  than  a  democratic  administration.  But  the 
times  were  out  of  joint.  California's  representatives 
in  congress,  and  the  president  himself  appeared  to  be 
soinowliat  indifferent  to  the  welfare  of  the  Pacific 
statis,  and  this  neglect  tended  to  make  them  disloyal. 
Lane  of  Oregon,  following  in  the  path  marked  out  by 
his  superior,  Gwin,  abandoned  the  interests  of  his 
state,  whereb}'-  he  brought  condemnation  upon  his 
head,  even  more  marked  than  that  of  California  toward 
her  senators.  His  course,  almost  more  than  any  other 
cause,  turned  the  thoughts  of  the  Oregonians  toward 
their  danger  and  their  duty,  and  prepared  the  way  for 
the  incoming  of  the  republican  party  to  power  inthat 
state.  Baker,  only  a  short  time  in  California,  had 
given  them    the    benefit  of  his  rhetoric,  and    been 

(278) 


376 


PEllIOD  OF  CIVIL  WAR. 


,    .' 


f'Hi 


elected  to  represent  tliem  in  the  United  States  senato, 
in  place  of  Lane.  When  he  returned  to  San  Fniii- 
cisco,  on  his  way  to  Wasliington,  ho  aided  in  aroiisii^r 
union  sentiment  in  California.  In  a  spcecJi  at  tlie 
American  theater,  in  October,  1860,  he  talked  of  lib- 
erty— though  why  he  should  now  have  inflicted  this 
disicourse  on  his  audience  I  know  not,  unless  it  ho 
that  the  tongue  of  the  American  stump  speaker 
cannot  witldiold  itself  from  such  indulgence.  "As 
for  me,  I  dare  not,  I  will  not  be  false  to  freedom. 
Where  the  feet  of  my  youth  were  planted,  there,  by 
freedom,  my  feet  sliall  stand.  I  will  walk  beneath 
her  banner.  I  will  glory  in  her  strength.  I  have 
watched  her,  in  history,  struck  down  on  an  hundred 
chosen  fields  of  battle.  I  have  seen  her  friends  fly 
from  her ;  her  foes  gather  round  her.  I  have  seen 
her  bound  to  the  stake  ;  I  have  seen  them  give  her 
ashes  to  the  winds.  But  when  they  turned  to  exult 
I  have  seen  her  again  meet  them  face  to  face,  resphn- 
dent  in  complete  steel,  brandishing  in  her  right  hand 
a  flaming  sword,  red  with  insufferable  light.  I  take 
courage.  The  people  gather  round  her.  The  genius 
of  America  will  at  last  lead  her  sons  to  freedom." 

In  December  South  Carolina  seceded,  and  Fort 
Moultrie  was  evacuated  by  the  federal  forces  for  tlie 
stronger  position  of  Sumter.  In  January  the  news- 
paper press  of  California  was  still  undecided  what 
course  ought  to  be  pursued.  Union  meetings  were 
h.nted  at  by  the  loyal  journals,  but  many  influential 
business  men  thought  that  nothing  California  could 
do  would  have  any  effect  upon  the  result  of  the  na- 
tional controversy,  and  counselled  neutrality  as  the 
most  safe  and  comfortable  course.  To  this  the  press 
replied  that,  isolated  though  she  was,  California  had 
a  duty  toward  the  loyal  states  to  perform,  by  proclaim- 
ing her  fidelity  to  the  bond  of  federal  union,  and  in- 
fluencing the  votes  of  her  delegation  in  congress.  If 
the  cotton  states  were  allowed  to  believe  that  their 
withdrawal  from  the  union  would  be  followed  by  the 


UNION  MEETING. 


277 


organization  of  a  Pacific  republic,  tliey  would  thereby 
be  '>itatly  encouraged  in  their  course.  "The  re})udia- 
tidii  <»t'  tlio  Pacific  republic  notion  by  California,"  said 
the  lliillctin,  "  and  her  declaration  against  secession  in 
aiiv  t'oini,  may  therefore  prove  an  important  step  to- 
ward restoring  harmony  to  the  country,"  If  the  union 
wove  to  be  dissolved,  what  was  to  become  of  the  IV,- 
cific  railroad  ?  No  portion  of  the  country  had  so 
much  to  gain  by  the  preservation  of  the  union  as  Cal- 
ifornia, and  both  people  and  legislature  should  take 
iinnu'diate  action  ;  such  was  the  conclusion  arrived  at, 
])ut  the  California  representatives  had  already  de- 
clared their  convictions,  each  in  his  chosen  maimer, 
(iwiiiaiid  Latham  in  the  senate,  Scott'  and  Burch  in 
the  house  of  representatives.  An  attempt  to  pass 
resolutions  of  loyalty  and  support  to  the  federal  gov- 
erniueiit  by  the  California  legislature  called  out  the 
fonnsic  talent  of  that  body,'  while  it  betrayed  the 
lui];ing  fear  of  being  beforehand  with  its  duty.  To 
kee[»  the  union  sentiment  up  to  a  safe  and  proper  point 
a  mass  meeting  was  arranged  to  take  place  on  the  22d 
of  Fel)ruary,  This  meeting,  intended  for  a  test,  was 
attended  by  fully  fourteen  thousand  people.  The  day 
was  fine ;  flags  fluttered  from  house-tops  and  windows; 


•  Scott  wrote  a  letter  to  the  chairman  of  the  state  central  democratic  com- 
niittt'c,  Chiirles  V.  Lindley,  in  wliicli  he  said,  'If  this  union  is  divided,  and 
two  sc})arate  confederacies  are  formed,  I  will  strenuously  advocate  the  se- 
icssiiiii  of  California,  and  the  estahlislunent  of  a  separate  i  nublic  on  the  I'a- 
lilic  slopo.  .  .If  California  links  her  destiny  with  the  non  .rn  government, 
cripiilctl  ami  ruined  as  she  must  necessarily  he  by  the  separation  and  with- 
ilr.nv.d  of  hor  southern  allies,  California,  instead  of  being  benefited,  and  re- 
ceiving aid  from  the  northern  confederacy,  will  be  heavily  taxed  to  carrj'  on 
the  niachiticry  of  their  government.'  Adiln'MofChnrli.^L.  S<-<<tt  of  CtdlJ'uriila 
til lii.t  mii-^/ltiiriits  on  the  cnmtifntioiiat  rii/ld  o/scrssiim,  in  llayc.i  Cnl.  Pol.,  IStil- 
2,  Vol.  iii.,  p.  54.  Burch,  his  colleague,  declared  in  favor  of  union;  but 
sIkhiM  the  union  be  dissolved,  he  favored  a  Pacific  republic.  Gwin,  tlie 
power  lii'liind  the  throne,  remained  discreetly  silent,  while  Latham  boldly 
curreetod  liis  blunder  of  the  previous  session. 

'■'  I  allude  to  speeches  in  the  senate  from  Etlgerton  of  Napa,  in  favor  of 
coercion;  Thornton  of  Sierra,  against  coercion;  Crittenden  of  El  Dorado,  in 
favor  of  reconstruction,  or  secession;  to  speeches  in  the  assembly  by  l>iir.--t 
of  Colusa,  on  the  preservation  of  the  govt;  Kungle  of  Yuba,  in  defence  of 
slavery;  .Morrison  of  Los  Angeles,  in  favor  of  letting  the  rebellious  states 
take  tlieir  own  course,  because  tiiey  were  'brothers '  to  the  loyal  states,  and 
iilimild  jiave  kind  treatment;  and  Conuess  of  El  Uorado,  on  the  duty  of  sus- 
taiuiug  the  govt. 


278 


PERIOD  OF  CIVIL  WAR. 


hands  dlacoursed  brilliant  music;  the  streets  wvvc 
tlindi^^i'd  with  j^^lad-visam'd  men  and  women,  and  i n- 
thusiasni  for  the  support  of  the  government  < aciv- 
whero  displayed  itself.  Spetiches  were  delivered  hy 
Edward  Stanley,  JXlos  Lake,  J,  B.  Crockett,  TlM.niiis 
8tarr  Kin^;,  and  .lames  Shield.s.  Union  cluhs  wliich 
wer(5  forniinj^  in  the  city  and  countiy  increased  from 
this  time  (m.  But  it  recpiired  the  overt  act  to  fix  tin- 
determination  of  union  men  to  su[)i)ort,  at  all  hazards, 
the  execution  of  the  federal  laws,  and  the  power  of 
the  federal  «ifovernnient.  That  motive  was  furnishid 
wJien  in  April  Fort  Sumter  surrendered,  and  hlood 
was  spilleil.  The  news  was  received  in  San  Francisco 
April  24th.  A  call  was  made  for  the  re|)uhlican  clubs 
of  the  campaign  of  1800  to  meet  for  the  i)urj)().se  of 
organizing  as  AdministnUion  Union  cluhs  on  the  'J7tli. 
Tiic  resi)onso  surprised  those  who  made  the  call,  su 
great  was  the  attendance.* 

An  address  was  presented  to  the  People's  nomi- 
nating committee  on  the  ^Oth,  signed  by  more  tluui 
one  thousand  business  men  of  San  Francisco,  re(juest- 
ing  them  to  assend»le  and  make  their  nominations  t'nr 
city  and  county  officers.  The  republicans  followed 
with  monster  petitions  to  the  re})ublican  county  <<iiii- 
niittee  to  make  nominations.  Both  parties  professed 
the  utmost  devotion  to  the  union  ;  but  the  repuhlicans 
plaiidy  meant  to  demand  recognition  -•  4  the  adminis- 
tration party,  and  to  strive  for  the  cly  and  county, 
as  well  as  the  state  offices,  against  the  peojde's  party 
to  which  they  resigned  their  rights  in  18 GO.* 


I  s  -■■'.■ 

MS;' 


Iter. 


'Four  companies  ■were  formt-il  out  of  the  cluhs  in  tlic  12  districts.  Each 
company  was  oiliccred  hy  a  niarslial,  two  aids,  a  sec'y  and  trwi-V.  An 
ex(;cutivc  committee  of  12,  one  from  eaoli  district,  was  appointi'd  liy  tlie 
prcs't  of  the  meeting,  William  Sherman,  wliicli  should  iiavu  a  general  siiimr- 
vision,  and  appoint  suclj  general  otlicers  as  should  he  deemed  ex]it'ili(iit. 
Tlicso  cluhs  constituted  a  tliorougldy  organi/eil  military  police  duriiii;  tlie 
years  of  the  civil  war,  no  more  relaxing  their  vigilance  than  did  tlie  faiiinus 
committee  of  1836. 

*'l'lio  republicans  nominated  the  following  ticket:  for  mayor,  falch  T. 
Fay;  for  treas'r,  Asa  L.  Lawton;  for  recorder,  Cliarles  W.  Rand;  for  asses- 
sor, Thomas  D.  Matthewson;  for  sheriff,  James  Laidley;  for  surveyor.  Milo 
Hoadley;  for  harbor  master,  N.  Proctor  Smith;  for  supt  of  pub.  schools, 


THE  PEOPLE  MOVINlJ. 


279 


On  tl»c  1  Uli  of  ]\r;iv  business  was  suspondod  in  San 
Fran«i><"<>  that  a  loyal  dc  inonstration  might  he  niadi;, 
Tli«'  <'ity  was  swathed  in  national  cohtis,  and  on«.'  lono 
udnn  tto  Hag,  raised  by  a  daring  lireckenridg*!  man 
iianK'd  Xash,  was  lowered  hy  the  jk!0])1c  in  an  emphatic 
manner.'  Several  j)roMiinent  citizens  of  dubious  ten- 
th n<ie.s  took  their  stand  opeidy  for  the  federal  govern- 
iiunt  against  secession.  Senators  Latham  and  Afc- 
DdUgal,  giiierala  Shields  and  Sumner,  and  others 
hiade  speeches  in  favor  of  coercion.  At  this  date 
John  G.  Downey,"  as  lieutenant-governor,  had  suc- 
CL'tded  to  the  executive  ottice  vacated  by  Latham. 

The  rapid  growth  of  union  sentiment  throughout 
the  state  decided  the  legislature  to[>ledge  the  sufjport 
of  the  government,  which  it  did  ou  the   17th.'     The 


J..!;n  II.  Browcr.  In  Fnii'^^  I/inforhil  F<ir/.<,  MS.,  M-liich  i.s  an  autoliirisTrsqiliy 
I'inriiy,  it  is  iiicntiiuied  that  ill  tlie  eUictioiis  of  I8(i0  he  recciveil  luit  l.jdO 
VmU-.,  I>ut  that  ill  INOl  he  caiiio  witliiii  500  of  an  eloctioii.  Fay  was  hum  in 
SiutlJ-'-ro,  Mass.,  and  ciiiiio  to  Ciil.  'ly  .soa  in  1S4!),  a.s  one  of  a  (.-oniiiany  i  f 
•J".',  caliini;  it^«lf  tlie  NorliiwcMicr.i  .  ..-isociation  of  Boston,  ownii,_;  tlie  W'ssel 
iu  wiiich  tiiey  mailed.  lie  went  into  husiuus.s  in  the  nnned,  and  afterward  lu 
.s.  F. 

^S.  F.  Didhtiii,,  May  il,  ISGl.  A  racitic  re])nhlic  flag  wa.i  hoi.stcd  on 
\i<iT'\  a  sur\'eyin;4  schooner  at  Stoekton  .(an.  ](Jlh,  erualing  nuich  feeling. 
Ill  S.  F.  the  jiahnetto  flag  wa.s  raised  in  Feh.,  and  hauled  down  a(,'ain.  Ill 
May  the  Btar  llag  was  raised  at  Los  Angclea.  This  flag  was  rai.-sed  at  .So- 
I...1IH  and  at  .**an  I'.ernardino.  It  was  simiily  a  Hceession  di'nionstratinn,  and 
V  i*  n<it  all<.we<l  to  fhiat  any  length  of  time.  S.  F.  Alia,  June  22  and  July  D, 
Ivil:  .S'-''-.  Ciii'iii,  June  24,  lfS(J4. 

'  A  native  of  county  Roscommon,  Ireland,  and  of  diatingni.shcd  ance.str}', 
Crov.  Uowije}-  eame  to  California  in  1840  with  fe!|0  in  his  jioeket,  and  after  a 
varied  esperience  opened  at  Los  Angeles  in  IS50  what  was  then  tiie  only 
iJtiii:-<tore  l>etween  .Sau  Francisco  and  San  Diego.  Ilore  he  accumulated 
.*.'i<».ixw  within  three  years,  and  tlieu  engaged  in  stock-raising  and  real  estate 
i.(K.Tit!.iiui.  whtrehy  he  accumulated  a  han(i.son)o  fortune,  purehasing  about 
T.'>.tXW  acres  near  the  present  site  of  l>o'.vney,  Wilmington,  .San  Pedro,  and 
eiwwhere.  Among  liis  possession.?  is  the  Santa  (Jertrudes  raneho,  noted  for 
i:.i  l«:auty  and  mineral  springs.  His  administration  as  governor  was  univer- 
siiiy  cou.niended.  and  as  a  private  citizen,  ami  one  to  wliose  enterprise  and 
lii)erality  is  largelj  due  the  prosperity  of  southern  California,  he  is  no  less 
wid'  !y  (iAteemad. 

■On  the  authority  of  (Ion.  Wool,  Floyd,  the  secretary  of  war,  placed, 
f'T  aic-kceping,  in  southern  arsenals  1I?.'),4."0  government  arms  from  the 
Sjiringtield,  Ma.ss.,  \J.  S.  armory  alone,  with  ordiianco  and  iiiilit;iry  stores. 
Tliii  was  indei>endent  of  the  quota  of  these  states.  To  ( 'al.  7.000  were  sent 
to  which  the  state  had  no  claim.  The  whole  luunlier  of  arms  surreptitiously 
sent  to  C'al.  was  ,50.000,  of  which  ."^O.OOO  was  returned  in  ISlJl.  Ahouc 
the  l.-t  of  Feh.  18(31.  Crittenden,  assemhlyman  from  Kl  Dorado,  said  '.i  eflfect 
tliat  .TO.OOO  men  in  C'al.  would  take  uj)  arms  in  defence  of  sece-si'.n.  if  the 
g'lVL'niineut  attempted  to  enforce  the  federal  laws  iu  this  state.     Humors 


M 


M 


280 


PERIOD  OP  CIVIL  WAR. 


S  ' 


1.;:.^ 


If  ^ 
It. 


militia  law  had  already  been  thoroughly  revised,  the 
state  militia  being  organized  in  six  divisions  and  twelve 
brigades,  with  a  full  staff  of  officers  for  each,  and  for 


were  afloat  tliat  tlie  presidio  and  the  forts  on  Alcatraz  island  would  lie  cai). 
turod,  with  tlie  custom-house,  mint,  post-ofhce,  and  all  U.  S.  property,  aittr 
which  the  rebels  would  proceed  to  invade  Sonora,  to  add  tliat  tcrritmv  Id 
tlic  I'acitic  republic.  Ofticers  were  named.  The  Mexican  vote  was  ciniiitfil 
upon,  and  it  was  hoped  to  catch  tlie  Irish.  The  catholic  vote  was  ciuiiiUii 
up(»n,  because  both  these  men  were  of  th.at  faith,  and  so  the  Frencii.  It 
appears  from  revelations  made  at  a  later  period  that  B'lojd  sent  in  all 
7r>,()(K)  nniskets  to  (.'al.  without  the  knowledge  of  congress.  About  the  tiiiii' 
a  man  named  Street  was  postmaster  at  Shasta.  His  successor  diMdVi  icd 
among  a  lot  of  waste  papers  a  number  of  letters  from  a  brother  of  this  man 
Charles  11.  Street,  editor  of  the  MunjKrUle  Ejimxs,  the  same  one  who  after- 
wards conducted  disloyal  newspapers  in  Idaho  and  otlier  territories.  'I'luv-e 
letters  came  into  the  possession  of  Judge  (Joodwin  of  Yulia.  They  leviaKil 
nnich  •'!"  the  plan,  with  some  of  the  names  of  the  '^onsjiirators,  Imt  cnlv  a 
portion  of  them  were  published,  in  the  Stockton  hitlivtmhiit  of  Aug.  ;tl, 
18();5.  One  of  these  letters  dated  Dec.  27,  If^GO  at  S.  F.  declares  tliat  tl;e 
writer  Charles  K.  Street,  had  a  talk  with  several  men  here  alioiit  what  Cali- 
fornia would  do  intlie  event  of  a  separation  between  the  northern  and  nciuI;- 
ern  states.  "Mr  (Juthrie  of  the  JJ< raU  declines  to  jniblish  the  letter  ct  Mr 
Burch  for  the  present- -wants  to  wait  for  further  news  from  thi'  east,  at 
least  until  tlie  arrival  of  one  jwny.  The  fact  is  he  is  afraid  of  tlic  is.-ue, 
and  j)erliap]i  not  without  reason....]  saw  (Jen.  Sliields  this  nioiiiing  ainl 
had  oiiite  a  talk  with  him  abnut  the  matter. .  .  .and  1  will  piedict  lieie  lliat 
if  any  groat  ett'ort  is  made  to  separate  from  the  east,  he  will  I)e  the  leader  (jf 
the  movement.  .  .  .He  intimates  that  it  had  been  proposed  to  him  to  lake  tlie 
initiative  in  tiiis  thing,  but  thr»t  he  had  replied  as  lienton  had  replinl  eii 
a  certain  occasion.  '  Xo,  I  will  not  do  it;  it  is  n.-^elcss  to  shoot  at  the  inec  ii.' 
Yet  I  could  not  help  perceiving  that  he  thouglit  circnmstances  niight  ari.-e 
before  tiie  trouble  works  itself  out.  that  would  turn  the  current  of  ii]iiiiiiin 
in  favor  of  a  separate  republic.  In  this  correspondence  Street  said  tl:at 
congressman  Burck  declared  all  the  representatives  of  Oregon,  Wa.^hiiiu'tiMi, 
and  Arizona  in  favor  of  the  movement,  and  that  Latham  approved  it. 
Latham  afterward  retracted.  So  did  I.  I.  Stevens  of  AV.  T.,  but  l.aiie 
blindly  mined  himself  bj'  it.  Powney  is  mentioned  as  uncertain.  l>o>li,  ef 
the  Shasta  CoMr/Vr  was  named  as  favorable.  'I  will  keep  you  pcisted,  :-aid 
Street  to  his  brother,  'as  far  as  I  am  able,  of  events  and  purposes  here,  and 
advise  you  to  caution  and  secrecy.'  '  We  have  not  the  least  doubt,'  s;ii(l  the 
editor  of  the  Stockton  /mlip mliiif,  'that  (!win  was  at  the  head  of  this  ecu- 
spiracy;  not  the  least  doubt  tiiat  Johnston  was  sent  to  the  command  of  this 
department  at  the  request  of  the  conspirators,  and  for  the  express  jiiiiiMise 
of  doing  their  executive  work.'  Whatever  intention  the  consj)iiators  m.iy 
have  entertained,  there  is  still  an  honorable  doubt  of  Johnston  s  coiuiiliiity. 
Probably  they  hoped  to  u.se  him  for  their  purjKises;  but  the  arrival  ot  Sum- 
ner at  too  early  a  moment  prevented  the  consummation  of  any  iHDJect  tn 
secure  the  jniblic  property  in  and  about  S.  F.  The  con.>«pirators  had  collided 
in  Doane,  the  sheriff  of  S.  F..  whom  they  believed  to  be  a  Kecessioui>t,  hut 
who  was  a  union  man,  and  who  consulteil  with  the  chief  of  the  lire  de|iart- 
ment.  wlio  entered  into  his  ]ilans,  several  of  the  lire  companies  beiiij,'  al-n 
military  companies  that  wonld  number  1,000  men,  who  eotdd  be  called  tn- 
tether  at  a  given  signal  of  the  fire-bell,  armed  and  equipped.  Tliis  matter 
)eing  arranged  there  was  hehl  an  interview  with  (!en.  Johnston,  who  denied 
all  knowledge  of  the  plot.  The  S.  F  liullitht  of  Feb.  2,  ISIll.  eoiitaiiis  an 
editorial,  headed  Needless  Alarms,  declaring  'there  are  100,000  men  in  Cal- 
ifornia who  would  have  to  be  put  to  the  sword  before  any  secossiou  tricks  or 


i; 


THE  PATRIOTIC  PONY. 


281 


rc^lmoiits  and  battalions,  witli  provision  for  thoir 
c({iii|>inent  and  regulations  for  drilling  and  calling 
tlifiii  into  service. 

XcNVs  was  received  every  ten  days  by  pen}'.  That 
rcMniii*'"  by  the  Butterfield  route  was  double  the  time ; 
what  ("anie  by  steamship  was  from  three  to  four  weeks 
old  when  it  arrived.  In  the  sjmng  of  18(51  the 
A])a('lu>s  on  the  southern  route  attacked  and  tlelayed 
the  mails.  It  was  the  pony  to  which  every  one 
l()()k(Ml  for  intelligence  ;  men  prayed  for  the  safety  of 
the  little  beast,  and  trembled  lest  the  service  should 
he  discontinued.  Telegraphic  dispatches  frt)m  New 
York  were  sent  to  St.  Louis,  and  thence  to  Fort 
Koanioy,  whence  the  pony  brought  them  to  Sacra- 
mento, where  they  were  telegraphed  to  San  Francisco. 
Great  was  the  relief  of  the  people  when  Ifale's  bill  for 
a  daily  mail  was  passed,  and  the  service  changed  from 
the  southern  to  the  central  route,  as  it  was  early,  in 
the  summer.  News  by  the  daily  mail  was  eighte(>n 
(lavs  old  at  the  shortest,  but  it  was  regular  and  con- 
secutive at  short  intervals,  which  was  tar  more  satis- 
factory than  the  former  arrangement.  After  all  it 
was  to  the  Hying  pony  that  all  eyes  and  hearts  were 
turned;  and  to  the  praise  of  the  St  Joseph  coinpatiy 
be  it  recorded  that  they  kept  up  the  service,  at  a  loss, 
until  the  the  telegraph  was  com[>leted  across  the 
continent  in  October,  18(51.  Their  first  object  was  to 
exemplify  the  practicabllit}''  of  a  mail,  or  railroad  line, 
on  or  about  the  4 1st  parallel.  After  that  was  dem- 
onstrated, they  had  no  further  interest  in  the  pony 
express,  except  through  patriotism. 

The  Pacific  republic  idea  which  had  always  haunted 
the  southern  brain  had  assumed  some  tiefiniteness,  or 
was  at  least  more  ojieidy  broached,  when  the  southern 
states  seceded.  The  California  senators  had  proclaimed 


P:ii'iti(' ropuMic  forces  could  lie  successfully  pr.ictiocd  on  tins  coast.'  Nnt- 
wiili-:taiicliiis;  its  toue  of  iill'cctoil  security,  wlieu  Suiiuier  uiii'.\)>ccteilly 
lU'iivi'd  iu  April,  tlie  same  p,i]H'r  (leclai'cil  tli.it  it  lireatlieil  iimru  freely,  aiul 
tliat  llie  guueral's  arrival  would  lie  '  a  cordial  to  all  uuiuii  iiieu. " 


m 
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282 


PERIOD  OF  CIVIL  WAR. 


it  in  Wasliingtou  in  18G0  to  intimidate  the  north,  and 
it  contiimcd  to  be  talked  of  in  a  threatening  iiuumer 
during  tlic  winter  of  1800-1.  The  inside  workings  of 
tlie  conspiracy  were  not  divulged.  Tiiere  was  a  scciLt 
niovcnunt,  with  a  history,  carried  on  by  an  order 
called  Knights  of +he  Golden  Circle,  And  there  were 
other  organizations.  Even  at  the  time  enougli  was 
known  at  Washington  to  cause  the  president  to  dis- 
patch, with  every  effort  at  secrecy,  General  Edwin  A. 
Sunnier  to  the  Pacific  coast  to  relived  General  AUjcit 
S.  Johnston  of  the  command  of  the  military  depart- 
ment. But  with  all  the  caution  observed  in  tliis 
transaction,  Johnst(jn  received  information  by  jiony 
express  in  time  to  resign  before  Sunnier  arrived.  Xdt 
an  hour  was  lost  when  the  general  landed  before  takiiii^ 
command,  but  Johnston  was  evidently  not  surprised. 
He  3'ielded  gracefully,  no  doubt  gladly,  and  was  soon 
on  his  way  overland,  via  Texas,  with  other  officers 
and  volunteers  for  the  southern  confederacy."  He 
was  a  Kentuckian,  and  was  imbued  with  that  devo- 
tion to  state,  instead  of  general  government,  wLirh 
was  tlic  political  religion  of  the  8outh.  He  gave  Lis 
sword  to  the  ''  lost  cause,"  and  laid  down  his  lite  at 
Shiloh  as  a  proof  of  his  loyalty  to  an  idea. 

The  officers  in  command  at  San  Francisco  wlien 
Sumner  arrived  were  Caj)tain  Stewart,  a  Kentuekiaii, 
at  Alcatraz  Island;  Colonel  Mercliant,  a  New  Yorker, 
at  the  presidio;  and  ]\[ajor  Austin  of  Connecticut  at 
Fort  Point.  Probably  they  were  soon  ordered  east 
among  other  re<jular  officer.s.  Earlv  in  ]\[av,  tlie 
president  having  called  for  seventy-fne  tliou.siiid 
troops,  volunteering  was  liegun  in  California,  and 
drilling  of  the  militia  bv  officers  assiuned  bv  Sunnier, 

''.Tolinsnu  wasi  jnincil  liy  a  coinjianv  <if  offiecrH  who  luul  alii)  ri'-iiL'mil, 
nniiK'ly,  lioiitd  1{.  M.  l{rt«er,  1st  .Ir.i'^!;!'".  Mallorv.  .'{.linf.;  K.  IV  iMi.llcy 
Kiley,  aii.l  A.  .Slu.af.  4tli  inf.;  and  M.  Wickliflo,  iltli  inf.  U.  S.  A.  Tli.;y 
wen-  osciirti'il  liy  IS  stu'essionists,  Alniizo  J{i(llcy,  of  l,i»i  Angeles,  «:n  t  Mi't  liu 
of  t)u!  t'oiniKiny  anil  I'-i'oit,  anil  ri'iiiaincil  witii  .lnlinsim  until  liis  dritli. 
Aft(,'i-\varil  lie  wont  ti>  Ti'x.is,  anil  killcil  ('onnnamli'i-  Wainwriplit,  witii  hia 
rillf,  at  till-  taking  of  the  Ji'i-rht  Lnnv.  llu  suhsiMiuuntly  scrvcil  in  the 
Tc.xau  cavalry. 


CALIFORNIA  HYSTERICS. 


'2S3 


Lieutenant  John  Hamilton,  3d  artillery,  being  made 
military  instructor  of  the  second  division  of  the  state 
troops,  and  now  the  military  spirit  ran  high. 

.Mcaiitinic  each  latest  arrival  of  intelligence  from 
the  east  added  fresh  fuel  to  the  flame  of  loyalty  now 
hrightly  blazing  on  the  Pacific  coast.  Pacific  republic 
sclieiiies  had  small  (»j)[)()rtunity  to  develop,  and  plots 
wcie  invariably  found  out  and  frustrated.  Even  Ed- 
mund Kandolph,  tliough  a  Virginian,  until  his  state 
seceded  and  he  became  half  demented,"  was  loyal,  and 
was  said  to  have  given  the  president  warning  of  the 
roiis[>iraey  to  take  Califc^rnia  out  of  the  union.  Per- 
liajis  there  was  something  hysterical  on  both  sides. 
At  all  events,  a  great  moral  crisis  had  arrived,  of 
wliieh  all  men  were  strongly  conscious. 

It  was  not  in  California  only  that  Californians  were 
under  excitement."'     Much  fear  was  entertained   on 


'Itrinilolph,  who  unexpectedly  appeared  in  the  Brockenridge  convention, 
ill  July,  was  tempted  to  make  a  speecli,  though  suH'ei'ing  from  iUiu'ss,  He 
s;ii'l,  in  a  fiaiitic  manner:  'To  nic  it  seems  a  Ma>te  ot  time  to  talk.  For 
(lod's  >akf,  gentlemen,  tell  me  of  liattles  fought  and  won.  Tell  iiu^  of  usurp- 
ers nveitliiown;  that  .Missouri  i.s  a  free  state,  no  longer  crushed  under  the 
;in]M  d  litel  of  a  reikle~-!,  odious  despot.  Tell  me  tliat  tlie  state  of  Mary- 
liuiil  livfs  aiiain;  ami,  oli  !  gentlemen,  let  us  read,  let  us  hear,  at  the  first 
iiiiiiiieiit,  tliat  not  fine  hostile  foot  now  treads  tlie  soil  of  Virginia.  If  this  he 
iiliiHiiiii,  then  I  am  a  rehel.  Do  vnu  ■want  a  traitor?  then  I  am  a  traitor. 
Fur  <  iod's  sake,  speed  the  hall,  may  the  lead  go  quiek  to  his  heart,  and  may 
our  cnuntry  he  free  from  *  he  despot  usurper  tliat  now  claims  the  name  of 
jiresiiliiit  of  the  United  States.'  This  outhurst  of  Randolph's  reveals  the 
early  iiiceptirm  of  the  conspiracy  against  the  president's  life. 

'liiJiiRdiatLly  after  the  president's  call,  April  tilst,  the  following  notice 
was  jilicarded  in  the  streets  of  New  York:  'Californians — to  arms  !  Califor- 
nia steaiiieis  in  ilanger  !  Rally  Californians,  the  federal  capital  is  in  ilanger. 
Californians,  Oregoiiians,  coa^t  men,  and  nii^u  who  have  seen  seivirt^,  atteu- 
tiiiu  I  A  meeting  will  he  held  at  Metrojiolitan  hotel  atone  o'ehxk  to-day, 
Smiilay,  in  order  to  form  a  California  regiment.  None  hut  men  accustomed 
to  voik  are  requested  to  attend.  Over  .*•_'.'), 000  on  hand  to  eijuiii  the 
ri';.'ii!Hiit,  and  sustain  it.'  Tiiere  wen."  present  ujion  this  hasty  .sTimm(]ii.s 
aliniit  "JOO  I'acitic  coast  men.  J.  C.  ]}irdseye  was  ehairman;  William  T. 
Ciiliiii  in.  C.  K.  (larri~on,  .1.  Y.  lla'.'eck,  1).  L.  Ross,  Fojger,  Leonard,  Iva- 
L'oiii'  K'lly,  J.  V.  V.  Wentworth,  S.  W.  Bryant,  Minor  Friiik,  W.  S.  l>iiiio, 
K.  I).  ISaker.  Ciiarh's  Watroiis,  I).  W.  Cheeseii -in,  Samuel  (iamag(>,  Kiii/er, 
Martin.  Ira  I'.  Rankin,  S.  II.  I'arkir,  James  Satterleo,  all  residents  of  ( 'al., 
oil  a  Visit  to  the  ea.st.  W.  1>.  Farwell,  .1.  .1.  .\rriiigton,  and  Ross  Iri.-h,  of 
Maryland,  were  seeretarii's.  Ikiker  addressed  the  meeting,  followed  hy 
liilliin  and  I'arker,  mIio  had  heen  appoiiili  d  postmaster  at  S.  F.  'iheorgani- 
zathiii  of  a  rf'giment  was  heguii  on  that  day.  Raker  was  ele<:ted  col:  Rrain- 
anl,  iiriit-eol;  Lemon,  major—killed  at  Souih  mountain — Ross  A  Fisii, 
capt.— iuiprisouod  twelve  mouths  hy  the  rehels.     The  reg't  was  armed  and 


iii 


28t 


PERIOD  OF  CIVIL   WAR. 


both  sides  of  the  continent  that  rebel  cruisers  \vfiul<J 
capture  some  of  tlie  mail  steamers  laden  with  treasure. 
Insurance  rose  to  three  per  cent — before  the  dose  of 
the  war  goinj^  up  to  seven  per  cent — and  despatches 
were  received  in  April  to  stop  the  shipment  of  '^'M, 
as  insurance  was  suspended.  With  the  completion  of 
the  telegraph  line  much  of  the  inconvenience  attend- 
ing the  traJisaction  of  business  was  overcome. 

In  October,  Sumner,  much  to  the  regret  of  loyal 
men,  was  called  east"  ;  but  colonel  George  Wright  \\  as 

equipped  in  six  weeks,  and  in  camp  near  Fort  Ellsworth  on  Staten  i-liu'l; 
tlie  cainp  being  named  after  (.'alifdrnia's  new  senator,  McDniigall.  'Jim 
rcg't  ilrow  cm  the  union  defence  connnittee  for  oidy  .^l.TiO.j.  liikt-r  was 
tendered  a  lirigade  and  resigned,  li.  Matlieson  being  elected  col— kilieij  at 
South  niounlain — Baker  afterward  accepted  the  command  of  the  7i-t  I'a 
reg't,  and  tlirough  his  known  eonnecti<in  with  tlie  C'al.  reg't  this  I'a  or;.'.iiii- 
zation  waa  mistakenly  called  the  First  C'al.  reg't.  Snr.  Union,  May  10,  I.^Ol; 
S   F.  Cdl,  Feb.  11,  KSG4;  S.  F.  Bnllrthi,  June  lit,  18G1. 

1'  Either  by  acciilent  or  design,  (Jen.  Sumner  and  .«taff  sailed  on  the  ^ame 
vessel  with  Senator  (twin  and  Calhoun  Benham.  (Jwin  had  returned  li.Cal. 
ill  .June,  and  remained  until  Ot.'t.,  but  fonud  no  opportunity  to  carry  out  any 
of  the  confederate  desigiiJ"  against  tiie  public  property,  and  was  now  ikiiart- 
ing  on  the  ()rlz''ui  to  prosecute  them  elsewlicre.  Just  before  rea.;liiii!^ 
Pananri,  on  learning  that  some  of  his  officers  had  been  approaclieil,  .Suinin  r 
arrested  (twin,  Boiihani,  and  J.  L.  Brent  on  a  charge  of  treason,  coiiij..lliiig 
them  to  accompany  him  to  New  York  and  Wjvshington.  On  the  evideiu-e  it 
appeared  that  (twin  expected  to  meet  Slidell  ami  Mason,  the  contiil.Tito 
coin'rs  to  Europe,  at  I'  ioana,  and  proceed  with  them  abroad.  Had  imt  \m 
plans  been  frustrated,  he  nmst  have  been  arrested  in  their  comiiaiiy  aii'l 
confined  in  Fort  Warren.  As  it  was,  tliey  had  a  l)rief  resilience  in  Fnrt  Li- 
fayette,  and  were  released.  Benham  and  Brent  joined  tlie  confederate  army 
at  tlie  lirst  opportunity,  and  (twin  spent  some  time  in  Miss,  before  g"in^  to 
France  to  labor  for  the  recognition  of  the  confederacy,  .'^umner  di^l  ii.t 
?eem  to  reali/o  that  he  had  it  in  his  power  to  discover  all  the  plans  nf  tLe 
conspirators  on  the  O/'/f'^T.  He  simply  sent  for  them  to  come  to  tlie  cap- 
tain's office,  when  he  placed  them  under  arrest,  but  not  in  conliiii-inciii. 
They  retired  to  tlieir  rooms,  and  threw  overlioard  a  quantity  of  ni,i]i-'  aricl 
papers,  a  fact  unknown  for  half  an  hour  afterward.  At  this  point 'twin  ib-^- 
appears  from  the  political  history  of  Cal.,  whose  senator  he  had  been  f  -r  10 
years.  Like  Lane  of  Oregon,  to  whom  his  example  M'as  fatal,  he  l«;triycil 
his  state  and  his  country.  It  remains  now  only  to  bricily  relate  his  >ii)ist- 
qu(!nt  career  as  he  has  himself  recorded  it  in  his  Mcmnir.%  MS.  in  my  IHirary, 
He  was  the  son  of  a  methodist  preacher,  and  v.  as  born  in  Tenn.  in  I^<i'i.  w-n 
educated  at  Transylvania  university,  Ky,  and  for  several  year-<  pra.  ti-id 
medicine  in  Tenn.  and  Miss.  He  was  appointed  marshal  of  Mi-is.  a'l^iit 
183.S,  and  relinquished  his  profession.  In  JS4I  he  was  elected  to  curisros. 
In  1847  he  was  a])pointed  to  superintend  the  erection  of  tlie  L'.  .'^.  'ii-t'im 
honso  at  N.  O.  His  love  for  political  life  led  him  to  come  to  Cal.,  and  take 
a  leading  part  in  the  atlairs  of  the  Pacific  coast.  That  he  was  alrea-ly  im- 
bued with  the  sentiments  of  disunionists,  his  record  sufficiently  pri>v(  <.  He 
possessed  in  a  jjcculiar  ilegreo  that  smooth  self-assertion  and  reailine^iat 
extricating  himself  from  end)arrassing  positions  without  Manie  wliicii  is 
kuowu  as  diplomatic  talent.     That  it  did  not  save  him  from  severe  huuiilia- 


THE  CLER(;Y 


285 


placed  in  command,  whose  conscientious  discharge  of 
tlutv  in  his  whole  department  was  of  the  greatest 
value  to  the  government  and  the  state.  Nothing  es- 
caped his  observation,  and  at  every  turn  the  disaf- 
fected were  met  with  stern  repnjof 

To  keep  public  sentiment  up  to  the  point  of  ardent 
patriotism  during  the  reverses  of  the  first  eigliteon 
iiiontlis  of  the  war  was  the  care  of  loyal  men  of  influ- 
ence, of  the  pulpit,  the  i)ress,  the  military,  and  of  all 
good  men — for  it  was  not  admitted  that  a  good  man 
could  be  a  sympathizer  with  rebellion.     The  patience 

tifins,  or  from  displaying  a  revolting  degree  of  sycophancy  in  his  dealings 
witli  a  fiircign  aristocracy,  his  own  narrative  is  e\  idunce.  Before  proceeding 
to  tlio  closing  chapter  of  hia  public  career,  I  cannot  refrain  from  giving  his 
statcinunt  concerning  his  influence  in  the  conduct  of  national  ati'airs.  Seward, 
111'  say-f,  was  made  sec.  of  state  tiirough  his,  Gwin's,  representations  to  Liu- 
I'dlii  tliat  it  would  he  agreeable  to  the  south;  and  that  he  had  immediately 
written  to  .Ictferson  Davis  that  Seward  was  to  be  secretary,  and  tliere  would 
lii'  peact;.  But  tlie  south  was  opposed  to  Chase  as  sec.  of  the  treasury,  and 
wli'ju  his  appointment  was  officially  announced,  he  was  forced  to  telegraph 
the  lu'ws  to  l)avis  to  expect  war,  or  bear  the  opprobrium  of  having  misled 
tlie  south.  Tiie  despatch  was  shown  to  Seward,  who  altered  it  to  read  that 
I'liase's  selection  would  be  favorable  to  peace.  It  was  taken  to  the  telegraph 
titiioc  by  a  mutual  friend,  who,  he  believes,  copied  it,  and  used  it  to  obtain 
a  iierilous  influence  over  .Seward,  who,  he  says,  continued  to  use  him,  Gwin, 
as  ail  intermediary  between  himself  and  the  southern  commissioners.  But 
wlii'ii  tliey  demanded  something  more  than  polite  verbal  messages,  Seward 
fell  ill  of  lumbago,  and  could  see  no  one.  Gwin  accepted  his  dismissal,  and 
left  Washington,  having  discovered  that  two  could  engage  in  the  game  of 
ilissiiiiulation  when  necessary.  MemoirH,  MS.,  18G-'20O.  After  his  arrest,  as 
related  aliove,  he  went  to  Paris,  where  his  family  resided  for  several  years, 
while  lie  labored  for  the  recognition  of  the  ccmfcderate  states,  the  emperor 
lu'lng  in  favor  of  it,  but  the  French  people  against  it.  Had  Slidell  and  Ma- 
sou  consented  to  address  a  note  to  the  emperor's  minister  of  foreign  aflfairs, 
stating  that  in  the  event  of  achieving  indepenence  the  confederacy  would 
pass  laws  looking  to  the  emancipation  of  slaves  in  10,  20,  or  any  number  of 
years,  the  confederacy  would  have  been  recognized.  Instead  of  entertaining 
this  ]inipi)sition,  Slidell  was  so  violent  in  his  language  as  to  affront  the  Mar- 
ipiis  do  Montholou,  who  ofl'ered  it.  Girhi,  Mfin.,  MS.,  20'2-3. 

Siieeii-s  no  longer  attended  his  best  laid  .schemes,  and  the  latter  part  of 
his  life  was  spent  in  retirement  in  Cal.  The  subject  of  his  disloyalty  is 
carefully  avoided  in  his  memoirs.  That  he  dreamt  I  at  one  time  of  estab- 
li>hiug  an  aristocratic  go  -lent,  in  which  he  was  to  figure  prominently, 

there  eaii  be  no  doubt.  ;.e  <aod  in  New  Y<»rk  in  the  atitumn  of  18S.").  and 
was  Imrieil  at  San  Francisco.  Of  his  private  life  little  has  been  .said,  and 
that  little  not  interesting.  In  public  affairs  he  was  avaricious,  heartless,  and 
ilovdted  to  his  own  aggrandizement,  iV".  Y.  Trihinii',  of  Oct.  1885;  Marji-irUle 
Ihmhl,  Sept.  20,  1854;  CrMhjH  St.atewntt,  MS.,  60-7;  A".  <>.  R'puUirnn,  March 
18,  1871;  Tnnrs  Pu-iih,  70;  S.  F.  AlUt,  July  3,  1851,  and  Nov.  12,  1803;  U. 
S.Foniin  Afiiirs,  Mess,  and  Doc.  p  111,  p.  417,  519-21;  39  roxy;  1  sess; 
Smilf,  11,11).  S.  P.,  790-3;  Contemp.  Bhij.,  i.  234;  S.  F.  Bull, tin,  Dec.  20,  23, 
IWti,  and  Jan  4,  1857;  Gn'hi,  Con<jrfm.  licroni,  10  pp;  Soiiont  Fiiiodicio  Ojffi' 
cial,  Nov.  3,  1865,  p  3;  JJiaiio  ddlwpvrio;  Pinart  (JulL,  MS.  pasaim. 


286 


PERIOD  OF  CIVIL  WAR. 


i 

I? 

If'' 
i 


of  the  people  was  sorely  tried  when  a  presbytt  riaii 
minister  changed  his  form  of  prayer,  calHng  God's 
blessing  on  the  presidents  of  these  American  states 
instead  of  the  president  of  the  United  States.  ^linis- 
ters  generally  were  haranguing  heaven  for  curses  on 
the  confederacy,  notwithstanding  their  master  Lad 
told  them  to  bless  their  enemies.  But,  in  truth,  it 
made  little  difference.  Trying  as  it  was,  however,  to 
know  that  Jefferson  Davis  was  prayed  for  in  a  San 
Francisco  puli)it  by  a  fashionable  preacher,  no  public 
demonstration  occurred  until  the  reverend  doctor 
voted  '  no'  to  some  loyal  resolutions  offered  in  a  meet- 
ing of  the  presbytery  by  another  preacher."  The  pro- 
ceedings appeared  in  the  newspapers,  and  the  followinij 
Sunday  morning  a  United  States  flag  floated  from 
the  top  of  Calvary  church,  where  it  had  never  bofore 
been  seen,  and  from  each  lamp-post  in  front  of  tlio 
edifice  other  flags  were  flying,  while  from  the  window 
of  a  building  opposite  dangled  an  effigy  placarded  '•  Dr. 
Scott,  the  reverend  traitor."  A  large  crowd  collected 
about  the  church,  and  filled  it  to  overflowing  durinu' 
the  service.  All  ears  were  strained  to  catch  the  word- 
ing of  the  morning  prayer,  which  on  this  occasion 
contained  no  reference  to  presidents  in  the  plural.  The 
minister  after  service  reached  his  carriage  in  saft  ty. 
though  not  without  jostling  from  the  dense  croAvd. 
Though  there  had  been  no  actual  violence,  the  scent- 
was  too  suggestive  to  bear  repetition,  and  resigning 
his  ministry.  Doctor  Scott  with  his  family  soon  after 
took  steamer  for  Europe.  His  friends  spoke  of  hini 
as  a  martyr,  while  they  filled  his  pockets  with  gold 
for  the  journey.  This  was  one  phase  of  the  subjeet. 
A  different  view  was  that  presented  by  another 

''  Archbishop  Alemany,  of  the  Roman  church,  published  a  pastoral  letter 
against  divorces  and  duels,  which  he  condemned— and  ended  by  calling  at- 
tention to  tlie  national  divorce  and  duel,  which  of  course  came  under  the 
same  condemnation.  i>.  F.  Jiullethi,  Feb.  25,  ISlil.  Of  the  career  of  this 
well-known  and  much  respected  prelate,  whose  decease  occurred  in  Ih^.l,  it 
ia  unnecessary  to  make  further  mention  in  these  pages,  except  for  his  cun- 
nection  with  the  church,  which  will  be  noticed  iu  a  later  chapter. 


COAST  DEFENCES. 


287 


prcaolicr,  Thomas  Starr  King,  whoso  loctures  became 
hn'oely  attended.  Small  of  stature,  delicate  in  health, 
with  a  soft  and  luminous  brown  eye,  betokening  his 
ceiitleness  of  disposition,  he  was  yet,  when  aroused, 
jiblo  to  sway  multitudes.  All  through  the  most  doubt- 
ful and  trying  period  of  the  civil  war  his  voice  en- 
coui'rtLjed  and  animated  the  people,  whom  his  eloquence 
fascinated.  He  was  invited  as  far  as  Oregon  to  deliver 
one  of  his  famous  lectures.  Ho  lived  long  enough  to 
see  victory  perched  upon  the  unioi'  bamn;r,  but  not  to 
see  the  end,  dying  in  the  spring  of  1804,  of  diphtheria. 
From  tlie  roof  of  his  church  tlic  national  flag  was 
kept  flying  during  the  four  years'  struggle.  Indeed, 
to  hang  his  banner  on  the  outward  wall  became  the 
ambition  of  many  householders. 

In  October  the  propriety  of  maintaining  a  coast 
guard  and  training  artillerymen  was  discussed  in  tlie 
puhlic  prints.  It  was  urged,  with  truth,  that  the 
iiarljor  of  San  Francisco  was  poorly  defended,  and 
tliat  against  a  single  privateer  no  cfl'ectual  resistance 
could  be  made  with  the  guns  of  Alcatraz  and  Fort 
Point,  the  danger  from  which  to  a  ship  in  passing 
would  be  momentary,  whereas  the  peril  of  the 'town 
would  be  imminent,  and  might  be  fatal.  Temporary 
fortifications  and  water-batteries  were  suggested  by 
tlie  state  adjutant-general,  and  the  legislature  was 
rccoinmended  to  avail  itself  of  the  aid  of  Colonel  de 
Russy,  a  competent  engineer  at  that  time  on  the  coast. 
Notliing,  however,  was  undertaken,  although  alarms 
frequently  existed,  and  more  than  one  danger  was 
averted  by  discovery. "     The  government  occasionally 

'^Suveral  efforts  had  been  made  by  certain  parties  to  purcliase  fast-sail- 
ing vessels  upon  a  pretence  of  wi.sliing  to  convey  inunitioii.s  of  war  to  the 
assistance  of  Mexico  against  the  French,  and  to  enjoy  a  trade  in  such  arti- 
cles. Si)  plausible  were  these  representations  that  loyal  nierciiants,  not- 
M'itlistaiiding  federal  and  state  lawa  intendeil  to  prohil)it  the  expcjrtatiou  of 
military  supplies,  were  prevailed  upon  to  sell  privately  a  cargo  of  ndxed 
goiiils,  arms,  powder,  etc.,  to  one  Ridgely  Oreathouse  and  his  agents,  to  be 
lilaci'il  on  board  the  fast-sailing  clipper  schooner,  the  J.  W.  Cliii]>,ii(ti),  which 
arrived  out  from  New  York  in  Feb.  18(53,  and  was  sold  to  Greathouse.  The 
iiidveinents  of  her  purchasers  had  not  escaped  the  observation  of  tiie  naval 
autlioriticij  iu  the  harbor,  and  at  the  mouieut  when  she  was  ready  to  ^uit  the 


■  i  i 


288 


PERIOD  OF  CIVIL  WAR. 


ttJ 


sent  an  armed  vessel  into  ilie  Pacific,  and  finally  fitted 
out  two  cruisers  for  the  protection  of  the  coast,  be- 
side dispatching  to  San  Francisco  an  iron  nioiiititr  in 
sections,  to  be  j)ut  together  by  a  local  firm  whose  loiitr 
dalliance  with  the  contract  caused  them  to  be  accusi'd 
of  treachery,  the  Aqiillla,  which  had  the  plates,  Vmw^ 
sunk  at  her  wharf  without  apparent  cause.  So  li)ii<^r 
was  the  completion  of  the  Monitor  postponed  tliat 
she  was  never  of  any  service  to  the  state  or  to  the 
Pacific  coast. 

Eort  she  was  boarded  by  boats  from  the  man-of-war  Cynne  lying  in  tlie 
arbor,  and  hor  otiiccra  and  crew  placed  under  arrest.  The  C/icpiinin  was 
fonnd  to  have  on  board,  besides  lier  cargo  of  miscellaneous  goods,  sliipiu'd  Ky 
merchants  to  Manxanillo,  cannon,  arms  and  ammunition,  and  a  piiriy  of 
armed  men  concealed  in  the  hold.  Search  revealed  a  supply  of  uiiii'uniis 
providetl  for  tlie  intended  pirates,  the  oath  of  secrecy  to  l)e  taken  befurc  go- 
ing into  can  engagement,  and  otlic  papers  of  importance  showing  tiiu  nature 
of  the  undertaking.  Upon  a  separate  e.Kamination  of  tlie  prisoners,  it  h:h 
ascertained  that  tlie  purpo.se  of  tlie  cotifMirators  was  to  throw  overboanl  tlie 
cargo  on  getting  to  sea,  and  take  on  board  further  sui)plies  at  a  rendu/vom 
on  the  southern  coa.st,  to  which  they  had  been  sent  to  avoid  suspicifni.  .\!ti.T 
that  the  vessel  was  to  lie  in  wait  for  the  steamship  Oreijnn,  captiue  Irt, 
transfer  the  armament  of  the  Chu-pnutn  to  the  steamer,  and  use  the  lattci-  to 
capture  two  or  more  of  the  treasure-laden  steamers  from  S.  F.,  after  whicli 
the  pirates  would  repair  to  Victoria,  V.  I.,  to  divide  the  spoils,  hi  icmnec- 
tiou  with  this  piratical  scheme  was  a  plan  to  form  secret  associations  of  men 
favorable  to  the  cnnfederacy  in  every  community,  who  were  to  he  sicivtly 
armed,  and  when  tlioir  numbers  were  deemed  sufficient  to  meet  at  .Sac.,  tut 
the  telegraph  wires,  seize  a  steamboat,  run  down  to  Benicia,  secure  tiie 
arsenal,  take  by  surprise  Fort  Point  and  Alcatraz,  which  three  object^  heiiig 
accomplished,  they  would  declare  Cal.  out  of  the  union,  and  one  of  tiii!  con- 
federate states,  riie  conspirators  besides  Greathouse  were  Alfred  Itiilnry, 
an  Englishman;  W.  W.  Mason,  of  Alabama,  nephew  of  the  confcilitate 
comm'r  to  England,  and  a  disorderly  fellow;  Asbury  Harpending,  a  viulLiit 
secessionist,  and  author  of  the  enterprise;  Albron  T.  Crow,  late  of  tlic  con- 
federate army;  John  E.  Kent,  a  sympathizer,  from  111.;  Wm  C  I^ow,  of 
New  York,  commander,  who  oflered  to  turn  state's  evidence;  Lorc/o  L. 
Libby,  1st  officer;  Thomas  Reole,  Joseph  W.  Smith,  alias  Snyder,  of  Kv; 
Alfred  Armond,  Ottawa,  C.  W.;  Henry  C.  Boyd,  of  Del.;  R.  H.  Duval,  of 
Florida;  William  D.  Moore,  J.  W.  McFadden,  William  W.  Maroii,  1».  W. 
Brown,  John  Fletcher,  James  Smith,  George  W.  Davis,  M.  H.  Marshall,  tive 
sailors,  and  cabin  boys.  The  principals,  who  proved  to  be  (ircatliou.-e, 
Harpending,  and  Rubery,  were  convicted  on  trial,  sentenced  to  ten  yv.'ar-i  im- 
prisonment, and  to  pay  a  fine  of  §10,000,  each,  and  confined  in  F«irt  Lafa- 
yette. The  president  pardoned  the  Englishman,  at  the  solicitation  of  .'olin 
Bright,  and  Greathouse  was  '  released  by  Judge  Hoflfman's  strict  coii-truc- 
tion  of  the  amnesty  proclamation.'  Some  authorities  say  that  he  e.Maiied 
and  went  to  Europe.  A  plot  to  take  Mare  island  and  the  Navy-yard  was 
discovered  only  a  little  later  than  the  Chapman  atTair.  The  steamlioat 
Oiuidalupe,  in  Napa  creek  was  to  be  taken  by  a  force  of  200  men  wlio  were 
to  cross  over  to  Vallejo,  take  the  works  and  gov't  shipping  by  surprise,  anil 
with  the  vessels  and  arms  obtained,  the  plotters  were  to  make  an  assault  on 
S.  F.  The  discovery  of  the  conspiracy  was  its  defeat;  but  it  was  of  .sutKeient 
importance  to  detain  the  U.  S.  steamer  Saginaw  from  leaving  the  liarbur. 


PARTY  POLITICS. 


»g  ia  the 

jiiiiiii  waa 

jiarty  (if 
uiuiiirtiis 

liefori;  j^o- 

ho  nature 

;rs,  it  \v;n 

rboanl  llie 

■eiulu/.viiUH 

on.    After 

Lptiire  liff, 

fO  lattLi-  to 

ftcr  wliioli 

III  ooiinec- 

ms  of  iiica 
10  si'ci'ctly 
t  Sac,  cut 
iuouru  the 
ject^  lieiiig 
if  tho  cnll- 
|(l  lliilnry, 
imfeik'vate 
a  violuut 
it  the  con- 
.   I-ow,  of 

|Lo1'c/.o    L. 

r,  of  Ky; 

Duval,  of 

m,  1».  W. 

•shall  live 

•uathoU^e, 
jvars  im- 
ort  Lafa- 

111  of  .lolin 
con-true- 

le  e.-caiieil 
-yanl  "as 
itcamhoat 
l^vh■>  were 
lu-ise,  awl 
issault  on 
sutlioient 
arbor. 


Tliat  portion  of  the  population  whicli  gave  the  most 
trouble  was  in  tlie  southern  counties,  requiring  voluu- 
tc(  r  (M)nipanics  to  be  stationed  at  some  points,  which 
])('ili;ips  (lid  not  pour  oil  on  the  troubled  waters.  The 
Tulare  I'ost  was  the  organ  of  the  fire-eaters,  whose 
<liatribes  stirred  up  the  ire  of  the  "  blood-hounds  of 
Zloii "  as  the  vmion  men  were  denominated.  The 
quarrel  was  carried  into  local  politics,  the  anti-coer- 
cioiiists  electing  their  candidate  to  the  legislature,  as 
well  as  filling  the  county  offices.  The  iW  became 
the  Eijunl  Rlfjhta  Expimtor,  more  fire-devouring,  if  pos- 
sible, than  its  predecessor.  Finally  its  publishers 
weic  arrested  by  the  commanding  officer  at  Camp 
Babbitt,  and  imprisoned  at  that  post.  One  of  them 
took  the  oath  of  loyalty,  the  other  refused,  and  was 
tliscliarged  by  order  of  General  Wright.  Both  re- 
turned to  the  publication  of  the  disloyal  journal, 
which  was  destroyed  by  the  troops  after  two  of  the 
volunteers  had  been  killed  in  some  of  the  quarrels, 
which  were  of  daily  occurrence.  This  state  of  afiairs 
lasted  throughout  the  war.  There  was  never  a  mo- 
ment when  the  advocates  of  secession  and  anti-coer- 
cion (lid  not  assert  their  freedom  from  any  allegiance 
to  the  government."  Soon  after  the  rebellion  closed, 
and  the  union  was  restored,  it  took  several  years  for 
this  class  to  learn  that  they  could  not  still  control 
public  affairs  in  these  counties. 

Congress  required  passports  to  be  taken  by  innni- 
grants  from  the  east  to  California,  to  prevent  insur- 
gents from  embarking  for  England  and  France  via 
Aspinwall.  But  immigration  from  California  over- 
land into  the  rebel  states  was  comparatively  secure, 
and  in  the  early  months  <.)f  the  war  was  frequent. 
This  way  went  Terry,  Daniel  Showalter,  and  other 
noted  secessionists.  To  check  seditious  adventures 
General  Wright  made  Fort  Yuma  a  strong  post  and 
military  prison,  threatening  disloyalty  with  condign 
punishment.  In  this  solitary  citadel  Showalter  and 
a  number  of  his  associates  were  confined  in  the  winter 

HiBT.  Cal.,Vol.  VII.    19 


;J,t    '( 


V,,!S 


Ill 


S90 


PERIOD  OF  CIVIL  WAR. 


!',,5 


tjV: 


* 


of  1861-2  for  several  months,  but  finally  liberated, 
representation  being  made  to  General  Wrij^lit  by 
Showaltcr  that  the  ineriniinating  letters  and  }»ii|iors 
upon  which  the  arrests  had  l)een  made  were  known  to 
him  alone,  and  that  there  was  no  organization,  as  had 
been  believed,  of  recruits  for  the  southern  confederacy, 
but  merely  an  accidental  meeting  of  persons  travt  lling 
in  the  same  direction.  Showalter,  at  least,  made  us^ 
of  his  liberty  to  join  the  confederate  army.  Pass- 
ports were  afterward  required  to  be  granted  by  tlio 
commander  of  the  department  before  travellers  could 
pass  the  frontier  of  California  in  the  direction  (if 
Texas.  The  conduct  of  certain  army  officers  in 
Arizona,  and  a  rumor  that  secessionists  under  Xtm 
Dorn  were  marching  upon  California  led  Sumner  in 
the  early  part  of  September  1861  to  publish  a  gen- 
eral order:  "No  federal  troops  in  this  department  of 
the  Pacific  will  ever  surrender  to  rebels ;"  whioli 
laconic  hint  was  not  disregarded  by  plotters  in  and 
out  of  tlie  state. 

With  military  encampments  on  every  hand  for  the 
training  of  the  state  and  volunteer  troops,  California 
developed  a  readiness  in  the  pursuit  of  war  which 
could  not  have  been  expected  of  a  community  seem- 
ingly devoted  to  mining,  commerce,  and  agriculture. 
That  portion  of  the  people  heretofore  engaged  in 
managing  the  politics  of  the  state  found  their  occui)a- 
tion  gone  and  their  power  passed  away.  They  W(  re 
unable  to  elect  more  than  a  small  minority  to  tlie 
legislature,  and  the  state  and  federal  offices  had  sll|>[tt'd 
from  their  grasp.  The  death  of  Douglas,  in  June 
1861,  left  the  Douglas  democracy  without  a  leader. 
The  Breckenridge  party,  which  still  held  together, 
and  which  dared  not  bring  out  a  decided  secession 
platform,  adopted  the  principle  that  California  could 
not  be  neutral  in  the  pending  conflict,  but  must  either 
remain  in  the  union  or  go  out  of  it,  and  the  party  in- 
tended it  should  remain  in;  the  duty  of  California, 
moreover,  was  to  contend  in  congress  for  peace.     If 


i'r 


REPUBLICAN   VICTORY. 


291 


poaro  could  not  be  had  witli  union,  then  tlio  soutlicrn 
stutos  slioukl  bo  allowed  to  tlepfirt  without  an  ottbrt 
briiif  nuido  to  subjugate  thcni.  Before  announcing 
tlii'so  piiiiciples  the  Breckenridge  n^en  had  otlercd  to 
fuse  with  the  regular  democratic  party,  which,  how- 
ever, rejected  tlieiii. 

The  republican  party,  liaving  achieved  a  great  vic- 
tory ill  18G0,  was  reluctant  to  relinquish  any  of  its 
honors,  and  so  declined  the  overtures  of  the  union 
iiR'ii  iirespectivc  of  party  in  the  democratic  ranks, 
and  ill  IH^l  enjoyed  the  satisfaction  of  a  victory  in 
tlio  election  of  a  re[)ublican  state  ticket.  Leland  Stan- 
ford, one  of  the  founders  of  the  reimblican  party  in 
California,  was  el(>ctod  governor.  It  was  alleged  that 
he  would  have  been  elected  without  the  help  of 
political  opponents  who  voted  for  him  to  make  sure  of 
a  union  governor.'*  The  republicans  carried  the  elec- 
tion by  a  great  majority,  but  they  said  little  about 
thoir  gains,  knowing  that  it  was  a  desire  to  save  the 
union,  and  prevent  revolution  in  California,  which 
jiad  so  swelled  their  ranks.'*  In  1862  they  acknowl- 
odgid  the  propriety  of  this  action  by  dropping  the 
iianK^  of  republicans,  and  coming  out  as  a  union  party 
to  wliich  all  loval  men  might  belong. 

The  congressmen  elected  by  the  republicans  in 
1801,  were  Aaron  A.  Sargent,  Timothy  G.  Phelps, 
and  Frederick  F.  Low."     Sargent  was  from  Massa- 


".ir-/)'»H<vr.«  Em-hj  D<rm,  MS.,  44-5:  StapM  Stntrment,  MS.,  14;  U.  S. 
S<n.  ]>"■:,  4,  vol.  iv,  37'cong.  2  sess.;  S.  F.  Alhi,  Feb.  5,  18G2;  Doc,  22; 
Mkr.  Ili.4.  P. 

'^Tlie  Brcokenridge  men  called  themselves  the  regular  democrats,  and 
nniniiiatcd  Jolm  11.  McConiiell  of  Nevada.  The  union  democrats  nomhiated 
.Idlin  Ciiuness;  the  settlers,  a  local  Sac.  ticket,  nominated  Coiiness  also. 
Tliu  reimlilicans,  Stanford,  and  for  lieut-gov.,  J.  F.  Clielles  of  Trinity, 
Staiifonl  received  nearly  53,000  votes  or  almost  double  that  of  either  of  the 
(itlu  r  ciuiilidates.  Wm  H.  Weeks  of  Sac.  was  elected  sec.  of  state;  Gilbert 
R.  Warren,  of  Stockton,  comptroller;  I).  R.  Ashley,  of  Monterey,  treasurer; 
Frank  M.  Pixley,  of  S.  F.,  attorney -general;  .T.  F.  Hongliton,  Sac,  surv.- 
gon.;  John  Swett,  supt.  pub.  inst. ;  W.  C.  Kibbe,  ajdt.-geii;  Benjamin  P. 
AvLM-y,  of  Marysville,  state  printer.  Edward  Norton  was  elected  supreme 
judj,'!;  in  place  of  Baldwin,  term  expired. 

^''' Diriiirlk,  Notices  of  Cal.,  ix. ;  JLvjin''  Srrnps,  Amjeles,  vi. ;  S.  F.  Alia, 
July  1,  1 802. 

''  The  U.  S.  act  allowing  Cal.  three  ccngrcasmen  had  not  been  passed, 


292 


rEUIOD  OF  CIVIL  WAR. 


■I  I 


i  > 


■y  ■: 


cliusotts,  had  l)oon  a  print* t,  and  waR  one  of  the 
"argonauts,"  as  well  as  one  of  tlio  founders  of  n  jml). 
Uranism  in  California.  He  labored  for  the  roiistiur. 
tion  of  a  l*aclKc  railroad,  and  with  marked  siuccss 
as  will  appear  in  the  later  chapters  of  thin  volunit-. 
Starr  Kinjjf  was  asked  to  enter  the  race  with  Sari^i nt. 
Conness,  >loge,  Shurtlell",  and  others,  but  deeliiK  d; 
his  ways  were  not  as  their  ways. 

It  was  the  hope  of  «j;<><>d  men  that  with  the  retire- 
ment of  the  party  which  had  so  Ioulij  ruled  ( 'alifdinia, 
certain  political  practices,  such  as  lohhying,  biilnrv. 
extravagance  and  dishonesty  in  office,  with  similar 
evils,  would  be  abandoned,  and  that  the  new  party  in 
power  would  set  an  example  of  reform,  I  cannot  say 
that  all  of  them  did  so  conduct  themselves.  Like  other 
victors,  they  claimed  the  spoils.  The  public  joiiriiiils 
still  complamed  of  venality  in  the  legislature.  "And 
why  not?"  said  the  new  men.  "The  democrats  have 
enjoyed  these  privileges  and  perquisites  for  many 
years,  why  should  not  we  ? "  Millions  for  spoils,  and 
not  one  cent  for  reform.  But  their  legislation  after 
all  was  not  really  bad,  and  they  were  intensely  loyal! 
And  how  could  it  be  possible,  when  heaven  itself  is 
set  before  us  as  a  reward,  and  not  as  a  sequence,  of 
our  actions,  that  a  man  who  serves  his  country  should 
not  want  office?  or  that  the  new  president  should  not 
be  overwhelmed  with  applications  for  places  undc  r  the 
government?  Baker,  who  had  only  gone  to  ()r(;j;on 
to  be  made  a  senator  of  the  United  States,  to  be 
nearer  his  former  intimate  friend,  Abraham  Lincoln, 
and  who  felt  himself  at  heart  a  Californian,  could  not 
help  suggesting  to  th'3  president  his  chrice  of  men  to 
fill  important  places.  The  intrusion  upon  their  pre- 
rogative was  quickly  ^sented  by  the  Californian  dele- 
gation, and  Lincoln,  th  his  usual  good  sense,  put  an 
end  to  the  quarrel  b    giving  the  Californian s  their 

bnt  was  passed  at  the  29th  ses  37  cong.,  see  p.  102  acts  of  that  session. 
For  Low  8  arguments  on  hia  rig  .  to  a  seat  see  U.  S.  H.  Misc.  Doc.,  4  aud  19, 
37  cong.  2  aess. 


THE  SESSION  IX  SAN  FHANCISt 0. 


293 


of  tlie 

rcjmlt- 

mstrur- 

VollUnr. 

lecliiud; 

ic  rctirc- 
ulitoiuia, 
biilni'V. 
1    similar 
party  in 
miiot  say 
iikc  other 
?  journals 
e.     "And 
'lats  have 
for  many 
spoils,  a)\d 
itioi!  after 
ly  loyall 
itsi'lf  is 
ueiu'O,  ttt 
try  sliould 
H)ul<l  not 
uiulir  the 
o  Oregon 
tes,  to  be 
n  Lincoln, 
could  not 
of  men  to 
their  l»re- 
mian  dele- 
se,  put  an 
lians  their 

(  that  session. 
Doc.,  4  and  19, 


clioiio.'*  Soon  afterward,  BakiT  Itft  tlic  senate 
cliaiiiher  for  the  battle-field,  on  whose  ltloo<ly  plain  In- 
\va>  >tri(kin  down  hi  October  18GI.  The  first  throu;^'h 
tl..-jiauh  on  the  completed  overland  telegra[)li  bnmgiit 
tli»-  iiiteIli,Li[enco  of  his  death. 

The  winter  of  18GI-2  beini^  the  season  of  a  ojreat 
and  d'structivc  inundation  of  the  Saeranu-nto  valley, 
ill'-  le,fislaturo,  and  the  government  in  all  its  depart- 
iii-  iits.  was  forced  to  adjourn  to  San  Francisco  in  Jan- 
uarv.  at  which  place  the  session  was  continued  to  its 


1    .    '* 
cl<».se. 


The    Sacramcntans    feared    this    mi<;ht   be 


'•Tlie  nunt  important  appnintineiits  of  tlio  presiilont  in  lst'»l  wcro  as 
fnllowit:  collector  at  S.  F.,  Ira  I*.  It.-iiikiii;  apprai^nTs,  S.  .1.  Hmlge  ami  B. 
W.  Mu'li;*-:  ccplif'tor  at  Honicia,  S.  M.  Swain;  at  Monti.,  y,  Joim  F.  I'ortor; 
»•  '••.H-ktoii.  S.  W.  S]>(MTy;  at  San  Diego,  Joshua  Siuan;  at  San  l'<,-<lro,  O^car 
Many:  at  Sta  Bdrhara,  S.  H.  Hrinkonhotf;  supt.  of  the  mint.  U.  .S.  Stcvi.Mi-i; 
i.'iUvTf,  William  .Scliuialz  ami  Conra  '  Wiegaml;  niil)-treaiuriT,  1).  W.  Clifos- 
min:  jKi't-uiaster,  S.  11.  I'arkor;  rci'i-iti'r  of  laml-ollii'i-  at  .S.  F..  <  !<-i>rj,'e  H. 
Tini'lev;  receiver  of  puhlic  moneys,  11.  II.  Waller;  register  at  Los  Aiigele.<, 
A:it-'tiio  Maria  I'ieo;  receiver,  Loiii»  Sperry,  register  at  .sto.-kton,  <;eorge 
ii  Wehsttr;  at  Visalia,  Henry  W.  Briggs;  at  llumholclt,  .Jolin  W.  Kihly; 
at  Mtry<ville,  A.  .1.  Snyder;  receiver  at  Visalia,  (Jeorge  M.  <;erri-.li;  at 
Mir>-v!llp.  .T.  <'on»ptou;  at  lluiiihoMt,  AVilliam  I'ratt;  po-stina-ter  at  S.ie., 
i'tfiTi--  Kiwlaii'l;  William  Ralie,  U.  S.  marshal  of  tiio  iiortlurn  ili^it:  NVilliam 
Bl  .Surp.  U.  S.  atty;  tJcorgo  .M.  Hanson,  Iml.  siipt.;  Henry  l>.  liarrows, 
n;»r-i:al:  Kiinliell  II.  Uiinmcck,  atty;  Minor  Frank,  In.l  HUpt  of  tlie 
soutlii-rii  'list. 

••The  senate  fif  1S(VJ  was  compo.sed  of  the  following  mem1»crs:  hoM-nvcr 
'^•wX'tn.  A.  \j.  Rlio'les,  Ilichanl  Irwin,  P.  .\.  (lallaglier,  A.  .St  Clair  I'enver, 
0  Hirvev,  S  A.  Merritt,  William  Watt,  Phil.  W.  Thomas,  .James  MeM. 
>a!:..r.  K.  H.  Ilcacock,  F.  .M.  W  vrmcastle,  .John  H.  Hill,  C.  V.  William- 
v>:i.  William  H.  Parks,  C  K.  l)e  Long;  repnblieans  3,  union  deiiioerats  H, 
•o.-e-y-ioiiist-s  :{.  Elccteil  in  18(52:  J.  C  Hogart,  San  Diego  and  San  liernar- 
<l!n'>:  A.  H.  Vineyard.  Lf>s  Angeles;  R.  Pacheco,  Sta  Barhara  and  San  l.i«iH 
Oi>!-|yt:  Tliomus  Baker,  Tulare  and  Fresno;  ii.  K.  Porter,  .Santa  (_'ruz  an<l 
.M..n:t'rey;  B.  W.  Hathaway,  Sanmel  SouJo,  K.  F.  Perkins,  .1.  A.  Banks, 
Mn  >Ht«i<  and  S.  F. ;  A.  .M.  Crane,  Alameda;  C  H.  Chamherlin,  .San  .loa- 
r|riin:  L  (^uint.  Tuolumne  and  Mono;  William  T.  Lewis,  Cilaveras;  H  Biir- 
nrll,  Amador;  A.  B.  Nixon,  .Sac.;  O.  B.  Powers,  Solano  and  Volo;  William 
HiiM.-!!.  Napa,  Lake,  and  Mendocino;  W.  D.  Harriman,  Placer;  .Tfiseph 
Kit/,  Nevada:  William  Kimball.  Sierra;  R.  C.  (taskell.  Butte.  .1.  (5.  Pall, 
T-:.a'ii*»nd  (,'oliisa;  Benjamin  Shurtletf,  Shasta  and  Trinity;  W.  Van  Dyke, 
Htimb.-Mt.  Klamath,  and  Del  Norte;  (Jeorge  B.  Oultoii,  Siskiyou.  R<-piil(- 
Ihan'  14.  union  democrats  7,  seces.sionists  4.  The  officers  clio-en  Mere  .1. 
Mi-M.  Shafter  pres't  pro  tern.,  Th(unas  Hdl  sec,  A.  A.  De  Long  ass't  see., 
.\!X-h;Iald  (J.  Turner  serg't-at-arins,  Charles  K.  .Mihott  minute  clerk,  W.  F. 
HeiHii*  journal  clerk,  H.  C  Kihhe  enrolling  clerk,  (Jeorge  A.  Gillespie  cn- 
iJT>«*.<iiig  clerk,  (Jeorge  C.  Harriman,  C.  B.  Bonestel  copying  clerks;  three 
[wrtprs.  4  pajres.  and  a  paper-folder. 

Ttie  ass.?ml>ly  was  composed  of  S.  B.  Bell,  ,T.  M.  Moore.  .Mamcda:  (\.  W. 
SeatoTi.  W.  A.  Wadilell,  Amador;  J.  M.  Kunnard.  (ieorge  W.  I'rinty.  P.utt*'; 
'lh..nns  Cauipliell,  .T.  W.  fJriswold,  Thomas  O  Hrieii,  Calaveras;  ( '.  B.  P.r- 
ttr.  C«.ntra  Custa;  Seneca  Dean,  J.  Frasier,  J.  H.  Dennis,  H.  G.  Parker,  El 


:if,i 


mmm 


"i 


294 


PERIO:>  OF  CIVIL  WAR. 


taken  advantage  of  to  create  a  movement  for  a  pcrina- 
ueiit  change  of  capital,  but  the  following  winter  saw 
the  legislature  reestablished  in  the  legal  seat  of  gov- 
ernment. The  session  of  18G1-2  was  a  long  one,  the 
members  sitting  as  a  high  court  of  impeachment  to 
try  Hardy,  judge  of  the  IGth  district,  up(m  diarizes 
of  disloyalty  and  vi(»lation  of  his  oath  of  office.  l£i.s 
sentence  was  dismissal  from  the  bench.  It  nmst  bo 
admitted,  I  think,  that  while  the  evidence  was  suffi- 
cient to  convict  on  the  counts,  the  trial  was  brouglit 
on  quite  as  much  by  the  recollection  of  previous  defi- 
ance of  law  and  travesties  of  justice"  as  by  the  more 
recent  offences. 

Among  the  concurrent  resolutions  passed  was  a  re- 
newed pledge  of  loyalty,  and  one  authorizing  the  gov- 
ern(»r  to  not*^"  by  telegraph  the  secretary  of  the 
United  States  treasurv  of  the  hitention  o.  California 
to  pay  at  once  the  direct  tax  of  ;$254,538,  ap[)()rtioii((] 
to  the  state  by  congress,  as  her  share  of  the  interest  on 
the  public  debt.  There  was  no  niggardliness.  !Moiiey 
was  poured  out  in  every  way  that  could  help  the  gov- 
Dorado;  James  Siiiitii,  Fresno;  G.  W.  Work,  Huiiiholdt;  S.  ]'.  A\'ri},'!it, 
Klaiiiiith  iiiul  Uel  Norte;  James  A.  Watson,  Murray  Morrison,  Los  Aiii.'ili's; 

A.  C  McAllister,  Marin;  J.  G.  MeCullougli,  Marijuisa;  T.  W.  Lane,  MlixciI 
anil  Stanislaus;  T.  M.  Ames,  Memloeino;  Juan  \V.  Cot,  Monterey;  Kduai'l 
Kvey,  Najia  anil  Lake;  J.  M.  Avery,  .lames  (.'olliua,  \Villiam  II.  Si>ars,  Kiii. 
lienLeaeli,  Nevada;  John  Yule,  E.  W.  llillyer,  ('.  (*.  Dudley,  Vlww:  T.  li. 
Shannon,  l^luinas;  J.  E.  Benton,  W.  II.  Barton,  J.  II.  Warwiek,  It.  I>.  Fir- 
guson,  J.  B.  Saul,  Sac.;  Benjamin  Ikrton,  San  Bernardino;  I).  B.  Ilniriiiiiii, 
San  l>iego;  S.  S.  Tilton.  William  Lowry,  James  Otis,  George  Barstow.  .1.  W. 
Van  Zandt,  George  B.  Heeve,  W.  W.  Battles,  George  Amerige,  Calel)  '1'.  l';ty, 

B.  Dare,  William  T.  Reese,  S.  C.  Bigelow,  S.  F. ;  John  Thompson,  Saimul 
Myers.  San  Joai|uin;  C.  \\'.  Dana,  San  Luis  Oliisjio  and  Sta  Biirliar.i:  S. 
Tiiton,  San  Mateo;  Charles  Maelay,  Joseph  K.  Brown,  .John  Zuek,  Sui(  i;ir:i; 
T.  Eager.  Sta  Cruz;  fleorge  W.  Woodman,  Shasta;  D.  Love,  E.  15.  Smith, 
Sierra;  William  Irwin,  C.  X.  Thornliury,  Siskiyou;  J,  M.  Dndlev,  Sulaiin; 
\V.  A.  F.llason.  (J.  \V.  Reed,  J.  G.  Dow,  Sonoma;  C.  E.  Wilcoxon.  Siitttr; 
.T.  W.  Tiiompsiin,  Tehama  and  Colusa;  .1.  II.  Matthews,  Trinity;  .1.  C.  j'nii- 
lierton,  Tulare;  T.  !M.  Machin,  C  W.  Kendall.  B.  K.  Davis,  Tuoluiiiiu'  ;iiiil 
Mono;  I.  N.  Hoag.  Yolo;  J.  C.  Sargent,  E.  Teegarden,  T.  O.  Jackson,  \iil«i. 
Repuhlieans  41,  union  democrats  *J!),  secessionists  10.  Oliicers  of  the  hoti~e; 
Geortre  Barstow  sjieaker.  .lohn  Sedgwick.  W.  N.  Slocum,  W.  G.  Woml,  11. 
II.  Fellows,  Sheldon  Allen.  George  A.  Hill,  (Jeorge  C.  Hough,  C.  T.  •I'li- 
nings  clerks.  H.  J.  Clayton,  Jeremiah  Watts  serg'ts-at-arms.  Oil.  J"iii: 
A.WII).,  ISti'i,  'J.")-f>. 

-'"Notahly  the  failure  to  try  Terry  for  the  killing  of  Broderick.  See  ■'S'li. 
ami  Assanb.  Jour.,  16G«,  Ai>l),  li^i^t,  37,  jj.  703;  Cut,  >SUU.,  IbUli,  013, 


PECUNIARY  AID. 


295 


eminent.  The  encampments  with  which  the  state 
\v;is  cliarcied  cost  the  treasury  $200,000  in  1863.  The 
I'liitcd  States  sanitary  commission,  from  first  to  last, 
roceivccl  from  Cahfornia  $1,234,257.31."  Fortunately 
for  tlie  liberal  desires  of  the  people,  the  mines  of  Ne- 
vaila,  owned  chiefly  by  Californians,  were  yielding  at 
this  period  an  amount  of  bullion  which  seemed  to 
justify  a  prodigal  generosity. 

Tlie  number  of  electors  in  the  military  service  of 
the  United  States  caused  the  legislature  of  1863  to 
pass  an  act  requiring  the  adjutant-general  of  the  state 
to  make  out  a  list  of  their  names,  from  which  separate 
lists  sliould  be  sent  to  the  conmiander  of  each  regiment 
in  camp,  with  ballot-be>xes,  that  the  volunteers  might 
not  be  deprived  of  the  privilege  of  voting  at  the  elec- 
tion (if  that  ytar.  This  law  was  called  in  question  by 
cirtaiii  candidates  who  were  beaten  by  volunteer 
votts,  and  the  courts^,  district  and  supreme,  declared 
that  the  soldiers'  ballots  should  be  excluded  from  the 
count,'' judges  Sawyer,  Shafter,  and  lihodes  agree- 
ing, and  Currey  and  Sanderson  dissenting.  The 
legislature  asserted  its  superiority  to  the  courts  by 
ivncwiiig  the  act  in  1864,  and  volunteer  votes  were 
not  again  questioned. 

The  invitation  of  the  republicans  to  the  loyal  demo- 
crats to  johi  them  in  a  union  party,  irrespective  of  old 


■■-•■l  ■■•  «-      ■  ■ITIVfJ.  «.Vt<^A*         («kI1l  KJt         ■>•  I  ll.^lll'ltXlla  MI(.V-1       Iltl'ti        Slavic.  L«i>;iL  1>  !.>>  a  %^fm 

>ix'  tlio  iiiiilille  of  Sept.  5!l()0,0(K)  liiid  \>oen  sulisctiiK.Ml  ami  remitted  iu 
I'lll  lit"  oxiliaiige.     Iwo  weoks  later  aiiotlier  SI()0,1HMJ  was  sent,  and  he- 


■-'Tlio  niovfcment  for  sanitary  lielp  l)egan  in  IStVJ,  in  S.  F.,  wlicn  in  one 
evonini;  StiiOOO  was  suliscrilied  liy  a  lew  persons,  and  ir  was  jirciiMoed  to  sys- 
tiiniitize  tiie  work  of  eolleeting  funds,  'i'lie  matter  Mas  taken  np  liy  tlio 
liiaril  of  supervisors,  and  I'uliKc  nieetii^;  ap[ioiiited  for  Sept.  lOtli,  wlieu  a 
ci'imiiilti'O  was  chosen  consisting  of  M.  C.  151ake.  Eugene  Casserly,  K.  G. 
Sii'Mth,  1).  V.  McKuer,  and  S.  If.  V-'asldiurn,  altera  ml  increased  to  13. 
]!,.,V  -       -  -  -  ... 

lUh' 

f.'i'.'  tlu  close  of'tlie  year  the  third  .*l()(),(ttlO.  I'l  to  the  time  tiiat  Cal. 
dlii'iied  .  long  purse  the  work  in  tli.^  ea^t  wa--  insigniticunt;  after  that  it 
'n'lMiiH'  an  ^titntion,  and  during  the  duration  of  tlie  «ar  was  carried  on  in 
a  lilicral  spiri:,  lint  nowhere  so  gencrou>ly  as  on  our  I'acitiecoa.st.  The  prcs. 
irt  tlie  U.  S.  .sanitary  coninii.ssion,  W.  Ucllow.-,  jiaid  a  visit  to  S.  F.  in  the 
^^llnM;:  of  18()4  to  a<ldre.ss  the  people;  ^'JIK^iMIO  was  paid  to  him,  and  as  .^ai(l 
aluive  the  total  anKuint  contrihuted  wa.s  over  a  million  dollars.  Nevada, 
Uii>.'nM,  and  other  west  coa.st  territories  contributed 5>'23-t,50()  25.  SUtlc,  IJist, 
i'.  .V.  Sni.  (hiii.,  lit;  '-'43  and  app.  No.  .5. 

•- Ciil.  Sup.  Court,  SoUlki-'s  lute,  pp.  24;  Sac.  Union,  Feb.  8,  1804. 


296 


PERIOD  OF  CIVIL  WAR 


W 


party  lines,  and  its  acceptance,  was  the  distinguisliing 
feature  of  California  politics  in  1 862.  To  it  was  added 
the  intimation  that  there  would  be  a  departure  from 
established  practices  in  the  matter  of  political  bribery 
by  the  new  party.  The  constitutional  ameudineuts, 
making  the  governor's  term  of  office  four  yars,  the 
legislative  sessions  biennial,  and  changing  the  judicial 
system,  were  adopted  by  the  people  in  1862,  and  cou- 
firjned  by  the  legislature  in  1863." 

^Tho  senators  elected  in  1802  for  the  legislature  of  1863,  tlie  last  under 
the  annual  rulo  were,  besides  tlie  hold-over  incmbers  elected  the  jirevinis 
year,  J.  O.  McCuliough,  Merced,  Mariposa,  and  Stanislaus;  .losi'jili  S. 
Wallis,  Sta  Clara;  Alexander  (i.  AIhjII,  (i.  W.  Clark,  M.  S.  Whitiiiy,  S.  F.; 
C.  li.  Porter,  Contra  Costa  and  Marin;  Joseph  M.  Cavis,  TuDhiiuiii;  .uhI 
Mono;  William  Highy,  Calaveras:  O.  Harvey,  A.  H.  Sexton,  Kl  l).ii;i,ln; 
Newton  Bootli,  Sac;  James  If.  McXahh,  .Sonoma;  T.  H.  Hiygiiis,  1'liii.r; 
J.  C.  Hirdscye,  Nevada;  Francis  Antlerson,  Sierra;  William  H.  I'urk.  Vu'ia 
and  Sutter;  Ixjwis  Cunuingiiam,  Yuba:  Thomas  P.  Shannon,  Huttc  iiiul 
Plumas.  All  were  chosen  on  tlie  administration  ticket.  Tlie  otlicers  of  tliu 
assembly  chosen  were:  A.  M.  Crane,  pres't  pro  tem;  John  White,  ^ci'.;  H. 
(r.  Stebbins,  asst  sec.;  (Jcorge  I.  Lytic,  E.  W.  Councilman,  scrgt-at-.n-ms; 
John  E.  VaiiDarei),  W.  F.  Heustis,  J.  B.  Reed,  Robert  Henderson,  L.  .M. 
Foiilke,  Holland  Smith,  clerks. 

The  assembly  was  composed  of  Thomas  Scott,  Henry  Robinson,  AhiiiuMk; 
A.  B.  Andrews,  E.  M.  Simpson,  Amailor:  F.  M.  Smith,  J.  (J.  Moore,  liutti;; 
Teut(m  (i.  McDonald,  James  Barclay  (Thomas  Campbell,  elccteil,  uio'l), 
Calaveras;  T.  <t.  Butler,  Colusa  and  Tehama;  T.  (J.  Wright,  Contra  ('o<ta; 
S.  W.  Sanderson,  Tiiomas  Fitch,  J.  R.  Clai-k.  James  Burr,  Kl  Dorutln;  .(umus 
Smith,  Fresno  (electeil,  died);  Stephen  (J.  Whipple,  Humboldt;  S.  1'.  W'liLilit, 
Klamatii  and  Del  Norte;  E.  J.  C.  Kewen,  J.  A.  Watson,  Los  Au.,ales; 
Robert  Torrcnce,  Marin;  J.  W.  Wilcox,  Mariposa;  T.  M.  Ames,  ^Iciiilnoiin'; 
James  W.  Robertson,  Merced  and  Stanislaus;  M.  A.  Castro,  Mniitrny: 
Chancellor  Hartsan,  Napa  and  Lake;  James  (,'ollins,  William  H.  Seai'^.  .Idlm 
M.  Rule,  Seth  Martin,  Nevada;  C.  C.  Dmllev,  John  Yale,  N.  W.  Hliimhanl, 
Placer;  M.  D.  Howell,  Plumas;  W.  H.  Barton,  M.  M.  Esteo,  Amos  A.lniH, 
J.  H.  Warwick,  Charles  Dnncomlie,  Sac;  R.  S.  Allen,  San  Bcni.inliMn; 
George  A.  Johnson,  San  Diego;  (Jeorge  Barstow,  Henry  L.  Dodjre,  O.  1'. 
Sutton,  John  E.  Kincaid,  Cyrus  Palmer,  Jacob  Dutli,  -Tames  A.  Haiik^.  .Fi'liu 
F.  Swift,  Hugh  Farley,  Benjamin  Dore,  Andrew  J.  Gunninson,  W'illiain  K. 
Wheaton,  S.  ¥.;  T.  .1.  Keys,  Sanuiel  Myers,  San  Joaipiin;  Ramon  .1.  Hill, 
San  Luis  Obi.spo  and  Sta  Barbara;  James  G.  Dennisi  >n,  San  Mateo:  ■!.  J. 
Owen,  J.  W.  Owen,  D.  W.  Harrington,  Sta  Clara;  1.  C.  Wilson,  Sta  Cniz; 
J.  N.  Chappell,  Shastii;  E.  B.  Smith,  James  Crawford,  Sierra;  Willi.iiii 
Irwin,  B.  T.  Varney,  Siskiyou;  J.  M.  Dudley,  Solano;  E.  F.  Dunne,  W  .  M. 
Rider,  J.  B.  Beeson,  Sonoma;  C.  S.  Harwell,  Sutter;  M.  W.  I'  r-iumtto. 
Trinity;  J.  W.  Freeman.  Tulare  and  Buena  Visti;  T.  N.  Mn  ...  X  M. 
Orr,  Frederick  Lux,  Tuolumnn  and  Mono;  Edwin  Patten,  V  ,  J.  ('.  Sir- 
gent,  O.  F.  Redlleld,  1).  O.  Adkinson,  Yuba.  All  were  electe  ,  on  the  iiiiinii 
admiui.stration  ticket,  except  10  union  democrats  who  w.wld  not  fine,  aii'l  7 
secessionists.  On  a  joint  ballot  there  were  94  administration,  l.'i  union  clciiid- 
crats,  and  1 1  secessionists  from  the  southern  counties.  The  otlicers  of  the 
assembly  were:  T.  N.  Machin,  speaker;  .Tames  Collins,  speaker  jiro  trm  ; 
N.  G.  Worthington,  W.  N.  Sl<i<'um,  \V.  G.  Wood,  .Tames  G.  .Smith.  G  H. 
Mai-bh',  George  A.  Hill,  H.  P.-lley,  E.  M.  Lyndc  clerks;  Thoiims  Ki-.t, 
A.  H.  Wiun,  sgts-at-arms.  /Sac.  Unini,  Jan.  5,  lSti3;  Oil,  Jour,  Sen.,  I{)03,'.'U.-I. 


ACTS  OF  THE  LEGISLATURE, 


m 


By  every  act  possible,  except  one,  the  state  of  Cal- 
ifornia, through  its  legislature,  declared  its  devotion 
to  tlie  government.  It  appropriated  $24,260,  which 
Stati-tirasurer  Ashley  had  saved  to  the  treasury  by 
pnyiiig  tlie  federal  tax  in  legal  tender  notes  instead  of 
tlie  gold  collected,  to  the  purpose  of  aiding  recruiting 
otlicers  in  filling  up  the  volunteer  regiments.  It  ap- 
proi>iiatcd  35,000  out  of  the  general  fund  for  the  re- 
lief of  the  family  of  Colonel  Roderick  Matliesoii,  who 
was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Crampton  (lap  October  2, 
IbCrl.  For  placing  the  coa.st  in  a  more  efficient  state 
of  defence  it  appropriated  $100,000;  and  $(500, 000 
was  sot  aside  as  a  separate  fund,  to  be  known  as  the 
Soldiers'  Relief  Fund,  for  the  purpose  of  paying  a 
cmnpiiisation  to  volunteers  in  the  service  of  the 
I'uited  States  over  and  above  tlieir  ngulararniy  pay. 
It  enacted  the  law  in  reference  to  soklier's  election 
]iri\  ilt'jjes  alreadv  mentioned,  which  a  maioritv  of  the 
su]U(iiie  bench  pronounced  unconstitutional.  It  de- 
clared 1)V  act  secession  tlao;s  and  insiixnia  a  nuisance, 
to  1)(^  abated  bv  the  sheriff  and  destroved;  made  tlio 
arming  and  equipping  of  vessels  for  piratical  [)urposcs"'* 


-'Tliis  law  waH  intemled  to  stop  the  jiractioo  of  cxpnrtiiig  aminuiiition 
aii'l  aims  uiuU-r  the  iirt'tfiiix-  tliat  tlicy  wure  rc(iiiirtMl  in  Mi'xit'n,  toward 
which,  ill  its  stnigghts  for  frt'oihuTi  from  a  foreign  iiivaih'r,  Ainoiitaiis  •■iitcr- 
taiiicd  syiiipatliy.  Tliat  thesi;  siiiiidios  ilid  not  always  go  to  Muxiuo  was 
liioie  than  stisjtected.  Tlie  schodiicr  AZ/v  itn/:,  in  Jan.  ■IStilJ,  saih'd  fmiii  S.  F. 
with  10  tons  of  powder  cm  hoard,  who<e  destination  was  unknown  at  tlio 
time,  and  never  tsineo  explained.  In  the  sjiring  of  1S(J4,  there  was  nuieh 
iieii-:,ition  over  the  discovery  of  a  plot  to  ea]itiire  the  Cal.  mail  >teamers,  as 
fiill'iws;  S.  R.  Mallory,  see.  of  tlie  eonfederate  navy,  in  May  of  tliis  year 
onleriMl  acting  niaste-r  T.  K.  Uogg  to  proceed  with  tlie  men  nnder  his  com- 
liiaiiil  from  Wilmington,  I)el.,  by  the  .shortest  and  safest  route,  to  I'anama, 
there  to  take  passage  on  Imanl  the  (lii'ifriintln  or  Sni  S'tlnul.^r,  steamers  trad- 
iiiijhetween  Panama  and  Uealejo.  and  to  devise;  means  to  cqiture  the  vessel, 
after  reaching  tlie  liigh  seas,  in  the  name  of  tlio  confederate  govt.  Having 
sei'iiri'il  the  steamer,  lie  was  to  take  measures  to  arm  her,  and  'proceed  to 
erui-u  atrain-it  the  enemy  in  the  I'acilie,' and  ti  endeavor  to  stiilce  a  lilow 
agiiint  tiie  Cal.  tride,  and  the  whalers  in  tlie  north  I'acilic.  Hogg  went  to 
Hihina.  where  he  l>etrayed  his  mission  to  Tlioiiias  .Savage,  American  consul 
at  that  port,  and  later  one  of  my  most  valued  as.-istants,  who  took  care  that 
the  riili.'ers  of  tlie  threatened  steamers  slioiihl  he  informed  throiigli  U.  S.  .\d- 
niinil  I'earsnn  at  Panama.  A  Match  was  kept,  ami  when  the  agents  of  the 
cniifiilcrato  t'ovt  appeared,  they  were  arrested  and  hrouglit  to  S.  F.,  where 
thi'v  weri'  tried  l«ya  military  commission  wiiich  seiitoni'ed  them  to  he  hanged. 
Mei!(i\\i:ll  coimniited  their  sentence  to  imprisonment  for  life  for  ('apt.  Hogg, 
aii.l  t.-n  years'  conliuenieut  foi-  E.  A.  Swain,  .lohu  S.  lliddle,  W.  L.  ]'>'.ai  k, 


f.v  I  - 


PERIOD  OF  CIVIL  WAR. 


a  felony,  punishable  by  imprisonment  for  not  nir»re 
than  twenty  nor  less  than  five  years,  or  by  deiitli.  as 
the  jury  niiglit  determine;  excluded  secessioni.st.s  and 
alien  enemies  from  courts  of  justice;  required  attornt  ys 
to  take  an  oath  to  support  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States  and  tlie  state  of  California,  and  declined 
that  denunciation  of  the  government,  and  wishiiw^evil 
to  it,  was  a  criminal  abuse  of  the  freedom  of  siKtrh, 
to  bo  punished  by  imprisonment  in  tlie  county  jail  for 
one  year,  or  a  fine  of  $1000,  or  both.  Kesolutions 
were  i)assed  thanking  Colonel  Connor  and  the  volun- 
teers of  the  2d  cavalry  of  California  for  their  gallant 
action  at  Bear  river,  in  Utah.  It  renewed  its  rc-olu- 
ti<Mis  of  loyalty,  and  declared  itself  a  "union  league  tx) 
sustain  the  administration;"  expressed  regret  at  the 
death  of  Sunnier,  *'  by  whose  prompt  and  dt(i>ive 
action  the  state  was  saved  from  anarchy,  and  the  hor- 
rors i)f  civil  war."  Lastly,  the  emancipation  prorla- 
niation  of  Lincoln  was  a[)proved,  and  Califoinia 
pledged  to  the  support  of  the  measure 

T.  J.  Grady,  R.  B.  Lyon,  and  Joseph  Higgin,  his  associates.  T\\oy  were 
tried  <as  I)elligcreiits,  violating  tlio  rulos  of  war.  Foiled  in  this  undtrtaking, 
the  rt.'lit'l  ciiiiser,  S/u'wuidonli,  was  sent  to  the  wlialing  groiini's  of  tlii.  r.f rih 
racific  via  Cliina,  tlnis  escaping  our  cruisers,  and  succeeded  in  de^trf  yirg 
the  following  '  essels,  at  or  near  Ascenciou  island:  April  1st,  llie  i'/iz-wni 
Cm-fi/,  ('apt.  Baker;  llarrcM,  t'apt.  Eldridgo  •,Piiirl,  Capt.  Thomp-on: //"•'"r, 
Capt.  Chaue;  May  27t!i,  Alih/nil,  Capt.  Nye;  .June  iJlst,  Ku]i/ir"(".  (apt. 
llalliaway;  .Tune  'JiM,  WiUhua  T/ioii,})»iii,  (.'apt.  Tucker;  Sfj'/ii''  7'/.' //'••», 
Cupt.  Smith;  Urinh  Sirift,  t'apt.  A\"illian»s;  .June  23d,  .V(/*/«  .rl '«.'/"//,  (apt.  F. 
S.  Redtiulil;  June  'J.^tli,  (•nirriil  W/lliiDii.i,  Capt.  Benjamin;  June  "Jtjth,  y,"tn.r<d, 
Capt.  Clark;  Cntlin-iw;  Capt.  William  Jf.  I'hillips;  WllWun  C.  A*/-,  (apt.  P. 
A.  Ciiotay;  .Tune  "JTth,  (^>V;«'/,  Capt.  Oi'lando  (i.  Rohinson;  Iinil'lli.  (apt. 
Hudson  W'insliiw;  June  '2Sth,  J/illnuin,  Capt.  Macond>er;  J.  Iloirlnn'l,  ('apt. 
Ludlow;  Xd.isiiK,  Capt.  (ireen;  li riinsirirh,  Capt.  I'otter;  Wanrly,  Capt.  ll..lly; 
M  irf.'i'i  .''/,  Capt.  Macomher;  Co«.'//v,s-f,  Capt.  \Vood;  /V;iv,/vV<-,  Capt.  'i'.  O. 
VdUii^';  ('oriii'if'iii,  (''apt.  Jenks.  Four  other  vessels  captured  were  .-eiit  to 
llouohdu  ami  S.  F.  witji  the  crews  of  the  plundered  and  destroyed  vcv-ik 
They  Mere  tlie  MHo,  Capt.  Hawes,  June  2-_M;  Omirxl  Plh,  Capt.  II.  -M. 
(.'niwoll,  New  Bedford,  .luno  27th;  Nik,  Capt.  Fi.sh,  New  London,  Jun.  •J>'!h; 
and  Jit, Ill's  Miiini/,  New  Hcdford,  June  2Sth.  Cajit.  Nye,  of  the  AI'ifiL  wlio 
was  ]iut  on  Ixiard  the  Mlln,  taking  ailvaiitago  of  a  dense  fog,  manned  a  uiiale 
hoat.  and  went  to  warn  the  fleet,  succeeding  in  saving  two  ves.^el.-'.  Tlic  loss 
of  the  whaling  lieet  was  a  serious  Mow  to  the  liusiness  of  the  S.  I.  a*  nelK-n 
ruinous  to  the  private  fortunes  of  New  l<]ngland  and  other  owner-.  Hie 
value  of  a  vessel  and  cargo  would  average  '?4.").000,  making  the  l'>--  alimt 
SI,.")(H),00().  There  were  at  this  tune  7  U.  S.  men-of-war  in  the  Faciti'',  hut 
all  too  liusily  emjiloycd  to  go  cruising  after  tlic  ShnininliKih.  The  tota'  hni 
sustained  hy  Cal.  from  cruisers  on  hoth  oceans  was  ;J2,000,000,  of  Wuicij  tlie 
claimants  received  by  award  about  eoven  per  cent. 


SPECIFIC-CONTRACT  ACT 


But  the  one  thing  CaUfomia  rebelled  against  was 
the  idea  of  accepting  United  States  legal  tenders  as 
currency.  In  tlie  east,  business  was  based  upon  the 
value  of  the  bills  of  specie-paying  banks,  which,  with 
crclu,  formed  the  currency."  In  California  there  were 
nil  hanks  of  issue,  and  business  was  based  solely  on  a 
(fold  and  silver  standard  of  values.  In  tlie  east  gold 
was  treated  as  merchandise  and  purchased  with  legal 
tenders,  wliich  fluctuated  in  value  with  the  news  from 
every  battle-field.  In  California  government  paper 
was  merchandise,  purchased  at  a  very  profitable  rate 
of  exchange  with  gold,  wliich  circulated  as  currency, 
wliile  legal  tenders  did  not,  except  at  tlie  dis'count 
which  every  day's  bulletins  announced.  No  iner- 
cliant  wouhl  risk  being  paid  in  legal  tenders,  dollar 
for  dollar,  for  goods  purcliased  with  gold,  and  sold  at 
gold  prices.  To  avoid  losses  of  this  nature  it  was 
necessary  to  make  contracts,  naming  the  kind  of 
money  in  which  debts  were  to  be  paid;  and  then  it 
was  necessary  to  enact  a  law  enforcing  the  observ- 
ance of  these  contracts.  Such  a  law,  called  the 
sp(H'ific  contract  act,  was  accordingly  ))assed  by  this 
le|j;islature,  about  one  year  after  the  notice  of  suspen- 
sinii  of  species  payment  l)y  the  eastern  banks  and  the 
federal  government.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  gold  pay- 
ments were  not  entirely  suspended  b}'  the  government 
until  about  March  180^5.  There  had  been  much  dis- 
cussion of  the  subject  during  this  year,  and  two  classes 
of  opinions  were  held.  While  the  judge  of  the  4th 
district  decided  that  a  [)laintifr  must  receive  "green- 
backs," instead  of  coin,  in  satisfaction  of  a  judgment, 


s•s'il^ 


'*'■'' Seo.  Cliase,  and  McCnllmigh,  his  successor,  were  nf  tlie  opinifiii  that  tlie 
Cal.  uiild  law  was  against  sniuid  i>olicy,  ami  ailviscd  rujieal.  Tlio  lattiT,  in  a 
littor  to 'I'liiiiiipson  (_'ami)l(cll  nf  this  state,  declared  the  speeitic  contract  a(!t  in 
npiiiisition  to  a  necessary  war  measure,  and  that  therehy  it  assailed  the  national 
crjijit,  Imt  acqnittetl  the  people  of  any  siicli  design.  It  was  the  o[)inion  of  tlio 
secretary  that  the  effect  in  Cal.  of  a  purely  metallic  currency  was  injurious 
to  licr  own  prosperity,  hecanse  no  country  could  long  jirosper  where  money 
omniri.iudcd  so  high  a  rate  of  interest.  Immigration,  lie  thought,  would  ho 
cliei'kcd,  manufactures  prevented,  and  commerce  eri))pled  until  Cal.  had  a 
Boi.tiii  hanking  syatern,  such  as  provided  by  the  national  currency  act. 


800 


PERIOD  OF  CIVIL  WAR. 


M 


'A-. 


I    ! 


t-^ 


another  autliority  contended  that  paper  money  issued 
by  tlic  i^ovcriunont  was  unconstitutional;  and  Attor- 
ncy-f^enoral  l^ixlcy,  always  pronounced  in  his  loyahy, 
condennied  as  traitors  those  who  refr.  icd  to  take  'Lfifcn- 
backs  at  their  face  value.  To  settle  this  vexed  ques- 
tion the  specific-contract  act  was  deemed  neccssarv. 
and  proved  satisfactory,  although  objections  contiiuied 
to  be  raised  that  the  state  was  disloyal  as  well  as  short- 
sighted in  a  business  [)oint  of  view,  in  excluding  diLait 
money.  But  all  attempts  to  repeal  the  act  failed. 
The  supreme  court  decided  that  the  government  in itcs 
were  constitutional,  and  also  that  the  specific-contract 
act  was  equally  so.  These  decisions  smoothed  the 
public  temper,  and  California,  wliile  making  a  hand- 
some profit  on  importations  from  the  east  j>urchased 
with  gi'cenbacks  and  scdd  for  specie,  returned  a  gond 
share  of  this  difference  to  the  nation  at  large.  Oregon 
and  Xevada  followed  her  example,  and  passed  si»e(ilic- 
contract  laws,  and  the  questions  raised  concerning  tlie 
validity  of  such  acts  was  finally  settled  b}'  the  ftdrial 
supreme  court,  which  held  that  a  contract  to  ['ay  in 
anv  kind  of  IcLjal  tender  was  valid,  whether  written 
or  not.  Some  hostility  was  cxliibited  toward  i;nv- 
ernment  paper  as  late  as  18G8,  when  the  legislature 
was  asked  to  pass  two  bills  intended  to  exclude  it 
from  circulation  in  California,  but  which  failed  tli^ouLjli 
the  o})posing  report  of  the  judiciary  committee. 

Another  tender  point  with  the  people  of  California 
was  the  taxation  of  the  mines,  which  thev  liad  alwavs 
resisted.  They  alleged  that  the  state  furnislied  the 
gold  to  sustain  the  nation's  credit,  and  although  the 
mineral  lands  belonged  to  the  government,  it  was  un- 
wise to  impose  any  tax  u]K)n  the  product  of  the  mines 
which  would  tend  to  embarass  them  in  anv  deu;ree. 
Yet  when  in  1864  a  levy  of  one  half  of  one  per  cent 
was  placed  upon  gold  and  silver  bullion,  it  was 
promptly  paid  as  due  to  loyalty. 

Assemblyman  Dudley,  of  Placer,  introduced  'i  hdl 
proposing  an  amendment  to  the  constitution,  ..xelud- 


PARTY  POLITICS. 


801 


iiii:^  colored  persons  from  the  state.  Hartson  of  Napa, 
(1  la  in  nan  of  the  judiciary  coininittce  to  which  it  was 
ntciifd,  reported  an  amendment  excluding  traitors. 
"It  is  sflf-evidcnt,"  said  the  report,  "that  if  it  is  nec- 
essary or  })roper  to  exclude  any  class  of  people  from 
the  state,  it  is,  first  and  above  all,  those  entirely  over- 
looked in  this  bill,  but  described  in  the  amendment — 
tlioso  of  bloody  hands  and  black  hearts,  and  therefore 
your  conmiittee  recommends  its  passaf^o  as  amended." 
Something  of  this  spirit  showed  itself  in  the  col- 
lisions which  now  and  then  occurred  between  union 
men  and  confederate  sympathizers.  Yet  it  was  chicHy 
null  with  nothing  at  stake  who  were  boisterous  seces- 
sionists. The  way  in  which  General  Wrijj;ht  sou<jht 
to  hold  secession  in  check  was  by  excluding  disloyal 
newspapers  from  the  mails,  and  by  declaring  the  es- 
tates of  secessicmists  subject  to  confiscation  by  the 
oovernment.  To  this  congress  added  the  suspension 
of  habeas  corpus  by  the  president  when  emergency 
required  it  within  the  Pacific  department.  It  was  in 
this  manner  that  California  fought  the  battles  of  the 
union. 

The  new  departure  in  politics  instituted  by  the 
union  party,  that  bribery  was  to  be  discountenanced, 
furnished  the  rock  on  which  two  senatorial  aspirants 
were  wrecked,  and  gave  an  unexpected  turn  to  the 
lo!j;islative  choice.  Both  Sargent  and  Phelps,  con- 
gnssmen,  desired  to  step  across  the  vestibule  leading 
to  tlie  senate  chamber,  but  during  the  preliminary 
caucus  a  friend  of  Phelps  was  so  indiscreet  as  to  ap- 
proach an  adherent  of  Sargent  with  an  offer  for  his 
vote.  This  being  exposed  by  Sargent's  friends  ruined 
Plielps'  prospects,  and  Phelps'  friends,  in  revenge, 
frustrated  Sargent's  hopes.  One  of  the  consequences 
was  that  John  Conness,  who  had  not  been  [)opular 
with  the  republicans,  and  could  not  be  made  governor 
ill  I  SGI,  was  elected  to  the  United  States  senate  in 
18G3,  to  succeed  Latham,  who  had  fallen  out  with  the 


802 


PERIOD  OF  CVriL  WAR. 


^ 


ill 


\  < 


I 
1 


m 


n 


administration,  and  no  longer  truly  represented  liis 
state. 

The  proneness  of  California  senators  to  ])()litlc;il 
backslidini^s  forms  one  of  tlie  curiosities  of  liistorv, 
unless  we  accept  as  true  the  theory  that  peculiar  in- 
fluences  were  brought  to  bear  that  were  not  appHrd 
to  senators  of  other  free  states.  One  of  them,  wlio 
had  been  chosen  for  his  declared  loyalty  and  devotion 
to  tlio  state,  had  become  so  iniiituated  with  the  pleas- 
ures of  Washington  life  that  he  had  not  once  returiRil 
since  taking  his  seat  to  learn  what  were  the  wisliLS  of 
his  constituents,  for  which  apparently  he  carted  very 
little.  On  this  and  other  grounds  he  was  la-ou'j^lit  to 
book  by  his  colleague,  who  very  plainly  declared  tliat 
he  misrepresented  the  sentiment  of  California,  and  i)i- 
trayed  tiie  trust  reposed  in  him  by  reason  of  his  own 
professions.  The  debate  was  upon  the  constitution- 
ality of  confiscating  rebel  property,  which  the  other 
denied.  For  this  and  other  reasons  he  was  censured, 
as  many  thought  unjustly,  by  a  resolution  of  the  legis- 
lature of  1804. 

The  constitution,  as  amended,  required  the  election 
in  l8G;i  of  a  sjovernor  for  four  years,  a  legislature,  a 
part  of  whose  senators  should  hold  over  for  four  years, 
a  new  bench  of  supreme  judges  to  hold  office  for  ten 
years,  and  an  entire  corps  of  state  officers,  the  legisla- 
ture elect  to  meet  in  December,  when  the  new  ljov- 
ernment  would  go  into  operation.  In  view  of  the 
condition  of  the  country,  the  fiict  that  the  new  officers 
would  be  in  for  four  years,  and  the  certainty  that 
every  effort  would  be  made  to  secure  some  political 
strength  by  secessionists,  the  election  was  regarded  as 
one  of  unusual  importance.  Nor  was  this  view  an 
exaggerated  one,  the  length  of  the  war,  its  cost,  hard- 
ships, reverses,  and  the  necessity  of  a  draft,  being 
made  the  ground  of  backsliding  among  the  weaker 
sort  of  union  democrats,  who  gave  a  moral  support  to 
rebellion  by  opposing  the  vigorous  prosecution  of  the 
war.     This  faction,  defined  as  "copperheads"  by  the 


WIRE-PULLING  SYSTEM. 


303 


nmrc  stiletly  loyal  men,  had  never  as  mucli  comparn- 
tivi'  strfn"tli  in  California  a;  in  the  older  states,  but 
its  cxistoncc  was  an  inijiortant  factor,  and  one  which 
had  to  Ijo  considered  in  electing  state  officers;  all  the 
more,  too,  that  the  following  year  would  bring  on  an- 
otlier  presidential  campaign,  with  its  momentous  issues. 

Suigent,  who  had  been  disa|)pointed  in  being  beaten 
f(ir  St  nator,  wished  to  be  made  gov(!rnor,  and  had  no 
rival  this  time  in  Phelps,  who  did  not  want  the  ofhce. 
There  would  have  been  no  difficulty  with  the  people 
ill  either  of  these  cases,  but  Senator  Conncss,  follow- 
iu'j;  tlie  traditions  of  the  democratic  party,  to  which 
he  belonged,  took  the  management  of  the  union  noni- 
iiiating  convention  in  his  hands,  and  made  up  the 
state  ticket,  with  the  help  of  those  he  was  able  to 
reward. 

Tlie  system  always  obtaining  in  the  state,  of  primary 
elections,  made  it  possible  for  an  active  politician,  by 
the  use  of  money  and  by  voting  the  same  men  several 
times  over,  to  secure  any  nomination  he  chose.  The 
primaries,  conducted  in  this  manner,  determined 
will)  sliould  be  brought  forward  in  county  conventions, 
and  informed  the  wire-pullers  of  the  number  of  votes 
that  could  be  depended  upon  in  the  state  convention. 
Our  fonnulas  of  goverinnent  are  by  no  means  perfect. 
The  same  system  prevails  to-day,  and  an  honest  elec- 
tien  is  an  impossibility,  canditlates  being  placed  before 
the  peo})le  for  whom  the  political  "  bosses"  alone  arc 
re.s[>onsible,  and  in  whom  the  people  take  little  inter- 
est. Hence  it  is  that  the  best  citizens  stay  away  from 
the  polls,  except  in  some  great  crisis. 

Senator  Conness  performed  the  duties  of  "  boss  "  in 
180.'?,  making  up  his  slate  unalterably,  and  having  his 
candidates  elected.  They  were  F.  F.  Low,  late 
United  States  collector  at  San  Francisco,  for  gov- 
ernor; T.  N.  Machin,  of  Tuolumne,  for  lieut(>nant- 
govornor;  B.  B.  Redding,  of  Sacramento,  secretary 
of  state ;  Romaldo  Pacheco,  of  San  Luis  Obispo, 
state  treasurer;    Georj^e  Oulton,   of  Siskiyou,   state 


i'-i'i'd'l 


,i 


■I 


^m  - 


804 


TERIOn  OF  CIVIL  WAR. 


It 


controller;  John  O.  McCollough,  of  ^Fariposa,  attor- 
iR'y-gt'iieral ;  W.  D.  Harriiiuui,  of  Placer,  clerk  of  the 
supreme  court ;  ().  AL  Clayes,  of  San  Joa(|uin,  stiite 
printer;  J.  F.  Houghton,  of  Solano,  surveyor-uciit  ml; 
Charles  L.  Taylor,  of  San  Francisco,  harbor  (onaiiis. 
sioner;  and  for  congressmen,  Thomas  13.  Shannon,  of 
Plumas;  William  Higby,  of  Calaveras;  and  Cornelius 
Cole,  of  Santa  Cruz.  Cole  was  the  only  si)ontani()Us 
choice  of  the  convention.  All  the  elect  were  firm  uhIdii 
and  war  men.  The  election  of  the  union  candidates 
was  a  foregone  conclusion  from  the  first,  but  tlie 
copperheads  ran  a  ticket  at  the  head  of  wlii«  h  utiv 
several  well-known  j^oliticians,  JohnG.  Downey  for  yuv- 
crnor;  E.  W.  McKinstry,  for  lieutenant-gov(  iinr; 
John  ]3.  Weller,  John  Bigler,  and  N.  E.  White sitks, 
for  congressmen ;  and  Beriah  Brown,  f(jr  state 
printer.  The  majority  of  Low  over  Downey  was  l!».- 
831,  and  for  Machin  over  McKinstry  2I,f20.  The 
curiosity  of  the  election  was  the  bolting  of  the  inde- 
pendent unionists  of  San  Francisco  city  and  (oiuity, 
who  made  u])  their  own  legislative  ticket,  and  (It  (ted 
two  to  one  of  San  Francisco's  delegation  without  in- 
jury to  the  union  state  ticket. 

On  the  21st  of  October  occurred  the  special  eleo- 
tion  of  the  judiciary,  according  to  the  amended  (in- 
stitution, when  the  five  supreme  judges  selected  hy 
the  convention,  namely,  O.  L.  Shafter,  Lorenzo  Saw- 
yer, S.  W.  Sanderson,  John  Currey,  and  A.  L 
lihodes,  were  chosen,  together  with  fourteen  district 
judges,"  forty-two  county  judges,  and  other  judicial 

'■""'The  district  judges  elected  by  the  union  party  were:  1st  distriit,  I'alilo 
de  la(iuerra;  2d,  W.  T.  Sexton;  M,  S.  B.  McKee;  4tli,  E.  D.  Sav\.r;  r>tli, 
James  ^I.  Cavis;  6tli,  J.  H.  McCune;  7tli,  J.  B.  Southard;  8th.  WilliMin  K. 
Turner;  9th,  K.  Garter;  10th,  I.  S.  Belcher;  11th,  S.  N.  Broik^ay;  I'Jtli, 
O.  C.  Pratt;  1.1th,  J.  M.  Bouderant;  14th,  J.  B.  McFarlaiid.  TIk"  ll^tii 
dist  alone  elected  a  copperhead  judge.  This  was  composed  of  the  cciiiities 
of  Tulare,  Mariposa,  etc.  The  legislature  created  another  district,  the  l-'"ii 
at  the  session  of  1 861^,  when  S.  H.  Dwindle  was  chosen  judge.  ('"I.  A''7''' 
24,  1864;  irai/es' Scraps,  Cal.  Nof^.%  iv.  15-92.  De  la  Guerra  had  iiiailf  a 
speech  in  the  state  senate  on  a  hill  that  threatened  Mexican  claims,  ami  tins 
speech  had  great  influence  in  electing  him  over  Benjamin  Hayes,  coiiiu  rlicad, 
in  a  copperhead  district.     Hayes  was  the  collector  of  the  numerous  vols  of 


I.E(!I.SLATU11K  OF    18C3. 


305 


la,  altdi'- 
•k  of  the 
lin,  stuti' 
-tjciit  uil; 

(•tiiiiuiis- 
aiui(»n.  (if 
I^oriuTius 
iiitaiu'ous 
inn  uii'mn 
andulatts 
l)Ut  the 
licli  wiiv 
)y  toi';j;uv- 
j;()Viiii<r; 
'liilc  sides, 
f(n-     i^tate 
y  was  i'.l.- 
120.     Tho 

tlie  iiulc- 

i\  coiuity, 
ud  (l((ti(l 

itLuut  in- 

locial  cleo- 
luk'd  (('11- 
k(tcd  l>y 
Mi/.o  Saw- 

a  A.  L. 

n  district 
r  judicial 

llistrict,  I'alilo 
1  Sav\rr;  Htli, 

L  William  K. 

Lkwav,  I'itli, 

(a.    The  i;fth 

tl^e  ccaiiities 
ict,  the  l-'itli, 

^c.  C"l-  fi'rf' 

I  hail   iiia'le  a 
liiiis,  ami  tills 

urous  vols  of 


oOiiii'^.     The  stato  was  now  coinplotfly  loyalizod,  so 
far  as  it*  public  servants  wru'  (•onc(^rn(Ml. 
T!ii>  K-^islaturi;  elect,''  met  on  tlu^  7tli  of  ])eC(Mii- 

fH'raii;  ri  f'-irril  ti>  uiidor  ililFtTent  heads  in  this  work.  Ilia  paticncii  ,11111  foro- 
tliiiii.''it  ill  siiviiii;  tlii'-io  lu'liM  til  tlio  hi-^tiiriuii  li.i-i  [irovt'd  iii\  alii.ilili'.  IK; 
\v;n  l"r  .v  JiiMiC  tii'K'  j"dm!  iit  his  ilistrict,  Init  w  lull  tho  ri'licUiuii  limki!  mit 
sviMVit!i:/'' 1  wi'li  the  Mtrcssidiiist-i  with  wimiii  he  was  assuoiateil.  Ilii  was 
pill-'  h   iiti'd  and  hiith-iiiiiidt'd  in  ovcry  ro-|)f('t. 

T  ci  >i'iiato  Miu  ((Piiiii.isccl  of  till!  fMlliiwinu  inoiuliiTs:  AV.  \V.  Crane, 
jr,  AIiMH.li;  II.  Hiirn.'ll,  Aiii.idnr;  U.  ('.  (la.kiU,  T.  M.  Sinitli,  Hiitle  and 
I'hriM  ■,  .lii-epll  S!u'[)ird.  W.  H.  Leonard,  Calaveras;  .1.  A.  HihIi,  Colusa 
■'lima;  C.  J'..  I'oit.T,  Contra  C.ist:i  and  Marin;  S.  I'.  \Vrif,'lit,  Del 
lliiiu'ioldt.  and  Klamath;  A.  C.  Henry,  V.  L.  MaiMiix,  Kl  Dorado; 
I'leeiuan,  l'"re<no  and  'I'lilare;  Chaiu'ellor  llar'.soii.  Lake,  Napa,  and 
ino;  II.  Ilaiiiiltoii,  Liis  Aii'^ele-i;  \V.  S.  Montijoiiu'ry,  Maii[M)sa, 
I,  and  Stanidam;  (leorfjo  S.  Kvans,  ,1.  W.  Maskin,  Mono  and 
W,   K.  Lovett,.M.iiiterey   and  Sta  Cruz;   Josciih   Kut/,   K.    W 


airl 

N.ire, 
.1.  W. 

Men  I  . 
Meiv.> 
•lilel 


11, .1,1  line;  \»  .  l'<.  Liivett, .Monterey  and  Ma  (  rii/;  .Josciih  l\ut/,  h.  W* 
|'„i!mi;<.  Nevidi;  John  Viilc,  .1.  E.  Hale.  I'laeer;  .lames  .\leSiiafter,  .1.  H. 
U,.M  :ii'.;t"ii.  H.  L.  I)..d,i,'e,  .1.  P.  Huekhy,  Iloraee  llawes,  S.  F. ;  K.  II.  Ilea- 
iMili,  .1.  A.  15,'Utoii,  Sao.;  Saiiinel  Myers,  San  .Ioai(uiii;  M.  C  'luttle,  San 
li  III  irliiM  and  .Sin  IMeiro;  ,1.  V.  <.'ot,  .San  Luis  Olii-iim  and  Sta  liarhara; 
W.  S.  MeMurtry.  Sta  Clara;  doliii  I',  .lones  Sha-*ta  and  Trinity;  .1.  \V. 
Nivle,  Sierra;  L.  M.  Foulko,  Siskiyou;  .1.  T.  Hall,  Solano  and  Yolo;  (leorge 
I'loivc.  Soniiiia;  Lewis  ('iiniiini;!i.iiii,  C.  .S.  Haswi  II,  Yulia  and  Sutter. 
I'rm  1>ii>  teiii,  (if  the  .senate,  R.  ISiirnell;  see.,  Charles  Westmoreland; 
a<<tsee,,  .V.  \V.  Bishop;  ser!,''ts-at-arms  Joliii  llelm^ley,  . I. lines  A.  Stidger; 
ol.'iks,  .r.  S.  VanDorn,  W.F.  lleustis,  Alhort  Clark,"  M.  A.  (Jelston,  F. 
ll.illouell,  W.  A.  riunkctt. 

Tin;  a--;einlily  eoinisted  of  Thoina?  Seott,  Asa  Walker,  Alameda;  ,\.  C 
lii'iwa,  W.  |{.  Ludlow,  Amador;  (ieori{(!  S.  Sumner,  A.  C.  IJuH'maii,  lUitte; 
.■<.  N'.  I'aiker,  L.  Lanfj:don,  H.  Dyer,  Calaveras;  T.  .1.  \Vrii;lit,  Contra  Costa; 
S,  .Jeiiui  .111,  (^ohuaand  Tehama;  R.  I'.  Hurst,  Del  Norte  and  Klamath.  T. 
Fiaser,  I'.  Te  irse,  F.  A.  D,i\v,  .1.  S.  Campl.ell,  Kl  Dorado;  .).  \.  Walker, 
Fiv^ii..;  A.  Wiley,  Huinlmldt;  W.  R.  H.  Do.Iscm.  Lake  and  Napa;  E.  .1.  C. 
Kev.ei.l.  Si![iulvcda,  Loi  Aui^idiM.  S.  .lohnson.  Marin;  .T.  W.  Wileox,  Mari- 
posa; L.  Wilsey,  Mendoeino;  W.  .S.  Diekinson,  Merced  and  Stanislaus;  Fredor- 
iok  l,!i\.  ():is  I'errin,  E.  F.  Miteliell,  Mono  and  Tuolumne;  Erevan  Castro, 
M  mieivv;  W.  H.  Sears,  .T.  W.  Ilule,  S.  Martin,  A.  A.  Smith,  Nevada:  M.  C. 
\Viii.lie,'ter,  J.  D.  Pratt.  E.  H.  Snyder.  I'laeer;  R.  A.  Clark,  Plumas;  Francis 
Tiikey  •!.  P.  Rhodes  W.  li.  Hunt,  Alexander  Badluin,  .Ir.  .T.  R.  Watson, 
S:w.,  (Jeors^;!  .1.  Brooks,  .Tames  Bowman,  C.  F.  Meliins,  Charles  Clayton, 
Xat!iaiiiel  (Ir.iy,  .fohn  Lyneh,  .fohn  S.  Ilitti-ll,  Henry  Dutton,  L.  W.  Mc- 
Colli  III,  T!iom{nnn  Camphell,  .Toseith  Wood,  .1.  W.  Cherrv,  S.  F.:  E.  11. 
.Mien.  .1.  Iv  Perh'y,  S,in  .To.iqnin;  J.  .T.  Owen,  William  Erkson,  .1.  1).  Vau 
Scliai  k,  Santa  (iara;  O.  JL  Iloag,  M.  Whellon,  .T,  Smith,  Soiiora;  R.  C. 
•Vntt,  S.  L.  Litehlield,  Siskiyou;  R.  S.  Weston,  S.  H.  Allay,  Sierra;  Vaa 
I.eiiveM,  San  Bernardino;  Kemlriek,  San  Die^o;  Ramon  .1.  Hill,  San 
huis  Ohispo  an  I  Santa  Biirli.ira;  H.  Devoe,  Santa  Cruz;  ,1.  N.  Chappel, 
Shasta;  .V.  T  (Ireen,  San  Mateo;  Milton  Wasson,  Solano;  M.  Bonhvaro, 
Satter;  M.  W.  Pcrsonette,  Trinity;  S.  C.  Brown,  Tulare;  J.  B.  Hartsough, 
Viilo;  0.  F.  Redlield,  L.  Hubbard,  .1.  H.  Boaman.  Yub.a.  Oflieers  of  the 
assenilily:  WiHams  H.  Sears,  speaker;  J.  .T.  Owen,  siieaker,  jiro  tcm;  0. 
('.  Wheeler.  II.  H.  Daly,  Martin  Rowan,  .T.  H.  Marple.  A.  X.  Camliill.  L. 
,S.  Taylor,  H.  A.  Leese,  Nicholas  Moritz,  cl'.Ks;  William  Rider,.!.  F.  Hoi- 
1  iway,  serL;'ts-at-arnis.  Ciil.  Jour.  Ai.;riii,  ISO.'J  4.  .35  out  of  40  senators, 
,iiil  1'2  out  of  SO  assemblymen  were  unionists.  The  seat  in  the  senate  of 
llamltou  of  Los  Angeles,  seccsaiouist,  was  contested  by  R.  P.  Ramirez,  oa 
xiisT.  C.iu,  Vol.  VIL   20 


"t 


\"' 


30(1 


rKKIOH  OF   CIVIL   WAIl. 


i 


►  if 


1 


m 

m 

|S!S 

Wm; 

tfc 

mt 

1 

1 

Ikt,  nnrl  in  its  .'i<lininstrativo  zo.il  had  ncftrly  rcp(  .ilfd 
the  spcriHc  contract  act;  l>ut  (jiovciiior  J^ow  '  jiihI  the 
|)iil»lio  pi'css  ])rc'S('Mtt'(l  s»»  many  <^(hu[  roasoiiH  t'lr  tin. 
law  as  it  was,  that  tlic  Kill  liiilrtl  to  pass.  Stmip^r 
union  rt'soliitioiis  wrre  adopted.  An  iiivc'sti;,fiitii»ii, 
which  was  found  to  he  ncccssarv,  was  licld  jis  to  tin' 
causo  of  tho  destruction  1)V  iin;  of  the  carria'j,es  nf 
seven  <4uns  furnislu'd  the  state  liy  tho  United  States, 
hut  with  what  motive  could  only  he  sus[)ectod.  Tlircc 
thousaiKJ  dollars  was  appropriated  to  remount  the 
j^uns.  Tho  federal  'JCKvernmcnit  w^s  asked  to  estaMish 
a  naval  depot  and  force  in  tho  bay  of  Moiitc  rev.  to 
mount  cannons  on  the  old  fort,  and  to  construct  addi- 
tional  fortifications  on  water-line  batteries  for  tlie  pm- 
tection  of  the  harbor.  Tlie  ])oll-tax  of  two  dollars  a 
head  was  riMnitte<l  to  volunteers,  and  a  bounty  was 
jvrantcd  to  men  cidistinij;  thereafter  for  three  years  or 
durinj^  the  war,  of  >^H>0  in  installments  to  bo  paid 
every  six  months ;  and  to  honorably  discdiar^ed  vet- 
erans recnlistin',',  an  additional  sum  of  !j>l4(t,  ])aid  in 
like  manner.  To  meet  these  oblioations  tlu!  treasurer 
was  directe<l  to  prepare  bonds  of  tho  state  to  tho 
amount  of  6-, 000,000,  to  redeem  which  a  tax  of 
twelve  cents  was  levied  on  each  $100  of  valnation  ef 
real  and  personal  property  in  the  state,  estiniateil  at 
$174,000,000.  Yet  no  loyal  citizen  thought  (d'  pro- 
testing, althouijh  the  state  was  then  pay  in  ;j^  two  por 
cent  monthly  on  a  large  })ortion  of  the  current  e\pt  ii- 
ditures.  The  debt  of  the  state,  including  the  S(d(liers' 
bounty  bonds,  was  $5,805,040.71,  and  the  money  in 
the  treasury  was  less  than  it  should  have  betii  by  a 

the  ground  of  disloyalty,  being  an  Engl'^^liman,  aid  not  eligililo.  The  evi- 
dence (if  disloyalty  was  complete,  but  it  was  doLertaiued  that  llaiiiilUui  wa- 
legally  elected. 

''*  Frederick  F.  Low,  ex-conjjressinan,  c(Alec!,or  of  tho  port  of  S.  Y .,  ;.'i)v- 
ernor  of  Cal.,  and  miiii.-ster  to  (."liiiia,  wiia  born  in  1828  at  Fraiikfoit,  .Muiu, 
and  came  to  Cal.  in  1849.  After  a  jicriod  at  mining  he  engaged  in  lai^iiu  -s 
in  S.  F.  and  Marysville.  He  was  one  of  tlie  incorporators  of  the  Cal.  .Steam 
Navigation  co.,  and  established  a  banking  house  at  Marysvillo. 


PARTY  ISSUES. 


•Ml 


uml  tlio 
t'.r  th.' 

IS  til  tin' 
■in'j,is  (if 
1  IStatrs, 
Tluvf 
mnt   the 
estal'lish 
itcrov.  ti 
'uct  !i(Mi- 
r  tlio  I'Vd- 

JolllU'S   0. 

ninty  wa- 
0  years  nr 
o  bn  paid 

tl<(V('(1    Vi't- 

.0,  j)ai(l  ill 
treasurer 

te  to  the 
a  taK  nf 
Inatinii  (if 
imati'il  at 
it  or"  I'vo- 

|nr  two    |)i'V 

!iit  exi'tu- 
^c  solilit'i"^ 
money  in 
[been  by  a 

Lie.     The  evi- 
llliuuilum  Wiii 

I  of  S.  v..  f^ov- 
likfort,  M:"">'. 

ml  ill  liil^ll"^"* 
lie  Cal.  ?>lcai'' 


rnri-i'leral)lo  nmonnt,  owiiiL?  to  tlio  (Irrnlrntion  <»f  (J. 
II.  Warnii.  rcpublicjui  eontiollcr  elected  in  ISdl.'' 

The  jrroat  contest  was  ajunoacliinj^  oftlie  presiden- 
tial election,  wliicli  would  be  o-overned  cliieHy  by  the 
(••tiuluet  of  tlu!  war,  as  the  e()[ip(>rli,ad  element  in  pol- 
itics was  '4'ainin'^  [ground  in  tin;  eastern  states  with 
the  M''<'essity  of  pro\idiiiijf  substitutes  to  fill  the  places 
of  draftid  men.  There  was  no  draft  in  California, 
l/r  volunteers  o\cecdin<^  her  (pn)ta,  and  bein-j:  nee<led 
where  they  were,  and  her  treasui'e  th>win;4  fre»  ly  to 
s'ipi»o!-t  men  in  the  field.  ]3ut  tliere  was  a  deiiKicratic 
n .aci-on-any-terms  party  and  [)ress,  wliicli  was  put- 
tiii'.^  forth  its  strongest  effitrts  in  opposition  to  the 
uiiioii-aihninistration  party,  and  cneoura^ini^  disloy- 
altv  by  stu<lied  misi'eprusentation  of  the  aims  of  the 
•jovcniinent."  In  the  .southern  counties  it  was  im- 
jK>s<ible  to  hold  a  primary  electi(»n  at  whicji  lru» 
U!ii"'!i  men  could  vote,  eo[)p(>rheads  calling  themselves 
u'lioiiists  taking  possession  of  the  polls  by  various  do- 
vU-es.  among  others,  postponing  a  nieeting,  an<i  when 
t]-»'  honest  voters  had  gone  home,  opening  the  polls 
f  ir  half  an  hou*' to  allow  the  conspirators  to  choose 
•k-Ie'^ate.s.'" 

Oil  the  24th  of  ]\rareh  the  union  .state  convention 
met  at  Sacramento,  W.  H.  Seai'S  president,  to  elect 
dtleuates  to  the  national  convention  at  Baltimore,  and 
selected  Thompson  Campbell,  a  lawyer  of  San  Fraii- 

"The  ein1>e/7.1emcnt  atnountcd  to  .Sl'2,217.()2,  and  wa-s  taken  from  the 
stinip  ac<'<'iiiit.  Warren  Heil,  and  Iiis  nuretics  were  made  to  i)ay  tlie  ileticit, 
the  Hr*t  iii-t;«iioe  in  the  history  of  Cal.,  where  Iximlsinen  hail  l>ecn  held  to 
tLe  r*r-iM.ii-iliility  of  such  a  delit.  Cnl.  Join:  Sfn.,  lS().")-();  Ajip.,  no.  .">.  j».4,  i. 

*'0f  tlii-i  cLiss  of  journalists  was  Bcriah  Brown,  a  VerMif)nter,  He  first 
*>^'taMi-lied  the  liifiuhUrnv,  in  Stockton,  which  was  removed  to  .Sac.:  and 
r^Mlly  111- conducted  tlie  Dfniocroflr  Piv-^x,  of  .S.  F.,  a  hitter  anti-admini.stra- 
ti'-n  j"«m»l.  He  was  one  of  tliat  clsss  selected  by  secession  leaders  to  pro- 
•.rArH'-  disunion  under  tiie  pretence  of  only  demamling  con-titutinnal 
"zht'.  Bein<i;  cont'enined  h.v  the  public  sentiment  of  .S.  F.,  he  first  went  to 
'icayina*.  N'exico.  to  join  (Jwin,  who  failintj  him,  he  removcil  to  Oregon, 
\n<l  tht-n  to  Washington  Ter.,  where  he  established  a  successful  jnuriial  at 
S'-ntth-  aft^r  the  close  of  the  war.  The  Marysville  Kq^rist,  .Stockton  Bufor, 
M•;^.•»r<l  lUinrtrnit,  Napa  Pttr'tir  Erfin,  Tulare  Post,  A'/i/'i/  liiij/iti  t'j-;>  >-i('jr, 
»n'l<.*h<-r  newspapers  were  eufjiged  iu  covertly  aiding  thj  couf ederc  jy. 

-iSjoijeDoc.,  ii.  MS.  10-'-12. 


J 


3 
3-1 


4:1 


T 


303 


PERIOD  OP  CIVIL  WAR. 


•: 


r 


1, 

1     .  , 

f 

Is    .'  ' 

•» 

V' 

feSIf  t\ 

CISCO ;  M.  C.  Briggs  of  Sacramento,  a  method ist 
preacher  ;  John  Bid  well  of  Butte,  a  landed  proprietor ; 
n  id  Pliineas  Banning  of  Los  Angeles,  a  loyal  busi- 
ness man,  to  represent  the  state  at  large.  The  district 
delei^ates  were  Nathan  Coombs  of  Napa;  Rohtrt 
Gardiner  of  Yolo;  William  Ritter  of  Sacramento; 
O.  H.  Bradbury  of  Tuolumne  ;  James  Otis  of  San 
Francisco,  and  William  S.  McMurty  of  Santa  Clara. 
There  was  nothing  very  remarkable  recorded  of  these 
men;  but  California  had  gone  through  some  disagree- 
able experiences  with  her  brilliant  men  which  iiiatio 
the  usefulness  of  others  apparent.  They  were  in- 
structed to  vote  for  Lincoln. 

The  democratic  copperhead  state  convention  met  in 
San  Francisco  May  10th,  having  for  president  Jolni 

B.  Weller.  Among  the  delegates  elected  to  the  Chi- 
cago  convention  were  the  president,  and  three  other 
ex-governors,  Bigler,  Downey,  and  McDougal,^ — four 
governors,  and  four  Jolms — but  McDougal  declining, 
Thomas  Haves  was  substituted.  The  district  dele- 
gates  were  C  L.  Weller  and  William  J.  Whipple  of 
San  Francisco ;  J.  B.  Stevens  of  Calaveras  ;  Clayton 
Wetherill  of  Tuolumne  ;  J.  J.  Berry  of  Butte,  and 

C.  D  Semple  of  Colusa. 

C.  L.  Weller  was  tlie  copperhead  candidate  for 
sheriff  of  San  Francisco,  and  was  beaten  at  the  city 
and  county  election,  H.  L.  Davis,  people's  candidate, 
having  a  majority  over  him  of  4,244  votes.  Whether 
or  not  his  defeat  embittered  him,  he  was  arrested  in 
July,  by  order  of  General  McDowell,  for  language 
calculated  to  discourage  enlistment  and  incite  to  ^io- 
lent  resistance  to  a  draft,  should  one  be  made  in  Cal- 
ifornia. He  was  confined  in  Alcatraz  until  the  middle 
of  August  when  he  offered  to  take  the  oath  of  alle- 
giance,  and  was  released  at  the  solicitaticm  of  his  fani- 
ilv  and  friends.  A  mass  meeting  was  held  at  Haves 
park  during  his  incarceration,  which  violently  de- 
nounced the  military  authorities  and  federal  govorn- 
luent  for  the  arrest ;  and  Weller  as  soon  as  liberated 


III  > 


PRESS  INFLUENCES. 


gave  utterance,  at  public  assemblages,  to  language 
scaicily  less  <)l)jectionable  than  that  for  which  he 
was  imj)risoned.  A  few  others  were  arreiited  for  sim- 
ilar offences.  Had  these  Hotspurs  had  their  head, 
thwc  might  have  been  civil  war  on  the  Pacific  in  1804. 
^[(•Dowell,  however,  while  issuing  orders  as  placable 
as  possible,  said  succinctly:  "  No  armed  organizations 
will  ho  suffered  in  the  department,  save  those  sauc- 
tloiu'd  by  competent  constituted  authority." 

Tlic  methodist  church  south  formed  a  factor  in 
aiiti  wai',  anti-administration,  and  pro-slavery  i)olitics, 
and  liad  its  emissaries  in  the  rural  districts,  extending 
as  far  north  as  the  Columbia  river  in  Oregon.  Thus 
it  Iia[i[)oned  that  Bishop  Kavanaugh,  of  Georgia,  who 
had  introduced  himself  into  the  state  under  a  pass 
from  the  confederate  authorities  only,  was  arrested  on 
suspicion,  but  released  on  his  assurance  tliat  his  visit 
was  made  in  obedience  to  the  connnands  of  the  church, 
and  liad  no  political  significance,  while  he  would  will- 
ingly take  the  oatli  of  loyalty. 

Yet  tliat  disloyalty  was  nnn^e  outspoken  in  18G4 
tlian  it  Imd  been  since  the  bei;iimin<j  of  the  war  not- 
witlistanding  the  vigilance  of  the  authorities,  the 
watchfulness  of  union  leagues,  and  the  unremitting 
tcacliiiigs  of  the  loyal  press,  was  not  to  be  denied. 
This  was  partly  owing  to  tlie  effect  u[)on  an  illiterate 
southern  ])opulation  of  the  tirades  indulged  in  by  the 
co])))or]iead  press,  partly  to  tlie  virulence  of  feeling 
induced  by  sympathy  with  relatives  an.',  neiglhors  in 
tlie  southern  states  whoso  fortunes  liav.'  been  ruined 
in  the  long  strife,  but  chiefiy,  after  .ill,  to  the  s(  IHsh 
partisanship  of  northern  men  wJiosc,'  insane  ambition 
was  to  bo  still  recognized  as  representativt^s  of  the 
"chivalry"  of  former  days.  ICncouraged  1)V  their 
fei'ditious  utterances,  the  class  just  referred  to  became 
more  and  more  disposed  to  violate  all  law,  and  aetu- 
ally  in   sonic   instr  ..   s   attempted   to  inaugurate  a 


310 


PERIOD  OF  CIVIL  WAR. 


.h 


.1  lie 

,      111 


, 


system  W'Licl)  would  have  ended  in  guerrilla  warfare, 
had  It  not  heen  i)roni[)tly  checked."'"' 

The  intelligence  received  in  June  that  Lincojinvas 
renominated  excited  extrat)rdinarv  enthusiasm, 
remainder  of  the  summer  was  a  political  joust 
whicli  there  was  much  confident  anticipation  on  one 
siile,  and  some  rather  feeble  attempts  to  seem  confi- 
dent  on  the  other.  Frequent  processions  were  in- 
dulged in,  and  almost  any  night,  as  the  election  drew 
near,  the  democratic  broom-rangers  of  San  Fran(if.c(i, 
as  thcv  were  focetiouslv  named,  paraded  tlie  struts 
following  after  a  Ijand  playing  Dixie  Land,  Jolinnv 
Comes  Marching  Home,  or  other  popular  songs  of 
the  confederates  during  the  war.  Then  came  the 
momentous  days  of  the  presidential  election.  ]']vi ly 
precjiution  had  been  taken  to  prevent  any  disturliiiiict- 
at  the  polls.  Business  was  suspended,  drinkiiig-]>!;K(  s 
closi'd,  and  additional  police  placed  on  duty.  Tin 
city  was  dressed  in  the  national  colors,  antl  the 
weather  being  bright  presented  an  inspiring  ap])  ar- 
aiiee.  Kvery  face  met  upon  the  streets  wore  a  hmk 
of  enrnest  and  su[)i<ressed  feeling.  Even  ordiiiiuy 
convi'rsation  was  carriecl  on  more  quit'tly  than  usual. 
There  was  no  doubt  of  California,  l)Ut  there  was 
anxiety  about  the  east,  for  the  co])perheiul  iiitlueiice 
had  been  increasing  there  also.      Late  in  the   cla\  the 

•''-'An  orpanization  was  formcil  anioiii;  tlic  fanners  and  rosidiiits  in  Santa 
Clara  county  tor  jjrocuring  voluiitcfrs  for  tin'  coiitiiifiacy,  and  aJMi  tlio 
money  to  sii]i|)ort  tliein.  Siviial  rolilu  lios  ve:'e  iiorpt  liated  on  llie  .-■tiigL'- 
line  from  I'laei'rville  to  f 'arson  in  Nevada.  In  .lune  IS(i4,  *-wo  eoiulies  «« re 
rol)lied  liy  a  iiarty  of  eiglit  men,  wlio  seenred  ciglit  saekfi  of  huUioii,  ami  a 
box  of  treasure.     'I'lieir  eajitaiti    sent  a  reccint    to  Wells    l'"ari;o,  iV   Co.,  lor 

1? cash,  .Hignecl  '  H.  Henry  Tnuram,  com  d'l;  e"-.  C.  S.   A.    nt]i"t   sliti'itf 

Sta[des,  of  111  Doi'.'ido,  was  killed  in  arresting' .some  of  tlie  ^'anj:.  MK-ritl 
Adams,  of  ,Sa.ita  Clara  co.,  and  a  Mr  Connoy,  wcvv  wounded  in  tlie  caiituro 
of  others.  'J'liomas  |{.  Poole  was  tried  and  lianL'ed  for  killing,-  Slaplc'*. 
Mniiii/iiii  Diiici-i-iil,  Si^it  .'M),  ISi;,").  A  nnmlier  of  the  or^ianization  vne  ar- 
rested at  a  demoeratic  meeting  in  San  .losi-  in  Aug.  J/iii/.-<  Cul.  Pi'l.:\i^.  i'- 
Tliree  union  men  in  'I'ulare  eo.,  were  killed  hecau.se  of  their  \inion  (tentinitut. 
Amonj;  100  guests  at  some  springs  in  .Santa  Harliara  eo.,  Mere  only  two 
union  men  One  left  to  jivoid  trouMe.  and  the  other,  a  Carolinian,  wli"  li:"! 
left  his  state  to  avoid  riticlliun.  was  kdhrl.  Four  other  union  men  «l  ac- 
comjiained  hiiM  .as  far  as  'l\'\;is,  \\tre  ni  udercd  there  lor  tlieir  loyalty. 

'■^Durtini  liijkc.  JJifipiin.  Amtr.,  1-4. 


EXCITING  SCENES. 


311 


,'ai-fare, 

'olu  was 

1.     Tlic 

•ust,    111 

on  Olio 

u  ('(iiili- 

tvere  in- 

oii  drew 

•aiicisdt, 

streets, 

Jolinny 

3011US   of 

ariie  the 
I'lvcrv 
turl)aiu.'<'. 
iL;-l>la{'(S 
:v.     Tlie 
and   tliu 
api)  ar- 
0  a  ItKik 
rdliiaiv 
I  usual. 
I'c  was 
tluiiicc 
tlav  the 


111 


it-  ill  Santa 
1(1  alMi  the 
iu'  .stage- 
laclii's  were 
hull,  ami  a 
\  Co..  U'T 
,)i't  slHi'itf 
iij_f.  ^lK■riti' 
the  ciiiturc 
i:^-  Slavics. 
Ill  \MiL'  ur- 
',7.:  vii.  7'-'. 
.sfiitinit'iit. 
,.  iiiiiy  two 
wli..  Iiail 
„.„  \v  I     ac. 

Viiiij-. 


indlt-ations  of  California's  30,000  majority"  for  Liii- 
cohi  over  McClclhin  bei.;an  to  come  in  from  such  por- 
tioii.s  of  the  state  as  could  be  heard  from  by  telegraph. 
The  excitement  was  as  tense  as  it  was  quiet.  The 
ciiv  waited  bi'eathless,  far  into  the  night,  for  the  first 
11,  \v.s  from  east  of  the  Missouri,  and  while  it  waited 
wiudows  were  illumuiated  and  few  households  thought 
of  sleep.  Toward  midnight  there  began  to  move 
throiijli  the  prim-ipal  streets  a  solid  column  of  4,000 
of  Sail  Francisco's  chief  citizens,  singing  in  one  grand 
chorus  the  Battle  cry  of  Freedom  and  other  songs 
of  llie  war,  not  forgetting  John  Brown's  body  lies 
iiiMiildering  in  the  grave,  etc.,  while  women  crowMJed 
the  haK-opies  and  windows  waving  handkerchiefs  and 
ll;i2-,  1;;."»\  ing  and  weeping  together  in  a  contagion 
ot  .:  .'^Hiti  motion;  for  then  it  was  known  that  the 
|)rt.5iuout  wJiom  all  trusted  was  to  remain  in  his  place, 
and  his  polirv,  which  wis  believed  to  be  wise  and 
rij;ht.  carried  out. 

What  a  different  scene  was  that  wliich  San  Fran- 
oi.'^eo  witnes.scil  on  the  following  1.5th  of  A[)ril.  The 
city  was  in  gala  dress  iii  honor  of  victories  on  the 
field  and  in  the  cabinet.  A  waving  sea  t)f  starry  ban- 
ners Hooded  cverv  housc-to>  with  a  crimson  radiance, 
and  n  glad  light  was  rcHecttd  on  thousands  of  faces. 
Suiideidy  the  crimson  .sea  was  calmed,  the  banners, 
drooped  aiu!  lowerrtt,  \vore  darkened  by  bands  of  craj)e 
— till!  shadow  of  a  monstrous  crime,  and  a  nation's 
(l"-pair.  Sliudocrii._';y  ilic  bells  of  the  city  tolled 
feitli  the  dro..  i;-;.'  Uirencc.  On  every  face  the  glad- 
iK  ss  was  (|uene!(ea  'cnc^th  a  p  vUor  such  as  blaindies 
the  cjieeks  of  Btrou^  .>.  n  Sfddoin  in  a  lifetime.  C}rasp- 
iii'4  each  otliers'  hamls,  looking  in  each  others'  eyes, 
uiialue  to  svllable  the  emotions  of  <j;rief  minnled  with 
horror  and  rage  which  possessed  them,  the  citizens, 

"Tlio  vote  of  .S.  F.  w.T^  21,02+,  wliilo  Boston  with  a  ]ii)iiulatirvii  iioarly 
(Imililr,  rt'tiiriieil  JO.'^  •?  vi>*<'<.  'llu-  ]iri'iioiiik' raiicu  nf  adult  males  is  not 
^iitli  Mcnt  til  aL'coui!  •!•  tliL'viitc  I't  .s.  l''.,aiul  cvfu  tliu  alisuiiio  nf  a  registry 
liw  III  aiMitiiiii,  in  i.^'-  .,y  suliujiuac  to  do  ao.  There  was  au  increiuc  of  ti,- 
(UN)  ill  1 110  year. 


312 


TERIOD  OF  CIVIL  WAR. 


l'0:H^ 


forsaking  all  business,  congregated  on  the  str.^ets,  or 
wandered  restlessly  about,  benunil)ed  by  the  Ui. paral- 
leled calamity  of  the  tragedy  at  Washingto.i. 

But  soon  hot  blood  began  to  stir.     Terriljle  d(  nun- 
ciation  and  threats  of  retribution  passed  from  quiver- 
ing lip  to  lip.     ^Nothing  more  fitting  could  be  tliou^rht 
of  tlian  that  those  newspapers  which  had  encuuniLied 
treason  should  be  destroyed,  and  to  this  work  the  pt.Mj. 
pie  lent  themselves  with  a  will.     Four  years  of  pa- 
tient tolerance  of  too  great    freedom  of  spet-ch   was 
revenged  by  demolishing  a  number  of  newspaper  nffi- 
ces.     It  was  a  spontaneous  expression  which  was  not 
checked  until  tlie  Dcinocrafic  Press,  owned   by  lieriah 
Brown;  the  Occldey  i'     "  vned    by  Zachariah  Mont- 
gomery ;   the   Monitor,         lisloyal,    catholic  journal, 
owned  by  T.  A.  Brady  ,  Jie  Fr(uic<>-Amcri('(i'nii\  aiid 
the  Nctrs  Letter,  were  destroyed.  The  Echo  du  [*<irljirjiie 
would  have  received  the  same  treatment  but  fir  tlie 
fact   of  its    press    beijig  in  the  .{ltd  building,  w'lieh 
would  have  shared  in  the  loss.^"     As  soon  as  pos.-ihle 
the  •"lilitary  were  called  out  to  assist  the  polite  m 
sui)pressing  tlie  riot,  but  only  a  few  arrests  wt-re  iiiaile. 
Pul)lic  feeling  would  not  condemn  the  deinonstrati<iii, 
although   to  prevent  bloodshed   it  was  necessary  to 
check  tlie  proceedings.     Addresses  were  made  l»y  Mc- 
Dowell and  others,  and  5,000  men  were  placed  umler 
arms  to  patrol  the  streets.  By  the  next  morning  quiut 
was  restored. 

But  pul)lic  confidence  was  much  shaken.  It  \vas 
feared  that  the  war  would  be  reopened  in  the  cast, 
wliere  it  was  confidently  expected  the  hnal  troops 
would  avenge  the  president's  death  l>y  the  slau'ihter 
of  confederates.  Greenback  currency,  the  national 
barometer, went  down  to  thirty-three.  Before  the  '20tli, 
howi'ver,  when  the  obsequies  of  the  president  wt  le  to 
be  celebrated,  tlie  i)eople  had  been  brought  back  from 

^"'Hr.'uly  of  tlie  Monitor  a])iilic(l  to  tlio  legislature  of  lSr»i>-0  for  r<l!-f.  and 
a  l)ill  was  iiitroiluccil  for  tliat  jmriKise,  luiL  the  S.  F.  delegation,  to  vlii'iu  it 
was  referred,  reported  ag;Mii.-it  it.     IJil.  Jour.  S)  n.,  1SG5-G.    Aiip.  No.  Ol',  iii- 


TRIBUTES  OF  RESPECT 


313 


their  iiii[)licit  reliance  on  one  man  to  realize  that  the 
govcrrnnent  was  not  of  men,  but  of  laws,  and  that 
irri  parable  as  was  their  1<  ss,  the  nation  remained,  and 
the  hiws  would  be  executed.  Then  they  paid  their 
last  sad  tribute  of  respect  and  love  in  a  gi-and  funeral 
pa;ji;taiit,  in  which  the  whole  city  participated  amid 
the  tollinsjf  of  bells,  the  booming  of  guns,  the  nieas- 
urtil  heating  of  mutMcd  drums,  and  the  music  of 
haiitls  playing  solemn  marches.  Fourteen  tlinusand 
p,M)ph'  were  said  to  have  been  in  the  procession  which 
}"(»lln\v<'d  the  catafalque  to  the  Mechanics'  pavilion, 
win  re  the  literary  services  were  conducted.  Among 
these  were  the  reading  of  Lincoln's  second  inaugural 
a(l(''ess,  the  devotional  tenor  P  which  made  it  pecu- 
liaily  appropriate  to  the  time  w\\d  scene;  Horatio 
Stehl)ins.  Starr  King's  successor  in  the  (ieary  street 
unitarian  pulpit,  delivered  the  address ;  Frank  Soule 
ivnil  an  oiigiiial  poem  ;  thi'  Biancjii  opera  ti'oop  ren- 
dered an  anthem  ;  but  the  most  thrilling  efl'eet  was 
produced  ,vhcn  all  the  thousands  present  sang  in 
clioi'us  the  Battle  cry  of  Freedom,  as  it  had  not 
l)ieii  sung  since  that  night  in  Novend)er  when  it  cclo- 
lirated  the  triumph  of  the  nation's  chief  at  the  [)olls. 
It  was  a  hap[)y  augury  then;  it  was  the  revival  of 
hojio  now. 

As  suddenly  as  it  began  the  war  was  ended,  and 
with  the  exception  of  some  secession  outrages^"  in 

^''Tlie  growing  offensiveness  of  secession  in  the  pro-slavery  districts  was 
txliiliitt'il  l>y  tliG  rejoicings  at  the  death  of  the  president,  and  otliei'  acts.  In 
Soli  Ml)  CO.,  at  (Jrcen  valley,  tliero  were  ojien  rejoicings.  Tlie  military  at 
Hciiici.i  hcinj;  notiticd,  a  company  was  sent  to  that  place,  the  eoniederates 
tiriiiL,'  uiioii  them,  having  fortified  themselves  in  the  house  of  one  David 
Janic-i.  The  tire  was  retnrned,  and  two  of  tliem  wounded,  wlien  the  jiarty 
siiUTi'iidcrcd.  They  were  Uavid  .lames  and  two  sons,  William  1'.  l)iirliiiL  and 
"I'll.  Clarlc-i  Itamsey  and  son,  A.  O.  I.aramel  aid  son,  and  .foliii  Stilt/'. 
Till  V  were  lirought  to  Benicia  to  lie  tried  for  tn^asoii,  Thej-  iiad  tiircatened 
til  sliiput  ('lilt.  Uohinson  <if  the  volunteers  for  rt'cruiting  in  that  district. 
Tlii>  n  iyhhorhood  cimtriliut'jd  J.  Milton  .loncs  to  tjie  Cl)'i]>:i'ii  piratical 
criw.  and  oU'ered  otliers.  In  Tehaehapi  valley  a  haml  of  guerrillas  occupied 
tlii-iii-i  ivcs,  ill  the  sjiring  ff  ISi:.'),  i.i  rohMiig  i.ninii  men  of  liorses  and  otiier 
lirniMi-ty,  ami  committing  occasional  murders.  The  military  were  appealed 
til,  liiit  no  troops  could  I.e  spared  for  that  service.  During  the  first  \»eek  in 
Miy  IMi."),  the  inhaliitants  of  San  l5ernardino  were  greatly  alarmed  liy  the 
ruuiur  that  iu  their  vicinity  wwc  3()0  to  701)  guerrillas  from  the  confederate 


314 


PERIOD  OF  CIVIL  WAR. 


lii' 


1^ 


certain  localities  for  a  time,  there  was  no  occasiuii  to 
entertain  further  anxiety.  It  was  some  niontii!-;  Ixtoie 
the  California  volunteers  were  released  from  the  duty 
of  holding  forts  and  <j;uarding  nmtes  of  travel.  It 
has  been  said  that  California  cut  no  figure  hi  the  war, 
which  assertion  most  assuredly  was  not  true.  Cali- 
fornia had  few  niL-n  on  the  battle-fields  where  nidst 
blood  was  spilt,  not  because  they  were  not  ofU  nd, 
but  bijcause  they  were  Jiot  wanted  there.  The  jiopu- 
lation  of  the  whole  Pacific  coast  of  the  United  Statw, 
including  Utah  and  Colorado,  was  not  equal  to  (jiie 
quarter  of  the  population  of  the  single  state  of  Plihi- 
sylvania.  Yet  to  the  volunteers  t)f  this  sparse  }tin»u- 
lation  was  entrusted  the  labt)r  of  aweiuLC  avow.il 
secession  at  home,  guarding  against  foreign  inteitVr- 
ence,  and  fightii\g  numcnjus  Indian  tribes  fi-om  Ore- 
gon to  New  Mexico.  The  readiness  with  which  war 
taxes  were  paid,  the  cheerful  contributions  to  the 
sanitary  fund,  and  the  loyal  expressions  of  cvciv 
leu'islativ  !  bodv,  were  a  moral  as  well  as  material 
suppcn't,  without  which  the  war  must  have  ben  iii- 
deMiiltely  protracted,  or  the  union  dismembered.  The 
attitude  of  California  discouraged  rebellion,  which  Lad 
relied  upon  seizing  the  west  coast  of  the  continent 
whereon  to  found  an  emi)iro  for  the  perpetuation  ef 
slavery.  In  common  with  the  other  Pacitic  states, 
California  poured  forth  like  water  her  mineral  treas- 
ure, without  which  the  government  would  have  in  in 
well-ni^li  bankru}>t,  and  her  currency  selling  proliaMy 
at  ten  dollars  to  one  of  g(dd.  For  these  services  in  t!io 
contest  f  )r  freedom  she  should  share  in  the  gloiv  of 
having  hei[»ed  to  [)reserve  the  integrity  of  the  union. 

army,  who  ]iroii(netl  to  sack  and  pillaf^o  tliat  town,  ami  procnnl  tlii'inT-  tn 
L.'»wor  California.  The  si'ttlui-.s  tlufkeil  into  the  place,  and  every  oiti/i'n  was 
nil  Icr  arms.  S^^o.  Lr).-!  AipjiIk  Xnr^:.  May  (1,  I.S(i,"i;  Mnrifrill:-  Aytjx.il,  Miiy  14, 
ISd.'i;  Piijiirn  T'liiif.-t,  May  *J0,  ]Sl!."):  /fii>/(s'  .SVr";w,  ■'>'.  ('n/.  IVil  n.,  M.  Sail 
Dieijo  was  also  thn;atone»l.  S.  /■'.  .I.Vf,  NiayO,  1,S(>.").  These  alarin-i  ii'mi1:..1 
in  notliin'.r  more  than  tlic  loss  f)f  sto<'k,  and  some  personal  eneoiint*  i-.  aii'l 
terminateil  in  a  few  mouths,  when  tliu  confederates  we;  e  compelled  to  take 
tiie  oatli  of  loyalty 


CHAPTER  XIII. 


PAliTY  ClIANOES. 

18tJ5-18t)8. 
IxTi;oTit-(TinN   OF  THK  PniM.Miv   Sysikm— TuK   rKori.F.'s  r.\nTY— SiiorsT 

IImUS    AM)   LoNti    HaIK.S— BEAKINd  OF  TIIK   (-'riJKKNC'Y   l^*!  Ksl  ioN       I'llK 

JJovs  AND  THE  Buss Ks— Death  of  the  Union'  TAiiTV— The  Lentisal 

rAilFl('--NAriONAL   Ul.l'lIil.liAN    Pa  U IV  -  DeMOCUACY  in    'lUE   AsfEND- 

Asr  -liEiJisLArrKEs,  11ei'i;eseni'ai'ives,  ani>  (!oVEi;Nni:s — ('(invkntioxs 
AMI  I'j.EcrioNs — Taxation,   MoNiioLiANisM    and  Monui-ui,y— MrMci- 

I'AI,    I'OIJTICW. 


C.M.iFouN'iA  liad  never  more  reason  to  regret  tlie 
adoption  of  primary  elections,  than  in  LsGJ.  The 
DiiKtico  was  bcLi'un  by  the  dcnioeracv  as  i-arlv  as 
March  1850,  wlien  a  meeting  was  held  at  INtrtsiaoutli 
sijuaie  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  the  county  of  San 
Fiiiiicisco,  and  a  county  connnittee  was  a[)}>oiiitcd 
which  a  year  and  a  half  later  called  a  [)riniary  election 
tor  December  '2'dd,  to  elect  delegates  to  the  Sacra- 
iiiciito  state  convention,  who  were  to  app(»int  «>thers 
to  the  national  conv(Mition  for  the  nomination  of  ])resi- 
iluiit  of  the  United  States.  The  connnittee,  to  keep 
control  of  the  organization,  selected  but  one  polling 
placi>  ill  tlie  citv  and  countv  of  San  Francisco,  and  al- 
lowcil  hut  six  hours  for  receiving  votes.  John  A. 
Mi'(ilyiin,  chairman  of  the  county  connnittee,  was  ap- 
iMJiited  inspector,  and  his  assctciates  were  Edward 
Mcfjiwan  and  T.  A.  Lynch.  A  large  number  of 
'Iciiiocrats  protested,  claiming  the  rigl.t  <.)f  the  people 
to  set  themselves  in  motion  without  any  delegated 
aiirliority,  and  published  a  call  for  the  dcnioemtic 
electors  of  each  ward  and  precinct  of  the  city,  to  meet 

(815) 


316 


PARTY  CHAXflES 


in  their  respective  localities  on  the  24th,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  a[>pointiM<^  ins[)eetors  of  election,  and  drier- 
niiiiiiig  the  time  and  place  of  holding  prinuuits  at 
wlncli  all  democrats  niij^ht  have  an  opportunity  ot 
votiiiL!;,  with  the  object  of  effecting  a  re-organization 
of  the  party. 

Notwithstanding  this  movement  by  the  majoritv, 
the  countv  conunittee  held  its  election,  at  wliieli  S41 
votes  were  ptdled  out  of  3,000  democratic  elrctdrs, 
and  a  full  list  of  delegates  declared  elected.  The  pro- 
testing democrats  held  tlieir  meetings  on  the  I'-ltli  to 
appoint  inspector.?,  and  held  their  primary  elections 
on  tlie  2nth,  at  which  2,900  votes  were  cast,  the  coni- 
mittce's  men  voting  a  second  time.  Gross  frauds 
were  chaiged  against  the  conunittee,  but  the  protect- 
ants elected  a  majoritv  of  the  deleoates  to  the  cnuntv 
convention  wliich  was  to  choose  deleoates  to  Sacra- 
mcnto.  When  tlic  couiitv  convi'ution  assembled.  t!ic 
conunittee  attempted  to  elect  Mc(4owau  cliainunn, 
pro  tern.,  but  were  outvoted,  and  John  W.  Dwimll' 
was  chosen.  In  an  attem[)t  to  force  their  choice  on 
the  convention  after  tlic  election  of  Dwindle,  tlie 
conunittee  had  recourse  to  riotous  demonstrations, 
and  a  .seene  of  disorder  occurred  most  disoraceful  to  tlie 
party  and  tlie  city.  There  was  a  division,  the  prot»"st- 
ants  withdrawing,  and  holding  their  convention,  wliile 
the  county  conunittee  went  on  with  its  proceedings. 
both  clectlno'  a  list  of  deleojates  to  the  Sacramento 
convention.  When  that  body  met,  the  struu-'le  was 
renewed,  and  ccmtinued  for  two  days,  or  until  tlie 
del(>gates  of  the  protestants  were  declared  admitted 
by  the  majority  of  the  delegates  from  the  other 
coui^.ties. 

Similar  scenes  were  enacted  on  many  succeeding 
occasions.  At  state  conventions  the  country  del<  na- 
tions had  it  in  their  |)ower  to  rebuke  the  rowdy  dem- 
ocracy of  San  Francisco  ;  but  the  city  was  powerless 
in  tlieir  gi-asp  until  the  vigilance  ccnnmittee  broU'ilit 
about  a  reforni;  and  the  people's  part}',  a  purely  local 


IMPORT  ANT  QUESTIONS. 


31 : 


or.aiiization,  took  the  goveriiinont  of  the  city  and 
county  ill  its  liaiids.  But  tlic  |)ninary  chvtions  still 
uovtrned  the  city's  relation  to  state  politics,  and 
alwiivs  pivveiited  anything  like  liarinony  lutwotn 
San  Francisco  and  the  state.  The  custom  cstaMishcd 
of  a  few  professional  })olitician3  naming  candidates  for 
all  oiHcos  descended  from  one  dominant  jiarty  to  an- 
otinr,  and  was  not  abandoned  by  the  union  jiarty  in 
its  time  of  strength. 

The  most  important  question  in  politics  in  18Gj  was 
the  election  of  a  United  States  senator.  Tliere  \V(  re 
a  miiiibi'r  of  candidates,  but  Governor  Low  and  Jolm 
H.  Felton,  a  successful  lawyer  with  a  huge  income, 
hitht'ito  unknown  as  an  aspirant  for  (.fh(  i-,  were  the 
IcadiiiLT  favorites.  The  Low  ])ai'tv  were  called 
Short  Hairs,  and  the  anti-Low  l>arty  Long  Hairs. 
When  these  two  factions  of  the  union  party  met  in 
county  convention  at  Sacramento,  July  25th,  exactly 
the  same  scene  occurred  as  tlint  which  disgraced  the 
democratic  party  in  1861.  The  short  hairs  finding 
theiusclves  in  a  minoritv,  and  unable  to  contri*!  the 
convention,  resorted  to  the  exercise  of  muscle,  and 
iiiHi(  ted  severe  personal  injury  upon  a  number  of  their 
oplionents,  whereupon  the  convention  divided,  and 
tlie  long  hairs  chose  another  place  of  meeting.  Soon 
after  this  exhibition  of  the  uses  of  primary  elections, 
(Tovernor  Low  published  a  card,  witlidrawing  from 
the  Senatorial  contest,  and  disavowing  any  connection 
with  the  short  hairs,  who  liad  used  his  name  without 
leave.  This  course,  although  commended  by  union 
men  as  maintainiuii  the  dionitv  of  the  executive  office, 
gave  his  opponent  a  free  course  in  the  ]>rimaries. 

The  short  hairs  were  the  democrats  who,  now  that 
the  union  was  preserved,  eagerly  returned  to  the  pur- 
suit of  politics  as  a  trade.  The  question  of  loyalty, 
vital  during  the  period  of  the  war,  was  now  cauglit 
up  :)y  a  demagogue  press,  which  aimed  to  procure  the 
repeal  of  the  specific-contract  law,  or  by  pointing  out 
the  friends  of  the  law  charge  them  with  disloyalty  for 


'it^ ; 


|«  it 


n" 


SI8 


PARTY  CHANGES. 


rcMistiiiij;  tlio  Hianjjjo  to  a  [japcr  currency,  and  tluit  hv 
a('C()nn>lisli  tlicir  })oliti('al  ends.  TJie  inipcjrtaiK  i  of 
national  hatdvs  was  not,  however,  denied  bv  the  advo- 
catcs  of  ,!4old  curi'ency.  The  act  of  conjj;ress  iippur- 
tioiied  to  California  but  8i{,0()0,0()()  for  a  cireulatin'r 
medium,  wliereas  tliere  was  fully  $;]5,()0(),000  in  ^old 
em[)loyed  as  money.  The  three  millions  could  not 
take  the  plaj-e  of  thirty  miHi()ns,  but  it  could  be  usid 
to  develop  the  resources  of  the  country  as  far  us  it 
would  go,  and  1)eing  cheaper  than  gold  could  l)e  u^d 
more  profitably  for  such  })urposes.  That  i)ro}»(»sili<iii 
was  not  disputed,  but  the  hanl-nioncy  advocates  would 
not  consent  to  bankrupting  the  state  by  a  suddni 
change  of  the  currency.  So  hard  pressed  were  liny, 
however,  by  the  politicians,  that  the  [)eo[)le's  iiouii- 
nating  committee  was  overawed  by  it,  and  driven, 
unwiselv,  to  adopt  a  resolution  offensive  to  the  bettrr 
class  of  democrats  who  had  hitherto  voted  with  tin  in. 
that  no  candidate  before  them  could  be  noiiiiiiatcd 
who  had  not  voted  for  Lincoln  and  Johnson  at  llic 
election  in  18(54. 

Pul)hc  meetings  were  held  in  San  Francisco,  and 
resolutions  passed  declaring  that  a  public  and  uncon- 
ditional endorsement  of  the  specific-contract  law  would 
be  required  of  every  candidate  for  any  logislativo 
offi'^e.  An  independent  call  was  made  for  a  reorgan- 
ization of  the  union  party,  and  signed  by  about  two 
thousand  citizens  of  good  standing,  who  named  dele- 
gates to  a  union  county  conventiim  and  solicited  tlieni 
through  the  press  to  act  as  such,  by  this  means  obvi- 
ating any  primary  election.  Upon  those  men,  selected 
by  responsible  citizens,  devolved  the  duty  of  appoint- 
ing a  union  county  committee  for  the  year;  of  ap- 
pointing delegates  to  the  judicial  convention  for  that 
year,  under  the  amended  constitution,  and  of  nonunat- 
ing  candidates  for  the  state  senate  and  asseiuMv. 
They  repudiated  the  doings  of  tlie  county  connnittce 
above  spoken  of,  and  known  as  'the  boys,'  and  declared 
their  wish  that  in  the  nomination  of  canuidates  for 


FACTIONS  AND  FUSIONS. 


31U 


the  lot^islatiiro  tlio  ronvcntion  slioultl  .seK'ct  hum  of 
tlic  "lii'^liest  t'a[)a('ity,  i)uiv.st  integrity,  and  most  tlc- 
votrd  lovJilty;"  that  they  should  be  left  uniiledgod 
ai.  I  tree  in  regard  to  senatorial  perfcronci's;  and  that 
ill  selecting  delegates  to  the  state  convention,  and  in 
tlic  (  hdiei'  of  a  county  conunittec!  the  same'  princi[ik'.s 
should  he  observed.  IJut  when  they  came  to  meet 
the  hoys  and  the  long  and  short  hairs  in  convention 
at  Sacramento,  the  independents  were  not  rec(tgnized, 
and  withdrew.  The  moral  ell'cct  of  their  presence 
was  not  altogether  lost,  ami  the  convention  performed 
its  (hitit>s  in  a  manner  leaving  nothing  to  complain  of 
except  the  defeat  of  a  })roi»osition  from  James  M. 
^hShafter  to  voti;  on  the  (juestion  of  primaries  or  no 
j)riiiiaries  at  the  next  general  election. 

S.  W.  Sanderson  was  renominated  for  supreme  judge, 
ami  elected  hy  a  nmjority  of  (1,000  over  II.  11.  ilart- 
loy,  hut  only  such  candidates  of  the  peoph-'s  union 
jiarty,  represented  by  the  inde[)endents,  as  had  gren.t 
strongth  personally,  were  elected  this  year,  and  in 
1807  the  sceptre  passed  away  completely,'  since  which 
time  primaries  and  l)osses  have  ruled  the  hour  in  the 
inrtrojiolis.  Between  factions  and  fusions  tb(>  i)olitical 
iiiiiddle  was  often  unintelligible.  In  San  Francisco, 
ill  180.'),  the  boys,  or  short  hairs,  fused  with  the  denio- 
orats;  in  Sacramento  they  did  the  same,  but  there 
was,  nevertheless,  a  working  majority  of  union  mem- 
bers in  the  legislature,'""  which  performed  some  good 


^Coon's  Anmib  o/S.  F.,  MS.,  27. 

n'lit!  state  senators  elected  in  JSGo  were  Henry  Rol)inson,  Alameda;  O. 
W.  Scatoii,  Ali)inc  and  Amador;  .J.  \V.  Frc'cniaii,  Fresno  and  Tulare;  1*. 
Hainiiiii;,  J^os  Angeles;  A.  L.  'J'ulibs,  William  .1.  .Siiaw,  J.  S.  liagor,  S.  F.; 
1'.  W.  Miirpliy,  Sta  Barbara  and  San  Luis  OUisjxi;  W.J.  Knox,  Sla  Clara; 
L.  K.  I'ratt,  Sierra;  E.  Wadswortli,  Siskiyou;  L.  B.  Miziicr.  Solano  and 
Ycilii;  (luorgo  Pearce,  iS(>n  )nia;  K.  Tee^arden,  Sutter  and  Yuha.  S.  I'. 
Wiif;lit.  a  Iiold-ovcr  senator  from  Klamath,  Humlxililt.  and  Did  Norto,  waa 
chdscii  pros't.  'I  lie  sec.  eleetetl  was  .Tolin  Wliih>,  as-;'t  see.  ("JiarKM  W.  (ior- 
ildii.  ilciks  Martin  Rowan,  W.  F.  Heustis.  Albert  Hart.  M.  E.  (Jcl-ton,  E. 
B.  K'i-oii,  I5art.  Morgan;  sergts--vt-.arms,  .Tolin  Moran,  .lames  l.ane. 

Th.'  ,i-<si'mlily  was  composed  of  .John  L.  Wilson,  Thomas  Kauaii.  Alameda; 
Miiur  Frink  jr,  Harvey  Lee,  Alpine  and  Amador;  W.  I'.  Tildcn,  (ionrge  K. 
Smith,  Butte;  Isaac  Ayres,  M.  M.  Collier,  N.  (1.  Sawyer,  Calaverai;  Wil- 
liam S.  Long,  Colusa  and  Tehama;  F.  A.  Brown,  Contra  Costa,  L.  H.  Murch, 


880 


PARTY   riIA\(JES. 


in  •  * 


service,  nmou'jj  wliicli  Wiis  tlie  |ms.sji<:ijo  of  ft  r('ui>trv 
law  for  till'  puriHcatioM  «»f  tlio  ballot-hox,  and  iil-o  a 
law  for  t]\('  protection  of  piiiiiary  elections.  In  \  i, w 
of  President  Johnson's  policy  toward  the  states  late 
in  rebellion,  resolutions  were  passed  endorsing;  tliat 
policy  so  far  as  to  declare  that  those  states  had  no 
ri;j;ht  to  resume  domestic  jjjovt-rnmcnt,  or  send  rcpie- 
sentatives  to  conj^ress  before  they  had  fulfilled  cer- 
tain conditions  in  detcrmininiif  the  terms,  of  \vliirh 
they  should  have  no  voice,  but  denyin<jf  the  ri^Iit  (tf 
the  executive  branch  of  the  !j;ovcrnnient  to  deteniiine 
those  conditions.  <  )n  the  contrary  all  (|uestions  jur- 
tainini;  to  the  status  of  the  states  late  in  relx  llimi 
should  be  left  to  congress;  and  anv  other  course 
would  be  dangerousto  republican  liberty.  The  second 
clause  of  the  constitutional  amendment,  enipowt  ling 
oouiiress  to  ab<»lish  slaverv,  would  become  a  dead 
letter  with  a  Citni^ress  composed  of  the  late  masters 
of  those  whose  freedom  the  amcndnR'nt  contemi)l:ite(J 
to  pass  upon  the  measure.  California  senators  were 
requested  to  give  their  full  support  to  the  amendincnt, 
to  the  end  that  the  rebel  states  when  admitted  sliould 


Del  Norte  and  Klamath:  .J.  S.  CaniphcU,  J.  S.  Kiil.lor,  E.  L.  Smith,  IM.  F. 
Taylor,  Kl  I'urailo;  K.  P.  Maoe,  Fresno;  S.  Cooper,  K.  J.  llcustis,  HuiiiImiIiU; 
John  M.  (,'oglilan.  Lake  and  Najia;  J.  I).  (Jooilwin,  Lassen  anil  I'luiii.i.;  W. 
H.  Peterson,  K.  ('.  Parrish,  Los  Angeles;  1).  Olds  jr,  Marin;  J.  W.  W  ili'nx, 
Maripo.-ia;  William  lloldtn,  Mendoeino;  R.  II.  Ward,  Mereed  and  Staiii  1;iih; 
J.  K.  <ioodalI,  L.  L  Hogle,  Otis  Perrin,  Mono  and  Tnolumne;  M.(J.  Iirlaiiil, 
Monterey:  .lol.n  Pattison,  (leorge  D.  l)arrin,  Reulien  Leeeh,  11.  ]^.  Il.itdi, 
Nevada;  .John  Yule,  William  Sexton,  John  Rostjiiet,  Placer;  hwight  linUis- 
ter,  Wdli.im  H.  Hunt,  Thomas  Hanshraw,  .J.  M,  MahohnI),  P.  .1.  Ih  piier, 
Sae. ;  J.  W.  ."^atterwliite,  San  Bernardino;  1>.  R.  Kurtz,  San  iJiego:  Charles 
Clayton,  James  ]$o\vnian,  C.  L.  Wiggin,  S.  C.  Rughco,  Henry  I)ulcoii,  I'avid 
Dwyer,  J.  A.  McClelland,  >L  A.  ISrayley,  Michael  Hawkins,  (!eorge  llcirst, 
Samuel  L.  Lupton,  E.  J.  Chase,  S.  F. ;  C.  H.  Chamberlain,  W.  E.  (irten, 
Sail  .Toaijuin:  R.  J.  Hill,  San  Liiis  Ohispo  and  Sta  Barbara;  George  M. 
Howard,  San  Mateo;  John  Zuck,  J.  M.  Corey,  A.  B.  Hunt,  Sta  Clara;  Wil- 
liam .'>ntliony,  Sta  Cniz;  J.  N.  Chapelle,  Shasta;  M.  A.  Singleton,  (!.  Mi-ri- 
detli,  Sierra;  Thomas  H.  Steele,  J.  K.  Tutrell,  Siskiyou;  James  M.  Ltuinn, 
Solano;  0.  H.  Hoag,  A.  C.  Bledsoe,  J.  L.  Downing,  Simoma;  Francis  Hatulin, 
Sutter;  J.  C.  l>orr.  Trinity;  J.  C.  Brown,  Tulare;  Charles  F.  Reed.  V.'lo; 
T.  J.  Sherwood,  A.  J.  liatelielder,  Orrin  Stewart,  Y'ulm.  Yule  was  ekcted 
speaker,  and  \\  ilcox  speaker  pro  tcni. ;  Marcus  D.  Boruck,  John  H.  Rnlitrts, 
J.  M.  Wood,  J.  E.  Y'oungberg,  B.  S.  Marston,  John  Drum,  E.  L.  Seliridge, 
J.  C.  Breen,  clerks.  Benjamin  Dore,  Charles  Roberts,  sergts-at-arms;  M.  C. 
Briggs,  cha2)laiii;  J.  U.  Hathaway,  watchman.  CaL  Jour.  Sen.  and  .Imom., 
18tw-(i. 


LEGISLATIVE  LABOU. 


821 


vc 


iliiccd  to  Ji!i  equality,  as  to  representation,  with 
loviil  .stcitoH.  Tlio  u(lo[)tioii  of  tliis  amciuliiH'nt, 
ii,.d  |)i>s.sil»ly  others,  should  prcciMlo  the  restoration  of 
civil  |>»\Vir  to  the  states  lute  in  rebellion.  The  Freed- 
niau's  Ihneau  bill'  was  aj)[)rovcd,  and  the  |>resid(  iit's 
n'fu>;il  to  sign  it  declared  "  totally  indefensiljle,  antl 
an  jissiiiiiption  of  dietatorial  power  justly  <al<  ulated 
t.»  'wakeii  the  gravest  apprehension  in  tlie  minds  of 
a  jt. ople  jealous  of  their  liberties."  In  the  jirojier 
i*  iitiiiK'ut  and  aetion  of  congress  the  utmost  confidence 
was  expressed. 

The  repeal  of  tho  specific-contract  act  wa.s  attempted, 
hut  failed,  and  that  law  remained  upon  the  stiituto 
\hn)\i  iiotwitlistanding  that  the  supreme  court  of  the 
iKi_'hl»oriiig  state  of  Nevada  had  decided  against  it, 
:iu\  that  the  new  secretary  of  the  federal  treasury, 
M-C'ullocji,  gave  it  as  his  opinion  that  California 
wouM  liave  been  more  prosperous  with  paper  monc}' 
than  witli  gold  currency.  California  felt  that  she 
lui'^ht  please  herself  in  the  matter  of  her  currency  so 
' '11^  as  slie  paid  her  full  share  of  federal  taxes,  and 
.(lit  liberally  of  United  States  bonds,  Cjuite  a.s  much 

.  of  patriotism  as  with  an  eye  to  business,*  In 
truth,  the  state  needed  the  money   for  its  own  devel- 


*rtL  St  It.,  ISG5  f),  288-301.  Tliero  was  a  convention  of  the  colorerl 
pnpaUtion  of  Cal.  lioM  in  Sac.  in  Oct.  ISO").  Tiie  report  showe<l,  in  C'<ilu.sa 
'.yanTv,  Mirk  imp.  '2\,  cliurclics  none,  scliools  none,  valuation  of  projKjrty 
••''".^►W:  TeliaMia,  pop.  7'1,  churches  none,  scliools  none,  prep.  .*C0..jOO;  Santa 
'liri,  p  i]».  17"i,  cliurches  1,  schools  I,  prop.  $75,000;  Napa,  jx'p.  4S,  cliurclie< 
a.ae,  .»chi>(ili  1,  prop.  $51, '200;  Mariposa,  pop.  7-,  churches  n<ine,  schrKjI.-i 
no;.  jiri]>.  .*i'Ji>.000;  Meroeil,  pop.  27,  schools  none,  prop.  .*.'«),<JOf);  Sac, 
p<j>.  CJ).  I  liurclies  2,  schools  (40  pupils)  1,  prop.  .'?141,895;  S.  F.,  pop.  18.50, 
.-iirc'a-- .'{,  schixd-i,  ilay  and  evening,  4;  prop.  .*750,000.  Total  <if  wealth 
r^'jK-*:nXv\  ill  the  convention,  not  incluiling  Solano.  Sta  Cniz,  an<l  Contra 
Ovt*  c.)i.  .'^1, 417, 585,  belonging  to  a  population  of  .1.425.  In  .some  of  the 
r,int!e«  ju.st  named  there  were  7  schools,  and,  including  Contra  Costa,  11 

*Ca.  !>t-t.,  18G5  6,  909-11.  In  18f4  Cal.  dug  out  of  the  gronnd  and  paid 
•»th«  f-1  ril  govt  for  war  cu.stoms  duties  .*f). 378. 384  in  golil.  She  al-o  jiaid 
^MtMIO  war  taxei  in  paper,  worth  .?!, 500,000  in  gold.  There  wa?  dis- 
'flriel  Ity  congress  for  all  expen.ses  on  the  coast,  overland  mail  included, 
*9.670.<Vm>  in  legal  tenders,  or|4,481,000  in  gold,  leaving  83,497.3.84  net  con- 
trilmtinn  of  the  16-years-old  state  to  the  support  of  the  govt.  iKj^ide-"  takir.g 
«reral  millions  of  the  go\rt  loan  at  a  much  less  rate  of  interest  than  the  same 
Ui/nnt  would  liring  if  invested  in  this  state. 

Hist  Cal,  Vol.  Vn.    21 


PARTY    C?{ANC;E.S. 


I 


1 


1^ 


opmcnt,  which  was  retarJod  by  the  prodiojality  of  it:^ 
i)ft*eriiigs  ill  the  cause  of  tlie  whole  country. 

Tlie  consciousness  of  beini^  resj^arcled  in  a  false  li^ht 
by  congressmen  and  others  in  the  older  states  oausdl 
the  legislature  by  a  concurrent  resolution  to  n^iut st 
the  president  to  give  a  seat  in  the  cabinet  to  a  citizni 
of  the  Pacific  coast/ and  subsequently  to  recommciul 
Frederick  Billings  of  San  Francisco  to  the  presidents 
notice,  should  the  request  be  ftivorably  received.  Xo 
appointment  was  made  of  a  cabinet  officer  from  the 
Pacific  coast  until  1871,  and  then  not  of  a  Califdiiiiaii. 

Earlv  in  the  session  the  election  of  a  successor  to 
McDougali  in  the  United  States  senate  took  jilaro 
without  anv^  excitement,  Cornelius  Cole*  beint;  elmseii 
on  the  first  ballot,  W.  T.  Coleman  bcinix  noiiiiiiiital 
with  him.  This  was  the  first  senatorial  elect  inn  in 
California  not  governed  by  cliques  for  the  suce»  ssion 
or  parcelling  out  of  offices  for  years  to  come.  'YW  we- 
ceptable  record  of  the  early  part  of  the  session  was 
clouded  later  bv  the  pnssaije  of  bills  taxing  the  state 
heavily  for  the  benefit  of  the  railroad  conq)anies,  and 
for  the  increase  of  fares  on  the  street  railways  of  San 
Francisco.  The  direct  tax  was  vetoed  by  GoviiiKr 
Low,  but  the  indirect  tax  became  the  law.  ^Memy 
was  freely  used  in  the  passage  of  these  bills,  ami  in 
the  endeavor  to  induce  the  legislature  to  grant  to  in- 
dividuals large  tracts  of  state  lands  on  the  waterfront 
of  San  Francisco  and  Oakland,  which,  however,  failed 
through  exposures  made  by  the  press. 

^Cnl.  Stnf  ,  lSCr>-6,  899,  905.  The  Nevada  legislature  recortnl  against 
petitioning  for  the  a(lnii.s8inn  of  iv  Pacitie  coast  man  to  the  caniiiot  m'  Dtlur 
representation.  Xnr  Juur.  Si-n.,  IS(i(>,  l,")?.  The  tirst  apjtoiutnii'iit  nf  a  rii'^i- 
dontial  ailvisi-r  from  tlie  Pacific  states  was  George  H.  Williams,  seualnr  mni 
Oregon,  to  he  attorney-general. 

''Cornelius  Cole  wa.s  horn  at  Lodi,  N.  Y.,  in  1822,  anil  educatiil  at  lu' 
Wesleyan  university,  Conu.  He  studied  law,  and  was  iidmittcd  to  tin  1  ir. 
but  came  to  Cal.  in  1849,  working  for  a  year  in  tlie  gold  mines,  at'tir  wImm 
he  connnencoil  the  practice  of  his  profession.  He  was  district  atturiicv  oi 
Sac.  from  18.")9  to  1862,  a  memiter  of  the  national  reuuhlican  cuniiiiiti.c  Inin 
isr>6  to  18{50,  was  a  representative  in  tlie  ."iStli  congress,  and  clt'ctiMl  in  tho 
U.  S.  senate  as  a  union  repuhlican  in  18(>6,  for  a  term  of  6  years,  iroiu  March 
1807  to  March  1873.  Pooir,  Cowj.  Dir.,  40  cong.  5-0. 


SENATOR   AND  OOVF.RXOR. 


323 


Alx'Ut  this  time  it  became  apparent  that  the  Cen- 
tral r;uific  raih'c»ad  was  beconiint^  a  power  in  the 
luid.  Theie  were  nuniv  whoclechired  that  tlie  tliree- 
tois  WDuliI  (Hctate  who  should  be  elected  to  the  K'j^is- 
latiiro,  ;ind  through  the  legislature  who  should  be 
(linsi'ii  United  States  senator;  in  short,  that  the 
stall  was  about  to  pass  under  the  rule  of  a  dangir- 
(Mis  iiioimpolv.  Hut  as  a  fact  thev  interfen-d  but 
littli'  ill  politics,  and  then  only  to  secure  their  rights 
or  the  passage  of  such  measures  as  were  necessary  to 
tlif  couipletion  of  their  enter()risc.  It  was  at  this 
tiiuc  tliat  Senator  Conness  appeared  upon  the  sceiu', 
and  a>sumed  control  of  union  primaries  and  conven- 
tions, with  the  result  that  the  partv  was  tlivided  anti 
toll. 

The  governor  proposed  by  Conness  was  George 
C.  (iorliain,"  a  politician  by  no  means  popular  in 
San  Francisco,  on  account  of  his  attitude  as  to 
the  water  front  question  in  1859  GO,  and  th.e  ob- 
noxious railroad-tax  bills  in  18G5-6,  whereby,  but 
for  tilt'  governor's  veto,  thi!  state  w\)uld  have  been 
fori'cd  to  donate  to  railroad  comiianles  an  amount 
iqual  to  al)out  ^3,000,000,  a  percentage  of  which 
Would  have  gone  to  his  account  for  services  ren- 
(krcd.  After  the  ticket  made  up  bv  the  union 
ronvtiition,  against  which  the  indepemlcnt  press  of 
the  state  energetically  ])r(»tested,  was  published,  a 
stcond  convention  was  held,  which  revised  the  nonu- 
iiatioiis,  placing  on  the  ticket  the  name  of  J(»hn  liid- 
wtll  for  governor,  and chan«j;ii»g  threeother  nominations 


■(m'o.  C.  Oorliain  was  born  in  New  London  Cf.  in  IS.'W  ami  canie  to  Cal. 
in  IMll.  ViiUcjii  llifiivtiir,  i\nu\ '19,  1S(;7;  Marysville  Xi'ith  I'lilijoriiinii.  .luiw 
17,  ISti'.l.  Aiiotlior  ami  iieriiaiis  liettor  authority  wiys  lie  was  liorn  in  ^irt'cn- 
lii>>t,  L.  1  ,  in  \S',\'2,  ami  removed  to  New  London  in  ISIU.  On  r;.'-ivinn  in 
(ill.  lio  Milled  at  Nhirysville,  and  l>eeanie  elerk  ni  tln>  olliee  of  llie  .ilrulde, 
Fiilil,  vliich  position  lie  held  until  Anieriean  courts  Mere  eMtaMislu  il.  In 
IS."!!)  lit' visited  the  east,  returning  to  Cal.  in  ISrtfi,  and  was  emiiloji-d  to 
I'llit  till'  llmil'/  at  Marysville.  hi  18")(>  he  was  elected  city  elerlt.  and  in 
I ""'"O  111 iiiiinatetl  eoiinty  recorder.  In  IStU)  ho  edited  tlio  S.  F.  Xntioti  ii>r  n 
>lii)rt  liiiic,  soiin  {lurehasing  tho  Marysville  Diimn-nit,  and  in  18(51  heeanie 
a««ooi;U(  il  with  the  Sae.  Vtiioii.  He  was  aiipointed  supt  of  the  Htate  ret\>rni 
•iliiinl  ill  ISU'i,  ami  in  18(53  elerk  of  the  V.  S.  eirenit  eourt.  He  serveil  as 
frivafc  secretary  to  (lov.  L41W  in  18(54.  In  1S(»7  he  aspireil  to  he  f^ovcrnor. 
Siliiitiur  San  Audruua  Jiijutei;  Aug.  3,  18(>7;  CWm*  /  Sim,  April  II,  1874. 


:o;< 


r. 


324 


PARTY  CHANGES. 


to  state  c  ^a."  These  changes  were  made  upon 
principle  by  tix...se  union  men  wb.o  were  fornicily  re- 
publicans, and  who  viewed  with  dismay  the  union 
party,  which  had  so  clean  a  record,  being  prostitutid 
to  ])lace  and  money -getting  without  reference  to  the 
welfare  of  state  or  nation  by  men  who  made  noi.^y 
pretensions  to  patriotic  sentiments,  yet  whose  acts  be- 
lied their  declarations.  These  scceders  now  re-alliud 
themselves   to  the  national  republican  party. 

Bidwell,  however,  declined  the  nomination,  pre- 
ferring, perhaps,  the  quiet  and  profit  of  his  estati!  to 
the  doubtful  honors  to  be  derived  from  being  Ix  utdi 
by  a  division  in  his  own  party.  The  candidate  siil)- 
stituted  for  the  ex-congressman  was  Caleb  T.  Fay/ 
who  accepted  with  a  full  knowledge  that  he  Wduld 
probably  be  beaten.  His  letter  of  acceptance,  and 
speech  on  the  occasion  of  his  nomination  were  remark- 


•* These  were  William  H.  Parks,  for  sec.  of  state,  changed  to  J.  (!.  Mo- 
Calluiii;  Jii.siali  Ifowoll,  controller,  olianged  to  William  .lonos;  aiiil  1).  iK 
M.'Cartliy.  ntato  printor,  iliangocl  to  K.  C.  .(effries.  McCalliiiu  was  Imiiurly 
state  si'iiatnr  from  Kl  iJorado,  st-rviiig  with  ili.stiiiction.  He  was  aNn  prc-i- 
(Iciitial  L'lcL'tor  ill  IStVt,  carrying  the  certilieil  vote  of  the  state  for  Liinolii  t.i 
Wa-iliington.  .Tonei  w.is  from  the  same  county  when;  he  sctthil  in  IVii). 
He  was  a  mechanic,  liatl  been  mayor  of  Flacerville,  and  wa.s  a  colonel  in  tlio 
*Jd  rcgt  Oal.  vol-i.  in  the  union  army,  having  enlisteil  as  a  private.  ■Imif.s 
was  a  native  of  N.  Y.  In  IST'l  he  was  tlie  camlidate  of  the  iiiilc|iP!icliiit'i 
for  state  senator.  In  187.")  lie  was  the  repuhlicaii  I'aiididate  for  asMiiiMyiiiaii 
hut  was  lieaten  hy  (J.  J.  Carpenter,  dem.  Ill  1S(!7  lie  was  again  a  camliikilf 
for  the  same  position,  hut  died  licfore  the  election  was  (jfficially  dfci.lr.l,  ;it 
the  ago  of  tiO  years.  JeUVies  wa-i  one  of  the  original  jiuhlisiiers  aiiil  jiroiu'i- 
etors  of  the  SiiTHniriilt  I'lii  "i,  a  ^ood  printer  and  a  good  man. 

•  Calel)  T.  Fay,  a  native  of  .\la.3s.,  lictrn  in  IS"_'l,  came  to  Cal.  in  istd.  mh  a 
vessel  wliicli,  with  the  'jargo  was  owned  !>y  the  Nortliwcstcrn  associatinii 
of  I'ostoii  as  tiio  emigrants  to  tiie  land  of  gold  styled  tlu'msclves.  Gciirge 
W.  Dcuny.  pros't  of  the  tiranite  hank  of  Boston,  was  pres't  of  tlie  axu'M- 
tiou,  and  tlie  coni|>any  was  conipo-c  1  of  tlie  sons  of  prominent  iiicn.  Tlie 
Vessel  was  comni'iiideil  l>y  Capt.  .Moore,  of  tlie  IT.  S.  navy.  Fay  soon  ilrii'tiil 
into  a  protitahle  liiisims.s.  He  r.m  for  mayor  of  S.  F.  on  the  ri'|iuMu:iii 
ticket  in  IS(ii),  ami  took  a  prominent  part  in  forpiing  that  jiarty.  Only  I'liH) 
votci  Were  given  for  the  repiihliem  ticket  for  m;.yor  in  ISiiO,  hut  in  l"^iil  im 
came  within  .'ilH)  votes  of  an  election.  In  the  aut.imn  of  the  sa'iie  year  tlic 
repiihlicans  elected  their  whole  legi>lative  ticket,  and  in  ISII'J  cheti  d  Fiy 
mayor  of  S.  P.  as  a  unionist.  In  I8(>7  he  «as  defeated  for  govern  r.  hi 
187'_'  he  opposed  the  claim  of  the  Central  I'.icitii;  K.  1'.,  to  the  posMssiun  of 
Goat  island,  and  was  appointed  a  commissioner  to  proceed  to  Wa^lilniitna 
in  coin)iaiiy  with  <ien.  .\lexaiider  and  IVof.  Davidson  of  the  coast  s;irvey.  tn 
represent  the  matter  to  tin;  gov't,  ami  siieccedcd  ia  defeating  the  ilaiiii. 
'this  placed  him  in  aiitag<inl-<m  to  ihe  r.iili'oid  supporters  in  Cal.,  and  \\ni,\ 
point  in  the  campaign  ut  1SG7.  /'■','/''  //'•■>'•  /'"■'■(,  MS.,  I  '2',i. 


POLITICAL  HISTORY. 


325 


able  for  tlicir  propriety  of  principle  and  diction,  and 
cousiLlL'rin*^  the  character  of'  some  of  Calitornia's  ex- 
ciiuixts,  it  was  to  many  a  source  of  regret  tliat  a 
(•;ui(ii'liit''  •">•>  manifestly  possessing  the  firnnu'ss  and 
(lii'iiiiv  required  for  the  })osition  should  be  sacrificed 
t,i  ciicuMistanccs  so  untoward  as  those  attending  this 
campaign,  lie  was  not  unknown  in  politics,  having 
sefvcil  in  the  h-gislature,  and  as  federal  assessor  in 
the  1st  California  district.  He  was  S[)oktn  of  for 
"overiior  l»v  the  hest  n»en  in  the  union  i)artv  before 
the  division,  but  was  found  too  inflexible  for  the  a})- 
iii'iival  of  tiie  Connegs-(jiorham  management. 

Tlie  democratic  candidate  f  )r  governor  was  H.  H. 
llai'4lit,"'  a  man  who  enj<n'ed  an  excellent  icputation, 
thoiiuh  (tne  long  accustomed  to])oliticsand  place,  I'hc; 
Cdiitrst  under  these  conditions,  with  the  existence  ot 
a  parly  at  stake  on  one  hand,  the  success  of  deep-laid 
srliemcs  on  the  other,  with  a  third  party  striving  to  i  e- 
tura  to  power,  was  the  most  bitter  and  exciting  of  the 
many  exciting  pf)litical  campaigns  witnessed  i)y  this 
]MiIitiiian-ridden  state."  It  ended,  as  might  have  be  en 
ixpccted,  in  the  triumph  of  the  democratic  thii'd  ]>arty, 
antl  tlic  extinction  of  the  union  organization,  composed 
(.rijinullv  of  the  best  men  in  the  commonwealth,  but 


'  ficiirv  II.  Il.'iiglit  M-as  l>om  in  Rofhcster,  N.  Y.,  in  IS'i.").  Uin  fatlior, 
FlidlKT  M.  M;i'giit,  •  an  jml^'e  of  thu  U.  S.  Dist  fiuirt,  for  the  Houtlicrn  dint 
(if  tell.  'I'lic -oil  laiiK!  total,  ill  |S.")(>,  trdiii  St  l.ruijs,  Iwiviiij;  graiiiiatcil  at 
Vail,  .«tiiilic.l  liw,  aii'l  licfii  iiiliiiitti'd  to  the  har  in  that  eity.  Tiie  fathiT 
fnlliiwfil  111  l>."it,  aiul  tiiireilier  thuy  ]>rai'tiseil  law  in  S.  F. 

'The  tiikct  of  tiie  < 'oiine».'*-<  iorliaiii  union  party  oontainod  the  followiiir; 
imiiL-;  '.■'or  loni/ro-.-*,  I>t  diit,  T.  <1.  IMiel|is:  'Jd  di.st.  William  lliu'hy;  'M 
lii-t,  ('.  ll.irt-ioii;  goviriior,  <Ieorge  C.  <iorhaiii;  lioutiiov..  .1.  I',  .lone-;  see. 
'i-t;ite,  \\  dliaiii  II.  I'arks;  <-oiitro!ler  '—^iah  HowiU;  siijireine  jiid^e,  .lolm 
iiiiTiv;  attygen.,  JohiHi.  .Me( 'nllr.igh;  Mir. -gen.,  Chaile-t  K.  Iteetl;  trca-., 
Ili'iiiiiaMo  I'acheeo;  liarlior  eom'r,  (  li.irle-i  ( 'laytoii;  clerk  of  .sup  et..  it.  II. 
F:iii|iialiar;  state  jirinter.  1>.  ().  MeCarthy;  .sn]i.  of  i>iililio  instruc.,  John 
^«itt.  The  revi.«cil  ticket,  a-i  hefore  .stated,  ehanged  four  of  tlio^e  oandi- 
iliitis.  Tht- democratic  ticket  eoiuained  the  names  of  the  followinij  camli- 
ilatfs:  foreoiit'i-esx,  \*t  dist,  S.  R  .Axtell:  '-M  dist.  .lames  W.  ( 'ntlroth:  ad 
ili-t,  James  A.  •lolinson:  gov.,  H.  H.  Haiglit;  lieiit-gov.,  William  HoMcn; 
«>!•.  of  .st.ite,  11.  L.  Nichols;  eoiitrollcr,  Holiert  Watt;  treas..  .\ntonio  K. 
lariiiu'l:  siir.-geii.,  .lolin  W.  Host;  att"y-gcn.,  .IoHe]ih  Homiltoii;  liarlmr 
'"in'r.  .I.iiiics  II.  il'titter:  clerk  of  sup.  ct,  (onrtte  Sci-kel;  stale  priiiter.  h. 
W  liilvmk.s;  sup't  i»ul».  iiHtruc.,  0.  1*.  Fitzg.'iald;  judge  of  suii.  ct,  iioyal 
I.  Sjirague. 


i'ii'    ' 


!»{ 


»^n^ 

m 

m  ■ 

326 


TARTY   GUANOES. 


iK»w   beint^  used    to  promote  the   personal   aims  (if 
a.spiriiij^  politicians.'"     "  In  some  respects,"  said  tli( 
Sacramento   Union,  "it  is  the   stranjjfest  chapter  in 
the  strange  political  history  of  California." 

The  union  party  for  four  years  had  been  L'uuied 
and  directed  by  pure  men  and  patriots,  but  with  the 
coming  of  peace  the  old  hungry  brood  of  place-Lun- 
ters,  basing  their  claims  to  pul)lic  favor  on  the  a(  tions 
of  better  men,  now  paraded  their  spurious  patriot  i>iii, 
and  demanded  their  reward,  while  the  more  nmdtst 
real  benefactors  of  their  country  were  artfully  rr  tii' d 
from  observation  by  the  tricks  of  primaries  and  con 
ventions.  The  tricksters  had  forced  many  of  tin 
best  men  out  of  tlie  union  party.  The  secede  rs  had 
exposed  their  methods,  the  small  vote  drawn  Ity  tiif 
republicans  only  adding  to  the  democratic  ni;ij<rity  of 
*J,546  for  Haight,  and  a  proportionate  majority  for 

'■^Said  <!orliam:  'And  now  in  relation  to  the  hill  to  (n-ant  aiil  to  tlie 
Western  I'acitio  Hailr.iad  conijiany.  .  .  I  knew  some  of  the  |«irties  int>;r- 
ested,  and  liolding  no  piililic  otlice,  and  being  under  no  rililigation  wliatever 
to  represent  the  state's  side  of  tlie  question,  I,  as  a  private  citizen,  dnl  ju*'. 
as  I  had  a  rigiit  to  do,  namely:  I  seconded  tlie  a]i]iIicatiou  of  the  ci'mijany 
fur  aid.  Was  it  immoral  for  them  to  ask  for  a  hounty  at  the  haii'l-  <■?  tl;e 
government?  Was  it  immoral  in  me  to  join  in  tliis  requc.«t?  thi^httlie 
eomjiany  to  have  opposed  tlie  hill?  Ought  I,  a.s  a  friem',  to  liave  .•jjmt.i.l 
it?  We  <lid  not  say  the  state  owed  anything  to  the  cfiiii|>any.  W.- -aui 
"(iive,  if  you  please. "  Was  there  anything  dishonest  in  this?  It  >o  lap- 
peiied  that  I  did  not  own  any  interest  in  the  Western  I'aciiic  railn  ad.  (^r  in 
the  contract  to  huild  it.  .  .  .  It  would  have  heen  in  |>erfeet  aidinlanie 
with  good  morals,  I  suppose,  for  mo  to  have  owned  an  interest.  W  ell,  tie 
hill  )iassed,  and  was  vetoed.  Since  that  time  the  W.  P.  H.  15.  «>.,  have 
sold  out  to  the  Central  Pacific  company.'  [.rtli-rln  />.  .1/.  K'Ury,  in.S"'"'.  Untin, 
Aug.  I,  1807.  Ill  1S().'{  a  hill  ]ias8cd  tlie  legislature  authorizing  .'^an  Kraacwc'i 
to  suhscrilie  Si4(M>,0tK)  in  aid  of  the  Western  Pacific.  Tlie  siih.-idy  w,n  vited 
for,  hut  the  supervisors  refused  their  con.'<i'nt.  The  matter  Mas  eiiini'r"iiii.-<-"i 
hy  a  grant  of  §200,000  in  hoiids.  As  to  Conness,  the  S.  F.  I'l'i-j  ntw-pijK-r 
had  this  elegant  charge:  'If  a  pfipular  citizen  is  suggested  as  a  >iiitaMe 
jierson  for  a  certain  office,  lie  cannot  h<'  nominated  Mitlmut  having  ■•••■n  lir-t 
chalked  out  on  Conness' slate;  he  must  express  his  readine>.s  t<'  pack  'ami 
and  eat  dirt  for  the  (Jreat  Senatorial  Manipulator.  If  we  require  a  ineniUr 
of  the  legislature,  he  must  he  a  friend  of  our  'only  sol>er  senator.'  It  «<■ 
Maiit  a  sheriff,  the  (ireat  Western  Prestiiligitateur  ixmrs  him  out  I'f  a  niagic 
hottle.  If  we  desire  a  justice  of  the  jteai-e,  the  (Jreat  First  Cau»e  irtaf-s 
<ine  directly.  If  w<^  would  have  a  head  schoolmaster,  that  eminent  -ilnlar 
sets  his  traps  and  catches  one.  If  a  special  pnliccman  !«•  requireil,  >tiialur 
C'uuuesH  springs  his  rattlo  and  preato  !  we  have  uue  of  his  Irieuds.' 


POLITICAL  HISTORY. 


327 


the  whole  democratic  ticket,'*  except  in  the  case  of 
Hii;l>v  reelected  to  congress.'* 

It  was  witii  unfeigned  sorrow  that  the  founders  of 
tlic  union  party  belield  it  in  extremes  ;  not  because 
tlitii'  political  hopes  went  down  with  it,  but  because 
it  ii  pii'rfontod  the  most  unselfish,  patriotic,  and  pure- 
iiiiiidtMl  political  organization  which  the  state  had  ever 
kiKiwii.  For  a  short  time  they  flattered  themselves 
tliat  at  tlie  judicial  election  in  October  their  candi- 
(latis  might  be  elected,  but  such  was  not  the  result, 
ami  the  conviction  was  settled  that  the  "  dear  old 
paity  "  was  dead.  The  first  im])ulse  was  to  lay  all 
thf  hlame  at  the  door  of  the  self-constituted  party 
iiiaiia'^ers  ;  but  unscrupulous  as  they  had  shown  them- 
SL'lvi  s,  this  was  not  all  the  cause.  There  were  no 
lonmr  any  but  local  issues  except  the  one  of  thequar- 
ii'l  I >i 'tween  congress  and  the  president,  and  the  dem- 
orrats  sympathized  with  the  latter.  To  strejigthen 
tlieir  party  they  had  taken  up  the  cause  of  the  work- 
iiiyincii,  who  were  clamoring  for  an  eight  hour  law. 
This  forced  the  unionists  to  adopt  this  plank  in  their 
platform  also.  But  as  the  majority  of  workingmen 
belonged  primarily  to  the  democratic  [)arty,  this  was 
littlr  to  the  advantage  of  the  opposing  party.  As  to 
(ithcr  issues,  they  were  chiefly  those  which  atTected 
San  Ftancisco,  in  which  the  voters  in  distant  counties 
tVlt  little  interest.  Thus  the  )>olitics  of  the  state  were 
si'tlling  back  into  their  ante-rebellion  footing. 

The  legislature  of  I8G7-8  consisted  <»f  seventy 
democrats  and  ten  republicans.'*     It  selected  Eugene 

'■■  Haijflit's  inajnrity  ovor  ODrliam  was  S,.'4r);  Fay's  vnto  was  only  2,088. 

''Tlit!  cdiii^resHinen  servini;  from  IS(i.'>  to  IStiT  were  .Tolm  liiilwull.  Williaiii 
Hi^liy.  ami  Doiialil  ('.  McliutT.  Hit,'l'y  was  liorn  in  Ksscx  co.,  N.  V.,  in 
I'il.'t.  I'llui'atcil  at  tlio  \inivorsity  fif  Hnrliii^rton,  Vt.  and  ri'.iil  law  for  a  |>ro- 
f(s^i(iii.  practisinij  in  his  native  co.  until  IS.V),  when  lie  (•anie  to(';il.,  settleil 
liaiiih'  III  Calaveras  co.,  anil  w.is  clectcil  dist  att'y  in  IS.'.'J;  hohlin^r  liis  olliee 
until  Is.V.).  In  18(51  he  was  a  Douglas  •li^noerat.  an<l  aiileil  iti  forniintr  the 
lUihiti  p:irty  in  I'Sti'i,  whieli  electeil  him  to  the  state  senate.  In  ISCiH  he  was 
iliH-i'ii  iiK'nihcr  of  congress  from  the  stati'  at  larkfe;  in  18(i4  he  was  reflected, 
aiiii  tor  the  tiiird  time  in  ISti",  partii'ijKitin^  in  tlie  action  of  congress  tiirough 
the  iiio-<t  interesting;  jterioil  of  its  history. 

'*The  senators  elect  were  E,  L.  Brady,  Placer;  Horace  Beach,  Yuha  and 


Hi 


m 


328 


PARTY  CHANGES. 


UT: 


Casserly,'"  an  Irisli  lawyer  of  prominence,  to  sucfced 
Connc'ss,  Tlionuis  A.  Brown  of  Contra  Costa  Ix  iiKf 
the  next  most  popular  candidate.  Casserly,  likt- 
Haiglit,  was  a  man  of  pure  private  character,  and  al>i) 
of  varied  talents  and  acconn)lishments,  superior  to  L'<>i\- 
nessas  a  man,  but  inferior  to  him  as  a  manager  of  puitv 

Sutter;  'Williain  A.  Conn,  San  Diego  and  San  Bernardino;  N.  (Ireiiic  Curti-i. 
Sac:  Jolin  L'only,  IJiitte,  I'luinas,  ami  Las-ffu;  J.  N.  e'liapellu,  .^lia>t;i  aii^l 
Trinity;  .lan.soa.l.  (ireen,  Contra  Costa  and  Marin;  (Jeorgi;  W.  HtiiittT.  hi 
l)ora<lii;  II.  kincaid,  S.  F.  and  Sau  -Mateo;  .James  Lawrence,  M:iiiji.i»a, 
Merced,  and  Stanislaus;  K.  .J.  Lewis,  Colusa  and  Teliauia;  F.  A.  Mc|)(,i.t;;ill, 
Monterey  and  Santa  Cruz;  .1.  W.  Mandeville,  Inyo,  Mono,  ;tnd  Tiiciluniin-; 
I).  L.  Mnrnll,  Calaveras;  J...  II.  Mureii,  l>el  Norte,  lluniboldt,  and  Kl.iin.itl]; 
.1.  E.  I'erley,  S.m  Joai|uin;  William  J'endergast,  Luke,  Napa,  ami  .Mmdn- 
cino;  K.  W.  Uolierts,  Nevada;  A.  II.  Uoie,  Amador  and  Aljiine;  .lolm  II. 
.Saunders,  S.  F. ;  Charles  Tweed,  I'lac  r.  Kepulilican  majority  ..f  two. 
Ollicer.s  of  the  senate:  L.  Mizner  (Iiold-o .er),  iiresident;  John  \\  hite,  s<'._-.; 
AVilliur  F.  Heustis,  asst  see..  C.  E.  Hanu-,  .loiin  E.  Dent,  AV.  Jl.  Fniik.  W. 
L.  Hawkins,  A.  W.  IVrley,  IJ.  S.  Marston,  Cieorge  \V.  Di.xon,  clerk.-;  F.  S. 
Tarduer.  T.  Malioney,  .sergts-at-.arms. 

The  assenilily  was  composed  of  W.  C  Agney,  C.  T.  Ryland,  .Ii'lm  II, 
Moore,  Sta  Clara;  Thomas.!.  Aides,  Marin;  Isaac  Ayer,  L.  S.  IVaver,  Otto 
Meutzell,  Calaveras;  Thomas  A.  Hrown,  Contra  Costa;  E.  H.  Binl,  Ctiarlei 
Cildea,  Hugh  Newell,  Stejplien  AVilletts,  ]•;!  Dorado;  .1.  It.  Huckliee,  riiiinrn 
and  Lassen;  Marion  IJig!?"^.  I'asclial  Coggiiis,  A.  Comte  jr,  JJrnce  Lee,  Cli.i'ii-s 
Wallel..  .Sac;  T.  S.  l?attelle,  .T.  W.  Downer.  Sierra;  H.  .J.  Hrodervii,  .Mat- 
thew Caiiavan,  David  W.  Conuely,  Thomas  E.  Farrish,  .^anniel  I,iiiiti.!i. 
.Folin  Middleton,  Frank  Malione,  .1.  .T.  O'Malley,  .Taspor  S.  Papy.  .\. '  i.Kii-s. 
Fraidi  Scudder.  Tliomas  Wand,  S.  F. ;  .F.  C.  Hrown,  Tulare  ami  Kern:  .\  ■!. 
Hatehelder,  L.  B.Clark,  .1,  K.  Smith,  Yuha;  A.  M.  (^hurch,  .T.,hn  W.  I'u  n- 
elle,  Alanieila;  .lohn  C.  Crigler,  Napa  and  I.,ake;  R.  M.  (^xlirane.  W.  M. 
Ord,  Butte;  William  H.  Cureton,  Mendocino;  William  Cal.lwell.  S.  M.  M  ir- 
tin,  .1.  B.  Wartield,  .Sonoma;  .T.  M.  Days,  f!.  D.  Dornin,  H.  C.  K.illin-.  Mm 
D.  White,  Nevada;  Terry  Dyer.  Sierra;  W.  A.  T)avies.  M.  Moa-lur.  1!  A. 
Mardis,  Tufdunnie,  Memo,  aiid  Invo;  Asa  Ellis,  A.  .T.  Watson,  Los  Aii_'.  l'-^: 
.John  B.  Frisl.ie,  Solano;  J.  A.  Faircliild,  p^lijah  Steele,  Siskiyou:  -I.  B. 
(iregory.  (ieorge  I'ayne,  Amador  and  .\l]iine;  W.  S.  Green.  Colusa  and  Ti-- 
hania;  Francis  Giltner,  Mariposa;  Benjamin  Hayes.  San  Diei.'o:  .Totiti  M. 
.lames,  San  liernardino;  T.  E.  .Tones,  Trinity;  .Tohn  M.  Kolly,  Y..!-:  W  1'. 
Mace.  Fresno:  L.  .T.  Morrow,  Warner  Oliver,  San  .To.aqnin;  R.  L.  Mattin.U-, 
.San  .Mat.>o;  W.  'I'.  M.Elhany,  Sta  Barl.ara  and  S.m  Luis  Ohi^i'o:  .T.  W. 
News<,m,  Merce.l  an.l  Stanislaus;  George  Pardee.  Sta  rniz;  Tlioma^  11  1>p- 
tor,  Klamath  and  Del  \ortc;  C.  G.  Spencer,  0.  A.  Tuttle.  M.  W,ddr..n. 
Placer:  B,  U.  Spillman,  Sutter,  E.  C.  Tnlly,  Monterev;  rii.arlps  We-t,ii  re- 
land.  Huml'oldt.  Denioeratie  majority  22.  Officers  of  asscmMy,  C.  T  I'.v- 
land,  speaker:  .T.  .T.  O'Mallev.  speaker  pro  tem.;  .Tohn  A.  Faiian.  Niwt.n 
Benedict.  D.  F.  Beveridce.  B.  M.  Clarkian.  H.  G,  S^eUert.  W.  S  Cn^i"  r.  .1. 
de  la  (Juerra.  clerks;  .Tohn  K.  LnttrcU,  William  H.  Peterson,  sergts-at-arms: 
T.  If.  B.  Anderson.  clia](lain. 

"■'  iMiiiene  Casserly  was  born  at  IVTullicrar,  county  Westmp.ith.  Trehnd.  in 
1822,  his  family  heint:  a  hranch  of  the  O'Conners.  "  His  father  was  a  in  in  of 
culture,  and  on  arriving  in  New  York  was  ensjaged  as  a  teacher  <>f  tlie 
classics.  The  talents  and  su]ierior  training  of  Enrtene  recomniendc.l  him  to 
the  attention  of  prominent  men.  especially  as  editor  of  a  democratic  )icws- 
paper,  the  Freeman's  Journal.    He  abandoned  editorial  life  for  the  study  of 


FRANK  M.   PIXLEY. 


politics,  if,  indeed,  lie  were  not  above  tlio  busint^ss. 
A  itjiublicaii  senate  and  denitKTatic  assembly  LoKling 
eiicli  other  in  check,  fewer  obnoxious  bills  were  en- 
acted into  laws  than  usually  happened.  The  Central 
racitic  railway  company  made  an  ellbrt  at  this  ses- 
sion to  obtain  a  gift  from  the  state  of  a  large  })ortion 
of  tiif  tide-lands  at  San  Francisco,  with  the  result  of 
securing  a  conditional  grant  of  one  hundred  and  fifty 
acres;  the  conditi<m  being  that  the  land  should  be 
used  solely  for  the  purposes  of  a  terminus,  or  other- 
wise revert  to  the  state.  The  comiianv  coukl  not 
(Iniiand  or  receive  any  wharfage  or  other  revenues 
from  the  possession  of  this  land. 

])uniig  the  presidential  canvass  of  18G8  the  usual 
(xciteiiient  occurred.  The  rejtublican  paily.  which  in 
California  still  loved  to  call  itself  the  union  jiaity," 
nut  in  convention  at  Sacramento  on  the  1st  (»f  April 
to  choose  delegates  to  the  national  convention  at  Chi- 
cago, Frank  M.  Pixley  being  chosen  jiresident.""  Ten 
delegates  were  selected,  two  from  each  con<jressional 

tlio  law,  vliicli  lie  iiursuod  in  tlic  ofiicc?  of  .Tohii  I'.igflow,  aftrnnanls  U.  S. 
iniiii^tfi- til  Fraiu'L'.  In  1844  he  was  mliiiittiMl  tn  tlic  liar,  anil  in  i8."<)  laiiie 
tiil'al.,  liriniiiiig  with  him  the  materials  nf  a  priiuiii;.'  <  tlicc,  ami  .Klartin;,',  in 
coiim'i.tiiiii  villi  Honjuniin  K.  B\ickalew,  tlie  inililiratixn  nf  a  «lail.\  iia)it'r, 
i\w  Pii'.U'-  Itiiiiiiiir,  fnini  which  the  latter  vithdrew  in  a  few  ninnths.  when 
tlii.' iiiiino  iif  the  jiajier  was  changeil  to  Trtiv  Buhnirt,  ami  snli.-«  (nu  iitly  to 
t\\v  Sf<iii'liir<f.  He  was  eleeted  Ktate  jirinter  hy  the  tii>t  legislature;  hut  the 
tiiu  nf  l.S,")l  swejit  away  all  his  eiliee  material.  Ili.<  lihrary.  l.nwever,  vas 
saveil,  ami  he  returned  ti>  the  ]iraetiee  ef  law,  and  united  liini-elf  to  the 
(li'iiiiK  ratii'  party.  l>iiring  the  civil  war  he  v  a.s  a  nniouitst,  hut  when  it  was 
ovor  ri'jniiied  his  former  party. 

'■ 'I'lie  call  fur  a  state  convention  was  is.sued  a.s  a  call  for  a  'union  state 
convciitioM.'  Sitr.  Ciihn,  March  LT.  ISOS. 

'~  I'r-.iiik  M.  Pixley  was  horn  in  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y..  in  lSl?.'i,  of  a  race  of 
f:iniiii'  nf  I'.iii.dish  descent.  He  received  an  academic  educatinii.  alter  which 
lie  stmlicil  l;iw.  and  moved  to  Mich.;  hut  hcing  of  an  ailvtriturous  (h>iio.vi- 
tiiiii,  sit  nut  for  ("al.  in  1S4S,  wiutri'inu  in  Mo.,  arviviiirr  in  the  mines  in  I.S4!t, 
mill   scttliiis;   himself  in   S.  F.   in    1S.")1.      He  was  elected   city    attorney;  in 

1*<">S' ■itiic  a  icpidilican,  and  was  ehjcted  to  the  asscmhly.  where  he  loiight 

till  rar-nn^  hnlkhead  hill  successfully.  In  ISl!!  he  was  ele.ted  ally  p-u. 
l»uli-^('i|iu)itly  111'  was  active  in  politics,  and  .•iUhou<_'li  defeated  in  l'''<>''^  'or 
Ci'iiirrcss  was  widely  known  for  his  pnlit'Cil  opinions  uttered  from  the 
Iilatfnnn.  and  with  much  vigor  in  the  c<lit(.ri.il  eolumiu  of  the  Anioi'mt.  t(. 
wliiili  his  writings  gave  a  strong  individuality.  He  lias  had  many  enemies, 
aiiil  1ms  hi'di  often  assailed;  l>ut  his  disposition  is  hoth  generous  and  piigna- 
cimis,  and  in  oi-der  to  he  hin-sclf  he  was  usually  to  he  found  on  the  weak  or 
unpiipnla.' side  of  any  question. 


m 

''i'l-'h 

''*i''      '■ 

1 

8*1  "'tj'j 


m 
m 


1 


330 


PARTY  CHANGES. 


district,  and  four  from  the  state  at  large.**  Thoy 
were  instructed  to  vote  for  Grant  for  president,  and, 
as  mij^lit  seem  best,  for  either  Wade  or  Colfax  fur 
viee-prt'sident.  The  nK'etinj^  adjourned  after  choosing 
a  state  central  coniniittee 

The  democratic  state  convention  met  in  San  Fran- 
cisco April  2Dth,  lieuteiiant-g«)vernor  Holden  ^jrcsid- 
'm<x,  and  elected  to  the  national  convention  to  be  luld 
in  New  York  one  delegate  at  large,  and  tlircc  from 
each  congressional  district. '*  Presidential  clccturs 
were  also  chosen,  although  the  presidential  nomina- 
tions were  yet  to  be  made,  every  elector  being  an 
anti-war  democrat.  Upon  many  propositions  tlio  do- 
mocracy  were  purer  and  sounder  than  otlier  parties 
which  had  more  recently  been  corrupted  l)y  jxiwir. 
Their  ideas  were  certainly  sound  when  tliey  n  solvid 
"that  it  is  not  only  the  patriotic  duty  but  the  (Iclih- 
erate  purpose  of  the  democratic  party  never  to  suhniit 
to  be  governed  by  negroes,  nor  by  those  claiming  to 
be  elected  by  negro  suffrage  ;  and  we  do  earntstly 
recommend  the  adoption  of  this  resolution  by  tlic  na- 
tional convention  of  the  democratic  party  wliicli  sliall 
assemble  in  Julv  next."  Now,  if  in  this  resohition 
the  low  Irish  could  have  been  included,  the  political 
millennium,  indeed,  were  at  hand.  But  the  party  de- 
pemled  upon  this  element  for  its  strength. 

The  Chicago  convention   met  in  May,  nominating 

"Tlie  delegates  at  large  were  P.  E.  Conner,  .Tames  C'asy,  .Tolin  ^tntman, 
and  James  (Jreen.  Alternates,  .lo-jepli  Henrimo,  Jolin  V.  Hyer--'.  15.  X.  Uii.:- 
I>ee,  and  .Fi)lin  O'Brien.  I'lie  distrii't  deleiiates  were  William  K.  L^v.-tt  ,iiiii 
Williams  H.  Sears,  1st  dist:  .1.  .M.  Days  and  Charles  Higl.y,  'Jd  .li^t;  I'h.iius 
Spencer  and  . I.  S.  Hdgers,  .'<d  dist.  Alternates.  C'.  E.  Allen  and  \Ui>'}.  Iiori-, 
1st  dist;  Henry  O.  Uollins  and  Al)ijah  Haker,  I'd  dist;  C.  F.  Reed  and  T.  li. 
French,  Hd  dist. 

'*'* Thomas  Hayes  was  eleeteil  delegate  at  large,  with  two  alti'iniitps. 
Tlie  district  delegates  were:  A,  .Jaeoliy,  .lame-i  Roberts  and  U.  C.  I'aL'i'.  l''t 
dist;  Richard  iieath,  H.  Rose  and  .(ohn  Bigler,  LM  dist;  S.  C.  i'lriax, 
Thomas  H.  Steele  and  Woodward,  'Ml  dist.  Alternates:  .lolin  Hiu'ivli.iitor, 
B.  T.  Myers  and  .J.  .M.  Martin  for  tlie  three  districts  in  the  order  ikhiuiI. 
'i'he  presidential  electors  chosen  hy  the  democratic  convention  wen'  K.  J. 
Kewen  and  T.  .T.  Henry,  for  the  state;  W.  T.  Wallace,  A.  li.  IliMl-  and 
•  ieorge  Pearse,  for  tlie  1st,  2d  and  t\i\  dists.  The  alternates  heiiisi  Fimiii^io 
Pico  and  .Fohn  R.  Kittrell  for  the  state;  an.l  John  Buckhalter,  H.  1".  -Myers 
and  J.  M.  Martin  for  the  1st,  'Jd,  and  ltd  dist. 


CALIFORNIA'S  STEADFASTNESS. 


331 


Tlioy 
it,  anil, 
I  tax  for 

11008111*' 

[1  Fran- 

1)0    llfUl 

■ec  from 
eliH-t(irs 
noiuiiia- 
cinjj;  an 
i  till'  (le- 
r  jtartii'S 
'  ])( twir. 
rcsolvi'il 
\e  tlflilt- 
o  suUmit 
iiuiu'j;  to 
^u'lu'stly 
w  tin'  na- 
icli  sliiill 
solution 
|»iilitii-ul 
larty  ilo- 

hiinatiii;,' 


|ti  Stratman. 

W.  N.  Uiii!- 
il.dvott  .■mil 
\.A\  Tlii'imis 

iirlii.  PiTf, 

l.lauaT.  ti. 

alternates. 
IVmo.  1st 
JC.  Kiirtax. 
iBuckluiltor, 
Tiler  naiiii'l- 
wen'  l"  J- 
Idl.Mr  and 
If  FiaH''i-'i'i 
n.  F.  .Myers 


Crant  and  Colfax.  The  New  York  convention  met 
ill  .Inly,  noniiuating  Seymour  and  Blair.  In  August 
California  republicans  nominated  Pixley  for  congress- 
man from  the  1st  district,  Sargent  from  the  2d  district, 
ami  ilartson  from  the  8d  district,  and  chose  their 
jilt sicKntial  electors. ""  The  democrats  chose  for  con- 
urosmen  S.  B.  Axtell,  James  W.  Coffroth,  and  James 
A.  Jtthnson,'"  hi  the  order  named.  The  election  was 
(lose,  hoth  parties  exhausting  argument  and  resources. 
The  republicans  recovered  from  the  democrats  ground 
ciiougli  to  give  the  state  to  Grant  by  a  majority  of 
JIM)  out  of  a  total  vote  of  108,000,  and  to  elect  one 
ciuigiv.ssman,  Sargent;"  Axtell  and  Johnson  being 
tli'cted  in  the  1st  and  3d  districts. 

The  electi<m  of  Grant  to  the  presidency  of  the 
union  established  the  republican  party  upon  a  sure 
footing,  and  made  it  the  great  party  for  good  and  evil 
of  the  age.  For  twenty  years  it  remained  in  power, 
and  during  that  time  California  steadily  cast  her  vote 
for  a  ro[)ublican  president,  whatever  victories  the  de- 
mocracy accomplished  in  state  jiolitics.  It  will  be  re- 
niLinbered  that  the  union-republican  majority  of  1&G4 

•''riic  repuMioan  cleetors  wore  Hoffman  of  San  Diego,  Redington  of  Sac, 
aiiil  We-tiiiorelanil  of  llunil)ol)lt  for  tliu  three  oong.  (li.st.-i,  ami  for  the  two 
svii.  ili^t.s  .1.  15.  Felton,  S.  F..  and  La  (irange,  Alanieila.  Alternate-),  sena- 
tiirial,  (.;.  \V.  Tyler  and  Walter  Van  Dyke;  congres.sional,  Lesvis  Sehloss,  S. 
F.,  ( '.  A.  Tweed,  Placer,  James  H.  ileXahh,  Sonoma. 

•■.Simiiel  li.  Axtell  wa.i  horn  in  Ohio  in  ISIS),  educated  at  Western  Re- 
serve ccillege,  and  studied  law.  flames  A.  Johnson  was  a  native  of  Spartan- 
liiu'L'.  S.  ('.,  Imrn  in  IS'Ji),  received  a  common  school  education,  and  studieil 
law  and  medicine.     In   IS.V.)  (H)  he  wa.s  a  inemher  of  the  legislature  of  C'al. 

/'..,„•,  ■.vr,.,,,/.  />/>.,  icStiS,  «. 

-■'."^arL'ent,  who  was  a  ])rintor,  had  at  one  time  hecn  comiiclled  to  walk 
tlie  streets  of  I'iiil.,  lieing  iinalile  to  tind  cmiiloyment  and  iiaving  no  money, 
lie  was  l)orn  in  Newli\iryiiort,  Mass.,  in  IS'.'T,  and  came  to  Cil.  in  l.S4!>, 
Idi-atini;  himself  in  Nevada  co.,  and  engaging  iu  mining.  He  also  conducted 
a  whin  ucw'sjiaper.  In  1S.")4  he  was  admitted  to  j;racti.se  law,  and  tlie  fullow- 
iiij;  vr.ir  was  chosen  dist  atty.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  formation  of 
tile  rcpulilican  party,  hut  was  defeated  in  ISoT  for  atty-gen'l.  In  ISCil  ho 
pri'siclcil  over  the  n'puhlican  state  convention,  and  was  tirst  elected  to  con- 
L'iv<s;  ill  1,S(;:{  lie  was  a  memher  of  the  repulilicau  state  central  committee. 
Ill  I>i7-  he  was  chosen  U.  .S.  senator.  Asa  politician  he  hecanie  ])owerful  as 
iiia-tir  of  a  'r'lig.'  ami  placing  or  displacing  men  acconling  to  the  will  of  a 
syiiiliratc.  He  was  a]>]iointed  ministerto<  iermany  in  IS.S'J.  See '.'/•<(.<.<  Vnlliij 
I'll!  ■II.  May  "J:!,  1.S74;  Waite.  in  linwiiniiiii  X(ii'<)i<i}nr  Mutfrr,  >i\\  Solano  Pnsa, 
ill  hinii.  nUi-  Jfoiiiifiiiii  Mixxi'iiii't.  May  \'.\,  lS(i5;  WnUonrillf  Pujitro  Times, 
May  i;i,  ISO:);  S.  /.'.  Chronicle,  March  1*4,  1882,  and  Nov.  1(J,  1S84, 


!i  !  ■ 


332 


PAliTV   CllAXCE.S. 


was  over  18,000.  In  four  years  it  had  d  wind  led  to 
500;  ))Ut  national  poiitii  s  had  hss  to  tlo  with  thi.x  k- 
niarkahlt!  chiiiigo  than  local  issuts,  of  which  I  j-j  nil 
s})cak  j>r(scntly.  The  election  of  1872  was  sonicwhat 
rcniarlval)l(',  inasmuch  as  Cireeley,  a  republican,  wu>  (  n- 
dorscd  i»y  a  democratic  nominatin<4  <'onvcnti<in  lor 
certain  favors  shown  toward  distinguished  conlKlir- 
ates,"  hut  the  democratic  party  as  a  uhole  re  j(  ctcd 
him,  failing  to  vote,  and  the  rij)uhlican  niajority  \v;is 
1)3, J{0-J,  notwithstanding  that  even  more  u  public  juis 
than  democrats  neglected  to  go  to  the  polls.  In  \>-7'2 
the  trial  of  sti'cngth  was  legitimate,  and  the  lej  uh- 
lican  mnjoritv  had  fallen  to  L'.DOO.  The  ]'arty  was 
divided  on  railway  and  corporation  issues  sfon  jit'tti- 
ward,  the  democrats  electing  their  state  ticket,  hut  in 
187G  it  i>av(!  a  majoritv  for  Haves.  In  1S7'.I  ir 
was  again  divided  on  local  issues,  hut  elected  llu; 
<i;overnor  hv  a  iiluralitv,  hut  hv  a  vote  of  'J.'},84J>  los 
than  a  majority  over  all.  In  the  very  next  year.  Ik  w- 
cver,  the  party  recovered  all  hut  about  '_*()()  of  lit 
majoritv  a^jainst  it  in  the  election  of  (iartiild,  jukI 
succeeded  in  electing  half  the  congri'ssmen,  and  a 
majority  of  the  assembl3'men,  which  gave  them  the 
United  States  senator,  thus  gras[)ing  tlie  substaiK »  (if 
a  republican  victory  while  their  ojtjuments  stiuivd 
the  shadow.  In  1884  the  i)artv  had  so  far  reco\<  nil 
itself  as  to  achieve  a  majoritv  of  nearlv  8.000.  Tl.c 
fluctuations  during  non-presidential  years,  returniiij.^ 
when  a  national  election  takes  place  to  the  supn  nuu  y. 
shows  how  the  state  has  been  swayed  bv  munlclriil 
agitations,  while  the  true  sentiment  of  tlic  Amerii  aii- 
boni  population,  at  least,  was  republican. 


The  local  causes  which  led  to  so  much  variation  in 
the  political  atmosiOiore  may  be  named  under  (lie 
general  heads  of  taxation,  corporate  monopolies.  Clii- 


"'The  i"!ailing  of  .TefTcrson  Davis,  .an  article  in  the  Cntfun/ maiiayiw  fur 
Fe1>.  I8S7,  <!N<pl;iins  ( Jrcclcy's  action  in  tliis  mutter;  liut  it  wax.  iil'ti'  all,  a 
mistake  excelled  uiily  by  the  greater  oue  of  ruuaiug  fur  the  preisi'ieucy, 


EXEM  I'TF.D  TAX ATION. 


333 


llo.l  to 
ll.i.-  !■(- 

1  >\  .'ill 

IK  wl lilt 
WJts  (  11- 

i«iii  tor 
iiit't  <!t  r- 

[•^\^  (ttd 
ity  ujis 

il)li(  iiiis 
[n  \>7-l 

K  I  ull- 

ity  wjis 
II  tiftd- 
:,  but  ill 


is; 


It 


tod  tlic 
H4'.>  Itss 
\v.  Ikav- 
)  t.f  ill' 

1(1.   jhhI 
iiiui  :i 

Kill    tllf 

illlCC   (it 

S(  (  UK  (1 

(•0\  (  It  <1 

.  Tl.c 
tiiniiiit: 
•(  iiiiicy. 
iiicll  ;il 
icricaii- 


tldll    111 
vv    tlio 
s.  Clii- 

It."  all,  a 

lucy, 


iicsi'.  Iinioration,  and  labor  tlciiiaiwjx.  Tlio  rxtrava- 
«raii(  liiihits  Nvliicii  tlio  i.aily  miiiliiL?  iK-rioiI  t'liijciKlcrcd 
ill  ( '.ilitniiiia  |)rivate  and  public  lite  rftiiaiiied  after  tlio 
]it  ijud  had  [lasscil  in  wliicli  tliry  oriniiiatiMl,  and  nioro 
ill  piiidic  tlian  in  private.  Tlio  state  debt  bad  been 
nllowed  to  go  on  inereasintjf,  wbile  legislatures  I'X- 
p>  iided  upon  themselves  and  a  numerous  retinue  of 
attaches  the  money  wrung  from  tlm  people,  or  voted 
it  ill  apj)ropriations,  either  wisely  or  unwisily, creating 
ailditiniial  burtlens.  The  <'omplaints  of  the  jieuplo 
caused  the  legislators  to  attempt  pacification  by  pre- 
tending to  shift  the  bur<len  of  tax  from  borrower  to 
lender  by  exempting  $1,000  worth  of  property  of 
widows  and  or})hans  from  taxation  ;  (wempting  the 
land  claims  of  new  settlers  for  one  vear ;  and  remit- 
ting  the  tax  ujton  gr(>wing  crops,  vines,  and  mining 
claims,  all  of  which  was  in  violati<tn  of  the  coiistitu- 
tieii.  which  declared  that  taxation  should  be  e(j[ual 
and  iniiform. 

Ill  I8(U)  property  to  the  amount  of  .$SO,000,000 
was  thus  exempted  from  taxation,  ar.d  yet  there  was 
a  (TV  of  hard  tinu'S.  The  savings  banks  contained 
more  de])osits  per  inhabitant  than  any  state  or  country 
(111  the  glol)e  ;  but  the  prosperity  was  more  ai)[)arent 
tli.iii  real  ;  for,  whereas  in  other  states  the  owners  of 
.1  li;iiik  account  wen-  of  tlu;  class  who  had  some  sort 
of  }ieniianent  homes  enabling  them  to  ki-ej)  and  in- 
crease their  capital,  in  California  the  money  was  often 
withdrawn  to  meet  painful  emerixencies  aiising  from 
the  unsettled  condition  of  gocietv  and  the  greati>r  ex- 
I>ciiso  of  living,  with  the  decrease  in  gol  1-production. 

As  earlv  as  I86.i,  owiinjf  partlv  to  tlie  influx  of  un- 
ciii]»loyed  [)erso!is  after  the  war,  there  began  a  move- 
iin  lit  among  the  laboring  classes  looking  to  the 
iiiipiMvenu  nt  of  their  condition.  Among  tin- demands 
nf  laborers  was  the  reduction  of  their  hours  of  em- 
liloyiiient  without  any  corresponding  reduction  of 
p;iv.  and  toward  this  puri)ose  numerous  trades-unions 
Wile  formed.     To  this  demand  was  soon  added  that 


w 


834 


PARTY  CHANGES. 


of  incronsod  waj^es.  As  soon  as  trades-unions  >V(  re 
ort;aiiiz((l  iHtliticul  parties  bt-j^an  to  seek  tlio  votis  of 
tlu'sc  <>r<^anizations,  and  the  eigiit-hour  law  was  a 
sop  tlirown  out  bv  a  dennK-ratic  lej^islaturo  to  s((  urc 
the  adh('si(»n  of  the  unions.  These  same  l('«»;isliitois, 
however,  in  ntakin<^  contracts  for  public  works,  re- 
quired  ten  hours  labor  to  be  performed  daily." 

'■'rains  T.  Uylanil,  tlio  speaker  fof  the  assoinhly  in  1867-8,  was  li<.r:i 
Juno  'M,  18'.'(i,  ill  Howard  oo.,  MJHMouri,  working  on  a  farm  durnig  tin-  >tiiii- 
inor,  anil  attcndcil  hcIiooI  during  tlie  winter.     In  184'J  liu  Htarted  aiTo.'.-i  tlie 

1)lainH  fur  Cal.,  tinally  Hottling  at  Nan  Jose,  where  he  began  the  vracticL- nf 
aw,  having  prevuninly  lM.-eii  iidinitted  to  the  bar  in  Miatiouri.  lie  wan  a|i- 
|)iiinted  clerk  of  the  cuurt  of  first  instanco  in  S.  h\,  which  office  he  aftir\i:»rl 
resigned,  going  back  to  San  Jane.  Wlien  the  first  legishiture  met  lu'  wm 
appointed  private  secretary  to  (lov.  Burnett,  and  in  1854  was  elected  to  tit- 
legislature  from  Santa  Clara  co.,  where  he  was  the  author  of  the  first  n<>|irii 

i)riation  bill  parsed  in  the  state  for  a  wagon-road  over  the  Sierra  Nevada  into 
CI  Dorado  co.  Mr  Kyland's  health  giving  way  in  18tii>,  he  gave  up  lii.i  Ltw 
practice,  and  engaged  in  banking.  Ho  married  l^titia  M.  Burnett,  aduiigb- 
ter  of  Gov.  Burue tt,  one  of  the  pioneers  of  1843. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 


CHINESE,  THE  LAUOll  AiJlTATION',  AXD  I-OLTTIfS, 

18(58-1877. 

Co^lIN'J  OF  THE  MoNflt»UAN.S — NoT  WkM'OMK    IV   CALIFORNIA— AtTITIDK  OF 

riiK  MiNKHs— Disdi'si'iNu    and    Ai.iiMiK.riiF.K    I»\mnai!I.k.     I-oso    iiirr 

r.i\Vi;i!l,KS-<  I.Ktasl.A'I'lON  AdAINST  TllKM-  TlIKATrfW  ANI>  CoMM  IssloN^ — 
Oil!  M  VSIKU.S   OK  TUB   Hoi)    ANtI   SlIKVK.r, —  KkaKNEVIsM       .MuMil'OI.HTH 

1»knuis(;ku — .Sanii-i,(it  .Si'kkomks— Rinrs  am>  Akkkstj*— Sakkty  Cum- 

MiriKK  -IjAHOH  OltiJANtZATIONS  — ThK    WkIIK  IN<;MKS  S   PaIMV     IIKCMMKS 

A  J     '  Kit  — Dkci.ink  ov  Commi'n ism— Moke  ELEcrioxH,  LEi;i.sLATUKi'><, 
AMI  Uei-ueisentatives, 

Ship-loads  of  paper  and  printer's  ink  liad  been 
gjx/iled,  and  broatli  enough  wasted  to  sail  tlio.se  ships 
in  i<ii(  ratinjif  the  pr(>|»o.sitiou  of  alir-ns  (»f  other 
laiiils  coiijjfn'oated  in  California  tliat  **  th«'  Chinese 
iiiu-t  «jo,"  althouijrh  accordinii  to  s<»ine  authorities  the 
woi'  ni  si  "ore  of  the  continent  was  theirs  bv  riyrht  of 
(!is<(r,eiv.  They  were  frequent  visitors  to  and  resi- 
Jiiits  of  Mexico,'  and  were  employed  at  ship-buildin*; 
or  uthtr  hibor  in  Lower  California  within  historic 
time-;,  fioin  IjTI  to  174G,  and  even  in  Los  Angeles, 
Alui  California,  in  1781. 


I  Slip 


S.;e  l'7.  III.,  Xdlh'i'  lidcoK,  chap.  ix..  this  series. 

-Cli.'valiur  fancied  lie  saw  alxmt  Afapuleo  the  evitlencc'i  of  many  inter- 
irjxtiiri;4.  Ill  tliu  y/iv/oW''  ('hniii'iiiu;  ilr  la  ('nUjunwi  iiieiitifin  i-*  iiiatlc  of  a 
Oiiii  lis  Hhip-carpenter.  Villa-St'ilor  y  iSanciiuz  in  his  Thi-niti,  Amfriritno, 
174^,  relates  that  the  Chiiie<e  were  muiieroiis  in  ainl  amiinil  Araiiulc".  The 
Jajiiiit'se  ill  Il'tSI  \vi!ro  ordered  out  of  Mexico,  and  were  fnrhidifeu  to  carry 
»wuy  more  thaa 2,000  ducats  eacli,  from  wliich  it  ajijiears  tlu-y  wtre  .success- 
ful tM.le.iiiieii.  Tlie  riiiiiesc  theiiisclve"  assert  in  their  year-lMM.k.  tliat  ccr- 
tiia  ISudilliist  priests  crossed  into  x\h'iska,  explored  the  coast  to  Mcvic.i.  and 
}»?n".'trated  to  the  Aztec  eiiiiiire,  1, 000  years  hefore  ( 'ortes.  I'reiident  I'oi-t<!r, 
<f  Yale  col]e>;e,  places  the  iiuinhcr  of  C'hine^e  arrivals  in  the  I'.  S.  Iietweeii 
bJO  and  1.S40  at  1 1,  and  between  1840  and  IH.'iO  at  '.15.  Tliis  refers  to  imnii- 
imnts  to  eastern  ports.  For  facts  and  opinions  concerning  the  <'hiiiese  I 
Lave  consulted  some  hundreds  of  vohiines  and  thou^tandti  of  news]i,-ii>ers,  as 
«eU  Hi  the  oi&cial  report  ordered  by  the  atate  senate  at  a  recent  i>eri(xl. 

( :«5  J 


mh 


Sliip! 


It     ><i  i^l  i 

I*  J 


336      CillNF-SE,   THE  LABOR  ACilTATIOX,   AND  rOLlTIC>!. 

Tlio  first  iiiinii^rants  from  Cliiiia  to  modern  Cali- 
fornia Avero  two  Cliincse  moii  and  one  wonuiii,  who 
arrived  by  the  clipper  bark  J'jifjie  in  1848.  Tin;  nun 
went  to  tlie  mines,  and  tlii;  woman  remained  as  a 
servant  in  tlic  family  of  CMiarles  V.  Gillespie,  who 
came  liitlier  from  Hon;^  Konjj;.  In  February,  1^41). 
the  number  t)f  Chinese  men  in  California  had  incr(a>>(l 
to  54  ;  and  in  January,  1850,  to  787  me!i  ain'  2 
women.  A  year  later  there  were  4,018  men  ami 
7  women;  and  in  January,  1852,  7,512  men  nud  S 
women.  By  May  they  had  increased  to  11,787,  of 
whom  onlv  7  were  women.  Like  other  innninraiits 
some  died  and  some  returne<l,  the  whole  number  of 
both  amounting  to  470.  By  August,  18.")2,  tlicic 
were  n(»t  less  tiian  18,02G  men  and  14  women  ad.lr  1 
to  the  Chinese  population  of  California,  broui^ht 
chietlv  from  Hon<r  K«in<^  in  B)"itish  ships.  Slalisti(s 
show  that  at  the  time  the  labor  troubles  connmiHcd 
in  California,  or  about  the  year  1870,  there  wcio 
110,000  Chinese  in  California,  and  probably  151.000 
m  the  United  States,  the  most  of  whom  were  on  tlio 
Pacific  coast.  Of  the  entire  number  6,000  may  hiivo 
been  wo!nen. 

These  peoido  were  truly,  in  every  sense,  aliens. 
The  color  of  their  skins,  tlu;  rejmlsiveness  of  tliei.i 
features,  their  under-size  of  figure,  their  iiicoin]nv- 
heiisible  language,  strange  customs,  and  heathen  re- 
ligion,— containing  though  it  might  the  basi'  ef  all 
true  gixllincss,  the  virtues  of  the  Christian  decalogue, 
— conspired  to  .setthem  apart  had  they  not  thenisi  lv(  s 
exhibited  a  disposition  to  hold  aloof  from  the  white 
rac(>.  Their  camf)S  were  always  removi'd  to  a  eeiii- 
ftrtablc  distance  from  the  cami)s  of  the  white  miners, 
as  much  from  clioice  as  from  recognition  of  the  un- 
friendliness visi!)le  in  the  looks  and  acts  of  tlieir 
Ameri<an  or  Eurf)pean  neighbors. 

This  unfriendliness  was  manifested  by  injustice,  hy 
insolence,  ami  by  oj>pression.  The  placers  the  wliite 
liiiiiera  had  abandoned  wer    usually  occupied  by  Chi- 


IN  THE  MIXES. 


S37 


i(v.  l.y 
white 
Chi- 


nese wlio  were  content  witli  five  or  eij^ht  (!< ►liars  a 
(|;i\ ,  while  a  whitu  niun  wanted  sixteen  or  twenty. 
Whrii  MK'li  returns  failed,  tl»c  Mongolians  were  (»ften 
iis.>;iilttl  l»y  other  miners  with  no  better  rights,  and 
(lii\ (  11  away  from  the  diggings  heretofore  (kspised  hy 
tli(  SI'  men,  who  coniplaiiied  to  the  legislature,  which 
at  *  \  t  ry  session  endeavored  to  make  the  laws  so  <>[>- 
j»i('s,-i\e  to  the  detested  race  that  they  should  cease 
to  iiiiuiigrate.^ 

It  was  jiroposed  in  185*2  to  hold  Chinamen  as  ap- 
juviiliies;  and  in  1853  a  senate  resolution  asked  the 
iiivsidcnt  to  a[)point  a  r(»mniissioner  to  (^hina  in  the 
jKisDii  of  Edmund  Randolph  who  should  negotiave 
with  the  emperor  on  this  sul)jcct.  This  artifice  to  in 
tiMihice  the  coolie  system  in  [)lacfc  of  slavery  failec', 
as  1  have  noticed  in  an  earlier  volume.  In  IH54  a 
KSdhition  Avas  ])assed  urging  congress  to  authoiize 
tlie  ('i(]ifornia  legislature  to  impose  a  capital  ta\  on 
till' Chinese  and  Ja|»anese,  to  be  ])aid  before  !  .nding 
hv  tlie  vessel  brinLHU'  them.  It  was  enacted  by  the 
kyislnture  of  1855  that  niasters,  owners,  or  con- 
si''iut  s  of  vessels  bringing  to  this  coast  anv  i>ersons 
iiKdiiilntent  to  become  citizens  un<ler  our  lawssliould 
jtay  ;i  tine  of  $50  for  every  such  person  laiuK'd,  and 
couiiiiissioners  of  innnigration  were  a[)ftointed  to  en- 
fnic  this  statute  ;  but  a  suit  beiiig  brought  under  it, 
the  eourt  declared  the  act  unconstitutional.  The  for- 
ti;j;n  miiu'rs'  license  was  raised  this  yearto$()a  month, 
from  October,  1H55,  to  ()ct()l)er,  1856,  and  an  act 
liassod  increasing  the  tax  tt)  $S  ])cr  month  for  1857, 
810  for  1858,  and  so  on,  each  successive  vear. 

'Till' legislatiiro  of  1  S;"0  enaotcd  a  law  against  .all  furt-ignerH — Mexicans 
.•fil  hiiliauM  not  iiicliuleil  -wliich  reqniroil  a  licoiisc  to  In-  taUcn  out  at  .**J0 
jur  iiiiiiiili.  I'liis  tax  together  witli  tlio  un(■ortaiIltic^4  of  mining  wax  I'fjniva- 
U'lit  tc-  li  ;'i'oliiliitioii,  aiitithe  law  hciMiiio  to  a  conaidisralile  fxtont  inojK-ra- 
•ivi!,  ami  w.is  reitealcil  in  1851.  In  IS.'iil  the  cost  of  a  foreign  niiner'K  liieiise 
Ma<  tixdl  ;it  !*."<  a  niontli,  but  the  act  was  repealed  in  !8').1,  wlien  it  was  raised 
to^.  All  iiin)ro|)riatinn  of  ^iOO  wan  made  for  translating  the  law  ijito  Thi- 
no-e  ami  and  printing  4,000  copies.  In  IS.V)  tiie  law  exciuding  from  tite 
(■"iirts  lugro  and  Indian  evidence,  wa.s  amended  to  include  C'hinesfj,  and  ol>- 
Ktr'U'tidii^  were  thrown  in  the  way  of  procuring  1ionds?>ieii,  so  aii  to  make  it 
ilitliiiilt  fur  Asiatics  charged  with  uriuiti  to  procure  bail. 
UIST.  Cai,,,  Vol  Vn.    22 


338      CHIXR^E,   THE  LAHOR  AOITATION,   AXD  rOLITirs. 

Driven  from  good  to  poor  or  exliaustcd  (H,!4j,inj-s, 
oven  with  their  frugal  liahits  the  Chinese  fouiid  it 
(hfficult  to  ])ay  these  sunjs,  more  in  the  nutuii  .,r'a 
fine  than  a  tax,  and  the  collectors  were  unahle  t<>  <\. 
tort  from  them  the  amount  exacted  hy  the  law,  tiie 
effect  of  which  was  to  impoverish  them,  wliilc  tho 
revenue  of  the  state  was  not  increased  ;  for  rather 
tl.an  suhmit  to  the  extortion,  first  of  the  Cliiiust 
coiM[>anics*  which  brought  them  out,  and  tin  ii  nf 
the  govermnent  ()f  (.'alifornia,  a  considerable  nuiiilitr 
returned  to  China  in  October  of  this  year. 

Already  the  cry  was  raised  against  them  that  tlnir 
presence  in  the  country  tended  to  injure  the  inti  nsts 
of  tho  working  ch.sses  and  degrade  labor.  It  was 
arguetl  that  no  good  could  come  from  allowing  an  in- 
ferior race,  not  in  a  static  of  bondage  yet  not  (•itiz('i!>!, 
to  compete  in  the  lab^r  markets,  Tliey  sinijily,  l.v 
their  numbers  a»\d  by  taking  less  wages  than  wliito 
m(>n,  de[)rived  the  lattir  of  tlie  money  they  slmuM 
have  earned,  and  instead  of  invi'sting  it  in  the  star-' 
carried  it  to  China.  In  a  word,  thev  wen;  liuiiiiii 
leeches,  suckitjg  the  life-blood  <»f  the  country.  Tli  • 
oidy  voic(!S  raised  in  their  defence  came  from  the  uni- 
versal ]»hilanthropist,  often  the  world's  greatest  !>Iiui- 
deriir,  the  merchant  who  had  something  to  sdl  tliut 
Chinamen  would  buv,  and,  of  course,  the  em5»loverof 
cheap  l.ibor. 

To  drive  them  from  the  mines  deprived  tlie  state 
of  the  reve!iue  derived  from  their  licenses,  ani< unit- 
ing, even  at  $4.  to  ab(»ut  .^'JOO.OOO  monthly.  Auaiii. 
to  forbid  mining  would  force  them  in  •'reat  nunilRis 
into  tlu!  towns  and  agricultural  districts,  to  steal  or 
to  starve,  for  it  w<);dd  be  imj)ossible  to  return  tlitin 


m 


*ril.  St'if,  iS.">,  21G  17:  X'^uli  Jovritnl,  Oct.  '20,  IS.-)").  Tli.-  Cliiin'^e 
HJx  coiiipaiiie.'*  wliii-h  inijKirtoil  lalionTJ*  iiiiilcr  c'lntract  for  iia.ssagc  iiidi.iy, 
iiiiil  a  ct-rtatti  ncn-cntagt-  of  i-arniiij^M,  were  known  sevLTafly  as  tlir  Nin^' 
Vunjr,  7'»,(Xh);  Hnp  Wo.  34.(HM);  Konu'  riiow,  l."),i)(H):  Vun^  Wo,  I'.MHKh  Sum 
Viii>,  ll.(HtO;  Jan  V.'o,  4,;«H».  Tin'  liguii'rt  here  repi onent  Iho  niiiiilur  of 
coolies  iK'loiiginu  to  tlio  HL'vi'nl  coinpanioa  iu  1876.  It  U  easy  to  .sfo  liow 
profitable  must  liave  been  their  l*uiiUiti8H. 


DISfjr.ACKFUL   LEOTSLATTOX. 


889 


en  masse  to  Cliiim,  r  s  liad  Vk-oii  pr()j)oso(l,  or  to  convey 
tlicni  ill  I'-i^s  tluin  '200  vessels,  eaeli  carrying  L'oO  jias- 
s»-ii.r''i':^.  or  five  vessels  a  nxmtli  for  four  years.  I'lio 
iiinrine  to  perform  tliis  service  not  l)einL(  at  liaiid,  the 
jip.posit'on  to  return  tlienito  China  was  unteiiaUle. 

It  liecinio  necessarv  then  to  consider  the  'nnese 
question  from  sonic  point  of  view  liaviii;^  a  wider 
niii'40  tlan  that  I>elon^ing  to  the  mere  ground  of  race 
jir<ju;!ice  Of  wliite  labor  there  was  not  enough  in 
('.ilifornia  to  develop  its  resources  as  was  desirahie,  or 
tui:i!<!i  house  ^<-vants  or  factory  operatives.  Neither 
cduM  i'liproveinents  he  carried  v)n  to  any  extent  with 
\v;v"s  at  the  standard  demanded  hv  white  lahor.  The 
ni"iitnitents  of  e'vilization  were  in  no  land  raised  ex- 
crjit  l»y  cheap  lalx^r.  But  California  had  not  reached 
tin- iiioimmental  ]>eriod  of  development.  Her  work- 
1,1(11  had  first  to  dig  ditches,  build  roads,  sow  grain, 
jihiiit  vines  and  orchards,  and  erect  manufactories. 
Ti.  turn  the  wheels  of  jtrogress  thoChinama't,  (piiekly 
TiiTiTptive  and  willingly  industrious,  might  be  used 
t"  advantage.     Thus  the  jiolitical  economists. 

Tlie  upp()siti<ui  to  Chinese  immigration  was  in  the 
first  plaee  almost  purely  southern,  and  arose  from  the 
aiita^Kiiism  of  jiien  accustomed  to  ngard  themselves 
as  masters  toward  ra<'es  to  which  there  attached  any 
suspiciim  of  servitude.  To  work  at  all  was  a  sad 
oo'iiing  down  for  them,  but  to  work  beside  a  pig-tail, 
wliom  even  a  wihl  Indian  despised,  was  abasement 
iiitnlcrable." 

Xi\t  to  a  man  who  has  been  a  master,  «tne  who 
Ills  been  a  servant  is  the  most  exacting  and  super- 
riiiuus.  Thus  it  hap]»ene<l  that  as  the  mines  attracted 
to  the  state  other  foreigners  of  low  extraction,  the 
riiiiK'so  became  subject  to  the  hatnul  of  another  class 
uf  white  men,  who  without  being  in  any  sen.se  Anier- 

Thf  l<'gi>latnrp  in  IS.'iS  cnactcil  a  law  forliiililin;^  (^hitiaincii  toliiiil  upon 
tlii'i  ci.-i-it,  i'xrf|it  ilrivcn  liy  stress  nf  weatlirr;  ami  any  capt.iiii  laiiiliii}{  ntich 
>!i"ulil  [iiy  a  fiiif  of  fnuii  ?4(H)  t(>.*CiOO.  or  l)e  iiii|irisiiiiuil  not  oxt'cciliiij;  ciiio 
yir:  sitiil  law  Ut  Ikj  iiiado  known  iu  t'liiua  aiul  t'aliforuii.   C<il.  St-it.,  IS.'S, 


JV40      C'HIXESE,   THE  LABOR   A<;iTATIOX,    AND   POLITICS. 


[can  in  spirit,  wore  admitted  to  oitizciisliii)  and  mJdVfd 
political  privilc'jj^es  with  native-l«»rn  (•loct<»rs.  Tlioy, 
from  the  novelty  of  tlioir  position  as  '  sovcrtiL^ns,' 
W'i'vo  unduly  anxious  to  exercise  their  prtro;^»jitiv(  s. 
and  soui'ht  to  influence  leij^islatures  l>v  c<rtaiii  ii«.isv 
deiD  Mistrations,  which,  meaning  votes,  liad  a  certain 
weight  with  politicians,  enough,  at  all  events,  tn  pro- 
cure local  legislation*  inimical  to  tlie  C'liini'se,  and 
frequent  appeals  to  congress  to  remove  this  alxniiiiia- 
tion  from  the  land. 

For  that  many  of  the  hahits  and  practices  of  tliis 
people  were  abominahle  could  not  he  denied.  TIkv 
were  as  far  from  observing  tlie  maxims  (»f  Cnnfiicius 
as  nonunal  Christians  are  fnmi  imitating  Christ.  With 
that  air  «>f  i)erfect  docilitv  which  comes  from  < . ntu- 
ries  of  enforced  suliserviencv,  thev  won  the  cu?ifid<ii(c 
of  em[)lovers  whom  they,  hi  some  unguanjed  nuinicut, 
tr«'acherouslv  nuirdered  for  ijain.  Chine.'ie  jnunhrs, 
however,  were  not  more  fre(juentthan  Europi  an  mur- 
ders, not  so  frt'(juent  asjMexican  or  native  C;»lit'<Miia!i 
murders,  and  thev  wi'ie  no  more  al>horrent.  though 
fre(|uently  Jiccompanieil  by  a  breach  of  trust,  ceelly 
planned  and  brutal)}'  executed.  Their  opium  d< us 
were  scenes  of  disgust  and  horror.  While  appar'rjtly 
not  nmch  given  to  concupisc(>nce,  tlicy  liad  im  rt  gav! 
for  chastity,  and  subjected  their  women  to  a  re\nhii;Lr 
slavery  for  tin;  profit  to  be  tlerived  from  prustitiitiuii. 
]^ut  then  did  not  our  own  peojde  do  thcs«-  tilings. 
the  difference  being  that  the  Chinamen  used  U.^s 
disguise  { 

Inefl'ectual  laws  were  enacted  against  this  vice,  and 
against  Chinese  gambling  games,  as  also  to  conic t 


*In  1802  a  law  was  enacted  which  provided  for  taxins  Mongolii'Ti!'  "v 
yt'iirM  iif  ago     except  tluwo  who  paid  a  iiiontSdy  mint'r  ^  tax     sfj:.'*>  a* 


IS  yeapM  iif  age  except  tluwo  who  paid  a  iiiontSdy  miner  ^  tax  sfj:.'*>  a*  » 
monthly  c^atiitation  tax,  to  I>e  known  as  the  ChineHe  |K>lice  tax,  I'-nt  tlit 
Mip.  it  declared  tlie  law  unconstitutional.  In  IWW  the  !«up.  <i  Mi-iaiii»'l 
the  law  excluding  ChineMU  witncHHeH  in  units  where  white  iK-'rwH*  »<ri-  j-a'- 
tien.  They  were  alno  excluded  from  the  imMio  koIhm>I.-4,  tojjether  witli  ti'  gn^e* 
and  Indians,  hut  separate  xehools  miK'it  ih3  provided  for  either.  In  l^^'thi* 
law  waH  so  inodilied  that  they  might  he  admitted  to  achouk  where  nu  ol  .ection 
waa  made  by  the  parents  uf  white  childrcu 


DISC ; n ACF.FUL  l.F/aSLATION. 


841 


tlio  unrlt'aiiliii(\><3  of  tlio  Chiuose  quarter;  for  the 
M(iiiL;<>liiiM,  while  lio  inii;ht  wvixr  iiiunaculatfly  wliite 
I'ldthiiig,  aini  liavc  cvuiy  apiKuraiK  o  i»f  jK-rsoiial  noat- 
noss,  liad  no  prtjudicrs  against  sK't-} 


unir,  sanliiu 


as  II 


i.uiy  as  (•(»ul(l   hr  crowdt'il  into  the  si>a('(','  (»r  to 


living" 


^utrouiiiU'd  hv  tiltli  that  smelt  to  heaven 


o 


iiiiitliTs  like  these  the  attention  of  congress  was  every 
now  and  then  diri-cted  hy  the  legislators  of  California, 
hut  without  result. 
In   18(;7   emigration   srhonies   were  organized    by 
'.-ins  of  wliieh  Chinese  t-oolies  were  to  be  sui)i) 


111' 


.lied 


\tv  tlie  siv  companies  to  \V(»rk  on  sugar  and  cotton 
|)l,iiitatioiis  in  the;  gulf  states  :  but  the  contractors 
t'ailid  to  pay,  and  the  Mongolians  rt^tired  from  the 
tMig.igi'iiU'iit.  Ill  1870  the  legislature  was  again  ni(»ved 
to  impose  a  penalty  of  not  hs.s  than  i$[,0()0  nor  more 
than  ??;"), 000,  or  imprisonmont,  upon  any  one  bringing 
to  thoso  shores  any  Hu)»ji'et  of  China  or  Japan  with- 
out tii'st  presenting  i-viih  iice  of  his  c»r  her  good  char- 
aitor  to  the  commit,  'oner  of  immigration,  but  the 
sU|tiom(^  court  decided  against  its  constitutionality. 
Tlic  same  year  the  niuiii(i|iality  of  San  Francisco 
passed  an  ordinance  f<»rbi(l(ling  the  employment  of 
Cliiiiise  on  public  w oiks  of  any  kind;  and  in  ls7G, 
an  act  to  create  an  iri'i^ation  district  in  the  ctiuiities 


ill 


AL 


imr 


la,  (^oiitra  Costa,  San    Joa(piin,  Stanisla 


us, 


^^<'l^■t'(l.  /resno,  ami  Tulari",  it  was  forbidden  to  em- 
ploy Chinese  labor  in  the  construction  of  any  canal  or 
ditch  ))rovided  for  in  the  a<'t.  In  1H7.S  a  law  wasen- 
iictiil  f irbidding  aliens  deliarred  from  citi/eiiship  to 
ar<|uin'  title  to  iml  estate  ;  and  aiiotluT  withlKtldin 


if 


th 


•u^iiicss  licenses  irom  tne  same  class 


iii'.-^i 


iaws  o 


f  tl 


lis 


iil»tion  served  ti>  pacily  the  other  alien  element, 
and  gave  the  rourts  some  labor  in  setting  asidi"  after- 
ward.    The   sup«'rvisors   of  San   Francisco   even  e\- 

'Tlio  lojjiwlrttnrc  in  1^7t5  tiiatlf  it  a  iiiixltiiii.'innr.  ]>iiiiis)inlilc  liy  .i  tiiic  nf 
Din  >'I0  (•>  >'.'>(».  fur  ,Tiiv  iKT-iiin  to  let  or  <iri't\|iy  any  a|iiirtiin'iit  witlnn  the 
iiil<  "f  nil  iiirorjmriUi'il  city,  wliidi   iiiiiliiiiii''l  l<'s.<  tli.iii  ."itHI  trrt  «it  sjiai'C 

til.'  t;[('ar  to  each  ^lerHnii.     Tlio  law  was  Mistuiiu'il  liy  tlio  fuy    rt. 


fr.,i 
linn 
III 


■  ^j 


»t2    rrnNESE,  ttie  labor  A(  station,  axi)  politics. 

cluditl  Cliinosc  rrraiiito  from  use  in  I H  public  works; 
antl  passed  an  ordiiiiuu  e  whicli  required  that  tlio  liair 
of  any  convictod  male  prisoner  should  be  cut  Avitliin 
one  inch  of  the  head  in  order  to  sacrifice  the  ((UrU(,s 
of  tlie  Chinese;  convicts — a  greati'r  indij.Miity  than  if 
tlieir  ears  had  been  cut  off.  Tliis  was  celebrat>  d  ui;- 
diT  the  name  of  the  Vh^  Tail  Ordinance,  and  was  ve- 
toed by  the  mayor  as  l)arbarous  and  nialiciou.^.  lu 
1H7G  tlie  supervisors  required  a  license  of  8:!  per 
quai'ter  from  a  laundry  usinjj;  a  one-horse  vehicle,  and 
<<  1  })er  (piarter  for  a  two-Jiorse  vehicle;  but  cliai^cd 
laundries  using  no  horses — meaning  those  of  tlieCKi- 
iiese — $13  per  (juartcr.  The  courts  again  interfered 
to  prevent  this  injustice. 

In  the  meantime  the  Chinese,  protected  I)}-  tlie 
better  sentiment  of  the  intellio-eiit  and  riiiht-inindcd, 
and  the  decrees  (tf  the  supreme  court,  held  tiiiir 
gi-ound,  and  were  constantly  employed.  Gardening,', 
farming,  viticulture,  horticulture,  laundrying,  cookiiii:, 
and  genei'al  housework  were  m(>noj)oli7.ed  by  tlu  in  to 
a  great  extent.  Hailroad  conq)anii's  <  inployed  tliom 
to  build  their  roads;  and  tluy  workfd  in  min<s,  in 
lumber  districts,  and  in  tlie  great  fisheries.  Tiny 
came  at  last  to  engage  in  some  manufactures,  such  a-s 
shoi'making,  cigarmaking,  and  a  few  other  tradis,  but 
I'emaining  in  every  sense  aliens.  In  1805  a  steam- 
ship line  to  China,  carrvintjc  the  mails  inonthlv  !)••- 
tween  San  Francisco  and  Chinese  ports,  was  autboi- 
ized  bv  conij-ress,  and  established  in  1807,  thus  n  cui:- 
iiizing  the  inq)ortancc  of  the  trade  with  China  and 
Japan." 

Anson  Burlingame,  the  American  minister  to  China 
from  I.^Ol  to  Ih 07,  being  taken  into  the  confiiieine 
and  friendship  of  the  regent  of  the  euipire.  I'rince 
Xung,    was  authorized   by  that   potentate  to  finne 

"Cwin  .IS  t;u-ly  as  18.'1  advocated  a  Cliina  mail,  ami  j)rided  himself  en 
liciiig  tl\e  j>r(>j<<"t<'r  nf  tlic  fiitiTpi'lsc;  Imt  tlii;  fclieino  uas  ailvmatiil  in  idii- 
gri'ss  liy  licntiiii  in  till'  40's.  and  (putliticd  vvlu  I'arlier  liy  Jtffuraou.  Tia-y, 
liowover,  dtai'tcd  Uieir  line  from  the  Coluinbia  river. 


THE  BURLIXGAME  TREATY. 


343 


treaties  of  amity  witli  European  nations  as  tlic  rc])- 
rcsciitative  of  Oiina,  and  also  to  amend  tlie  existini;- 
tiMitv  with  tlic  United  States.*  From  tliis  amuidcd 
treaty  sprang  the  strong  hostility  to  the  Chinese 
vliicii  marked  the  laws  and  ordinances  ahovo  referixd 
to;  ior  the  ilauses  adtled  hy  l^urlinj^ame  a<j;reed  to 
tl,i'  mutual  [irotection  of  the  eitizms  of  China  or  the 
I'liilcd  States  on  eaeh  otiiers'  soil  ;  t<>  frei'tlom  in  re- 
iiuious  opinions  and  exercise's  ;  to  the  ri*;ht  to  reside 
in  either  country  at  will,  with  all  the  privih  «;es  ac- 
conlcil  to  the  most  favored  nations,  with  the  riuht  to 
(,'iiat  t  [Kiial  laws  for  the  jtrevention  of  involuntaiy  ini- 
nii;;rati()ii,  to  establish  an  international  systtni  of  cur- 
reii('\  and  connnerce  ;  and  tv  enjoy  the  ]>ri\ii(<4e  of 
adinis.>ion  to  the  public  schools  of  the  United  States, 
or  the  establishment  of  American  s«  hools  in  China. 

A;j,ainst  this  liberal  and  intrinsically  just  policy,  the 
anti-Cliini'se  l>arty  in  California  jirolested  ;  and  as  the 
voius  passed,  rebelled  more  and  more  strenuously, 
the  (tutcrv  beintr  increased  by  the  i»bscuritv  of  the 
jKituralization  laws,  the  act  of  lh(J4  confining  the 
[iiivih'oe  to  free  white  persons,  and  tlie  law  of  1870 
rxtendiiiu  it  to  i)ersons  of  Afri'an  nativity  and  de- 
scent.  The  Kevised  Statutes  of  \h1'.\  dr<.pptd  the 
\V(iri Is,  "  being  free  white  peis(tns,"  by  chrical  error 
as  it  was  alleged,  and  a  few  Asiatics  to(*k  advantage 
(if  the  wording  to  become  natirraliz*  d.  This  aiKame 
u|)(iii  the  ])rivileges  of  white  and  bhu  k  men  lout-td 
n  111  wt'd  hostility,  pid)rK'  sentiment  gi  nt  i;dly  In  ing 
against  incorporating  into  our  civillaition  these  alien 
pagans,  and  hi  1H75  Mongolians  were  iXcUuhd  from 
iiaturahzation  rights.  The  importation  of  Chinese 
WdHien  for  illicit  purposes  was  made  puni.shable  by  a 

'A  til  ;ity  was  ncjjotintod  M-ith  Cliina  in  IS-U  ).y  Minister  CusJiing,  \ilii<h 
«a<  iiiiMlillt'il  ill  1S.')((,  liy  Minister  Ui'i'il  in  1S.")S  , anil  fuitliir  iiuiaitirclliy  Hiii-- 
lin^raiiii'  ill  l;S(!.S.  Tlu'  U.  S.  law  of  ISO'i  (irohiliiu-il  tin;  iinixirtaticii  i>f 
chiiIk  J.  :niil  the  treaty  also.  In  1870  Ofiii^rcss  ilcdarcil  that  no  lax  >li(pulil 
1)1' iiii]MiM(l  liy  any  state  iipoii  iHTsoiis  iiniiiijiiatiiii,'  thereto,  whiih  was  not 
ciilun  111  upon  ex'ei'V  <itli<T  iniiiii^rraut  to  siieli  ^laie  from  any  other  fureifiu 
country.     Thus  Culifuruia  was  projteily  lieKl  iu  check  hy  the  general  gov't. 


344      CI'IKESE,   THE  LABOR   AC.ITATTOX.   AXD  TOLITir 


peiiiilty  of  .$.■), 000  and  fivt;  Nt-ars'  imprisoniiuiit,  Ipv  art 
of  congress  ;  but  the  law  was  ilcclarcd  inicr)iistitu- 
tioiial,  and  thu  onlv  hiir  to  tliis  s|K'<-ics  of  iiiiiiii<rij>. 
tioii  was  a  fine  of  $"J,000,  and  oiu;  y«'ar's  iniprlsniiiuriit 
for  l»riiigiin^  to  the  country  any  person  ronipulsoiilv. 
TUo  iinportiition  of  laborers  under  coiitraet,  was  uIn. 
niadi^  subject  to  a  penalty  of  $500,  and  a  year  in 
prison  for  each  person  so  brou>^lit  to  the  country." 

But  none  of  this  K-i^islation  was  likely  to  eradioate 
the  evils  (tf  whi<'h  the  workinLjnien  of  Califoi-nia  ruiu- 
plaini'd,  tlu'  greatest  of  wlii<'h  was  that  China  was 
al>sorbin<r  tlu!  industries  of  California  as  fast  as  its 
busy  population  became  inducted  into  our  met  hoi  Is.  to 
tho  exclusion  of  the  white  worknien.  This  exchisi<iii 
was  of  two  kinds:  voluntary,  where  white  iii.nn- 
fused  to  work  beside  Chinamen,  and  involuntarv, 
where  employ(>rs  preferred  to  avail  themselvts  itf 
Chinese  cheap  labor. 

In  April  1h7()  the  state  senate  appointcnl  a  ann- 
niittee  to  take  testimony  U|)on  the  effect,  nioi-al.  sncjal. 
and  political,  of  Ciijnese  innnigration,  and  8.').i>(i()  was 
authorize<|  l)y  tlu?  legislatui"  to  l;c  ex[)endtti  by  tlic 
city  of  San  Francisco,  in  sending  a  delegation  to 
Washington  to  procure  such  a  modification  of  tlic 
Burlingame  treaty  as  to  ))revent  tho  comiiiLj  of 
certain  classes  to  our  shores.  The  connnissioii  sat 
from  October  I  Hth  to  November  iHth,  their  iiivrsti- 
gations  filling  173  print(Ml  pages,  but  [)ractically  tlic 
subject  remaine<l  wliere  it  had  been,  nothing  in  w  1m- 
ing  elicited.  Ct)nii:ress  in  1877-H  so  far  vield.d  to 
the  j)ressure  as  to  lay  a  per  ca|)ita  tax  of  8_'..M)  on 
each  Asiatic  arriving  in  the  country,  officials  ex- 
cepted, any  evasion  of  the  law  subjecting  the  otl'i  iiiier 

"Tho  ClunoHP  six  rnmpanioH  were  really  contractr)?^  anil  iriiportors, 
nltluiiiijli  they  iittpni[itfil  ti>  ]>:iss  tlioinsclves  (itf  as  Iti'iiovnlciit  oiuMiii/atiiMis. 
Thoy  kkvitiumI  anil  I'niitnillril  with  an  iinn  liaml  all  the  Chiiii'^i-  in  the 
cmintry,  ami  sii.itainoi  a  seiTrt  ornani/atinii  of  liigliUiniiors.  wlm  wire 
iKit  ciniy  a  liutective  'Milk'c,  i)ut  socnt  avtMigors  of  any  infraction  of  llif  '"'ii- 
lianios'  rules.  So  swift  an'l  niystirioii.s  were  tlii'ir  lilows  tiiat  the  S.  K.  |>'li>i' 
Neliloni  stn't'i'i-iicit  in  caiituriiig  a  liigiiliiuiler  wlio  had  exacted  •  liloml  .luaic- 
inunt'  in  lliu  Cliinu^u  (juurtcr. 


SPREAD  OF  THR  MA.VIA. 


S4S 


to  five  v<'«ii«'ltiVK)r  ill  tlic  state  prison,  the  act  to  take 
cHirt  ill  January  IH7'.> 

W'lifii  coMijjrcsH  came  to  take  hold  of  tlio  suhjort, 
ltiinii<j;li  not  sliai'iiiLj  in  tlio  pnjutUces  of  California 


a 


WOlklll^'MU 


n,  or  tli(^  (California  (l('lo«j;ati()n  in  conj^rcss, 
it  t'liml  a  knotty  ijuestion  ti>  1h' solved.  Alien  a<4ainst 
alirii,  oiu>  as  had  as  the  otlu-r,  the  national  ti'aditions 
l)(ii:!4  a  country  free,  ojxn  to  all,  and  the  ii^norant 
white  and  tlie  it^norant  hlack  having  hcon  accepted, 
]i()\v  coidd  the  ignorant  yellow  he  kept  away  at  the 


nil  11  lest  re<jU( 


■st  of  th(!  i<>:norant  white '?    In  I  s77  S    it 


was  |>roi)osed  to  limit  the  numlxr  which  mij^lit  come 
hv  any  single  vessel.  Anotlier  [»r(»position  was  to 
jiiniisji  contracting  here  or  elsewhere  for  the  inijjor- 
tatii'n  of  Cliinese  ;  and  .still  anttther  contemplated  col- 
oni/.in<'  those  ah-i'adv  here  on  government  land.  ])ur- 
iii^-  the  spring  of  IS7S  a  special  agent  was  s(M)t  to  C'ali- 
fniiii.i  to  mak(^  a  rpiict  investigation  into  the  suhjcct. 
It  had  heeii  said  hy  Califovnians  in  congress  that 
rfv<ilution  would  result  from  a  longer  delay  in  com- 
plying with  the  den)ands  of  the  majority  in  the  state 
Nvh«>  (h-sired  the  (expulsion  of  the  (^hinese.  It  was 
iiii  iii'w  thing,  indeed,  for  attacks  to  l)e  made  ujion 
tin  ir  camps  in  minin<;  re<jfions,  whether  th(>  miiu  s 
Wdc  in  placers,  quail/,  or  coal :  hut  after  the  futile 
(Hurts  to  change  the  IhirliiiLrame  treatv,  tlu'  threats 


if  vidl 


I'aces. 


eiice    increase* 

n 


1  and 


ri<  it 


s    occurred    m   various 


as  hi  Los  Angeles,  Chico,  and  San  Francisco, 
wIk  TO  an  attack  was  inatJe  U[>on  the  (^him-se  laun- 
(liii  s,  scjiiie  of  which  were  sacked  and  burned  in 
lb77. 

The  California  delegation  in  congress  found  thtMii- 
mIvcs  in  the  position  of  being  susj)ecttMl  of  having  a 
!i\>t<i'ical  mania  on  the  Cliini-se  cjuestion.  (irave 
scHiitors  of  New  Knglainl  insisted  u|>on  i-xteiiding  to 
a  half-civilized    nation    the    constitutional    privileges 


"Si.(!  Los  AiH/fliH  Sf'ir,  Ana.  ISTl,  an<l  .\]ii;l  7.  isTT;  T'rurbf  f?pMiftin, 
litr.  isyo;  S.  F.  Alio,  M.inli'i:,  ami  April  ■_'.  Is77:  .V"-*  Di,;j;  \.  „:<,  .July 
•r,,  h77;  Uwn/roiii  Uw.  t^  VaL,  <J5,  'Jl»,  101,  liHJ  7,  l'-'7-8. 


I 


n»c     c'iiiNi:si:,  the  lauok  acjitation,  and  roLiTic^. 

wliicli  tlio  autliors  of  our  oij^'unio  lav;  piuviilMl  fur 
the  |)('()|)Ioof  I'lili'^liteiiod  mitions,'"' and  tlit-y  in>i>tid 
that  tlic  iii.'tjitrity  of  people  in  tliis  state,  ol'all  clas-st's, 
wort)  as  niucli  fj^ovirncd  l)y  juilousy  and  pri  judn  «■  u.s 
was  a  disorderly  alien  element  who>e  doiny;s  IkkI  lnni 
bruited  l)y  a  sensational  pn  ss  at  home,  and  t'lvcly 
crilicised  hy  tlu;  press  ahroad.  It  was  in  \ain  lliat 
the  r<[M>rt  of  the  investi^atiM*^  ^-onniiitteo  was  spnad 
hit'ore  them,  luid  eonuMente<l  oil  hy  such  men  as  Sar- 
;j;ent,  ]*a,ue,  Miller.  Farliy,  and  others  nun  of  soiuitl 
enoU'j,]!  minds  and  arguments  when  common-M  n^c 
was  on  the  side  of  profit,  hut  whosi;  pjofessid  views 
liad  to  be  taken  with  allowance  when  any  otlirr  atti- 
tude was  tt)  them  political  death.  Ari;uments  wiro 
advanced  to  show  that  certain  manufactoi'ies  ceiild 
Hot  he  opt  rated  with  })rofIt  except  by  Chinese  clna[) 
labor;  that  railroads  could  nt»t  bo  built  without  it; 
and  that  house-sci-vants  could  not  be  obtained  »  xccpt 
from  aiiioiijj;  this  people.  This  pt»sition  wassustaiind, 
so  far  as  the  railroads  were  concerned, by  the  attitude 
of  the  Centi'al  Pacilic.  \\"hite  labor,  bv  ri  fu-in/ to 
desci'ud  to  the  levid  of  vtllow  labor,  was  luid  at  a 
hiij^her  liL;'uri>  in  California  than  many  em[ilu\ri.-i 
could  widl   afford.     This  was  peculiarly  true  of  do- 


njostic  siirviee 


A  CI 


imaman  would  do  more  am 


I    JHt- 


ter  work  in  the  kitchen  than  the  female  coidi.  On 
fiirms  he  was  almost  indispensable,  beinj^  tlu'  only 
a\ailablc!  ludp  for  the  hard-wojked  housewife.'^  At 
the  same  time,  with  this  ])eculiar  competition,  wa-rs 
in  California  did  not  as  elsewhere  follow  the  general 

"Snnntcir  IIciv   iiiaiiitaiiutl  lli.it  '  tlie  fiiiictioii  of  tlio  Amorii-a'i  ]ii'n]ile, 

till"  "lllty  \\  llicll  (iml  li.nl  niimilitti'il  In  tlu'lll,  ii  to  Wnlk  (lilt  111  Jiliillcll 
liistory  llio  triilli  \\\:\l  \v  litiiivcr  Ond  lias  jilacid  in  a  Iniinaii  I'lainu  a  liiiiiiaii 
Kiiiil,  that  wliicli  i.-i  cMcalcil  is  tin;  ii|iial  ni  every  (.lliir  liUc  creature  in  the 
faee  (if  the  earth-  e(|iial,  aiimiii,'  otlier  tliiiij.'-*,  in  the  right  tci  i.'i>  eveiv^hno 
on  this  gliilie,  ami  to  -rek  ami  enjoy  the  Messing.*  of  life,  liherty,  aini  llio 
pursuit  of  iiapiiiiiiss  at  his  own  will.' 

'■'The  ainount  of  o|iiuin  which  [laiil  duty  at  S.  F.  from  IST.'l  to  l^^TT.  in- 
clusive, was '_'(■('.>, 71-' iioiiniU:  ami  the  amount  eonti.~eateil  for  sniiigLrliie.' ami 
Hohl  in  tiie  same  time,  realized  .sl'.'0, 17.").  What  aniciint  escai>eil  (ieteciiim 
canuut  he  kuuwa.  Jicyl  Ciuitoin-huunc  (Jowiiii-'i,  1877,  p.  U  -iJ. 


NEW  TUKAIY. 


847 


law  "f  supply  an<l  (Iciuaiid,  l)ut  adaptcil  themselves 
to  til"'  cliJiii.^jfiiiij;  condition  o\'  tlu-  couiitrv." 

^fciiiwhilo,  till'  rcstii<-tii»ii  orjunjiiliititin  of  ( 'liiiicsc 
iiiiiiii^M!itii)n  coiitiiiUf*!  to  In-  ii;j,ituir(|.  In  1^71) 
I'lrsiiliiit  Ifavts  \rto((l  an  act  pa^stcl  i»y  (•oiiL;ri'ss  on 
til.'  s'lltji'ct,  l>ut  foiiflictiiiijj  with  iho  terms  of  thr  l>ur- 
liii^aiiie  treaty.  The  followiii.^  year  thi-  president 
iipjitiriteJ  threo  commissioiHrs.  James  I),  Ah;4t  11  of 
Miilii,jaii,  John  V.  Swift  of  California,  and  William 
llemv  Trescott  of  South  Caroliiia,  to  jiroeecd  to 
China  f  )r  the  pur[)ose  of  formiii;^  mw  treaties.  The 
coiniuissionerH  were  eminently  sueeessfnl.  finiiint;  tJio 
Chinese  ph'ni[)otentiaries,  I'aorMmniand  I A  ilunL^tsao, 
wlilifi''   to  eoneiido    to  the  Ignited   States  the  control 


ami  iv^ulation  of  innnii;i'ation,  the  empi  ror  never 
liaviiiLj  l»i'  'n  desirous  of  e.\[)atriating  any  of  his  nu- 
iiK'iMiis  suhjects  ;  and  on  the  1 7th  of  Novend)er,  ISSO, 
it  wa^  agroe<l  that  wlionover.  in  the  opinion  (»f  tlie 
(rdVennnent  of  the  United  States,  tlnnnterests  of  the 
CdUntrv  we'n;  en(Ian'j,'ei'ed  l»v  the  comin'j,'  to  or  resi- 
(ItMice  in  it  of  the  Chiu  se.  such  cttminu;  mi^ht  he 
sus|teiided  for  a  time,  the  limitation  to  aj>[ily  «»nly  to 
lull  iicis,  and  not  to  other  classes.  The  Chinese  already 
ill  the  country  were  accorded  *' all  the  rights,  [>riv- 
ile:.;('s,  immunities,  and  ex<ni]»tions  accorded  to  citi- 
f  the    most  favored    nation."     This  treaty  was 


MIS    o 


''  .\<  :iii  cxaiiiiilo  of  :i  |H>-.tcr  is'iucil  Ipya  ('liiiic-^f  l.uiiiilry  .i-iHnci.UidH  whvu 

fine  III'  Its  rules  \v:n  ln-nki'ii  liy  mw  <il"  tliiMi iiiiti\\  iiii'ii.  wlio  l'.<IiiI)1i.s1ii'iI  a 

liimiry  \v  itliiii  a  |>iiiliiliitcil  ili.-.tiini-i'  of  aihitlu'i-  w.i.-iiiliiiiisc,  Is  lli.;  lulluwiii;;, 
trill. latnl  liy  ('lunlit,  ii  (liiin-sii  Ki'lmlar:  '  Ki'imumu  inn!  a  ciiiiiitry  lias  laws 
aiiil  iMistoiu.s  wliii;h  they  (»l>st,'rvfil,  aftirwanl  fiiiiiilif.s  also  iniitiially  fulldw, 
liitw  much  Miiiru  liavu  eoiiic  tlnwii  to  lis  fur  a  Imi^  tiinc  (acli  man  <luiii;r  |ii..< 
ihi'y  ilircs  licit  not  utisurvi!  tiniii.  At  tlii<  tiiiii!  Wmi;,'  N'cc  \ui,  uu  Sccdiul 
«irict,  Orlcam  lailii'lry,  M'ci'i'ily  lias  <i|»iicil  lmsiiii;ss,  mi  liroktii  rules,  ri^st- 
1114  nil  liis  (iwii  fori'o,  caniiut  <i|i|i(isc  Inin.  tliiiifciio  a>-iiiilile  in  liall.  Wo 
mill,  1111(1  heart,  iiiit  fdrlh  cvcrtiou  iniitiially  to  aiil,  iiUHt  rleaii  liiiu  mit  ainl 
.iviml  alter  troulile.  'I'hcrefure  ihlilwrate  tint  lnllnw  uii.'  )iartieular:  In  our 
'  iiiiinin-i  hiiiiiliei-  of  frieinl  who  has  aMlity  llr^t  to  kill  W  oie,,'  Sin  (lice, 
thankfully  ^'ivu  him  '_'(«K)  roiinil  iloUars.  Aftcrwanl  aNo  tike  Wmii^  Veo 
N'lii.  ile^tioj'  his  iiaiiH;,  tliankfully  >,'ivo  liini  (iiX)  roiiin'i  ili.lliirs.  If  only 
wiiiiiri  liiin,  not  kill,  also  give  him  one  half  in  liis  haiul.  At  this  time  w  liat 
tiniilile  eoiiies  eaiinot  tttll.  If  he  eaiinot  U''t  away,  is  sei/eil  hy  fnieitriuTs, 
:iiiil  [lilt  in  jail,  then  our  eomiiany  inaiiai.'e  the  whole  allair.  l>o  not  swallow 
■iiir  uiinls;  this  jiosttir  is  put  up  as  eviileiiec!.  Kwniiv;  S;ii,  lir.sl  year,  liflli 
mmitli.     Lucky  day  lixcd.     Kwoiig  Hong  Toiig,  put  forth.' 


1   ■>  '*■«» 


OiS      CHIXR-SE,  TRK  I^\nOU  A(!T"aTION',   AND  POLITrcS. 

ratifiid  l)y  tlic  Honatc  od  Ala}  otli,  I8S|,  niul  r.ififira- 
tioiis  (xcliaii'/cfl  at  I'ckiiijx,  July  I'Jtli  of  tli<  sani. 
yt'ur.  A  >iiit|>Itinriital  treaty  coiiccrirmj^  roiiiiinrct 
a;^r('»'(l  to  jintliibit  tlie  iiii[)()rtati(iM   of  <i|tium  l»y  Clii- 


lU  SC   HUl>) 


l»ii<t.< 


Cori^n^s  was  MOW  at  lilicity  to  enact  siu-li  laws  as 
should  satisfy  tlu'  Ix'ttir  sriisr  of  tiie  iiilialtitaut:^  o! 
tlir  J'aciHc  coast,  if  not  Kileiico  the  clamor  of  tliu  fnr- 
t'i-^n  r»si«leiits  of  European  hirth.  The  tiist  hill  wKirli 
rts  [»asseil  was  V(»te(l  [)y  I'resiilent  Arthur,  wlmcMi,. 


^\ 


si(lei-(  <l  twelitv  V«'ars 


too  ] 


oil' 


a  tn 


III 


su 


<!»'  iid 


iiii- 


nii;j^ratiori  from  China,  and  who  had,  hesides,  soii- 
technical  ohjections.  Several  other  hills  were  intrn- 
duced,  and  filially,  on  tho  (Ith  of  ^lay,  IRS-J,  tl." 
]>resident  ai»]troved  of  an  act  which  had  jiassed  l«itli 
liouses  susjieiidinjj  ininii;jfration  for  ten  years,  hut  not 
interfeririLj  with  the  Chinese  already  in  tin;  c<»uiitry. 
This  act  also  ilenied  that  i)t'o[>lu  the  right  to  hoceiiie 
naturalizt  d. 

So  far  froni  heini;  dis|tleas(Ml  by  the  |irohihitiiin  of 
iniiiil'^i'afion,  the  Cliinese  ali'eady  lu-re  were  fully  Siit- 
isfied,  hciir^  (juite  as  niuch  o|>|»osed  to  connK-titnis  as 
th*^  l-]uro|>eans,  and  raisiiii^  the  jiricc;  of  domestic  ht  r- 
vice  innnediatelv  thereafter.  J  )urin«j:  the  ninctv  davs 
before  th'j  |»rohihiti<)n  Veiit  into  ellect  sev«'ral  sliij>- 
loads  of  ^foii'^olians  were  landed,  showinjjj  the  r-a-li- 
iiess  of  this  jieoplf  to  .i4ras[)  any  o|»[)ortunity.  TIi'  ir 
cunnin;^  in  evadiii;^  the  law  against  o[»ium  importati.-ii 
eontinui'(l  to  <rlve  occasion  for  the  closest  scrutiuv ; 
hut  it  must  be  admitted  that  the  infrinu'einont  of  the 
law  is  not  confined  to  the  Chinese. 

Closely  allii-d  to  the  Chinese  quosti'.n,  and  in  n 
measure  proceediniL?  from  it,  was  tlu' labor  O'^'itation 
of  1877-R,  when,  for  the  first  tiiiK.'in  Calift)rnia.  LiImif 
arraved  itself  airainst  caitital.  l^artiv  it  was  a  !iat- 
ural  result  of  tln^  existiniL?  condition  (»f  allaus,  and 
itartlv  it  was  f  >rced  bv  that  iealousv  of  classes  which 
the  naturalized  eitizcii  is  rapidly  engrafting  u[)on  Ainf  r- 


STlMKI.n;;  AND  TitAM-S   UNION'S. 


S48 


icnn  r(  pul'Tuaiiism.  In  I^uropr  the  war  of  tlie  laborer 
y  upon  the  »;<»v(>rmiuMit ;  in  Dk?  Uniicil  Stiit<s  u|Min 
cajiital,  of  what  i.s  the  sunio  tlmii;  |M»\V(r.  During  a 
rcitiin  |>ti'i(»(l  Calit'ornia  hail  htcii  pruiiuj-itiLj  ni<MM'y 
fnily,  and  paying,'  hhri-al  waj^rs.  J)uriii;/  and  follow 
ill"  the  civil  war  the  iidlation  of  rurn  iirv  kt  i»t  waucs 
Uj,  to  a  \ahif  hitinrto  unknown  in  this  or  any  other 
count ly.  Jjatcr.  tlii'  huildinji  <»•  the  Paciiic  raih«.ad 
iiiir<»duc('(l  a  Htirplus  of  ialjorcrs,  until  .>oine  nuw  cn- 
tiTpri><  !i  should  Im'  set  on  foottt*  furidsh  onij>Io\  nit-nt. 
At  the  wmio  tinjo  the  productivmrss  of  tin-  niiniH 
]iH'\  di cnascd,  and  \vith  tin;  nturn  to  liard  money 
rinulalion  in  tlu  east  there  ha«i  heen  a  (ontiat  tioii 
in  <  xpcnditures  wideh  had  closed  inanufaetoiies  and 
tlirown  oprrativeH  out  of  tinploynieiit.  TherMJuc- 
tiuii  of  waL^eH  and  diseijarj^c  of  workmen  wire  then 
fill. .wed  hy  «trik(  rt  ami  riots. 

Til  (\ilifornia,  from  IHGT)  i<t  I  H75,  and  especially  in 
San  Fiaiiciseo,  there  was  a  larj^c  numlH  r  <»f  forei;;n- 
IxMi  lahorers  and  artisans,  who  were  temporarily  un- 
e!iipl<»yed,  or  not  (inployed  satisfactorily  to  thems*  lv(  s; 
y  t  there  was  po  «ijreat  reduction  in  the  j>ri<e  of  labor. 
Ev.ii  the  inHux  of  Chinese  laborers  made  n(»  pereej>t- 
ihlc  ehaiiLje  in  the  labor  market  for  a  periitd  (»f  from 
six  to  tt  n  years,  and  the",  not  because  labor  was  too 
almmlaiit,  but  because  money  was  inor<'  scarce  The 
wa'j;es  of  mechanics  were  ke{)t,  liowevcr,  at  higher 
fi^'un  s  than  in  the  east. 

]>ut  with  the  first  siijns  of  a  chanije  in  the  rondi- 
tiwii  (tf  "the  forei'Ljners  paradise,"  there  aro.««'  a  pro- 
t' >t  ai^'ainst  the  declim*.  Trades'  unions  be«.^an  to 
form,  and  strikes  to  occur.  In  May  IHfJ  tie  work- 
inUMn  n  of  San  Francisco  held  a  convention,  and  one 
of  the  concessions  recjuired  from  em{»loycrs  was  that 
'i^ht  hours  should  constitute  a  day  of  labor.'*  In 
Jane  there  was  a  grand  demonstration  in  favor  of  the 

''••..ini.arc,S.  F.  Times,  Mar.  23  an.l  May  l.T  1867;  S.  F.  n>,U.t:„,  Mar. 
n.  |s»;7:  .>'.  /'.  Califhrniiin,  Mar.  2,  1807:  S.  F.  C'lll,  .M.iy  23,  :«»,  an.l  .Fuiu- 
4.  IMJT;  Cal.  iiuu.,  1807-8,  03,   145-G,  543;  CaL  Jour.  dt/«.,  1807-8,  371*  81. 


3.->0      (  HIN'IM:,   TI!K  LAllOll  AniTATTOX,   AND  POLITK  S'. 


h 


ei'^lit-lio'ir  rii!«\  A  fi'"-o  lahor  excliaiiijfo  was  i  >t;il). 
llsln'd  ill  Su'i  Fraiifisco  in  ISfJS.  Tlu'  It'^islatuic  aUo 
passed  an  a<-t  iiiakiii'j;  i-i^lit  lioiirsa  It'i^al  day  s  \vi<ik." 


iho  di'iiiaiid  liciii'^  madi!  not  *»iily  to  Sfcurc  Insuiv  fnr 
S()-calli(l  iiii[i!v»vt'm<Mt,  [iliysical  and  iiiciital,  \>\\\  jn 
order  to   j^Ive  employ iiic'iit  to  a   L^reater   miniln  r  df 


jiersoib 


It 


d  1 


would  Iiavo  seemed  reasoiia 


d.le  tl 


at  Wit 


fair  pay  "  and  reduced  lahor  tlie  \vorkiiiL;iMen 

liave  heeti   satisfied  to  ailapt  tlieiiisoK fS  to  t!ie  I  \isr- 


III''  (•  • 


itiitioii  of  atKairs,      iJiit  tlie  diseoiiti'iit  ceiii 


m- 


uvl  t )  i^row  ;  there  were  occasional  striives,  ami  also 
occasional    new  enterprises  undertaken  with  eiiceiir- 


..  H 


4n 


pi 
IP- ' 


ir 


'•  AtnoinT  t!»o  fwviijiatiims  emiincratfil,  tlio  oin]ili)ye  hein^  Hoinctimes  f,iiiii,l 
in  hoiiril,  .I'lrkl'^iiiiiit'ir't  ri'i'u'Vuil  SUK)  in-r  iiioiitli,  ;i|(|>rt>iiticc-<  !<2'>  in  >'.'\ 
.iI.Dtiii'cririv.SlO,  liik.T*  AU)  to  .<40,  Inr'iiTs  ,S>0  to  !i<l(HI,  li.irtfii.l' !■■(  SKI  tn 
si.'i.  111-  l-m  ik  •:•<  •<{  >  tn  SH.'t.  liI.ti-kiiiiitiiH  sM)  to  SlOi),  linilrr-iii.ikcrs  >,l.'i  t  i.«(K), 
U  I  il{  k''"|i  r*  S  {.">  t  i--*li»  >.  liiM.t!ii;ikiT.<  !f:i'>  toST.'.,  ji.plilcrs  s;!;i  to  sill,  l.i,«,r!» 

'" --   .       .  il.'i  to^'i:>,  liiitflxTi  s:!"i  ImSHii.  liiittir- 

iiiil  .rs  i'.M)  toMI»,  .liiki 


I'i,  iiii'i  '     luiil  li'iM  ST"",  ''I 


luikftM  ••;{()  to  $!'>,  rli;irt"oil  liiirinTH  !>  I"!,  cin-i 
!?l't  to  Sl(),),  oo».''iiilfii  s:l'J  to  .'*'iO,  co.it  is.nicri  s:i(),  t  .•iiloflioii.  rs  !^l(l  t..  M  d, 
(•;.iil'i  .•><:r>  t  >  ^HH,  .liirviii  ■•!  SO  |,i  S;r>.  il.-.-k  li:i'l  1<  f'I'l.  (liiliwasinl^  S'.'t!  ;.-, 
J*:{').  ilnl^siist-i  Siill,  'lyi'iM  ^{t  to  S.'m>,  ciiiiiiH'iTs  ."niiiO  to  >|-J,'),  farm  iiainli 


I  I  ■<|;i.   Iil^•l•^  .«!|.'(  to  *'»'•.   lir.Mii'ii  ST'i*  to  Sii 


K  II  • 


irlvilS    Sill.    I'ruit 


■■  ."■■.It 

■;«)  to 


S.'M  to  s:t."i.  fruit  iiirk>T<  •*-'>  to. ■<:(:»,  l;,u-iIi'iiit<  ?*.!i>  to  ."<|(l.  f,'(iici'.il  iiil|i. 
to  <'i),  xitiliTi  .S.'i'),  jjlil'-  Ml  ik'T*  S:t.")  to  Soil,  >{|- iVi'-iliL'iTili  •■#">",  ><loiiiii> 
i^lo,  li:iriii'<H-ii;:ik<'r4  S|i)  t  I  ."^To.  li'Tcli'iM  S'.'.'i.   lio|i-i,'rov.  iiri  Sllll,  lioii-i  lin  pi-ri 

s;i(),  mliTi)r.'t<;rs  SU).  liliiriT-<  .*.'.')  to  .<"(>.  liiiinlrvi i  !*.'!t)  to  fi|(l,  l.ir.ii  rt-- 

iiort.T  *."*•>«>,  liiin'iL'nu.'ii  .•?{"!  to  s7i»,  m  kti  aiil  uif.;  .S'lO  to  ^^Ml,  iiLitlif-"*  iniki'iM 
fM)  to  SVO.  iu:lkT»  SU)  to  ?l'(,  iiiiii.Tt  SKI  to  Silll,  iiiii„i  S-.">  i,i  >:i.\  ,.-t. 
«lri\''r4  S:{.)  to  <i\  iinitryiii'ii  •"!*'*"'.  )>loiii{liiiii'ii  t^'.V),  iiiiti-ri  !^'M  t  >  >'lll, 
j»tt:ilo  ili^jjiTs  ^\0  til  S.V»,  |iriiitc'r4  -Si  I.  l)ay  \v:'^>'-(  xmto  in  iiro|>iiiiiciii,  ai: ' 
ino!»t!ilv  wiiiX"*  wlicre  tlu  luUorrp  « :u  lioarili-il  lil^i  \^.■l„'l•^  of  r.'iir.i'  h  to 
Km4.     (^irirt/  fiin'-ri  ivivivi'l  SIO  t  >  .«<  i'l  jut  inontli,  i|ii  irrNiii'ii  8HI  to  '.'«<), 

h:iIi'OI|iMI  ■"<  {."l  f   >  "<'>0,   j(,lVVy<TH  .'?Jl>    to    •"''.•tt,    ^lu■lllll•|'■U    .^'.'O     to  ■t'.' it  I,    >l Ilhl  <i  n 

>t\'i  t  1  "<ri  :iti  I  l>v  till-  [lii'  •(•,  siiii-l!i-r<  ••'till  to  S|."ii)  aii'l  foiiinl,  Kti  M  ml.  SMItd 
Hi'K  <\  iv  •  111  Ml  <M  to  S'l.'i,  siii{.ir  |iai'!\i'r<  >SII,  nti'^  c  nw  ic|iiM'<  )f'.\'>.  lamnri 
f  l.'i  t  1  .1*1  I.  r  •  iiintiTi  S:l;)  to  ."ioo,  tr.lfk  liviT-<  ■*■'-  l'<'r  iliy  .'iml  I'toiinl,  tiuiilc- 
iiiikr-i  <•.'..">;»  a'i'l  I'oiiii  I,  iiii'l'i-likiT.  ssi>,  \v:ii,'on  iii,ikii'<  i'lO  to  vSO.  (ir.f.'il'i 


!!•  .Iiv.  wait'-r*  M-Ji)  to  SMJ 


|ii'r 


iiioii.!i,  V  airiioii<('riii'ii  All)  to  .<7l).  will' 


iihti  .i.^O  to  s;;,,  wli.TUrnflit'i  .•«><>  to  .xM),  \v l.'lin|.|M..  <  ,*|()to>r().      \V, 


I' 


.11 


II'  il  IV  r«*it'iv«' 


lii'kHinitli-i  fioiii  S'_*  to  SI.  Iinili-r  m 


■.>  to 


J<H  to  SI,  liri-k  liyi'iM  <■»  to  Mti,  ••al.iin't  m  ik.Ti  S:i  to  S».."i(l,  caiiK'niii- 

•S|.  iliip  !•  ir|i  'lit  •'•<  S  t  to  So.  .■:irriai;c'  iiiakiTi  aiiil  ]iaiiilcT-i.  i*"!  In  .<|,  cm   in''- 

trillim  T<  •"{  to  ^1  .V),    jrilli    ^TliltlH  .«    to  S."),    Iloil   .    (l-fiiTH    !*'J  ."><),    iroll   lllollMrl^ 

•,<:i..'iO  tl  J*l.  Ill  ii-liiiij-itH  S:{  .">0  to  SI  ."><>,  iiiarlil.    intl.Ti  Al.  inaioiis  !<4  t.>  ^'>, 
t!il  TO  ifi-iM  sj.  tiiiHiiiitlH  .^l  to  St.  ii)ili(.Utinr-i  S:i  ♦.,  SI,  w  liitn\\a>lii'r>  •<•.  i  I''. 


'■Till'  |iiiiit>'r%  utrik"  wliici iirrnl  in  ISSII  \».n  in  the  nati 


iri'  o'  .1 


Hjiiraoy  maiti-it  e'lniiloycnt.      It  wmki'pf  a  |inir"niil  -iriTt't  iintii  witMr 
III  III  !'<•  of  till*  roll  iiiuillli  til 


•n. 


'Ivi'ii  |>i  oiiiiiiriit  iiii'iiilM'rM  of  tint  |irii>ii'i 


in  litnoraiio"  of  tlio  iiio\'i'iii<  nt  intil  tlin  la<f  iiioiiii"i!,  wlu'ii  I'ley 


ki'[it 
woro  i{ivi'ii  til  •  i!ti!rn.-itivi'  of  linvikiui  fiitli  I'itlu'r  with  llu'ir  t'iii|i|ov. 


tl 


II-  llllloll. 


Wlrli- 


.f     th: 


ri<iii|ilaiiiiii)i  of  till' iiaril"lii|i  ami  iiijii-'tii'i^  ot  ih'ih 


iiiiliilli-il  to  -ttop  earning  wagi-i   witlmiit  m.tii'c,  tln-y  aillicri-il  tn  tli 


tliim 
iiiiiiiii. 


CAPITAL   AM)   l.Al'.o: 


n.-.i 


a^'ni';  f^Hfoos?*."  But  tlic  <  nuscs  whldi  I  l.;ivi>;:]r(';i:Iy 
iiiiiMnratcil  l)(';^an  ;j;ra(lual!y  to  tfll  Uj»tiii  tin'  lal.t.r 
iiiailii  t,  until  wlifu  tli(^  »'rasli  in  niinin;^  stix-ks  ranic, 
tliti''  wa>«  (ll'^tr\'ss,  real  nr  tan<'ir(K  iiiaun'^  the  nncni- 
|il.>\r(l  \v(>rkln;jjnii'n  of  San  I'^'iinflsco.  'I'lu'sc  \vor«\ 
aliiii'^t  to  a  man.  <>t'  fon'i;^!!  l>lr(li.  ami  rardy  ot'  mucli 
iiitririu'''noi'.  Nici'  (jncstioiis  <tt*  tin'  iv'i;i.(i»»n  of  lalmi- 
t()ca[>ital  tluiy  wen-  iii'Itlicr  u!)li' ii  >r  iiK-lincd  to  dis- 
ouss.  They  roiiM  umlcrstantl  tliatono  man  liad  moi\! 
than  lii>  ncodcd  and  nnotlu-r  less,  tMid  toward  the 
fitriiiir  tiny  t-ntcM'tainrd  notliinLi;  l»ut  (>n\y  and  liati-id. 
Ani'iii.JJ  tlicjn.  liowcvcr,  Wi'i'c  somi^  s!ir<"\\d  |»liil<>  o- 
]iln  i-s.  who  dii'i'ctcd  tht'ir  chlrf  rlli>i'ts  a;^ainst  ( 'liin 
ami  foiivit't  conijM'tition,  who  rcstriclfd  a[»[>rrnti(<'- 
sliins.  and  who  insisfrd  dii  tlio  ohs.r\  ain  c  of  tln' 
I'i'^litdiour  law.  l-'inally,  in  1S77,  the  agitation  on 
tilt'  suhjt  I't  of  l;d)oi-  and  tin'  duties  of  i'ii|tiial  rcachid 
to  an  alarniin;^  hri;4ht.  i'ln-ro  wn-f  at  that  timo 
t\vt'Uty-t!V(5  ti'adt's  unions  in  tlio  city,  v\  ith  a  uirm- 
licrslii]*  of  ;?.,"»()(),  sfNoi'al  oru;ani/af  ions  hiitig  )jriin<-lits 
oi'  national  ainl  intrrnational  as>ociatitiu.s.  Later 
tin  re  was  hardlv   a  hfamdi  oflahorthat  liad   not   it -^ 

If 

uiiio'i. 

It   woiild  l)i>  idlv' to  assert  that  the  worUin;^nie!i  had 
iiiMv.il   iiiievanees.      .Miij;litis  riu'ht  in  everv   human 


I  se 


S(ici(t\,    ant 


1    it 


IS  onl\'  hv  occasional   revolutions  m 


wlilth  tilt'  hi'^her  law  is  asserted  that  .^ticiity  atl- 
\:iinis  in  the  reeo;4nition  of  its  mutual  relatitHis. 
Tilt  re  was  tiuth  in  what  was  alle--  d,  that  t!ie  j»res- 
Clice  of  t!ie  Chinese  iu  (^dit'ol'uia  l'<(hiee<l  the  chances 
iiuii  cii'nin!.;H  of  citi/eii  lahtu- cs,  while  it  xt rene;theiii  tl 
the  j.owiT  hy  atldin;.^  to  tht!  wealtli  of  ca]»i»alists,  It 
\v;is  true,  as  alle'^eil,  that  the  enormous  mttn<i|>tili/a- 
tioii  (if  land  hy  a  few  ni'-n,  wht»  refused  tt>  s.  11  at  a 
till'  \alue,  hinderetl  the  settlement  of  tli(»  ctnuitry, 
tlicrehy  inlli<'  inej  tlu^  douhle  injuiy  of  preventiii!^  the 


'■  llrfrrciii'o  U  on*  iiiHilii  tti  till"  Wuiiian'H  Co-oiMTiitivu  I'liiilin;;  iiiiinn, 
tiiil  Siiiii-iiiiikura  '  4i>o^H.Tativo  iininii,  Imtli  uf  wl.ich  Immniihu  jiro^iii'i-uiit 
i99  iViatiKUD, 


i. 


^''W' 

''f\ 

t\ 

m 

:(;■' 


•i' 

iU,  i,. 


3.-'J      t'lIIXESi:,   TllK   l^VMll  Ai.iTATION,   AND  POUTICS. 

pour  from  ac(juirlii_i^  rlioap  lioinoa,  and  rlicckiui;;  the 
eiu))l(»yiiiciit  of  I'ariii  aii*l  (ttluT  lal)nr(>rH.  T\\v  I'liiiis 
in  ( \'ilituriiia  wore  usually  lar^c,  Imt  tlio  i»r«i|ii'i(t()rs, 


oWIII'' 


to   tl 


le  |>ti 


l» 


•ftcli 


nil  ot  a^ricu 


Itural 


llllplcllh   lit.- 


r»'([uirtd  the  scrvi<-»'.s  of  comjjai-atively  few  im  n,  ami 
tlioso  only  at  cci-talii  |>ori(Mls  of  tin;  year.  Owinj^  t»i 
the  nilKliiess  of  tlu;  eliiiiate,  farm-Jiaiids  \verc  imt  pid- 
viiled  wit  11  as  j^ood  (juarter.s  as  iii  tlie  older  states,  l)Ut 
were  temporarily  hxl'^ed  in  barns,  and  {\'d  in  nn  ssis 
si|iaratc  fn>ni  tlio  families  tln-y  served  'rr;iiii|is 
aKiumded,  ready  to  work  a  few  days  at  any  juici .  ainl 
then  to  mareli  oil.  Thus  country  life  was  rnhhedoi 
its  charms,  ainl  llu^  small  savini^s  of  a  season's  weik 
wen^  s<|uandered  in  iilleness  in  some  town.  Tlnic 
was  eaus(!  of  ciMnj»laint,  also,  in  the  frauduh'iit  \alu<^ 
put  u[ioii  mininj^  stocks,  in  the  wild  <>and)ling  opera- 
tions of  1875-G,  which  liad  impoverished  thonsaiids 
of  families,  emptyini^  int(»  the  coil'ers  of  nu'U  ahi  ndy 
I'ieh  thi    lil'tlonu;  sa\  inL;s  ot'  honest  toil,  and  that  wiili- 


out  ma 


k'lU'j; 


my   return,  present  or  pros[)ectiV(  ,  lor 


tho  rohherv.  They  liad  a  just  caust;  of  complaint  in 
that  th»^  men  win*  ha<l  made  tho  ijreati^st  amount  ot 
mont.y  hy  monopolii's,  an<l  treacherous  minin*.;  opera- 
tions, took  a  lar;^'.'  ]>art  of  it  out  of  the  stat«  ten 
times  as  much  as  the  (Mnnese  carried  away  and 
spent  their  time  in  \ew  York,  Washinj^ton,  liomleii, 
and  Palis,  instead  of  iuvesfinjr  in  business  enterpiisis 
in  Calirornia,  which  would  1k1[)  tho  peo[)le  to  Kcnvd' 
from  their  losses. 

That  tlure  was  <Iestitution  also  in  tho  year   1^70 
was  true,  7.tJ0()  being  relieved   l)y  tho    San    Krancisen 
JJ(!nevoU'nt    associatitdi,  which,  from  May  to  j)((riii 
1m  r  .lisbursed  ,?11),()0().     In  May  1877  over  1,000  per 


sons  W(  re 


le!ie\ed,  ami  in   Feb 


ruary 


1878  thonssocia- 


tion  and  tho  chundies  fed  over  2,000  persons  daily. 
After  this  period,  when  the  mnnbcr  of  idle  uk  n  was 
estimated  at  la, 000,  tho  calls  Ibr  liclp  dtenasctl. 
Tho  maioritv  of  the  uiiemploved  attributed  then  dis- 
tress  to  the  encroai'hmeiit  u[)ou  tlicir  trades  ot  .\b>ii- 


;'S. 


S AX  D-  LOT   M  EKTTNT.S. 


11  ;^  the 
',  t'aiiiis 
ruliirs. 
•lilt  nts, 
I'll,  :ui(l 
viiiij;  to 
U>t  I'l'd- 

tt'S,  lillt 
IlU'SStS 

Triuinis 
•jcr,  and 
ililird  01 
I's    Vdlk 

Tli.n; 
it  \alu">< 
|T  opera- 
loiisaiids 
I  {till  ,i(ly 
lilt  w'uli- 
tivc,  ior 
jilaiiit  in 
iidiinl  "t 
iv_i'  iijii-ni- 
iiti      tea 
:iy      aiHl 
1  ,(iiii|iin, 
tcij'rists 

)  KctiVcl' 

,ir  i;^7f. 
-"litiH'is*'" 
Dtcrin 
I  0()<^  pii' 
y,  nssociii- 

Ins  (liiily. 
Iiiu'ii  was 

UTiilsfd. 

Llicir  dis- 


jrollaii^,  partiriiliiily  iu  sIkjo  and  ci}j;ar-inakinj:!j.  In 
til,  t'niiK  r  trade  the  Cliiuanieii  out-mimlun'd  theiii 
four  I  '  <'ii«',  and  eariiini^s  liad  decliiu'd  tVoni  an  a  virago 
of  sJ.)  a  week  in  1870  to  !?'J  in  IH78. 

i'l.r  tlicso  grievances  no  remedy  had  been  provided, 
linr  ail V  effort  made  to  secure  a  better  comhtion  be- 
V.. lid  I I'dding  meetings  on  the  Ciiinese  questi»»u,  and 
uirill'iiiing  tlie  state  and  national  legislatures  tor 
rrdi'  ss.  The  failure  of  the  latter  means  exjtosi'd  to 
tlu'iii  their  weakness  in  the  political  arena,  and  tijuned 
tlifir  eves  to  another  evil.  They  had  left  the  gov«Tn- 
nieat  to  men  who  made  a  business  of  politics,  and 
having,'  flattered  and  bribed  the  lately  naturalize-d 
citizrii  into  voting  as  tlesired,  dismissed  him  fnan  their 
thuiights.  Those  bills  were  most  sure  to  be  jiasved 
wliicli  wt-re  lobiiied  through  the  legislature ;  privihgea 
w.  IV  to  be  purchased  at  the  expense  of  the  |)ublie, 
wliirli  jtaiil  a  large  per  cent  of  its  inconn*  in  taxes  to 
sui)ii'>rt  a  government  recklesslv  extrava«jjant.  (^or- 
lUi'tiMii  an  ':  Hivoritism  were  the  rule  and  honesty  the 
exctption ;  a!  i jast,  so  they  were  told  by  those;  who 
pretended  to  be  their  friends,  and  I  am  not  able  to 
siy  that  they  were  far  wrong  in  the  indictment. 

A  coiiference  of  woikingmen  on  the  iMst  of  July, 
lSr7.  r»s(  lived  to  call  a  mass  meeting  for  the  '2>k\  on 
tlio  tlnn  vacant  lot  on  the  ^^arket  street  side  of  the 
I  ity  hall.  Precautions  wi-re  taken  by  the  police,  who 
f.aittl  an  outbreak,  and  the  national  guard  assembled 
at  thtir  armories.  During  the  piogress  of  the  meet- 
iii^'.  whith  was  presideil  over  by  James  F.  J)'Arcy, 
nr,j[aiii/,er  of  the  workingmen's  i>arty  of  the  I'^nited 
States,  an<l  advocate  of  an  eight-hour  law,'*  an  anti- 

"Tlii-  mMtliitioiii*  paHHocl  cxpreftHeil  Rynii>iitiiy  for  tluxo  wlui  liail  Jicen 
<liiit  III  I  lie  liil«!  ri'it  at  Pitt.(l)nr)i;  ilonniinccd  (lie  jfr.'»s|iiiiij  |iiilicy  nf  tlio 
mom-V"'!!  tii'l  K-iverninn  olaisc-t:  ili-cljin''!  tli:if  im  fiirtlicr  siilisiilic-i  ■.jioiilcl  Im 
ifriiite.1  to  HtiMiiisliip  :in<l  railronil  liin--:  (Iccl.iri'il  tli:it  tin-  iiiiiltiiry  slmiihl 
■lot  <M' iMii|i|i>yi-.|  aifAiiKt  htrikpM:  an-i'ili'il  tliiit  tin'  rciliiftiim  <>(  «ai{i'-i  wa.i 
I  jvirt  111  till!  i'iin<pirar-v  for  tlio  ili-.triirticiii  of  tlic  ri'jtiililii';  tliat  tin-  iii>ii  i-n- 
iiiri'i'iiHMit  of  th«  t'iglit-hour  law  lia<l  nviTcroucltil  tlic  lalior  iii.irki-t:  mi  evil 
will.  Ii  flif  ^ov't  a)i4>uI<I  take  iinnirdiatc  stcp-i  to  ri'iiifily;  ami  tli.it  mII  r.nlroail 
pMl«Ttv  III  ili-iatTi'i-t.-l  cli*frii'fH  stioiil.!  Im-  coiuk'innuii  to  j^tulilio  us«',  uUuwiug 
tli«  ii\nii'r4  a  ']»*t  <-oiii|M'ii<itiiiii  tlicrcfor. 
lIliiT.  Cal.  Vol.  Vn.    23 


354      CHINESE,  THE  LABOR  AiilTATIOX,   AND  POLITICS. 


.'» 


roolio  club  forniod  on  the  outskirts  of  tlio  ass. mlilv, 
and  incited  to  riot  a  portion  ot'tlic  workin<4in<  n.  wliu, 
in  tlio  course  of  that  and  the  two  succr-cdin-^  cvtMiii-.'s, 
destroyed  a  lar|^e  nuniher  of  Chinese  laumhit  s.  In 
the  strui^ijflo  hetwocn  tlie  rioters  and  th«'  jmlirr.  aid^d 
l)y  a  conunitteo  of  safety  led  l)y  William  T.  ( 'ui.  luan, 
several  jursons  were  kille<l.  These  acts  of  the  l.i\\,r, 
coinnninisti(!  element  of  the  workin<^iiian'sass<t<iatii)ii, 
wer(!  repudiated  l>v  the  more  intelli;'ent,  who  in  hivtc 
numhers  joined  the  committee.  ('«»nsi<l<ial»Ic  alarm 
was  felt  in  Oakland, on  account  of  a  in<etin.j  of  iJiMii) 
of  tlie  malcontents,  threats  havin«^  Immu  made  ai^ainst 
the  |)r(»i)erty  of  the  railroad  company  in  that  <ity,uii. 
le.ss  the  Chinese  in  their  employ  should  Ik-  di>(liar.'«i|. 

It  now  became  ap[)ar<nt  that  .s«>m«'  jwilitical  jtuw.r 
could  Ik;  obtained  l)y  divoninj^  that  section  nf  the 
woikin<'men's  party  in  (^difornia  fr<»m  tin-  {'iii<a"(i 
c('ntr(\  and  the  leading;  spirits «let»rmin«d  upon  ill'. it- 
in;^  the  S(>parntion.  Among  thesr  was  an  Iri-h  <hiiy- 
man,  named  Deimis  Kearney,  who  had  mad«-  his  jirst 
public  ap|)earanci«  a  few  months  prtvious  at  a  1\< « wm 
foi'  SI  lf-eultun»,  and  subse(pi('ntly  as  a  ni<  inbi  r  t.f  a 
«'onmiitte(!  apj)ointed  by  the  Di-aymm  ami  T<  ini>t»rs 
union,  to  lav  before  Senator  Sargent  certain  liali 
•jiievances.  Havin''  Im-cu  accorded  a  not  vt-rv 'M-a- 
<'ious  reception,  Kearney  was  stirnd  to  wond<  r  wliv 
he  could  not  become  as  trn-at  a  man  as  Sar;4»nt,  anil 
thereup(»n  set  about  makin;^  hiinsi  if  Mirh  by  ntiisti- 
tutin;^  himself  orator  at  his  own  ami  otlu'r  unions. 

On  (hr  IHtli  of  vVuj^ust,  at  a  inittin;^  of  workin<,'- 
turn,  Kearney  took  ju'iliminaiv  steps  to  oi.'aiiizi'  a 
jiarty.  whi«'h  held  a  meetin;jf  on  the  'Ji'd  uml.  r  tin 
title  «if  the  Workinj'men's  Trade  and  liidior  niiimi. 
J.  (}.  Day  beiiiLj;  chosen  presid«M»t,  and  Kearney  srr- 
relary,  but  no  I'tfi-ctivi;  oriLCaniwition  resulted.  In  the 
tneanlim*;  other  trades  unions  in  different  part-;  oftln' 
state  W(>re  actintj;  in  sympathy  with  tho^-  of  San 
Francisco.  v\t  Sacramento  they  advixated  tin  .il*"!- 
ishmeiit  uf  uU  national  banks,  and  the  witiidrawal  of 


IXrKNDIAUY   rROfEEOIXriS. 


tlir  jio'scut  bank  furrciiry  in  fav<ir  of  full  legal  tcndc  rs 
issufd  "lily  In'  tin;  I'liit'd  States;  the  exeniptidii 
iVoiii  cxcciitioii  and  taxation  «if  31,000  upon  every 
li.iiiitstcad  ;  all  jn-opcrty  to  in- assessed  at  its  full  value. 
and  tilt'  |)ereeiitai>i'  of  taxation  to  Uc  graduati-d  from 
to  tt'u;  the  unconditional  al>ro»;ation  of  the  liurl- 
treatv;  and  the  fees  of  oHlre  holders  in  he  rc- 


nll* 


llli'inir 


(liiifd  to  the-  priecs  paid  for  skilled  lahor, 

Xdt  to  l)t'  outdone  in  nfornis,  the  San  Francisco 
Tra«lr  and  I^alxtr  Knion  laid  a  im-eting  Scptcndier 
rjtli,  at  which  it  was  resolvi'd  to  sever  all  coniuction 
witli  existing  pu|iti<al  ])ai'ties,  and  organize  under  the 
iiiiiii'' of  the  Workingnien's  Party  of  California,  with 
the  t'.illnwing  ohjfcts:  The  ahulition  of  all  a>s«  >snieiits 
(HI  ("Mididales  for  oftice-  the  people  to  own  the  otli(«'s, 
iK.t  tlie  incundu'nts;  holding  state  and  niunieijtal  ofK- 
(.  IS  t't  ii  strict  a«-countal>ility  for  their  oflicial  nct.s; 
the  estahlishnient  of  a  hureau  of  lal»i»r  and  statistics; 
the  ivdiietitin,  and  periodi<'al  regulation  tin  leafter.  of 
the  Intui's  of  lahor ;  and  thocreati(>n  hy  the  h-gislature 
of  u  ctinvention  on  lahor,  with  headquarters  in  San 
Fnuicisco. 
Tills  was  th(^   iK'giiming  of  a  l»arty  which  was  to 

iiVeituin  till'  govel'nnielit  of  the  st-lte.  (  )n  the  follow- 
ill"'  Siinda\'.  the  first  of  the  regular  sand-lot  nu'etliM's 
was  III  hi.  Oil  the  'J  1st,  the  workinginen  asseini»!e»l 
at  I  iiion  hall,  on  llnwar<l  street,  to  consider  means 
\\'V  the  n  lief  t»f  the  unemployed.  State  Hcnator  J\nach 
addressed  the  meeting  upon  the  Chinesi'  ti'ouhle  and 
|Mi|itie;il  i-orruption,  cairmg  for  miitcd  aition  toohtain 
I' .;i^l;ition  \'n\-  the  poor,  to  which  Ixeaiiiey  added  thai 
ev.  i\  \V(tikingman  should  jnoeure  a  musket,  and  that 
»  little  judicious  hanging  of  j-apitaiists  would  he  in 
nidi  I'.  Suhscriptions  for  the  destituti-  w«  re  ordered 
tn  he  p:iid  to  the  mayor. 

I)a\  pio\('d  tno  temperate  a  |»re>id«'nt  to  plea.xe  the 
tmhulent  element  of  the  partv.     When  at  a  meeting 


II  till' sand-lot,  Kearney  laoke  forth  with  the  <le<la- 
rutiuii   that  Sua  .Fraueis.co  would    meet  the  fate  «»f 


#! 


^  1 


a  'ii'".-     *  . 


350      ClflNESK,    TIIK  LABOR   AfJITATlOX,    AND   POLITICS. 

Moscow  should  tliocomlitioii  of  tlio  laUoriii'^' class  not 
ljt5  soon  imj)rovt'(l,  and  that  hullcts  wcio  not  uantin  r 
to  enforce  their  deinands,  Day  interrupted  Jiiin.  ainl 
declined  to  preside  at  a  nnetinjjj  where  sueii  .s«iui. 
imnts  were  uttered.  Kearney  was  applauded  ami 
Jliy  yeliod  d<twn,  whereupon  there  was  a  (I'visimi. 
On  the  f)th  of  ()et(»l)t'r  a  piTinanent  or;4aniz;itioii  of 
tlM?  workin;jnien's  party  was  cU'rcted,  with  I  )t'tini> 
Kearney  president,  J.  (1.  Day  viee-[>resident,  ami  II. 
L.  Kni'^ht  secretary 

The  principles  adopti-d  proposed  to  elevate  \]y 
\V(n-kin'^  class  at  the  exj)ense  of  every  other/*  Th.  v 
found  readv  acceptance  anion''  a  class  who  envied  tin 
aristo(M'at  rolling  in  wealth  which  their  luunls  had 
gath<*re(i,  who  hated  tht^  eneroachintjj  (Miinanie;i.  aiiil 
wiio  d«'tested  tliti  politician  as  a  hetraycr  and  |)aiasitf. 
Thev  wt'vr  dazzled  bv  the  «,ditterin«4  prospects  whidi 

■-'■'TIic  fiilliiwiu;^  w,  re  t!>o  |>riiii'i|>liM  ili'i-l.ircil:     'Tl I>je<'t  of  tlii't  a«-.  ■ 

ciatiiin  is  t(i  tiiiiiL-  ;ill  tliu  jKinr  anil  worUiii^  iiirii  iiii'l  tlicir  frit'iiil-i  into  mu- 
liivlitii'.il  |>.irty  for  tin-  piirpuHO  nf  ili-U'iiilmj^  tlu-msclvn  a^'ikiiitt  tin-  ilaiiiicrnn 
Ciic'rn:ii-liiiiei5t,-<  of  capital  on  llii;  li.ippiiii;-^  of  our  pcoplf,  aipl  tin- IiIktCo*  I'f 
o(ir  f.Hiiirry.  Wo  pro[iosi)  t.i  wn-  t  tliu  f^ov't  from  tlii'  liiiii<l-<  of  tin-  rii-li  an  I 
pl.ii'f  it  111  tlios'«!  of  tliir  pi'opl.^  \\  lioro  it  piiipcrly  lu'loiij^*,  Wo  pr>i'i>^o  tn  ri  I 
till-  I'ountry  of  lOicip  ( 'iiiiu!  c  1  ilior  u^  .mooii  ai  |»osmI)Ii',  ami  l>y  all  Iln-  im-an< 
ill  t'ur  power,  lu-catHc  it  toiuU  Mtill  iiiori!  to  ili'>;i"i<lu  lalmr  aii'l  a^".'n»ii>li/" 
caiiii'il.  Wt!  pr.ipoiii  t  iile-itroy  laii<l  iiioiiopoly  mi  our  statt!  liy  siii  h  law>  h 
will  ii'aki'  it  iiripo-^ilihv  W(!  propo-io  to  dt-stroy  tlio  v,'r<'at  iiioiu'y  powir  c  f 
the  rifli  liy  a  ^v-itciii  of  taxation  that  will  iiiaWo  j,'ii,'at  wealth  iiiip.wsihle  1:1 
tho  fiituro.  Wi- propom)  to  pnn  iihs  deet'iitly  for  the  poor  ami  utit.irtiiti.i;v. 
tlu!  weak,  tiie  helpless,  ;.iiil  e-pi'eially  tho  youiij,',  heeau^o  tlio  country  i-*  riili 
euougli  I'mIo  mo,  ami  i-'ligioii,  huiiiaiiity,  ami  p-itriotisin  itoniainl  w-  >lii>iiM 
«lo  MO.       W.'   propcuo   to  oloct.  iioiio  liut  eonipoteut  workiiitfniotl  ainl  tli'ir 


friend i  t.>  any  ollico  whatov 


I'ho  rich  havo  lulod  \u  till  thcv  havo  ruiml 


m.  Wf  w.ll  iiow  tiko  our  own  alFiirn  into  our  own  haiuU.  The  rei>ii''lii 
must  and  sliajl  Ke  pi-i^-erved,  and  only  workinnnien  will  do  it.  Our  >li'"My 
ari->t<M'r.it-t  want  an  »''ii[>eror,  and  a  standing  army  to  shoot  down  the  |k'>|'1i'. 
Fori'uMo  purpo-e<  wu  |iropiMu  to  form  our-ndves  into  the  WorkuiiT'iiein 
Party  of  Caluornia,  and  to  pled;.'o  and  <'uroll  therein  all  who  aro  willmi;  l> 
join  IH  ill  aeioniplishiiii?  tlu'.e  ends.  When  we  have  |(>.0()()  ineinltrs  »« 
■hall   have  the  .-ympathy  mil  support  of  "JO.OiM)  other  workinu'in' »     Tiie 

1  ask  for  their  d,'- 


lineMr'.  an> 


u'lr'i 


party  "ill  then   wait  upon  all  who  employ  ("1 

oliarj^e;  mid  it  will  mirk  as  ]iu!(l:o  encliiie't  tho-^e  who  refii-o  to  eoTiililv 
their  rei|uc--t.  'Ihi-i  party  will  evhaiHt  all  p<'aei  aKle  means  of  attaiiiii>({  iM 
ends;  hut  it  will  not  he  denied  ju-itiee  when  it  has  the  power  to  eiiforfi!  it. 
1*  will  eneoiira^'e  no  riot  or  oulraye,  hut  it  will  not  volunteer  to  ri'pre^s  nr 
put  down,  or  ar'  ■»t.  or  prosi'cute  tlie  hiitijjry  and  ii-ipatieiit  who  in iiiif>'''t 
tlu'ir  hatred  of  liio  <  'iiinamaii  hy  a  eriiHadt^  a^raiiist  .lohii  or  those  whoempl")' 
him.  Let  thoHo  who  raiso  tho  storm  hy  their  stdlisliiiess  suppres-s  it  tli' m- 
selvi's.  If  they  iliiu  raise  tiie  devil  let  them  meet  him  face  to  face.  \\a 
will  not  liulp  thciu.' 


ARREST  OF  KEAUNF'-V. 


8if7 


KUiU'n.  :ui< 


P.idsc^   like  a  inirn;jj»f 


Ix-f 


(ire 


tl 


U'll), 


l)i<'tu 


nil'' 


^lad 


irovrs  a 


I 


11(1  codliii;^  t'oiiutains  t<>  tin;  cxliausti'd  fravi 
i,  r  ill  tliii  desert.  'I'lic  infection  spread;  men  eaiiio 
tii  listen  to  tlie  fieiy  liai'auLjiies,  and  went  away  ni(»ro 
Hi'  less  converts  to  tin;  sjiduetive  tlieory.  Clul)s  with 
lutive  leaders  were  formed  iu  uvery  ward.  Kearney 
sitdkf  e\(  TV  nii^lit  at  one  or  more  of  them,  and  ur;j;ed 
iiiiitv  of  |>ur|tose,  and  the  forinatioji  of  inilitaiy  eom- 
l»aiii<  s.  N^otiiinL(  more  warlike,  Ii«»wever,  was  induli^ed 
in  tli.in  vitujterative  hhister,''  to  which  his  followers 
\V(  IV  well  pleaseil  to  listen. 

K(;iiiiey  now  devoted  himself  to  a;j;itation.  Of 
smiie  "fhis  mad  pranks  I  liave  spoken  in  my  I'ojmhir 
'I'riliniKils.  Such  was  tlu;  alarm  creat«'d  l»y  his  incen- 
diary s[»eeches  and  threats  that  <»n  Xovendn'r  ^5.  IH77, 
lie  \v;is  arrested  and  confined  in  jail,  a  martyitlom  to 
whit  li  lii^  asjiired  as  a  means  of  sjM'cadin'.^  his  fame. 
it  ill  lighted  him  to  know  tliat  the  militia  and  com- 
Kiitlie  of  safetv  thoui'ht  him  of  suftii'ieiit  c»»nse(iuencc 


to  ki'ip  under  guan 


■'•Siiiiiiiif  Kearney's  sayiiij^s  wore-  in  tlir  lii^liestili'ijrpo  itnfl.itnniatory.  anil 


(..v:i-iiiiiiil  imicli  iint'asiiif.ss. 


lie  II 


rec|iienl(y  eviirc^Td  IiIiiini' 


I  li 


lIi 


.|e  t..  fll«et 


aiiylliliij,'  villi  liii  follKWers,  frmii  lyniliiiif,'  a  railrnnl  hiai:iiat<!  to  ile-.ti<iyini{ 

a  lity.     At  a  meeting;  in  |)i'e.   |S77.  lie  pniini^eil  in  tl 

arv 


tiri<l>' 

iliill't  U'lt 


aj^aimt    '  tliievin;;    liiillinnai 


ir-i»'  iif  lin  tu-*ti>iii- 

■  1     hi'olllKlrellv    I  llieiaU,      'If     I 


il,  I    will   ilo  mure   than    any   ref'TMier   in    tlio  lii»t<«rv   of  tlio 


Wcirlil.     I  linpe  I  will  lie  assassinate.!,  for  the 


sUeeesH   ol 


f    tl 


!<•  ni.ivcnifn 


t  .1.; 


jifiiiK  nil  that. 
»  iM'iiJ  hy  the 
aiiil  hKI  rciiiti 


Is  of 


On  another  oei 

ii'kin^'ineii  of  California.     I  ailviiw  all  tu  r^rn   :\ 


.i-ioii   lit;   sail!,  '.hiilge   l.yiK  h  u  the  jn'igo 

nk«;t 


aiiniiiinition. 


•■' Kianiey  was  horn  in  IS47,  at,  (yiknioinit,  i'oiinty  <  ork.  Inlaml.  the  '.'<l 
in  ;i  f.iiiiily  of  7  hoys.  At  lln  -.i^n'  of  II  he  went  to  sea  a-  a  eahin  '».'V,  sail- 
in','  ]iriii(i|ially  mnler  the  Anierieaii  lla^,  ainl  ){alnill^  rupiil  ['[•■hioIioii,  ho 
that  ttlu  n  he  arrived  at  S.  P.  in  IStiS,  he  was  tirst  ollieer  of  tlic-  ••Ii|»|kt  shiji 
ShinHii'i  Si  ir,  a  |Misitioii  wliii'h  lie  eoiitiniieil  to  oeeii(>>  on  t-oast  stfaincr*  for 
here  hi'  ae(|iiireil   the  .air  of  ilominei-riitK  eoinnianil   wlneli 


tvo 


II 


« i«  cif  servii'e  to  him  in  the  roh 


hail  assiimoil,      lli 


inilii<triiiii-,  saving;  enough  to  |.iireliase  a   "Irayiiii;  I" 


as  t<in|iiTate    in 


in    |S7 


ihi«'li 


piVKJIl 


itil   1>*77.   when    till 


nie 


'It    of    I 


IIS    meelioiary    siieeelies 


rehaiits   witlulrew   their  patronaue    or 


II. 


.t    ill 


.1    of 


neans.  wlriu 


ilmw'iii^  sii|(|iort  from  his  followers,  in 


tmns  taken  ii|>  at   tlm  >iiiiil.'!y 


mw'tiiiys  on  the  siiinl  lot.      lie  marrieil   in    1S7((.  atnl  hail  several  ehihlren, 
wlmni  lie  r.tiseil  in  the  eatholic  faith,      lie   wis   not    natiir.ili/eil    until    |H7l5. 


i<  iii'.itery  WIS  earnest   aii.l   foieilili'.  jiartakint:  of  the   e|>igniininati'-,  aiiil 
iwiiii;  a  ■iiiiatteriiii; 


.f 


liistorieal  know 


iL'e,  w  itli  a   I 


I   h 


ro|;ni'  III 


till' iitteraiiee,  .iiiil  shallowness  of  armiment.  His  iileas  .  f  |><>|itieal  eeoiioniy 
wiT"  I'ni.lr  atel  illo^'ieal.  ami  his  coiieeit  as  towering  as  his  ainoition  For 
Mauiplc,  w'Luu  liu  cauiu  lutu  pnwur  liu  would  dccrcu  a  niuiiiuuui  \Hiyul  |>3  ur 


ncS      TlIK  ClflXESF..   LABOR   AfllTATION.   AND   POLITICS. 

Tlu>  courso  pursued  hy  tlio  ai^ifators  was  not  oik  t.i 
unit  tli(!  hearts  of  the  (rity  fathers  toward  tlie  worlv. 
iii'^iiiiMi's  woes,  liut  twt»  (lays  after  Kearney's  iiicar. 
cei-arion   a   ]»uhlie   uieet'm<»   was   hehl  to  considt  r  tin 


CO 


iiditioii  of  the  distressed,  and  eolleetion  a^eni; 


jioiiited,  wlio  gathered  troin  tho  eitizeus  iS'JU, <»<)(>.  df 
which  3 1 'J, 000  was  setasicK-for  a  free  hihor  e\(  lian^'c, 
and  tlie  reniain<l<'r  distril»uted  ainon;4  eharilahic  instj. 
tuti()ns  for  tlie  henelit  of  the  lu-edv.      To  check  iiiccii- 


diary   s)»eer 


h    tl 


le  HUjM'rvisors     issued    an    oitliiiniici 


w 


ini(\ 


a'^ainst  it  known  as  tlie  'dihhs'  j^a^j  la 
reniained  in  jail  ahout  two  weeks,  duriiMj;  wlii(  h  tiii;i 
he  addressed  a  letter  to  th«^  mayor,  statiii^f  that  lie 
had  heen  unfairly  reported  hy  the  press,  and  was  will- 
iii'jf  to  suliniit  to  any  proju-r  measures  tt»  all.iy  tin 
agitation,    upon   wlii<'li  tho    cliar<^e  against  him 


uas 


«iismisse( 


1.      He,    1 


lowevel",    unmediatelv    a\aile(l  liilu- 


teh 


M'lf  of  his  liherty  to  repeat  his  outrai^eous  attatks 
upon  the  police,  the  judi^es,  and  tho  supf  ivisors.  At 
a  ward  mctiii;^  a  resolution  was  passed  that  "  if  any 
etVicer  or  leader  in  tiie  workini^nien's  movement  ];\'j[>n  d 
hehind,  or  pi'oved  recreant  to  his  trust,  he  shoiild  1m 
hani:;ed  to  the  nearest  lamp-[)«tst.''      Kiai'iiey's  ini|iri>- 


*t; 


M  k 


^t  |u'r  iliiy  for  'ixy  kiinl  of  lalmr,  tlio  oxpcmlitni'o  of  wliicli  mmii  w.h  u> 
criMlc  ('Ntraoriliii.'irv  ili'Vi>lii|iiiii  lit  ill  tlir  C'liiiitiy.  K\  i-rj  iiiiiii  sliniiM  i.wii 
II  IiiiiiichIcihI.  I'livcrty  w;i<  t"  !«•  .iliulislicil,  Imt  fsrtwi  wialtli  w.is  t"  Im-  jirr- 
vi'iitcil    liy   litw.H   miller  wliirli  iii.'iiiul°iti'tiiri'i-.-<  ami  traili'fs  coiilil  not   itiuiii 

IIIHI 


II  than  a  livoil   aiiioiint  of  |iiciiit-<,  tin-   MirpliM   to  go  to  tin-  t'lii'tinii  rl 

l>lii'  wiii'k-i  ami  iiMtiliitioiis.      iSy  liis  udiniirr^  hi'  ^va■^  riiiii|iart'i!  to  ijic  tir  ' 

t|inli'iiii,  to  ('a^ar,   ami   to  ( 'hiitt.      Ill  |i('i'-<i>iial  ai>)irai'aiii'iMii' was  lull  u 

iiu'iIhiiii  lii'i^lit,  ('oiii|iartly  liiiiit,  with  a  limail  lii-ail,  hli^ht    iiiii.'<tai'lit',  ijur  r. 


k' 


hia,  I. 


•wcriiin  liliii)   cyi'i,   aiiil    iiitmhis   ti'iMi'rraiiu'iit. 


.1.  «;.  |i; 


'> 


till 


irus't  hail  (H'l'mlc'l,  tliiiiigh   lin  a>;aiii  joiiieil   Kfaniry's  foUnw  iiij;.      lie  m.i^  i 
inailiaii   cai'iiiiitiT,  of  Iri.-h  r\ti-ai'tiiin,  li   firt   in   height,  wiih  n   rniil 


hianl.      Ill 


was  iiiiliistriiiii  -  aixl  teiiiperale.  w 


ith  ,'i  eoiiiiiion-M'hi'i'l  eihiiatt< 


lli-i  laiigiKige  was  gooil,  ami  hi-i  iijeas  tlioiiu'litt'iil,  an>l  tlu;  (i|>|in'Mi'  of  ilmi! 
iliary.      II.    L.    Knight  ea-iit!   of  a   ^'nrk-ihire   family    in    Knj.'laiiil.      He  «  i- 


l<l|Olt, 


i|iiat,  with  a  iinniil    faee.  twinklim.'  gray   eyes,  ami    >li 


gray  imi- 


tiiehe.  He  hail  :i  strong  iiroilivity  for  reforiiit,  .my  kiml  heiii;;  hetitr  tli.iii 
none.  In  |S|"_>  he  ininiigrateil  In  ilie  V.  S.  aii'l  ><ettlei!  hini^elt  in  Mo.  wlieri' 
lie  \\n>4  ailinitteil  to  the  liar,      lie  serveil   fhrmigh  the   Mexie.in   \\;ir.  eiuii'iii; 


to  Cal.  in  IH.VJ,  \\  In  re  In 


telitiiiii 


to  la 


e  eiigageil  in  mining   to 


tl 


in  e  years,  g 


'a\e  Hiiiiie  •'! 


aw,  linally  lieeiuiiing  a  suei  il  ]>aia-^ifi 


Tl 


le  nittiatii>ii  ol  M'lTi 


tary  to  ihi,'  Kearney  orgaiii/atioii  litti'il  him  «ell.  Among  otliiT  h-ailiiiK 
meiiiliers  of  the  aH^neiatioii  was  another  Irishiiiaii,  T.  II.  Hati  •<,  a  I' i.^'- 
ji  miter,  w  ith  tho  iiir  of  a  si>orliiig  iiiuii;  and  L'liarku  <.'.  O'Domioll,  alu muni 
eity  conmer. 


srniLvn  of  tiik  oiu^^vnization. 


359 


oiiiiuiit  liad  iiu-nas('«l  liis  followinjjj,  iiml  on  Thanks- 
,riviii4  «ljiy  7,000  w«n'kin;j[iiu'ii,  i('[nv.st'iiliii;^  t-vny 
w.iiil  aiitl  tm<lo  ill  tlio  city,  helcl  a  j^i-and  panuit;. 
Ndihiii^j  (lisordi'ily  (ncurrod,  and  it  tcriiiiiuitcdat  the 
1  lot  ill  .so-callt'd  literary  excrcisi's,  C.  ('.  O'Doimrll 


sui> 
actiii 


as 


1)1 


sidt'iit  of  tliu  iiie»'tin«r,  and  William  Wcl- 


Inck     \ift'-|>n'sidoiit.     AftiT  ri'Sdlviii!^  to  wind  up  the 


iiatiiiiial  i>an 


kH  tl 


11  •  assuiii 


hly  disj 


K'rsct 


1. 


All  atLt'nipt  had  lu'cn  niado  to  form  a  contral  body 
iif  (li  Io^att!S  from  tlu;  city  and  (•t)unty  on^aiiizatioiiH. 
F.iiliii:^  in  this,  Kcarmy  ri'Solv(!tl  to  push  tho  scju-mo 
ill  the  interior,  an<l  set  out  with  Kni'j;ht  to  stump  the 
siiitlK'rn  counties,  and  organize  cinhs,  his  expenses  to 
III'  p.iid  from  tho  Sunday  colleetinns  at  tho  sand-lot. 
Kiuiii  tlu!  farmers  not  much  oncourajjfeinent  was  ro- 
rcivt'd;  imt  in  the  i)rincii>id  towns  were  lai-«;(MininI>era 
wild  iM'^erly  listeiK'd  to  and  apphuided  his  presumptu- 
ous t;dU,  made  up  lai-^ely  <>f  denunciation  of  and 
tliif.tts  a^jainst  thi-  wealthy  classes,  and  tin;  admliis- 
tiatien  of  thcy;ovcruuiciit,aud  boustiiit^sofhisidicLaLor- 
sl 


still) 


•William  WilliH'k  M'a,s  a  York.shirn  nmii,  ami  a  Mlmcniakor  Iiy  fmlo. 
II.  «  1.  hUcui-ii'  an  rvaiij^i-'liit  ami  liilijc  i'\|Mimii|iT.  !,:iiiiIiiil'  •!>  Iliu  II.  S. 
Ill  \^T>.  Ill'  unrki'il  at  his  tradi'  in  vinmi-i  pl.ti'iM.  nai'liin^'  S.  K.  iii  IS77, 
«!i  ii'  III'  wa^  iiatiii';ili/ii|.  He  wiis  tall,  with  a  luiiji.  tiittrnw  luail,  lii;.'!i  fni'i'- 
li'il.  tiill,  slicirt  licaril,  aii'l  ni'i'vuiiH  ti'iii)><'i'am('iit.  ha\  iiil!  iiiarru-il  .<  whIhw 
Willi  -niiii;  means,  ho  nailil  allmtl  that  hixiiiy  ol  lnw  i<irei;.:mrs,  Aineiuaii 
lii'lih.-.  Nut  eiitiri'ly  ilevnid  of  ciiltiire,  ami  |Hi<.essiii^  enii^iih  r  ilh*  liry 
liniiiMi',  he  was  Mot  alti>)^etlier  niiat  traetivu  as  a  piililit'  s|ie.iker.  all  Iimi; /li  tliu 
lV'''|i|<'i.l  Use  mule  lit  liilile  i|Uiilatl<i|is  Hiii.'iikeij  i.l  e:iiit,  aiiil  ^a\  e  hi  ii  thu 
sniilMii|iiet  iif  I'arsiin  Welliek.  Imleed,  he  hail  plaseil  ehiiil.iin  ti>  lie-  pirty 
liitire  ,i,suiiiMi'.»  llm  vii'e  presuleiiry,  ami  ili>i'ni!rsi'il  ii|iiiii  hilili!  texts  ai  lliu 
siii'llit.  Likii  Kearney,  he  was  nut  iiiia]>|ireii  iiive  of  In,  i>\\n  iiii|i  .r'lnee. 
A'  I  iiin<  nii-i'tiiit;  ill  l»"i'.  ho  imiiniseil  liiat  when  Ik;  and  his  enllr  ii,'iii  .  had 
il.ii-.' I  Cal.  of  di'inai»i>v{no-i,  they  wimid  do  the  samo  fur  tho  ullnr  .-latoM, 
mill  till' wlmle  r  ■jinliho  Kliiiuld  lie  |mrilied,  after  whieh  they  wmild  y^i  to 
iJi.'li'.d  ail  I  |iiil|  diiwii  t'le  miiiiireliy.  \VI'en  tliat  «  Kijnno  hiswmk  x.^iild 
lif  I'lldi'd.  Speikill'.^  of  lili<nii|iiilist  I  he  Wiillld  .s;iV,  '  The^e  men  wiiii  ,Me  jier- 
vi'rtiii:;  tlio  ways  i.f  trntli  iiinst  l.e  di'sir  i.\<'d.  In  this  linnk,  callfd  l!i"  hiKk, 
tlie  I  lid  IS  s.iiij  to  he  a  i'iiiisiiinin'4  tire.  \\'hen  ho  cnmmand-i,  we  mil  '  o'ley. 
Wliit  are  wi!  to  do  with  tlie.e  iieoidi'  that  are  -ilarviny:  oiir  pmir,  and  di-i/'-ad- 
iiik' Hiir  wives,  daiiijhters,  and  sisters?  Ami  tlie  lord  i-aid  nnlo  Mo  «■*,  •'  Tiko 
:i!i  Ihe  liead-.  iitr  tho  ju'oph'  and  liany  tlifin  liefon-  tin'  hud."  Thi.  i.  what 
«.',iri.  I'liinniandi'il  hy  a  siipreinf  heiim  <"  do  «illi  all  that  dare  to  tread 
iliuii  liniirsty,  s  irtue,  and  truth.'     Killier  hard  on  the  supreme  liiins.'. 

"It  was  proposed  ,at  a  ward  ineetin,'  in  S.  I-',  to  make  him  diilalor,  «!ieii 
iio  iigirly  afc'i'iitud  tlic  otiiof,  sayiug  that  ho  \\nn  tho  voico  of  40,01)0  pooplo, 


MO      THE  nilNESK,  LAHOR  ACITATION,  ANP  TOLlTirs. 


On  tho  V2ih  of  DocriiilxT  tlio  workinj^iiuii  o('();i1<. 
land  Hctit  ail  luidrcHS  to  tliu  prt'Hidcnt  ot  tin;  I  niinl 
States.  |>('titi(»iiiii'^  tor  tlic  al)ro<^ati(>ii  of  tlit;  Jimiin. 
game  tnaty,  wliuli  was  traii.siiiittfil  to  tlieseiiatr,  lut 


w 


itiiout  tfr»«t.     ()ntlu'3«l  of.laiiuarv,  1878,  K»ji) 


lnv 


\vi\  srvcral  liuiidrcd  uiu'iiinloycd  incn  to  tli(;  cit  v  luill 
to  doiiiaiid   "work,   bread,   or  ft  place  in  the  cduiity 


J 


ai 


I."     On   tlie   inarcli  tlm   rolmini   swelled  to  l..»t) 


ftiid  liftltiii'j:  lieforo  tlio  inavor's  oIKeo  eri'ated  no  Jiifh* 
alarm  in  the  treasury  olHee,  Tlio  men  deinaiKJc  dil  !it 
the  capitalists  of  the  eity  shoiiM  estahlish  an  industiiij 


colonv,   or  take  other  means   for  relit-f.     T 


O     <'(l|lll 


■1 


sueli  a  measure  was,  of  r(»urs(\  out  of  the  iii.ivni's 
province.  A  l>ill  was  intro<luced  in  the  l(>L;lsI;ituro 
authori/lii''  the  citv  of  San  Fraiu'lsco  toemplov  J.'niO 
lahoreiN  for  three  months,  «»f  which,  howuvir,  tliisu- 


)er  visors 


took 


no  noiico. 


Soon    al't.rward    Kearnev,    Kni<rht,    and  Wellock 


I  ti 


J ' 


were  several  limes  arres 


4ed  f«i 


a  I 


or  uicendiary  lnii;_'U.'i.r<' 
kI  terrorism."'  Threats  to  blow  uj)  the  l*acilic  M.iil 
Steamship  conij)any'H  dock  and  steamers,  to  (hn|» 
dynamitf  from  balloons  into  the  Chinese  «|iiiiit(  r,  t>» 
make  infernal  machines  with  which  nioii  miuiit  he  sr- 
cretly  destroyed,  were  sui»plemonted  by  advi<e  to 
briii;^  iiuns  and  bludu'eoiis  to  the  sand-iot.  !Milit.irv 
com|)ilnieS  were  formed,  but  only  those  of  the  |im1i 
id  I  1th  wards  were  able  to  procure  arms.     Th<  «  |i\ 


ai 


nuthoriti«'s  took  iioto  of  thoso  procet'dinjjjs,  .'ind  on  the 
UJth  of  .January  tho  incendiaries  wcro  aL^aiii  IoiIvmI 
up,  the  national  ijjuard  called  out,  nnd  a  iiian-of-w Hi- 
nt to  protect  the  mail  docks.      A  committee  Wiis  i\\<- 


8e 


>in 


ted  to  visit  Sacramento,  to  lav  bLl\)re  the  1« 


aii'l  winiM  rriii:iiii  ilictatur  »iiitil  ilc)iii-<i'il  liy  tlicir  will.  Oun  M.itil  ]mci|mi-i-.1 
til  iTinvii  liiiii  Willi  it  I'lirmu'l  <if  ji'jO  inffos,  tiikuii  frutu  tlio  rich  incii  cii  .Noli 
hill. 

•'  Ki-nrnoy  \v:\^  cliiiri;!'!!  « ilh  wiyiiij;  nt  a  tiuvtiiii^  of  <'ciiikjt  nn>\  w.iiliT'*, 
'  I  itiii  ^l.itl  tt)  i4i>i>  yoii  iii.iUiiii;  |ir<'|iiiritti<>iH  fur  tlif  lislilialN  ticit  i--,  y'lt 
in.-iku  tlio  1»:»II.'<  ami  we  will  liir  tliiiii.  ll  tlic  iiifiiilHT-i  nl  tlu!  li|ii-.latiirc 
o\i'rstri>  tin-  liiiiil-i  iif  ilrtM'iicy.  tiw'ii  I  xay.  licmi"!  lictii|il  lifiiip;  That  i<  tlie 
liilllli'  iTV  of  friM'cliiiii.'  Ill'  clclii'il  the  (•rami  jury,  nil. I  taiil  if  iiii|iri-"n'il  •'« 
wiiulil  Work  out  i>f  jail  ami  'aiiiiiliilatu  uvcry  uuu  ot  tliu.>>o  liull-liiminl.^  iii  tlio 
Htato  uf  C'ulifuruiu. ' 


M:<ilsLAT[ON. 


nr.i 


lators  tin  ro  aHsciuMt'd  tlio  romlitiidi  of  ftfTliira.  Tluit 
l)ii(l\  iiiiiiit<liat«'ly  pJissol  on  act  iiutliorizinj^  tlio  mnst 
i.t'  iiK  ciKliaiv  sjK'akirs,  and  tlio  ilis|n'i>siiig  of  d<»ul)tt'ul 

A  work'm^inaii'H  ronvriition  waa  lu;lU  on  tlie  2 1st. 
vliitli  continiu'il  for  Hovrml  <lays.  On  tlio  srt  nnd 
(liiv  KtariK y  and  Kni^jlit  wtro  ac-(|uitti>d  on  tlio 
indict inciit  of  incitin*^  a  riot,  and  r<  leased  on  liail 
!)( iidiii'^  tlif  ti'ial  of  otlier  eliar;j;cs.  Tlie  sjiinc  day 
caiiii'  tlio  news  «»f  tlio  triumph  of  the  Working  men  at 
tlic  Alame(hi  ele<*tion,  wlien;  they  chiimed  to  have  se- 


curnl  a  Hena 


tor  f 


pom 


that 


eoun 


<y 


luTe  were 


i:>o 


(idr^iiti'S  inattendaiico  upon  tho  convention.  A  state 
rtniiid  eoimnittre  was  fornu-d,  with  five  numhirs 
tVniii  t  aeli  senatorial  <listri(t,  and  on*'  nprt  s(  iilativo 
frniii  ( aeh  tra<hi  union.  T\\r.  stoini  of  dissent  against 
tho  liut  act  in  th«;  eonvontion  caused  tiif  h  «i;i>h.ture 
to  jippoint  an  investigatinuf  committee,  wliieh,  after 
utfiiiilinvr  a  sanddot  nieetinijf,  whenat  tli(»  usual  ti- 
r.iilrs  were  softenoti  so  as  to  come  within  the  statute, 
ami  takiuii  the  testiuionv  of  a  lar<]re  niimher  of  wit- 
iii'sses  on  Itoth  sides,  prescntcil  a  report,  showin-^  that 
tli<'  W("ikin;j^mt>n's  party  liad  not  heen  <nj.fae;(  d  in  the 
July  ri«»ts,  that  their  lam^uajj^o  nquired  t<»  he  inter- 
jinted  with  rejjjard  t(»  Kuri"< •undine;  circumstances,  that 
tlic  Chinese  were  a  curse  to  tho  countiv;  and.  in 
short,  tliat  no  serious  charL^es  could  Ik!  sustained 
n'.'iiiiist  the  workiii'4men.  It  now  he<-ame  evidtiitthat 
tl 


ic  wo 


r1<iii;4nien's  p.irty  was  st  iohlJ  ennueli  to  heeonie 
apowdt'ul  factor  in  tho  p»>litlc.s  of  the  state.     Their 


'  im 


I  mill  wailprs 

tllilt   1-.  V'll 

|i'   lijii^laiiiri.' 

'|'li;it  1-  llio 

hiiliri-"'""!  ''" 

IlllUUilt  111  tlio 


•"  I'cTi'.il.  juiliTrt  of  tJio  .'^.  F.  jMilico  cotirt,  tfstil'iiil  nt  a  later  jn'riml  tlmt 
lio  I'i'ii  ii'ili'il  till'  ai't  iiM  iiiijii-t  iitiil  ilc-jiol  II'.  till'  (M.-<liii).;  I.iwm  Ix'iiig  Milliciclit 
topriiuilc  tiir  iiiiy  ciiHTiji'iulfH  hiKTilit'il  l.y  ii. 

-'i'lil-i  wits  .l.ilill  \\  .    limii'i.  (Iirti'il  III  lill  a  v.'li'illli'y.       Ilr  rr|iuililltril  IIh- 
Ki  ariii'viti'M,  wliii,  III'  aniil.  Iiml  iiKtliitit;  to  iluwilli   the  1;(\\ 'ainliii'ili-r  t'nii 
\riitiMii  of  \Mii'kiiii;iii<'ii  wliicli  iioiiiiiiiiti'il  liiiii.      NfVi'rtlK'lt's.-i   Ki'iiriu'y  |ii'ii- 
ci'cilnl  to  .Maiiii'il.'i  anil  lirniiKlit  tlio  Mfiiatnr     tlii'  tirst  fruits  nf  tlie  a^'itatioii 
—  til  I'xlliliit  hiltl  at  flic  rnllVi'Mtiiill.       At   tin-  .Si'lit.  rli'ftliill,  iillt  ot  7,  I  l>H  \  nil'* 

ill  tilii  ciiiiiity.  IIH  wi'i'i'  |iiil!i'il  liy  till'  >\iii'kiii|.'tiirii,  llio  main  vnto  liciii^ 
aliiiiit  (■i|iially  i|i\'iil<'i|  l>i''ui*cii  r«'|>nli|iraiis  an<l  ilriiinrrats.  At  tlm  .fan. 
elri'li.iii  ill,' wlinl,.  v.itt«  V  (•».,■<»).  iilwliiili  till'  MiirUiii^'iiioii  farrii'il  '_'.7.'!0, 
till'  ii  |<iililii'aiis  '_Mi;tH,  anil  tlir  iltiiinc'i'ut.s  b''2,  Hliuwiag  friiiii  wliuli  luii-ty  tho 
Wiii-luugiiit!u  liail  Ikcu  lirawn. 


kPX 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Hiotographic 

SoHices 

Corporation 


23  WfSV  »{AIN  STIEET 
WEBSTEU.MY.  I45S0 

(716)  877  ««■? 


..^ 


f/i 


362      THE  CHINESE,  LABOR  AGITATION,  AND  POLITICS. 


leaders  had  used  the  temporary  depression  in  business 
to  engage  the  pubHc  attention,  and  they  had  alter- 
nately amused,  disgusted,^  and  terrorized  the  city  of 
San  Francisco,  until  it  began  to  be  seen  that  there  was 
something  more  in  their  movements  than  blind  pas- 
sion or  brute  force.  They  began  in  February  to  visit 
the  different  counties  for  the  purpose  of  influencing 
municipal  elections.  In  Oakland  and  Sacramento  the 
workingmen  elected  several  of  their  candidates,  wlure- 
upon  the  press  of  the  state  began  to  recognize  tliein 
as  not  only  a  party,  but  a  powerful  one  ;  and  peiliaps 
the  strongest  proof  of  the  influence  attained  in  })olitics 
was  contained  in  the  rumor  that  Kearney's  palm  was 
now  crossed  with  railroad  money,  and  that  the  bonan- 
za bank  flung  him  a  few  gold  pieces  occasionally. 
However  absurd  these  statements,  he  assumed  the  air 
of  a  potentate,  and  introduced  himself  where  he  had 
never  before  been  recotjnized/"  He  even  advanced 
the  idea  in  ward  clubs  that  he  was  opposed  to  Ameri- 
cans being  admitted  to  the  organization,  and  although 
nominally  a  catholic,  retorted  upon  Archbishop  Ale- 
many,  who  reproved  his  church  members  for  seditious 
laniiuao-e — ^that  the  constitution  of  the  United  States 
macio  it  sedition  to  interfere  in  people's  religious  af- 
fairs. He  was  invited  east  io  Mie  spring  of  1S78, 
where  he  was  not  received  a  lero,  and  where  I  will 
leave  him,  although  he  aftci ward  figured  as  an  in- 
mate of  the  house  of  correction  in  San  Francisco 


To  return  to  the  course  of  state  political  aflfliirs  in 


Li:?^' 


**  An  attempt  by  the  legislature  to  pasa  a  hill  for  the  sale  of  tiio  Sjiring 
Valley  water-works  to  the  city  of  8.  F.  for  81 -">, 000,000  creatcil  a  uikiiuiimih 
outcry,  and  on  tiie  Itith  of  Marcli  a  meeting  of  property-holders  w;m  cuUihI 
to  denounce  tlio  scheme.  At  tliis  meeting  appeared  Kearney  with  a  Iai'i.'e 
escort,  and  proceeded  to  take  a  plaoo  on  the  platform,  Wiien  rumindcil  tliiit 
he  had  not  been  invited,  he  insisted  on  his  right,  as  the  re])r(!seiitativu  <if  tlie 
workingmen,  to  share  in  its  deliberations,  calling  on  his  adhuronts  for  ii  siiow 
of  hands,  and  declaring  himself  elected  chairman,  carried  matters  ^vitll  a 
high  hand,  entirely  routing  the  property-htdders.  A  set  of  resolutions  was 
then  passed,  instructing  the  city  representatives  in  the  legisliitun'  to  vote 
against  the  bill,  a  deputation  being  dispatched  to  8ac.,  to  present  thuiii  to 
the  governor  and  legiidlature. 


ICS. 


OPPOSITION  TO  MONOPOLY. 


363 


business 
.d  alter- 
i  city  of 
lere  was 
iud  pas- 
T  to  visit 
luciiciiiij 
ciito  the 
>,  wlu-re- 
izG  tliem 
perhaps 
1  politics 
ah  11  was 
e  boiian- 
iSioiiahy. 
d  till'  air 
B  he  Imd 
id  valued 
)  AiiKi'i- 

lltli()U;4'h 

J)  Alo- 
dititius 
States 
ious  af- 
1S78, 
TO  I  will 
an  iu- 
.seo 

.ftliirs  in 


till!  Siii'ing 

was  c;illi'il 
til  a  lariie 
liiulrd  tliiit 
itivc  (if  tlie 
for  a  sliuw 
ers  with  a 
iitiim-i  «a9 
iri'  til  viite 
lit  thfiii  to 


lO 


1868,  the  administration  of  Governor  Haight  was  ac- 
ceptable, although  he  gave  his  adhesion  to  President 
Johnson  and  not  to  congress.  Legislators  who  were 
not  .satisfied  with  the  pay  received  from  the  people, 
hut  who  looked  for  an  additional  income  from  the 
lobbv,  received  the  check  of  frequent  vetoes,  and 
monopolies  were  not  encouraged.  In  1869-70  he  ob- 
jected to  the  fifteenth  amendment  to  the  constitution 
of  the  United  States,  with  the  same  hostility  to  tlie 
black  man  that  he  had  shown  ii?  his  message  two 
years  before.     The  legislature "   foDowed   his    lead, 

•■•^Cal.  Jour.  As.9em.,  1867-8,  92-102.  Qtl  Jour.  Assem.,  1809-70,  108-76, 
947-8.  Tilt!  legislature,  which  met  in  the  new  capitol  at  the  IStli  session, 
cmi-isteil  of '2(>  ileinoerats,  11  repuhlicaus,  and  three  independents;  the  aa- 
suiiihlyof  ()0  democrats,  II  repuhlicaus.  and  three  independents.  The  sena- 
till-  elect  were  E.  M.  Banvard,  of  Placer;  John  S.  Hager,  R.  J.  Betze, 
Tliiiiiias  M.  Wand,  S.  F. ;  William  Burnett,  Sonoma;  A.  Comte,  Jr,  Sao.; 
J.  T.  Farley,  Alpine  and  Ama(h>r;  Thomas  Fowler,  Fresno,  Kern  and 'I'ulare; 
William  M.  (iwin,  .Jr,  Calaveras;  .S.  C.  Hutchings,  Yuha  and  Sutter:  Wil- 
liam Irwin,  Siskiyou;  Charles  Maclay,  Santa  Clara;  William  Minis,  Solano 
ami  Yolo;  M.  P.  OCcmnor,  Nevada;  N.  M.  Orr,  San  Joaquin;  lieoige  C. 
Perkins,  Butte,  Lassen  and  Plumas;  Edward  Tompkins,  Alameda;  Iv.  T, 
Turner.  Sierra;  Stephen  Wing,  Tuolmne,  Inyo  and  Mono;  B.  D.  Wilson, 
Los  Angeles;  Romualdo  Paclieco,  San  Luis  Obispo  and  Santa  Barbara;  E.  J, 
Lewis,  (hold-over)  was  chosen  pres't;  Josejih  Roberts,  sec;  B.  A.  Mardia, 
a-s't  sec;  .F.  B.  Stevens,  J.  J.  laOuerra,  L.  Keplan,  E.  K.  Phipps,  Edward 
Curtis,  N.  S.  Cooper,  (.ieorge  N.  Morton,  clerks;  Nat.  Boice.  J.  J.  Thomas, 
serg'ts-at-arms;  chaplain.  Rev.  W.  R.  (Jobcr. 

The  assembly  consisted  of  R.  D.  Luelling  and  Daniel  Inman,  Alameda;  .T. 
M,  .bihnson,  A.  C.  Brown,  Alpine  and  Amador;  J.  C.  Martin,  Slarion  Biggs, 
r.utte;  A.  R.  Young,  E.  L.  (Jreen,  W.  S.  Williams,  Calaveras;  L,  Scarce, 
Colusa  and  Tehama;  .T.  R.  Carothers,  Contra  Costa;  .1.  E.  Murphy,  Del 
\iirte  and  Klamath;  Charles  (iildos,  .T.  H.  Miller,  .T.  D.  McMurray,  IT.  B. 
Newell.  El  Dorado;  P.  C.  Appling,  Fresno;  .T.  J.  DoHaven,  Humbnldt;  J. 
V.  Crigler,  Lake  and  Napa;  .John  Lambert,  Lassen  and  Pluinas;  M.  F.  Coro- 
iiel,  U.  C.  Fryer,  Los  Angeles;  W.  J.  Miller,  ^Fariiio;  I).  M.  Pool.  Mariposa; 
(r.  W.  Henley.  Mendocino;  Miner  Walden,  Merced  and  Stani-laus;  ,J.  A. 
Rlaiikeiiship.  Monterey;  W.  A.  King,  B.  F.  Jlawley,  T.  A.  Slicer,  S.  T. 
Gates,  Nevada;  M.  H.  Power,  M.  H.  Caldcrwood,  M.  Wal.lron,  Placer;  M. 
S.  lieran,  R.  D.  Stephens,  I.  F.  Freeman,  John  A.  Odell,  J.  DufTy,  Sac;  J. 
W.  Satterwhite,  San  Bernardino;  William  N.  Robinson,  San  Diego;  E.  A. 
Kiiekwell,  .loseiih  Napthaly,  J.  C.  (iriswold,  Thomas  P.  Ryan,  Michael 
Hayes,  (Icorge  R.  B.  Hayes,  Oeorge  U.  Kngers,  ']".  J.  Maynihan,  J.  L.  Roiner, 
CTiarlcs  McMillan,  H.  W.  Fortuus,  W.  O  (.'..iindl,  S.  F  ;  C.  (t.  Hubner,  J. 
S.  Thurston.  .Sau  Joa(iuin;  A.  Cr.  Escandnu,  San  Luis  Obispo  and  .Sta  Biir- 
liiia;  S.  J.  Linney,  San  Mateo;  W.  B.  Shoemaker,  B.  D.  Murphy,  T.  R. 
Tliomas,  Sta  Clara;  F.  A.  Halin,  Sta  Cruz;  A.  R.  An<lrcv,-s,  Shasta;  B.  J, 
Simmons,  .lolin  Kautz,  Sierra;  William  iSlioros.  R.  M.  Martin,  Siskiyou; 
K.  C.  Haile,  Solano;  B.  B.  Munday,  Thomas  Hudson,  Barclay  Henley.  So- 
iKiuia;  C.  P.  Berry,  Sutter;  John  McMurray,  Trinity;  W.  E.  Doss,  Tulare 
aii.l  Kern;  E.  W.  JMchelroth,  ,1.  S.  Moonoy,  F.  York,  Tnolnmue.  Tiiyo,  and 
Mono;  ,1.  M.  Kelly,  Yolo;  (Jeorge  Merritt,  C.  McClaskcy,  .1.  E.  Brewer, 
^  uba.     George  H.  Rugerti  wati  cliusen  speaker;  C.  Gildea,  speaker  pro  tern. ; 


mi 


t 


364      THE  CHINESE,  LABOR  AGITATION,   AND  rOLITICS. 


only  a  minority  of  the  federal  relations  committee  re- 
porting in  favor  of  the  amendment,  which  was  re- 
jected by  a  senate  joint  resolution. 

Tlie  chief  idea  in  state  politics  at  this  period  was 
resistance  to  the  monopolies  of  land,  railroad,  watt  r, 
gas,  and  other  companies.  The  republicans  lost 
ground  in  18G7  by  behig  the  party  which  favored 
railroad  construction  and  the  granting  of  subsidies; 
but  they  recovered  it  in  time  to  elect  for  governor 
Newton  Booth,  anti-monopolist,  in  1871,  with  tliree 
congressmen,"  and  a  large  majority"  in  the  lower 
house  and  in  joint    convention  of  the  legislature." 

Robert  Ferral,  Newton  Benedict,  D.  F.  Beveridge,  Fenwick  Fi.-lier,  A.  L. 
Hensliaw,  J.  C.  Edwards,  T  D.  Murphy,  clerks;  Dan'l  Perkins,  J.  M.  Shan- 
non, sergts-at-arms;  J.  G.  Johnson,  chaplain. 

*'The  congressmen  were  Houghton  )st  dist,  Sargent  2d  dist,  and  Cogiilan 
3d  dist,  elected  on  the  republican  ticket  in  1871.  In  the  foIloM  ing  j  ear  tlstre 
was  aiiotlier  split  in  the  republican  party,  which,  however,  had  a  majority 
over  the  democrats.  The  legislature,  by  act,  ordered  an  election  for  con- 
gressnien  in  187'2,  when  Pago  was  choson  in  the  2d  di.*t,  Lnttrell  in  tin-  :iil, 
Hougliton  in  the  4tli,  and  Clayton  in  the  1st;  all  republicans  but  Luttrell, 
who  was  elected  by  the  liberals. 

■"  The  election  of  this  year  was  marked  by  invention  of  the  historic  'tajie- 
wonn  ticket,'  tlie  legend  of  Mhich  runs  as  follows:  Tlie  navy  yard  at  Mare 
island  had  reiiiained  since  llie  war  under  the  control  of  the  republii  an  )  arty, 
ami  the  large  mnuber  of  employes  were  in  the  habit,  previous  to  a  gtmial 
election,  of  enrolling  themselves  as  nicnd:ers  of  remiMican  clubs;  but  it  was 
observed  at  the  counting  of  ballots  that  an  extraordinary  nundier  were  dciiio- 
cratic.  To  prevent  Bcratching  and  pasting,  the  republican  county  ctuniiittee 
had  a  peculiar  ticket  printed  for  Vallejo,  the  same  1  cing  kng  and  uai  row, 
with  the  names  of  candidates  printed  without  spaces,  tilling  the  paper  eiitirclj', 
the  lines  running  from  end  to  enil.  Ihese  tickets  were  j>rinttd  an<l  (b.-trib- 
iited,  but  it  was  found  on  counting  and  examining  tlicni  tliat  \\.b  of  tiiise 
intricately  contrived  ballots  were  altered  by  democratic  vt.ters.  Of  couise 
the  object  of  the  tape-worm  ballot  was  intimidation,  and  the  di^grace  of  the 
attempt  to  make  all  government  employes  vote  the  republican  ticket  Mas 
commented  upon  even  in  the  U.  S.  senate. 

"'The  senators  elected  in  1871,  were  David  Boucher,  Butte,  Plumas  ami 
Lassen;  Barlow  Dyer,  Calaveras;  John  Boggs,  C<dusa  and  Tehama:  1  avid 
Goodale,  Contra  Costa  and  Marin;  J.  J.  DeHaven,  Del  N<  rte.  Hun, 1.  hit 
and  Klamath;  H.  J.  McKusie,  El  Dorado;  W.  W.  Penilergast.  lake.  Nnpa, 
and  Mendocino;  T.  J.  Keys,  Mariposa,  Merced  and  Stanislaus;  Tin  n, as 
Beck,  Sta  Ciuz  and  Monterey:  M.  P.  O'Conner,  Charles  Kent,  Nc\aih-i; 
Jacob  Neff,  IMacer;  James  A.  DutVy,  Sac.;  James  McCoy,  San  Bernaiil'no 
and  San  Diego;  Ceorge  Oulten,  W.  T.  Garratt,  8.  F.;  S.  J.  Trinity.  S,  F. 
and  San  Mateo;  fJeorge  S.  Evans,  San  Joaquin.  To  fill  vacancy:  .laiiK  -  I'. 
Van'^»e1s,  Sta  IWrbara  and  San  I-uis  01)is])o;  .Tolin  McMurray,  Shasta  ami 
Trinity;  to  till  vacancy,  B.  T.  Tuttle,  Sonoma;  M.  C.  Andro-<s,  Tudinniie 
and  Mono;  L.  T.  Crane,  Yuba.  President  of  the  senate  pro  tem.,  .1.  T- 
Farley;  sec,  Robert  Farral;  asst  sec,  T.  .F.  Shacklefonl;  clerks.  ,1.  T>. 
Stevens,  J.  J.  de  la  Guerra,  E.  L.  Crawford,  Ted  Robinson,  A.  Sites,  E. 


GRANGER  ORGANIZATIONS. 


3(Jj 


Tlio  party,  however,  was  too  murh  uiuler  railroad  iii- 
riufuce,  and  split  u\)on  that  test  in  1873,  peiKliiig  the 
(.'lection  of  a  legislature  which  was  to  clioose  a  suc- 
cessor to  Uiiitetl  States  senator  Cole,  whose  term  ex- 
i)ireil  in  March.  The  seceders  called  themselves 
iiiLlependents,  but  were  facetiously  named  Dolly  Var- 
cli'iis.  Their  avowed  princii)les  were  to  desti'oy  the 
iio\V(>r  of  monopolies,  regulate  railroad  fares  and 
frei'hts,  and  devise  an  irri'^ation  svstem  for  the  bene- 
fit  of  the  whole  state.  The  independents  received 
nmcli  of  their  strength  from  the  order  of  grangers 
wliicli  was  extensively  organized  about  this  time,  and 
who,  as  i)atrons  of  husbandry,  were  naturally  inter- 
ested in  the  proposed  reforms.  The  party  proved 
strong  enough  to  control  the  election  of  1873,  secure 
a  nmiin-itv  in  the  assemblv,  and  with  the  other  branch 
of  the  republican  party,  the  control  of  the  legislature. 

Galliiiilicr,  J.  P.  Cunningham;  sergts-at-arms,  J.  W.  Hawkins,  J.  M.  Shan- 
noli;  chaiihiin,  .1.  H.  llDntc.  Oeiiii>crats '21.  ropuhlioans  IS,  iiiileiiciiilciits  1. 
The  assenil)ly  consisteil  nf  l'yrii.s  C'iiU;nian,  .1.  A.  Kag.iii,  Alpim;  and 
Aiii.iiloi';  K.  11.  ranlet,  K.  T.  t'ranu,  Alaiiiuthi;  J.  N.  Tiirnor,  W  N.  Dctta- 
veii.  Hiittc;  C  \j.  Y.  Brown,  J.  L.  Gibs.in,  L.  M.  Schrack,  Calaveras; 
Loiinis  Wanl,  Colusa;  Jose]>li  W.  Gallaway,  Contra  Costa;  T.  II.  Jleetor, 
Kil  N'ortoaml  Klamath;  .f.  Hurkhalter,  Kern  ami  Tulare;  Samuel  II.  Center, 
William  Mirkiage,  Robert  Chalmers,  A.J.  Bayley,  El  Dorado;  I.  N,  Walker, 
Frouii;  Joseph  lluss,  Humboldt;  X.  \V.  Stdlwagen,  Lake  and  Napa;  T.  D. 
Mott.  .\sa  Ellis,  Los  Angeles;  .1.  IJ.  Uice,  Marin;  John  W.  Wileox,  Mari- 
posa; (n'lirgo  R.  Mathers,  Mendocino;  ,T.  B.  Sensabaugh,  Meree.i;  H.  M. 
Hayes,  .Monterey;  Henry  Everett,  Robert  Bell,  J.  M.  Days,  S.  Barker, 
Nevada;  Jacob  Welty,  O.  H.  Lee,  Henry  Long,  Placer;  B.  W.  Barnes, 
I'limiH  and  Lassen;  C.  G.  W.  Freneli,  E.  B.  Mott  jr.,  P.  J.  Hopiier,  O. 
llirvey.  William  .fohnson.  S.ic. ;  F.  M.  Maughter,  San  Bernardino;  <leorgo 
W,  Duiicls,  San  Diego;  Giles   H.  Cray,  T.   B.  Shannon,  W.  T.   James,    W. 

A.  .Mdricli,  A.  D.  Splivalo,  Charles  Goodall,  David  Meeker,  Charles  Jost, 
William  R.  Wheaton,  John  Seibe,  Sanmel  McCnll.mgh,  H.  R.  Reeil,  S.  F.; 
R.  C.  Sargent,  F.  J.  WoodwariL  San  .Joaijuin;  Milton  Mason,  Sta  Barbara; 
Curtis  liaird,  San  Mateo:  J.  P.  Sargent,  F.  E.  Spencer,  H.  C.  Frank,  Sta 
Clara;  ii.  W.  Brockus,  Sta  Cruz;  A.   R.  Andrews,  Shasta;  D.   L.  Whitney, 

B.  .1.  Sanders,  Sierra;  J.  K.  Luttrell,  W.  A.  Little,  Siskiyou;  M.  J.  Wriiih't, 
Sdlauo;  E.  C.  Henshaw,  William  Caldwell,  R.  B.  .Mumiay,  Sonoma;  C.  P. 
Hcny.  Sutter;  H.  J.  Tianin,  Trinity;  P.  B.  Bacon,  Georgt!  A.  Whitney,  W. 
('  Connolly,  Tuolumne,  Mono  and  "inyo;  J.  C.  Bradley.  T.  R.  Lofton!  Wil- 
liam Eilgar,  Yuba;  F.  S.  Freeman,  Y.ilo.  Sjieaker  ofthe  assembly,  T.  B. 
Shannon;  speaker  pro  tern.,  B.  .L  Hopper;  clerks,  M.  1).  Boruck,  G.  W. 
Dixon,  Martin  Rowan,  I.  R.  Wilber,  .J.  H.  Reed,  Alfreil  Thompson,  Isaac 
Aver,  Frederick  Creque;  sergts-at-arms,  A.  J.  Rhoads,  (i.  Meredith.  Re- 
imhlicans  ;").');  democrats  24;  independents  1. 

•"The  state  .senators  elected  in  1873  were  C.  W.  Bush,  Los  Angeles;  W. 
J.  Craves,  Sail  Luis  Obispo,  Sta  Barbara,  and  Ventura;  Tii)ton  Lindsloy, 
Frisuu,  Kem,  aud  Tulare;  T,  U.  Laiuc,  Sta  Clara;  Washingtou  Bartlutt, 


300      THE  CHINESE,  LABOR  AOITATION,   AND  TOLITICS. 

On  the  28th  of  November,  Casserly  rcsiiriicd  liis 
seat  in  tlie  national  senate,  which  unexpected  actidn 
rendorecl  necessary  the  choice  of  anotlier  senator  to 
conii)lete  his  term.  The  place  was  filled  by  John  S. 
Hager,"  democrat,  and  anti-monopolist.     The  choice 

Philip  A.  Roach,  S.  F.  and  San  Mateo;  Edward  Gibbons,  Alameda;  I!.  Ilnp. 
kins,  Calaveras;  J.  T.  Farley,  Aniailnr  and  Alpine;  Thoinas  Frasir,  Kl  iJo. 
railo;  Henry  Edgertoii,  tSac. ;  H.  E.  McCiine,  Sohuio  and  Yolo;  B.  F.  'I'litde 
Sonoma;  N.  Martin,  Placer;  M.  P.  O'Connor,  Nevada;  II.  K.  Tunu.T,  Sn'ira; 
S.  Spencer,  Yalta  and  Sutter;  (leorire  C.  Perkins,  W.  C.  lleudrieks,  llutte, 
Lassen,  and  Plumas;  William  Irwin,  Siskiyou.  Irwin  was  clio.-eii  prfs't,  T. 
J.  Shackelford  sec.,  J.  B.  Cliinn,  Ira  H.  Iteed,  ass'tso(,'s;  Newton  Hi'iiciliet, 
A.  F.  Tlioinpson,  A.  II.  Estell,  I'anicl  F'enton,  A.  J.  Starling,  Fi-ed.  ('i((|iif, 
clerks;  J.  W.  Hawkins,  C  J.  lUirns,  sergts-at-arms;  (leorgo  F.  B('V(.'iiili;e, 
postmaster;  C.  E.  King,  Joseph  McBayle,  George  Ellery,  R(  n.  A\'.  I)ay, 
pages;  George  W.  Hansbrow,  paper-folder;  H.  Clock,  Ed.  buUy,  S.  J.  IvMy, 
porters.  The  senate  comprised  18  republicans,  14  democrats,  and  8  indu- 
pendents. 

Tiio  assembly  consisted  of  Ammerman,  W.  J.  Gurnctt,  jManied.i;  ^\■.  If, 
Steerer,  L.  Miller,  Alpine  and  Amador;  J.  B.  Clark,  J.  C.  (iray,  Uutti';  W. 
P.  Peck,  George  fJilman,  M.  Faliey,  Calaveras;  Jolin  Simpson,  Cdhna  and 
TeJiama;  A.  W.  Hannnalt,  Contra  Costa;  J.  J.  Murpliy,  Del  Ninte  unci 
Klamatli;  G.  E.  Williams,  G.  W'.  Sempers,  G.  H.  Ingham,  N.  Gilirmrp,  El 
Dorado;  .1.  J.  Ferguson,  Fresno;  B.  S.  Hurlbut,  Huiuboldt;  W.  Caiilielil, 
Kern  and  Tulare;  S.  K.  Welch,  Lake  and  Naita:  J.  D.  Byers,  Lassen  and 
Plumas,  A.  Higley,  .1.  S.  Vcnable,  Los  Angeles;  T.  J.  Abies,  Marin;  ,1.  \V. 
Snyder,  Mariposa;  R.  S.  McCallum,  Mendocino;  H.  B.  Davis,  Mercwl  and 
Stanislaus;  C.  TuUy,  Monterey,  A.  J.  Pclliam,  (}.  W.  Ciriflin,  D.  C.  Ncrtli- 
rup,  W.  Hill,  Nevada;  W.  C.  Norton,  W.  Raush,  S.  R.  Burt,  Plac  r;  ]'. 
Ooggins,  I',  H.  Rus-jU,  R.  Kercheval,  J.  N.  Barton,  W.  E.  Bryan,  Sac.;N. 
C.  Pislion,  San  Bernardino;  W.  W.  Bowers,  San  Diego;  M.  M.  Kstcc.  I). 
Rogers,  J,  F.  Swift,  Jolin  Hamill,  W.  A.  Aldrich,  C.  C.  Terrill,  .lames  I'at- 
terson,  B.  C.  Vandell,  G.  C.  Wickware,  D.  Friedenrich,  J.  F.  Cum  dory, 
Robert  Howe,  S.  F.;  Samuel  Myers,  A.  C.  PaulscU,  San  Joa(|uin;  A.  (1.  Es- 
caudon,  San  Luis  Obispo,  Sta  Barbara,  and  Ventura;  James  IJurns,  S.in 
Mateo;  Thomas  R.  Lea,  F.  C.  Frank,  Alexander  Hay,  Sta  Clara;  ('.  L. 
Thomas,  Sta  Crn/;  R.  Klotz,  Sliasta;  S.  Wincliell,  W.  R.  Morgan.  Si,ria; 
J.  Ml  liiide.  W.  C.  Cressler,  Siskiyou;  J.  L.  Heald,  Solano;  W.  S.  M.  WiiL'l.t, 
J.  Dixon,  W.  H.  Xorthcutt,  Srmoma;  A.  L.  Chandler,  Sutter;  J.  W.  Tinnin, 
Trinity;  .1.  W.  Summers,  .1.  E.  Parker,  A.  J.  Long,  Tuolumne,  Mono,  and 
Inyo;  F.  S.  Freeman,  Y'olo;  J.  C.  Bradley,  J.  C.  Carter,  Martin  Knox, 
Yr.ba;  10  republicans,  28  democrats,  and  Xi  independents,  or  in  joint  ((in- 
vention rep.  '.Vi,  dem.  4'2,  ind.  41.  M.  M.  Estee  was  chosen  speaker:  ltdlicrt 
Howe,  speaker  pro  tem.;  D.  T.  I^aofbourrow,  John  Webber,  J.  A.  Bnimscv, 
T.  S.  Harris.  B  F.  Jeffries.  Mrs  J.  P.  Biggcrs,  Walter  Ferral,  Itidiard 
Brown,  C.  H.  Kin(,',  clerks;  William  M.  Cratchor,  .1.  M.  Ingraham,  serjts- 
at-arms;  W.  H.  Copper,  Charles  Weltz,  J.  Nicholson,  John  S.  Wilkins, 
porters;  Samuel  Alexander,  Robert  Craig,  William  Dunlevy.  .1.  O'Niel, 
pages;  r.  E.  Street,  postmaster;  Frank  Morse,  P.  O.  page;  W.  J.  Ilawkett, 
paper-folder. 

^'  John  S.  Hager  was  bom  in  Morris  co.,  N".  J.,  in  1818,  and  educated  at 
Princeton  college.  He  came  to  Cal.  in  1.840,  and  after  mining  for  a  short 
period  commenced  the  practice  of  law  in  S.  F.  In  1852  he  was  elected  to 
the  state  senate,  .serving  in  lS.%3-4.  I  have  already  .s])oken  of  ids  Iiigli  cliar- 
acter  as  judge  of  the  fourth  dist  court  from  IS.")  to  18()2.  Many  ini]iertant 
Buitii,  including  the  litigation  growing  out  of  the  failure  uf  Adams  i!i:  Co. 


COLLAPSE  OF  THE  REFORM  TARTY. 


367 


for  tlic  long  term  fell  upon  Booth,'*  who  resigned  the 
exct'utive  office  to  accept  tlie  greater  dignity.  Pa- 
clieco  filled  out  the  governor's  term,  ending  in  Decem- 
ber 1875. 

Ill  the  latter  year  there  were  four  candidates  in  the 
field  f(jr  governor,  namely,  William  Irwin,""  T.  G. 
riiclps,  John  Bidwell,  and  William  E.  Lovett,  repre- 
senting the  democratic,  republican,  ii)dei)endent,  and 
tiix-payers  parties.  As  the  independents  and  tax- 
pa  vt  is  were  mainly  offshoots  from  the  re[>ul)lican 
jMity,  tlie  democrats  carried  tlio  election  for  governor 
and  lieutenant-governor,  and  two  out  of  four  congress- 
iiif  11."'  Irwin  received  a  majority  over  Phelps  of 
'1\)J)^7,  and  over  Bidwell  of  -'51,047.  Phelps  received 
a  iiKijority  of  1,808  over  Bidwell.  J.  A.  Johnson" 
was  elected  lieutenant-governor  by  a  majority  of 
•J.j.  1  ID  over  Pacheco,  indejiendent ;  and  Pachcco 
7,273  over  J.  M.  Cavis,  republican.  Thus  the  reform 
party  collapsed  in  1875  '* 

auJ  l';i;,'e,  Ricon  &  Co.  M'ero  di.sposeil  of  in  liis  court.  In  1871  lie  was 
ai;i)(>iiituil  a  rei^ciit  of  tlio  university  ot  Cal.      Hu  iliod  March  10,  IMIO. 

"•'Niwtiiii  Booth  was  liorn  in  Salem,  Intl.,  in  18'25  anil  eduoated  at  As- 
liiiiv  iiiiivirsity,  after  which  he  studied  law  at  Terre  Haute  was  admitted  to 
till'  liiir.  and  removed  to  t'ul.  in  ISoO,  engajring  at  first  in  mereantile  pur- 
suits at.  Sac.  He  returned  to  Ind.  in  ISoT,  remaining  in  Terre  Haute  tlireo 
yi'ais,  wjien  he  once  more  yielded  to  the  attractions  of  the  west  coast,  and 
settled  at  Sac.  a  second  time,  where  he  resided  when  elected  governor.  To 
liis  vciniiation  for  integrity  and  ahility  he  added  a  line  fortune,  and  may  he 
reckiiiii'd  among  California's  most  snccessfid  men. 

■"Jiwin  was  a  native  of  Ohio,  had  heen  a  ])r(ife.ssor  in  a  college,  and 
edited  tlie  Ynbi  Union  previous  to  his  election.  He  was  a  man  of  no  great 
rc]nitc,  though  hail  liecn  a  member  of  the  assenddy  and  state  .senate  several 
tiiiic>. 

"■  Page  was  again  elected  hy  1.400  mai.  over  Henry  Larkin,  dcm.  and  C. 
A.  Tuftlc  ind.,  in  the  2d  dist.  "\V.  A.  Piper,  dem  ,  heat  Uaukin  and  ,1.  F. 
Swil't:  Pai'lieeo  boat  1).  P.  Wiffginton  dem.  by  one  vote  in  tlie  4th  dist;  and 
.1.  K.  l,nttrell,  dem..  beat  C.  B.  l>enio  and  (\  F.  Kci'd  in  the  4d  dist.  Lut- 
tnli  was  of  Santa  Rosa  and  carried  a  good  deal  of  wcMght.  lie  was  born  in 
liiiM.  in  1SI5H,  coming  to<"al.  'u  18.">;{.  He  educated  himself,  .studied  and 
piM'i-ed  law,  although  a  farmer,  was  elected  to  the  legislature  in  IStJ.S, 
iNiia  (').  and  1871   2.      He  M-as  twice  elected  to  congress. 

".lolinson  was  born  in  Spartenbcrg,  S.  (\,  in  KS'J'.l,  and  was  educated  at 
iTelTer^on  Medical  collcjo,  Pliila.  Flo  cauio  to  Cal.  in  1 8")^,  and  was  elected 
tn  till' asseudily  in  lS.")i),  ami  again  in  1800.  After  serving  a.s  lientgov.  he 
was  twM'i"  elected  to  congreis. 

■•^T!ie  state  officers  elected  in  1875  were  Thomas  Beck,  sec.  of  state;  J. 
W.  Miudevillc,  controller;  I.  <i.  E^tudiUo,  treas.;  .Fo.  Hamilton,  atty-gea.; 
William  Minid,  aurv.-geu.;  D.  B.  Woolf,  elk.  Mup.  ct 


i-'i* 


3CS      HIE  CHINESE,  LABOR  AGITATIOX,   AND  POLITICS. 

Tho  agitation  arising  from  tlio§e  interests  wliich 
liad  rendered  a  reform  desirable  had  reopened  the 
question  of  a  change  of  constitution, not  only  to  amend 
the  form  of  the  organic  law  in  sonic  res[)(cts,  hut  to 
introiluce  new  subjects  of  legislation  coming  fiom  a 
cliauge  m  atlairs  arising  from  the  development  ot  the 
state  by  railways,  agriculture,  the  necessity  for  differ- 
ent corporation  laws,  municipal  and  otherwise,  and  a 
judicial  system  which  should  secure  justice  with  less 
cost  and  delay. 

The  legislature  of  1873-4  recommended  to  the  elec- 
tors to  vote  at  the  next  general  election  ft)r  or  against 
a  revision  of  the  constitution  by  convention,  but  the 
political  managers  not  having  thought  proper  to  put 
this  question  upon  their  tickets  at  the  election  of  1875, 
the  legislature  following  "  again  recommended  a  vote 


**The  members  of  the  senate  of  1875  newly  elected  were  James  Bcizell, 
Alamedii,  E.  J.  Lewis,  Colusa  ami  Tuhama;  Paul  Sliirley,  Contra  Costa  aiul 
Marin;  .Tolm  Montgomery,  Mariposa,  Merced,  and  Stanislaus;  Rolnwt  Mc- 
(.larvey,  Mendocino,  Humboldt,  and  Del  Norte;  Creed  Haymond,  Sac.;  J. 
W.  Satterwhite,  San  Diego  and  San  Bernardino;  T.  McCartliy,  J.  Craig, 
Edward  Nunan,  M.  J.  Donovan,  W.  M.  Pierson,  Robert  Howe,  Frank  Mc- 
Coppiii,  S.  P.;  (leorge  H.  Rogers,  San  Mateo  and  S.  F. ;  George  S.  Evans, 
San  Joaijuin;  VV.  Z  Angney,  Sta  Clara;  Thomas  Flint,  Sta  Cruz,  Mdiifcivy, 
aud  San  iijuito;  W.  J.  lianin.  Trinity,  Modoc,  and  Siskiyou;  S.  <;.  liillljoin, 
Solano;  William  McPherson  Hill,  Sonoma,  Napa,  an<l  Lake.  B.  F.  Tuttlo 
(liold-over)  was  chosen  pres't  pro  tern.;  T,  L.  Shackelford,  sec;  E.  L.  Craw- 
ford, ass'tsec. ;  Newton  Benedict,  George  B.  Cosby,  William  F.  llnwrll,  P. 
H.  Ryan,  George  W.  Canaway,  Edward  Gallaglier,  clerks;  James  W.  Haw- 
kins, ,).  B.  Snyder,  sergts-at-anas;  Hiram  Ch)ek,  James  Watson,  K.lward 
Duffy,  porters;  Hymaa  Jacobs,  H.  M.  Edwards,  W.  P.  Dolan,  J.  H.  rar-ni-i, 
pages;  J.  C.  Bernstein,  postmaster;  John  M.  Kilgariff,  paper-folder;  .hiiiics 
Saulty,  nigiit  watchman. 

The  assembly  was  composed  of  T.  F.  Boggs,  D.  W.  Gelwieks,  M.  W. 
Dixon,  Alameda;  P.  H.  Carter,  Thomas  Dunlap,  Amador;  T.  J.  Jenkins,  E. 
S.  Haggles,  Butte;  J.  B.  Reddick,  Calaveras;  L.  J.  Hart,  Colusa  and  Te- 
hama; Cliarles  Wooil,  Contra  Costa;  James  E.  Murphy,  Del  Nort,^  aiul 
Klamath;  G.  J.  Carpenter,  El  Dorado;  S.  A.  Nott,  El  Dorado  an.l  Aliiiiie; 
J.  D.  Collins,  Fresno;  Jonathan  Clark,  Humboldt;  M.  Grisw(dd,  Iny.i  and 
Mono;  J.  A.  Patterson,  Kern  and  Tulare;  R.  V.  S.  Quigley,  Lake;  .1.  K. 
McConnell,  Frederick  Lambourn,  Los  Angeles;  George  M.  Burbank,  Marin; 
J.  W.  Wilcox,  Mariposa  and  Merced;  J.  M.  Covington,  Mendocino:  S.  C, 
Abbott,  Monterey;  George  N.  Cornwall,  Napa;  S.  L.  Blackwcll,  Thomas  P. 
Blue,  G.  W.  Gififcn,  Nevada;  W.  M.  Crutciicr,  Placer;  John  S.  Chapman, 
Plumas  and  Lassen;  Marion  Biggs  jr,  T.  .T.  Clunie,  A.  D.  Patterson,  Sac; 
G.  M.  Roberts,  San  Benito;  Henry  Suverkrup,  San  Bernardino;  .1.  M.  Pierce 
San  Diego;  T.  N.  Barber,  William  Broderick,  R.  M.  Clarkcn,  Ja  iil  ■  V 
Coffey,  .tames  G.  Carson,  J.  W.  Harding,  J.  W.  Jourden,  Jolin  Konn  ly,  .). 
C.  Murphy,  Thomas  Mclnerny,  William  McMann,  M.  McCarthy,  .lai  us  (f. 
Maguire,  W,  O'Coimell,  R.  liankiu,  Frederick  Raiacb,  D.  C,  aullivau,  S.  E. 


STATE  DIVISION. 


upon  this  subject,  which  was  acted  upon  at  the  elec- 
tion of  1877-8,  as  I  shall  further  show  in  tlie  next 
(liapter,  merely  remarking  here  that  while  tlie  propo- 
sition of  revising  the  constitution  was  being  canvassed, 
the  subject  of  a  division  of  the  southern  from  the 
northern  portion  of  the  state  was  again  brought  for- 
ward, and  endorsed  by  the  press  of  that  portiou  of 
California. 


V 


:3  Bcazell, 
Ciista  :inil 
,olii'i'l  Mo- 
ll, Sue;  J. 
I  J.  Craig, 
ink  Mc- 
lu'uiw, 

nlltl'I'Oy, 

illliorn, 
Tuttlo 
L.  ( 'raw- 
>\vrll,  P. 
W.  Il:i\v- 
Ivhvard 
TaiS'ins, 
r;  James 


M.  W. 

uki]i-i,  E. 

ami  Tc- 

)rt,>  ami 

1  Aliiiiu'; 

lav. I  aiul 

.  It. 

k,  Marin; 

no:  S.  ('. 

idinas  P. 

'hainnaii, 

iou,  Sac; 

I.  Pierce 

a  IK'  V 

an  ■■.!>■,  •!• 

lai  w^  ''• 

.•all,  S.  E. 


k 


Wctliciill,  fJeorcfe  A.  Yming,  S.  F.;  John  Patterson,  N.  C.  Sargenv,  Martin 
l,anMiR'is,  San  Joaiinin;  K.  M.  Pruston,  San  Luis  0l)ispo;  John  (rarrett.son. 
Sail  Mateo;  W.  A.  Hayne,  Sta  Barltara  and  V^untura;  CyriH  .Tones,  S.  I. 
.laiiii-iMii,  J.awrenec  Archer,  Sta  (.'lara;  N.  Rice,  Sta  Cruz;  John  Kautz, 
Siei-ia;  (I.  F.  Harris,  Siskiyou  anil  Modoc;  T.  M.  Swan,  Josepli  McKenna, 
Sdlaim;  Walter  Ferral,  James  Samuels,  E.  C.  Henshaw,  Sonoma;  J.  J. 
Scrivncr,  Stanislaus;  C  P.  Berry,  Sutter;  .1.  M.  Briceland,  Sliasta  and 
Trinity;  T.  ('.  Bimey,  Tnolunnie;  Jason  Watkina,  Yolo;  J.  C.  Braillo'V.  ]). 
\  ()<trom,  Yuba.  O.  ,T.  Cariienter  was  chosen  Hi)eaker,  and  J.  E.  Murphy 
i!l,cakvr|.roteui.;  Rol.ert  Ferral,  W.  M.  On»,  C.  W.  O'Neil,  J.  W.  McCaitliy, 
,1.  A.  Martin,  J.  P.  Uodgers,  T.  C.  Morris,  Matt.  D.  Carr,  Charles  Kildea, 
durks;  Dana  Perkins,  T.  O'Connor,  sergts-at-arms;  John  Kofod,  William 
I.ii;.'!.'.  J"lm  Hickey,  H.  Whitaker,  porters;  .Joseph  O'Xeil,  Bertie  Worthing- 
tiiii,  llii'>crt  Hood,  Willie  Beveridge,  E.  J.  Rodda,  pages;  S.  Dunlap,  post- 
iiiasti'r;  F'rank  Mor.«e,  paper-folder;  Riehard  Pratt,  chaplain.  Of  the  senate 
diet  there  were  IC  dem.,  3  rep.,  2  ind.  Of  the  aasembly,  62  dem.,  15  rep., 
1  iud, 

bur  cviht  years,  beginning  with  Jan.  1808,  when  ho  first  took  his  seat  in 
the:  state  senate.  Clias  Maelay  was  one  of  its  acknowledged  leaders.  A  na- 
tive of  Concord,  Pa,  and  of  Irish  descent,  at  eighteen  he  began  his  care-T  in 
the  ministry.  In  ISol  he  was  sent  as  a  missionary  to  Cal.,  and  appointed 
t(i  tiie  Santa  Clara  metliodist  circuit.  On  account  of  failing  health  he  re- 
signed his  position,  and  in  18G1-2  served  in  tlie  state  legislature,  and  later 
ill  the  state  central  committee.  Wliile  in  the  upper  house  he  was  chairman 
of  several  committees,  and  introduced  a  number  of  important  measures, 
aiiinii^'  them  being  a  bill  to  encourage  the  early  construction  of  the  South- 
ern rueitic,  and  one  to  establish  the  university  of  California. 
IlisT.  Cai,.,  Vol.  VII.    24 


i'! 


>i' 


CHAPTER  XV. 

THE  NEW   CONSTITUTION. 

1878-1879. 

PROrOSKn  CoNSTITtTTIONAt  CoNVKNTtON — Df.FF.CTS  OF  THE  CoNSTITrTION  (iR 
184'.)— SoMKTMINCi  DiFFKKKNT  JJK.SIUKl)  IIY  TIIK  FkKK-ANI)-Ka«Y  Jll  LI.Vi; 
F()UF,I(!NKKS — LiCEN.SK  VEUSUS  LllSKKTY — AlTITl'DK  OF  KeaICNKY  ANH  Ills 
■\V(>l(KiNtJMF.N'.S    I'aIM'Y      At.'l'S   OF 'I'lIK  CoNVKN  TION-    I'liUVISIONs  UF  Till; 

New  Constitution-  Bill  of  Hkmiis— Lwii.sr.ATiUE  -Ai'ntoriiiArniss 

—  DiVOKOES— LOTTEKIKS— PUIILIO  DeHTS— IJlUHEKY— KxEfniYK- J  IM. 
CIAKY— TaxA  IION— CoKI'OHATION.S--  RAILWAYS —  CHINESE  —  Kiuca;  ION 

—  LaHOK  — MuNI(;il'AMTIHS— AdoITION     and    WollKINUS     OF    TllK    NhW 

Constitution — Peksonnex  of  thk  Conv?;ntion. 

More  than  once,  .is  in  1857,  1851),  1  SCO,  and  187:1, 
the  k'Ljislature  luul  ivconmu'iuled  to  the  peoi)le  to  vote 
upon  the  (juestioii  of  a  constitutional  convention,  and 
each  time  the  proposition  liad  been  rejected.  But 
tlie  agitators  luid  found  so  much  amiss,  that  hy  tlie 
help  of  a  popular  newspaper  in  San  Francisco,  and 
the  methods  known  to  politicians,  they  were  ahlr  to 
unsettle  the  mmds  of  the  people  regarding  the  organic 
law. 

It  was  discovered  that  all  the  regulations  conconi- 
ing  taxation,  contained  in  it,  "did  not  occujiy  four 
lines."  Any  legislature  might  impose  any  tax  \v]ii(]i 
in  its  judgment,  or  want  of  regard  ft)r  the  tax-pavers, 
it  might  decide  to  require  of  the  people,  and  so  in- 
famously had  the  neglect  been  taken  advantage  of, 
that  hundreds  of  cai)italists  had  left  the  state  to  in- 
vest their  money  elsewhere.  The  constituti(»n  Avas 
dumb  on  the  subject  of  finance,  which  the  legislature 
might  regulate  at  pleasure,  borrowing  from  one  fund 
to  squander  in  another,  with  no  check  upon  its  acts. 

(370) 


GLARING  DEFECTS. 


871 


AVitli  roijjard  to  salaries,  no  limit  was  imposed  upon 
tilt'  li'L'i'^lature,  which  niiglit  nlh>w  its  nicnihers  and 
oliici  IS  any  amount.  No  guard  liad  ht'(>n  t'stahHsliod 
imiuii''^t  fxtruvagunt  furs,  which  the  laws,  in  conso- 
(luciico,  allowed  for  the  most  ordinary  official  services. 
Till'  legislature  was  not  restrained  from  disposing  of  the 
cui'uv  pulilic  domain  and  property  t)f  the  state,  with- 
out iilitaining  the  consent  of  the  pcojde;  nor  did  the 
constitution  {)rohihit  tliat  hody  from  funding  or  from 
otliorwise  forcing  tlie  people  to  pay  iHegal  domanda 
aufjiinst  the  state,  or  its  lesser  C(»mmunities.  it  made 
no  provision  for  separate  senatorial  and  assenii)l\'  dis- 
tricts, wherehy  tho  people  might  he  specifically  rep- 
resi'iitcd.  Tlie  members  elected  at  large  from  the 
HI  >re  populous  counties  controlled  the  legislature, 
while  there  was  no  exclusive  responsibility  resting 
upr)ii  tlicm.  The  number  of  assembly-men  was  lim- 
ited to  eighty  and  of  senators  to  forty.  The  asscnnbly 
liiul  ah'eady  its  full  comi)kMnent,  though  counties  ex- 
isted which  had  no  representation  in  the  house. 
Anothei'  serious  fault  was  the  unrestricted  ])ardon- 
ini,'  power  of  the  governor,  which  should  nov  -r  f'orin 
any  ;tp])reciable  liidc  in  ])roceedings  in  criminal  ])un- 
isliintnt.  To  sum  up  in  one  all  the  counts  against 
the  constitution,  as  experience  revealed  its  defects, 
tl'.o  ease  was  this:  that  the  whole  political  duty  and 
power  of  the  people  under  it  was  to  vote  into  place 
the  men  wlio  would  legislate  away  their  substance — 
the  eoiistitution  gave  them  no  remedy. 

TJie  complainants  asserted  tliat  the  state  recpiired 
a  constitution  peculiarly  her  own,  suited  to  its  geog- 
rapliy,  topography,  resources,  connnercial  recpiire- 
incnts,  and  the  character  of  its  population,  and  not  to 
the  wants  of  the  purely  agricultural  states  after  which 
th('  constitution  of  1849  was  copied. 

Undoubtedly  there  was  some  truth  in  all  this, 
although  much  exaggerated.  At  the  bottom  of  the 
discontent  was  a  cause  more  pregnant  than  the  incon- 
gruity of  the  coastitutiou  with  the  natural,  couimer- 


sri. 


iiti 


m  m 


V'V'f 


,     § 


p  Ifii; 

it   IH'I 


i) : 


873 


THE  NEW  COXSTITUTION. 


""f 


(?;d 


'.  n 


r5 


.■■It 

1;-   -t: 


cial,  and  political  ooiKlitioii  of  tlie  country.  Aloritr 
with  the  rather  phcnonuMial  <^rowth  of  tho  state, 
there  had  run  a  reactive  tendenev,  an  undertow  fmiu 
the  tidid  wave  of  e.'irly  alHuenee  wliieli  had  di/y/ud 
tlie  hi'iiiti  and  bewildered  the  moral  sense  of  tliu.se 
who  for  a  tinie  had  been  home  \i\u)n  itn  rrcst. 
Mnny  f)f  those  who  ha,d  esteemed  themselves  fa  vorittM 
of  fortune  when  the  tide  was  at  Hootl,  nov  foiuul 
themselves  stranded  on  ban-en  sands.  They  had  lost 
the  ability  to  return  to  the  monotonous  groove  of 
their  })re-California  lives;  and  haviniuj  also  lost  tlicir 
place  in  the  ranks  of  proij^ress  here,  were  falliii;/  out 
bv  the  wavside.  Their  youth  was  fled,  their  slmuld- 
ers  bent,  their  locks  thin  and  u;rav  ;  thev  coulil  im 
longer  dig,  had  gold  been  as  plenty  as  m  'VJ ;  hut  tin  v 
still  liad  the  restless,  aspiring,  ])rojective  spirit,  ami 
were  unwilling  to  go  down  to  oblivion.  These  iin  ii 
believed,  or  affected  to  believe,  in  the  efficacy  of  a 
new  constitution  to  cure  tho  ills  from  which  tlicy 
suffered. 

Another  numerous  class  was  made  up  of  later  ar- 
rivals of  foreign  birth,  who  were  disappointed  at  not 
finding  either  a  fortune  or  political  preferment  fnr  the 
askinfic.  To  these  were  added  tho  labor  unic^ns.  and  a 
large  proportion  of  the  agricultural  class,  who  looked 
to  a  new  constitution  to  lighten  taxation  and  niodity 
the  mortgage  lav  ^.  The  judicial  system  was  .still 
unsatisfactory,  anu  the  courts  overcrowded  with  busi- 
ness. Lastly,  the  hard  times  following  the  collapse 
of  mining  stocks  from  a  value  in  1875  of  $300,000,000 
to  $.30,000,000  in  1887,  prepared  the  public  mind  tu 
accept  any  change  which  promised  tho  recoviiy  of 
the  state  from  the  depression  into  which  business  had 
been  thrown. 

The  opportunity  for  the  workingmen  and  their 
chiefs  was  too  good  to  be  lost.  It  was  pointed  out 
bv  their  leading  iournal  that  the  mines  and  farms  of 
the  state  together  had  yielded  in  five  years  $7o0,000.- 
000.     But  the  wealth  of  the  country  was  in  the  huuda 


ITS  TRUE  SIGNIFICANCE. 


878 


of  a1>nut  1  no, 000  porsons,  a  dozen  of  whom  were  mil- 
lioiKiiri'S  scvi  nil  times  over,  wliilo  700,000  otlicr  iiuli- 
vi(lu;i!s  wiTc  .stru^LjIiii.i^  tor  existence,  Out  of  850,000 
iidpulatioii,  less  than  one  quurter  lived  upon  farms, 
ami  lint  over  one  half  were  supported  hy  productivo 
iii(lu'>tiies.  ]\Iueh  of  the  earnings  of  that  half  liad 
iroiio  to  huild  up  the  colossal  fortunes  t>f  the  few,  and 
when  ;mi  attem[>t  was  nuule  to  legislate  against  stock- 
(^aiiililiiig  they  op[)osed  the  reform  witli  the  might  of 
tlioir  capital.  The  wlioli;  amount  of  money  in  the 
state  in  1878  was  .$-J5,0()0,v)()0.  1'he  value  of  credits 
aiii.Miiited  to  $-JOO,()()0,00(),  of  which  8 1 :5:{,-J77,G40  was 
l)anl<iiig  capital.  The  real  an<l  pc'.sonal  property  of 
tlic  state,  less  the  money,  was  $5SO,0UO,(a/>.  Avcr- 
au'iiig  the  riches  of  the  state  by  the  number  ol"  inhab- 
itants, thej'e  was  still  a  lai'ger  amount  of  property 
value  to  the  individual  than  in  man  of  the  old  r 
cuininonwealths.  But  its  uneipial  distribution,  art- 
i'liHj,  ;  e'lt  upon  by  the  agitators,  was  the  .source 
i)f  the  di.sconteiit  and  turl)ulenee  described  in  the 
foregoing  chapter,  the  result  of  all  of  which  was  to 
en  ate  a  majority  vote  in  favor  of  a  constitutional  con- 
vention in  1878,  and  to  revolutionize  the  state  govern- 
ment, a  consunnnation  certaiidy  not  hxiked  for  by  the 
liginlatures  of  1873-4  and  1875-6'^  when  they  reconi- 
iiieiidul  a  convention.  An  ap[)ropriation  of  $150,000 
Iiad  been  made  by  the  legislature  to  defray  the  cx- 
j)enses  of  a  convention,  and  a  special  election  for  dchv 
spates,  as  well  as  for  the  adoption  or  rejection  of  the 
new  instrument  was  ordered. 

Finding  the  issue  not  to  be  avoided,  an  atteni})t 
was  made,  in  April  1878,  to  fuse  tin.'  best  elements  of 
tlic  democratic,  reimbliean,  and  workingmen's  parties 
into  a  non-partisan  organization,'  which  at  first  was 


'  By  advancing  largo  snins  of  monoy  to  stock -Itrokors  in  rotrrn  for  their 
l«'lihriil  mliuouLO,   tliuugh  of   course  charging  tlium  good  iiiiiTest  on  tiie 

UlllOllIlt. 

'(■''..  Slat.,  lS7.3-t,  p.  732,  ami  IS77-S,  7.')0-Gr);  Xov.  Me.is.,  IS77-8,  pp. 
33-5. 

•  tj'>!  30  non-ijartisan  cauJIJatud  19  %vci  ■  Aniuricaa  born,  10  Irisb,  and 


!f  'it 
Si  I 


s 


I* 


¥' : 


374 


TUE  NEW  CONSTITUTION. 


not  succossful;  but  in  ^fay  a  fusion  was  effocted  be- 
tween a  majority  of  republicans  and  democrats.  Xt v- 
ertlieless  there  were  many  who  preferred  adlierinif  to 
their  own  organizations,  and  fiiiall}',  the  workiii^iiini 
refusing,  tliere  were  three  parties  in  tlie  field  witii 
their  (li,'l(\gatcs,  besides  the  three  tickets  of  the  ditfer- 
ent  labor  organizations,  namely,  the  Kearncyites,  or 
workingmen's  party  of  California,  the  national  labor 
party,  and  the  anti-workingmeri.  Before  elfction. 
however,  two  of  the  tickets  were  withdrawn,  the 
nationals  fusing  with  the  non-partisans.  Even  the 
offer  of  a  delegatcship  to  Kearney,  Wellock,  and  one 
other,  was  not  a  bribe  sufficient  to  catch  the  working- 
men,  and  to  [)revent  desertion  through  these  influenots, 
the  rule  was  adopted  that  no  member  of  their  rtpre- 
scntative  as.sembly  should  accept  a  nomhiatitm  as 
delegate. 

The  convention  of  152  delegates  was  to  meet  on 
the  '26th  of  September,  and  the  election  was  hi  Id  in 
Juno.  The  workiii^inen  carried  the  citv  and  countv 
of  San  Francisco,  with  50  delegates;  the  noii-j)artisuus 
the  .state,  with  85  delegates  ;  the  republicans  had  nine 
and  the  democrats  eight  in  the  convention.* 

Undi-r  the  circumstances,  one  might  have  loukod 
for  the  ex])ressi()n  of  European  socialistic  ideas  in 
this  asseml>lage.  but  there  croijjx'd  up  in  discus.-lin 
the  less  advanced  American  one  of  state  riiifhts  instead,* 

.1  rJrnnan-':  10  lia<l  Itcen  on  the  register  ever  .since  tlie  pa-s.sagc  of  tlie  ri"gi-try 
law  in  Isirt.  On  tlie  Kearney  ticket,  I'.t  were  foreign  Ixnn:  15  out  ni  M 
nou-taxii.ivors;  ami  only  4  hail  lieen  on  the  reuistei-  sinee  liSOS. 

♦,V.  F.'.M/i,  .June  •_»(;,  L'7.  isTil;  S.  /'.  Chnwr-l,:,  June,  -JT,  1^70. 

'•'  In  the  <lt!.atc  on  ailoption  of  tlie  'M  .seition  of  the  lU'daration  of  riu'Iit'. 
tlic  laajurity  refn.-**l  tiic  usual  language  '  tiie  CDnstitutinu  of  t'.ie  I'm;.. I 
State-"  is  the  charter  of  our  liherties,'  anil  ailoiited  'the  state  uf  I'alilniiua 
is  an  inseiiaralile  jiart  of  tlie  Anicriean  union,  ami  tlie  tonstitiition  ci  tiie 
Uniteil  Stiites  i-  tlie  supreme  law  of  tiie  land.'  Said  tlio  Snr.  A'n-nri/  i'ni'it. 
of  .June  21),  1^70.  'tlie  ignorant  eoniniunistic,  alien  section,  fi-aterui/ed  v. :tli 
the  uni-on.-iirueted  relH.1  .seetion.  ami  Americans  who  love  tiieir  eouiitry  wi  re 
coiniielli.'d  to  snhniit  to  the  hitter  liumiliation  of  hearing  its  furnlaiiniital 
law  n'lindiated.  alike  hy  foreign  demagogues  nnalde  to  s]ii':ik  lln'  l^iiu'h-ii 
language  eorreetly.  and  I'y  apostate  Americans  vliose  only  claim  to  iioti  luiy 
is  that  in  tluir  country's  hour  of  danger  they  \Mrc  on  tiie  side  of  her  ene- 
mies, and  ai'led  and  alietted  the  jilot  for  her  destnietion.'  Tiie  pliia-e 
'  charter  of  our  lihtTtics '  waa  rejecttii  by  Volnoy  K.  Howard,  elected  ou  tke 


CHARACTER  OF  THE  CONVENTION. 


375 


f.ir  the  reason,  perhaps,  that  the  advocates  of  sociahsiu 
WLie  more  skilled  in  throwing  cobble-stones  than  de- 
finiii;jj  })rinci}>les.  There  may  be  crises  in  the  world's 
atiuirs  when  the  art  of  hurling  pavhig-st<MR'S  is  not  to 
ho  despised.  So  now,  the  doltish  determination  of  the 
workingmon  was  not  without  value  in  giving  direction 
t(i  the  ideas  of  constitution-makers.  As  for  a  parlia- 
iinntarian  to  govern  the  })roceedings,  an  acconn)iished 
jav.siuing  ottic»;r  was  found  in  Joseph  P.  Hoge." 

The  convention  sat  156  working  days,  and  pro- 
duced an  instrument  which  its  critics  objected  to  as  a 
code.  Such  in  truth  it  was  meant  to  be,  a  code  which 
could  not  be  altered  at  every  session  of  the  leoisla- 
tun",  formed  to  secure  labor  a<'ainst  the  tyranny  of 
capital.     While  native  American    political    philoso- 

(k'iii"ii:itic  ticket.  Hn  was  horn  in  Maine  in  1800,  1)reil  to  the  profession  of 
tli'liiu.  aii^l  went  to  Miss.  \\l)('ro  lie  lieciiiiio  smitlieniizfil,  was  elected  to 
tiic  ciiiistit.  conv.  ami  stnt  to  congress:  anil  lastly  lie  canietoCal.  in  ISoS 
vlciclio  aspired  to  the  U.  S.  senate,  was  oiie  of  those  \\  ho  rejected  '  tho 
cliader  of  our  liherties."  S.  F.  P<i.<f.  April  U.  ISTiL  Another  dehMjate  who 
rcjecU'I  this  phrase  was  P.  H.  lully,  horn  in  I'enn.  in  hS.St),  and  hred  a 
f.irn.er,  his  father  removing  witii  him  to  Arkan>as  during  iiis  huyliood. 
A:'*e\vard  he  went  to  Texas,  and  came  from  fiicre  to  Cal.  in  LSo:?.  He  set- 
tle m  .Maii)iosa,  I)Ut  removed  to  (iilroy  where  he  stiulicd  law,  and  wliere 
1;'  iiiirried  Nliss  Mary  Martin,  whoso  father  immigrated  to  C'al.  in  1>S43 
fvniii  >[().  In  1S(),'',  lieing  admitted  to  ]iractice.  he  cstahlishcd  himself  in 
^iuita  Clara  co.,  where  he  became  noted  in  liis  profession.  He  was  elected 
(i;i  tli.Minii-p.irtisaii  ticket.  Still  anotiier  was  Patrick  'J".  l)o\\liiig,  liorn  in 
Tii.ini,  County  (Jalway,  Ireland,  in  1S4D.  lie  migrated  to  the  U.  S.  in  18t!o 
aui  to  Cal.  iu  ItJdii,  where  he  had  aeipiired  eousiduralile  properly.  He  was 
1  IicU'd  on  the  worki!igmen'.s  ticket,  and  was  iiitellinent  en.mgli  to  h  ad  his 
pirty  vote  which  prevailed,  and  tiie  langnage  nseil  in  tile  section  named  was 
"liic  shpreme  law  of  the  land.'  Law  heiiig  statutory,  unless  in  the  form  of 
a  iliuter,  it  was  of  course  subject  to  alteratii,  i  by  le,:.;islatiiin. 

'.bi^epli  P.  Hoge  was  bom  in  Pa  in  IS\'A,  educated  in  Ohio,  and  prpctised 
I  iw  i.i  t  laleiia  circuit,  111.,  lieini;  threi;  times  electe<l  to  congress  from  his 
il;-tri -t.  He  came  to  Cal.  in  bS.'ilt,  ami  resided  in  S.  F.  lb'  was  eheted 
I'f'  -i^lent  of  the  convention  by  a  vote  uf  74  against  ~'.i  i'>r  his  (.[.puneiit.  W.  J. 
Tiiiiiiii  of  Tiinity.  W.J.  Tiiinin  was  born  in  .Miss,  in  lM.".t,  came  to  Cal. 
hy  <'i  in  ISt"),  mined  in  several  counties,  and  tinally  settled  as  a  merchant 
aL  \\  eaverville,  Trinity  en.,  where  he:  was  prosperous,  and  from  \\  hich  he  wa.i 
I  !■  t'  •[  to  tlie  assembly  in  1>7\  and  bsT.'i,  and  to  tlie  senate  in  ISTo  to  till  an 
iiii"\|iireil  term.  He  was  a  democrat,  ehntcd  on  tin'  non-partisan  ticket. 
\.  li.  Howard  and  Henry  l^arkiii  were  also  proposctl  lur  the  ollice  (jf  presi- 
ilatiif  the  convention.  L:wkin  was  a  native  of  M  idisun  co.,  \.  Y.,  born 
in  hi'li.  He  came  to  Cal.  in  1847,  and  was  deputy  sheritl'  of  Kl  Horado  co. 
li.iai  1>.')2  to  18.")."),  when  lie  was  appointeil  census  inarsiial.  In  18tJ0  he  was 
el'tr.l  to  tho  stated  sc'nate,  and  in  !87">  w,is  a  ca'ididate  for  congress.  Hy 
o.Tuintioii  he  was  a  farmer.  He  was  elected  delei,'atc'  to  the  couveutiou  on 
tin;  uorkiiigiiieiis  ticket,  hut  belonged  to  the  democratic  party. 


ii 


15: 


376 


THE  NEW  CONSTTTUrroy, 


phers  were  discussing  the  propriety  of  a  proporty 
qualification  for  voters,  by  means  of  wliicji  an  iiupo 
cunious  and  purcliasable  rabble  could  not  at  tlicir 
pleasure  vote  money  out  of  the  pockets  of  the  prudent 
and  thrifty,  the  cobble-stone  throwers  entered  in 
their  bill  of  rights  :  "No  property  qualification  shall 
ever  Le  required  for  any  person  to  vote  or  hold  otiioe." 
It  sunnned  up  with  the  declaration  that,  "The  pro- 
visions of  this  constitution  are  mandatory  and  jiro- 
hibitory,  unless  by  express  words  they  are  declared  to 
be  otherwise." 

The  legislative  department  of  the  government  was 
sul)jected  to  many  restrictions  in  the  matter  of  tiiiu',' 
pay,  })lace,*  rules  of  the  legislative  body,  and  ether 
matters.  The  governor  might  veto  a  bill,  but  a  two- 
thirds  vote  of  each  house  should  pass  a  bill  over  the 
governor's  veto.  The  assembly  alone  should  have 
the  power  to  impeach,  but  all  imjicachments  should 
be  tried  before  the  senate.  The  governor  and  all  tho 
state  oftiecn's,  with  the  judges  of  the  supc^iur,  and 
justices  of  the  supreme  courts,  being  liable  co  im- 
peachment, jutlgment  in  such  cases  extended  oidy  to 
removal  from  oflice  and  subsequent  discjualifieat  ion  for 
ofl^ce  ;  but  the  person  so  tried  and  punished  was  lia- 
ble to  the  ordinary  process  of  law.  EmbezzhnuMit  l)y 
one  in  the  service  of  the  ITnitcd  States  should  render 
the  guilty  person  ineligible  to  any  oflice  in  the  state, 
and  the  legislature  must  pass  laws  for  the  punislunent 
of  this  crime  as  a  felony.  Appro})riations  of  money 
from  the  state  treasury,  or  grants  of  jiroperty,  for  the 
use  of  cornorations  or  institutions  not  under  the  ex 
elusive  control  of  the  state,  were  forbidden;  ex('e[it 
that  aid  might  be  granted  to  orpdianages,*  or  homes 

'Scssiims  wore  made  to  commence  tlic  first  Monday  after  the  first  ilay  of 
January,  to  avoid  the  holiday  week,  during  wiiich  legislative  busiueas  was 
neglected. 

•"No  more  changitig  of  the  cai)ital  <luring  sessions, 

•Most  of  the  orjilianages,  especially  those  (leman<ling  state  aid,  are  insti- 
tutif'.i-i  under  the  cliargo  of  the  catiidlic  cluircli,  iiiiil  iiioit  of  tl.e  iiiil'.;,Mit 
reiiuiring  ]iiililic  aid  are  of  forcii;!!  hirth,  and  ii>\ially  of  tlie  eatlndio  f;i  'ii; 
therefore  this  section  must  bo  set  down  to  the  Keaiuey  workiu^juieu  uuJer 


l-OWERS  AND  rROVISIONS. 


377 


f(,r  the  indigent,  by  a  uniform  rule  proportioned  to 
the  iiumbor  of  inmates.  Special  loj^islation  \vas  for- 
].i(|  !,M  ill  a  large  number  of  cases,  including  any  af- 
fecting tlie  action  of  courts  of  justice,  tlie  collection  of 
tixi's.  granting  divorces,  changing  the  names  of  })er- 
sniH  or  places,  declaring  a  minor  of  age,  or  enabling 
liim  to  encumber  his  property,  chartering  ferries, 
roils,  or  bridges,  etc.  Lotteries  should  be  })rohib- 
it'^l  ;  laws  should  be  passed  to  regulate  or  prohibit 
thi'  baying  or  selling  of  shares  of  the  capital  stock  of 
rorporations  in  any  stock  board,  exchange,  or  market 
uii  I'r  the  control  of  anv  association  ;  and  all  sales  of 
stiK'k  on  a  margin,  or  to  be  delivered  at  some  future 
day,  should  be  void.  Neither  the  h-gislature,  nor  any 
nmiiicipal  corporation,  county,  or  school  district, 
sliniild  ever  make  an  ap[)ropriation  from  any  }tublic 
faad.  or  grant  anvthing  to  or  in  aid  of  any  reli'>iou8 
sect,  or  help  to  support  any  school,  or  college,  or  hos- 
pital controlled  by  any  religious  creed,  church  or  sec- 
t;iri;m  denomination,  but  as  before  excepted  in  aid  of 
or]iliaua'j:es  and  homes  for  the  indigent.  The  Ic-isla- 
tare  should  have  no  power  to  lend  or  authorize  the 
oivinuj  or  lending  of  the  credit  of  the  state,  in  aid  of 
persiins,  associations  or  cor})orations,  nmnieipal  or 
otherwise  ;  nor  to  make  gifts  of  any  public  money  or 
thing  of  value  to  individuals  or  corporations;  nor  to 
iiutliorizG  the  state  or  any  sub-division  thereof  to  sub- 
scribe for  stock,  or  to  become  a  stockholder  in  any 
corporation  whatever.  The  legislature  should  enact 
huvs  limiting  the  charges  of  telegraph  and  gas  com- 
panies, and  the  charges  for  storage  and  wliarfage. 
Any  person  attempting  to  influence  the  legislature 
by  bri!)ery,  intimidation,  or  other  dishonorable  means, 
should  be  guilty  of  lobbying,  which  was  declared  to 
be  a  felony,  for  which  the  legislature  should  provide 
a  punishment;    and  any  mend)er  acce[)tuig  a  bribe 

tlio  piMance  of  the  Iloniish  oliurch.  While  the  protestants  ivero  barred 
un.li  .•  this  Hcction,  the  way  to  the  public  treasury  was  left  opeu  to  tlie  eatli- 

olics. 


!1A 


378 


THE  NEW  CONSTITUTION. 


i  ' 


V 


''  }.  (\ 


M' 


slioukl  bo  guilty  of  a  felony,  and  in  addition  to  his 
punishment  bo  disfranchised,  and  disqualified  frum 
lioMiiiir  anv  oftiee  t)r  ijublic  trust. 

The  changes  in  the  executive  department  ^V(re 
sliglit.  The  governor  might  convene  the  leuislaiuio 
on  extraordinary  occasions;  but  it  slmuld  Jiave  no 
power  to  L'oislatc  upon  any  subject  <jther  than  that 
specified  in  the  proclamation  of  the  executive.  'Jho 
power  to  appoint  a  secretary  of  state  was  takrn  away 
from  the  governor,  and  the  oHiio  made  elective  ly  the 
peojile.  The  legislature  might  abolish  the  survr\(ir- 
geiHial's  office.  Pardons,  re})rieves,  and  ctinuuuia- 
tions  of  sentence  miuht  be  granted  bv  the  sfoveiiKir, 
subject  to  certain  restrictions  to  be  provided  by  law; 
but  a  ])erson  twice  convicted  of  a  felony  cuuld  not  be 
pardoned  exce})t  u])on  the  written  recommendation  of 
a  ma  jority  of  the  judges  of  the  supreme  court.  The 
governor  should  n(,t,  during  his  incumbency,  be  elected 
a  senator  of  the  United  States. 

In  the  judiciary  department  there  were  more  im- 
portant changes.  In  the  fir>t  place,  in  the  dechtratioii 
of  rights  a  blow  was  admini-stiivd  to  the  iurvsv^tcin. 
The  right  of  trial  by  jury  was  secured,  but  in  ( ivil 
actions  three-fourths  of  a  iurv  mi^ht  render  a  va-- 
diet.  Trial  bv  jurv  mi^ht  be  waived  in  criminal  cases 
not  amounting  to  felony,  both  [.arties  consenting  m 
open  court;  or  in  civil  cases,  the  parties  consenting  iu 
a  manner  to  be  prescribed  by  law.  In  civil  cases  the 
iurv  niiijht  consist  of  anv  number  less  than  twilve, 
on  wliich  the  litigants  should  agree.  Ott'ences  hereto- 
fore i'e(juiring  to  be  prosecuted  l)y  indictment  might 
be  proseiiited  by  information  antl  conmiitnient  by  a 
ma'j;istrate,  or  bv  indictment.  A  Lrrand  iurv  should 
be  summoned  but  once  a  year  in  eadi  county.  The 
freedom  of  the  })ress  was  to  be  maintained  without 
anv  fear  of  its  influence  on  a  jurv.  The  iudicial 
power  of  the  state  was  vested  in  the  .senate  sitting  as 
a  court  of  impeachment,  in  a  supreme  court.  .^uiKiior 
courts,  justices  of  the  peace,  and  such  infv.rior  courts 


ii;*^' 


JUDiaAEY. 


379 


as  the  legislature  should  establish  in  incorporated 
cities  <ir  towns,  or  city  and  county.  The  su})ronie 
court  sliould  consist  of  a  chief  justice  and  six  associ- 
ate justices.  The  court  might  sit  in  drpartnunts  or 
in  liaiik,  and  should  be  always  open  for  tlic  tiansae- 
tioii  of  Ijusiness.  It  should  be  divided  into  two  de- 
jtaitiiHiits,  numbered  <*ne  and  two,  tlie  <  hie  f  justice 
assi<;niiig  three  judges  to  each  and  changing  them 
from  time  tt>  time;  but  they  niiglit  interchange  witli 
cacli  other  by  agreement,  Kach  dipartment  should 
liave  power  to  hear  and  determine  causes  or  ([uestions 
arising  tlierein,  subject  to  provisions  made  in  relation 
to  court  in  bank.  Tlie  presence  of  three  justices  was 
necessarv  to  the  transaction  of  any  business  in  either 
Jijiartment,  except  su<'h  as  mlglit  l)e  don(!  at  (ham- 
bers,  and  t]ie  concurrence  of  tlirce  justices  was  neces- 
sary to  |ironouuce  a  judgment,  one  of  them  sitting  as 
presiding  judge.  The  cliicf  justice  should  a]»portion 
the  business  to  the  departmonts.  and  might  order  any 
cause  to  be  heard  and  elecided  bv  the  court  in  bank, 
and  tlie  order  might  be  made  before  or  after  judgment 
pidiidunced  by  a  department;  but  the  order  must  be 
iiiaile  within  thirty  davs  after  such  judgment  1)0  con- 
cinrril  in  by  two  associate  justices,  and  should  have 
tlie  etfeet  to  set  aside  the  judgment.  Any  four  justices 
ini^lit  order  a  case  to  be  heard  in  bank  before  or  after 
judgment  by  a  department ;  but  tlie  order  nmst  be 
made  ^\  ithin  the  prescribed  time,  after  which  a  judg- 
Uieiit  became  final,  and  coidd  not  become  final  in  less 
tiiiK'  unless  approved  by  the  chic^f  justice  in  writing, 
witli  the  concurrence  of  two  associate  justices.  The 
cliicf  iustice  mi'>ht  convene  the  court  in  luiidc  at  anv 
time.  ';;id  must  preside  over  it.  Tlie  concurrence  of 
t'lur  j  ..,.xces  present  at  the  argument  was  necessary 
tn  itronounce  a  iufh^mcut  :  but  if  thicv  could  not  ai;re(\ 
then  all  the  justice.-s  should  ln'ar  the  argument,  and  at 
Kast  four  should  agree  to  a  decision.  All  de<isi()iis 
of  tilt;  supreme  court  should  be  rendered  in  writing," 

'"TIic  Mip.  ct  ruinliTctl  many  ikci.-jiou»  ^^  itlumt  giving  any  ica.-ini,  written 


380 


THE  NEW  CONSTITUTION. 


'111 

I 

-I 

i 
-, 

\  \ 

:  { 


,1* 


f « 


;1.i 


and  the  (^rounds  of  tlic  decision  stated.  Intlic  event 
of  tlie  illness  or  absence  of  the  clii(^f  justice  the  asso- 
ciate  justices  lui'^ht  choose  one  cf  their  own  nunil)Lr 
to  exercise  tht.^  jjowers  of  chief  during  such  pirind. 

The  chief  and  associate  justices  should  he  (  Lctcd 
at  the  general  state  elections,  and  should  hold  oHi(c 
twelve  years;  hut  the  six  associate  justices  should  at 
tlicir  first  meeting  so  classify  themselves  hy  lot  that 
two  of  them  should  go  out  of  office  at  the  end  of  four, 
two  at  t]:e  end  of  eight,  and  two  at  the  end  of  twelve 
years.  Sh.nuld  a  vacancv  occur,  the  governor  slioiild 
ai)[)()int  a  person  t<>  the  office  until  it  was  lillcd  liy 
election,  and  the  judge  then  elected  should  hold  t'i>r 
the  remainder  of  the  unexpired  term.  The  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  supreme  court  was  not  made  to  dill'rr  es- 
sentially from  the  same  under  the  old  constitutidii; 
hut  each  of  the  justices  should  have  power  to  issue 
writs  of  habeas  corpus  t-)  any  part  of  the  state  iijioii 
petition  by  or  on  behalf  of  any  person  held  in  aetual 
custody,  and  could  make  such  writs  returnal)le  liet'oie 
himsilf,  or  the  supreme  court,  or  any  superior  judge 
or  court  in  the  state. 

The  su[ierior  courts  took  the  place  of  county  and 
district  courts,  and  held  (»riginal  jurisdiction  in  ail 
cases  civil  and  criminal  not  assigned  to  inferior  courts, 
and  possessed  the'  power  of  naturalization  and  a|>}K'l- 
late  jvu'isdiction  in  cases  arising  injustices'  and  other 
inferior  courts  in  their  respective  counties.  Tlusc 
courts,  like  the  supreme  court,  should  be  always  open 
for  business,  Icj^al  holidays  and  non-judicial  thus  e\- 
cepted,  and  their  prtK-ess  should  extend  to  all  juntsui 
the  state;  but  ca.ses  affecting  real  estate  should  be 
begun  in  the  counties  in  which  such  land  was  situ- 
ated. They  should  ahso  have  })t)\ver  to  issue  writs  of 
every  kind,  including  habeas  cor])Us,  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  sui)reme  court,  and  might  issue  and 

or  vor1>ril.  Tli«'  k-irislatnro,  to  rompily  tliis,  onactoil  that  tlic  ct  sluiuM  i-'ive 
a  written  rcasun — sue.  ti."i7,  I*ra<.t'ui'  ad —for  all  its  dccisidus,  l)iit  llu'  ct  de- 
cided the  law  uncoiLititutioual.  llmisUjii  vs  WUIhihi-i,  l\i  t'al.,  i>.  -1. 


SUPERIOR  JULOES. 


381 


sorvc  Injunctions  and  pri)liibitions  on  legal  liolklays 
and  non-judicial  days. 

One  of  these  courts  should  bo  organized  in  each  of 
tlif  (irganized  counties,  or  cities  and  counties,  of  the 
stnte,  for  each  of  which  at  least  one  judge  should  be 
rlccted  at  the  general  state  election;  but  in  tlie  city 
and  county  of  San  Francisco  twelve  sujicrior  judges 
sliDiild  bo  elected,  any  one  or  more  of  whom  might 
hold  eourt.  There  might  be  as  many  sessions,  at  the 
same  time,  as  there  were  judges,  and  a  presiding 
judue  might  be  chosen  or  removed  by  the  remaining 
ol(  vcn  at  their  pleasure,  but  he  nmst  distribute  the 
husiiiess  of  the  court  among  the  judges,  and  prescribe 
its  order.  The  judgments,  orders,  and  proceedings  of 
any  session  of  the  superior  court,  held  by  any  one  or 
iiiiiiv  of  the  judges,  sliould  be  as  effectual  as  if  all  had 
Ihm  11  prc'sent.  Several  of  the  more  important  coun- 
ties had  two  superior  judges,  while  Yuba  and  Sutter 
liad  but  one  between  them.  The  term  of  oflice  of 
the  superior  judges  was  fixed  at  six  years,  except  in 
til''  case  of  San  Francisco,  whose  judges  n.ust  classify 
tlicnisclvcs  so  that  four  should  go  out  of  office  at  the 
end  (if  two  years,  four  in  four  years,  and  four  in  six 
years.  Vacancies  sliould  be  filled  as  in  the  case  of 
sujireme  judges.  Whenever  there  was  more  than 
one  judge  of  the  superior  court  in  a  county,  other 
tlian  San  Francisco,  they  might  hold  as  many  ses- 
sidiis  as  there  were  judges,  and  apportion  the  business 
among  tliemselves;  and  a  judge  of  one  county  might, 
hy  reijuest,  hold  court  in  aiu»ther,  or  the  governor 
nii^lit  direct  him  to  do  so.  A  cause  might  also  be 
ti'i<(l  in  a  superior  court  by  a  judge  pro  temi)ore,  wlio 
must  have  been  a  member  of  the  l)a)',  and  agreed 
uiioii  l)y  the  litigants  or  their  attorneys,  and  sworn  to 
try  the  cause. 

The  h^gislaturc  was  denied  tlio  power  to  grant 
leave  of  absence  to  any  judicial  officer,  and  should  he 
absent  himself  for  more  than  sixty  consecutive  days 
he  would  be  deemed  to  have  forfeited  his  office ;  but 


THE  NEW  CONSTITUTION'. 


1.  "i 


^iil 


'■■i 


■:   S 


r 


the  Icp^Islature  might  mcrcasc  or  dhiiinisli  tlic  iiunilior 
ofju(i;4e.s  ill  a  county,  or  city  and  county,  ])r()vi(lc(J 
no  juilgo  ah'cady  in  office  was  dislodged.  Tliu  luun- 
ner  prescribed  of  removing  justices  of  the  sui»i(iiu; 
and  judges  of  tlie  superior  courts  was  by  concunciit 
resolution  of  both  liouses  of  tlie  legislature;"  but  the 
S(^nate  might  remove  all  other  judicial  officers,  except 
justices  of  the  peace,  on  the  recommendation  of  tlio 
governor,  the  ayes  and  noes  being  entered  on  tlic 
journal.  The  number  of  justic(>s  of  the  jxace,  tlieir 
powers  and  duties,  were  left  to  bo  fixed  by  the  leij;is- 
lature,  except  the  limiting  their  jurisdiction  to  cases 
involvii.g  amounts  under  $300. 

As  to  salaries,  the  state  should  pay  the  judges  of 
the  supreme  court  and  half  the  salaries  of  tlie  Judj^os 
of  the  su])erior  courts,  the  remainder  being  juiid  by 
the  counties  for  which  they  were  elected.  ])uiii)g 
the  first  term  under  the  new  constitution  the  supremo 
court  justices  should  receive  $G,000  each  per  ainiuni. 
The  superior  court  judges  should  receive  ,^'10(H)  per 
annum,  except  in  San  Francisco  and  some  of  tlie  iiKtiL' 
populous  counties,  where  the  salary  was  $4,000,  l)ut 
the  legislature  miuht  chany^e  these  amounts.  Salaries 
were  made  payable  monthly,  and  no  judge  of  tlie  su- 
preme or  superior  couits  should  be  allowed  to  draw 
his  pay,  unless  he  should  subscribe  an  affidavit  ix'turc 
an  officer  entitled  to  administer  oaths,  that  no  cause 
in  his  court  remained  undecided  which  had  been  sub- 
mitted for  decision  for  a  period  of  ninety  days.  No 
person  was  eligible  to  the  office  of  justice  of  the  su- 
preme or  of  the  superior  court  who  had  not  first  lieen 
admitted  to  practice  before  the  supreme  court  of  the 
state. 

Thus  the  convention  labored  to  cure  the  evils  wliich 
California  had  suffered  tlirough  its  various  courts;  to 
secure  continuous  sessions,  speedy  trial,  and  early  dc- 


'^This  was  a  weak  point  in  tlie  judiciary  article,  aa  a  legislature  cnuld 
remove  the  entire  bench,  and  substitute  creatures  of  its  own.  6'.  /'.  Cidl, 
May  2,  1879. 


TAXATION. 


cisions.  with  the  roasons  tliorefor.  In  point  of  oxpen- 
(liturc  it  was  a  more  costly  system  than  tlio  old  one, 
but  it  was  argued  that  pcnuriousncss  in  this  dt-part- 
iiicnt  (if  th«j  government  was  not  true  economy. 

Tlie  subjects  of  taxation  and  corporati(jns  received 
mucli  attention,  and  elicited  much  criticism.  The 
article  on  taxation,  as  adopteil,  declared  that  all  prop- 
ertv  sliould  be  taxed  according  to  its  valut',  to  be  as- 
certaimil  as  provided  by  law,  and  property  was  declared 
to  iiicluile  "  moneys,  credits,  bonds,  stocks,"  dues, 
tVancliises,  and  all  other  matters  and  things,  real,  i>er- 
Siiiial.  and  mixed,  capable  of  private  ownership;"  but 
(rrowiiig  crops,"  public  school  property,  United  States 
and  state  property,  or  property  belonging  to  any  mu- 
ni»i[):d  cor[)oration  in  the  state,  should  bo  exempt. 
Land  and  the  improvenuMits  thereon  should  beassessd 
separately.  Land,  cultivated  or  uncultivated,  if  simi- 
larly situated  and  of  the  same  quality,  should  be  as- 
scss^'d  at  the  same  value;'*  and  every  tract  of  over 
040  acres  which  had  been  sectionized  by  tbe  federal 
surveyors  should  be  assessed,  f^r  purposes  of  taxation, 


'-The  lojiislature  of  18S1  aiMeil  a  section  tothepnlitic.il  corle  declarine 
tint  .-haros  nt  ^^tl>^•k  possessed  no  intrinsic  value  over  anil  aliove  tlie  actual 
value  lit  the  prnpcrty  of  the  cnrpnratinu  which  was  a-isessalilc  ami  a~-es-cil. 

''Til  a-sess  growing  croi)s,  it  was  argued,  would  be  to  <lisci>urage  planting 
ami  sowiiig. 

"Tlii--  section  was  aimed  at  railroad  companies,  and  otlicr  larire  land- 
hoMiTs,  who  paid  but  a  small  amount  of  taxes  on  uncultivated  land.  The 
repcirt  111  the  sur\eyor-general  fur  1S77  gave  the  whole  aiea  of  ( 'uliturnia  at 
l(«>..'i();),l»l)l»  acres,  of  which  riO.ODO.Odl)  acres  were  fit  fi>r  cultivatinn.  Hut  in 
ISTii  nnlv  tJ.:{|'J,S(>t  acres  were  enclosed,  and  li.oTtJ.^^dl)  in  cultivatinn:  in 
IST'.I  there  were  S.ODO.OIJO  acres  enclosed,  and  o.OUO.OlM)  cultivated.  In  I>7li 
then;  were  •24,05S,.'U'J  acres  assessed  for  taxes;  in  1S77,  •J4.70t). lt»"J  acres 
asses-icil,  lieing  an  increase  in  one  year  of  '2}^  per  cent.  An  eijual  rate  of 
iiicrcii-c  Would  have  given  in  KS7!)  'ij.iS.'iS.ittO  as^c-ised  for  taxes — tiiat  is  to 
say.  ."). IK)  1.01)1)  acres  in  cidtivation.  and  'JO. S.')S,'.nO  uncnltivatcd.  liclonL'ing 
and  as.u^,ud  to  large  land-owners.  Tlie  owners  of  the  "(.(MIO.tHM.'  acres  were 
pniliilily  taxed  iS  or  10  times  as  much  as  the  owners  of  tiic  •_M,(HN),000.  The 
avcr.e.'i'  assessment  value  of  lands  held  in  tracts  rnntrini:  frmii  .".OOf)  to 
li"),Oi);)  ;icres  was  not  much,  if  anv,  above  SI. SO,  while  their  markit  value 
averi.'.-d  not  less  than  SI5.  In  1 877  the  real  estate  outside  of  San  Francisco 
was  u^^iMscd  at  .*!-20S.803.446,  of  Mhich  .*4I. 000.000  was  on  town  lots,  the  re- 
inaiiiiiiu'  sl(V2..S0:i.44ti  being  on  lands.  Of  this,  Hie  small  farimrs  jiaid  at 
leiit  s|-J.-,.0:)0,0rK),  while  the  remaining  .'?.S7,S0:{,44(!  was  jiaid  by  the  large 
owners,  who  produced  little,  and  held  the  land  for  speculation,  or  lea.sed  a 
part  to  cultivators  at  three  times  as  much  per  year  as  it  was  valued  for 
taxes,  and  who,  it  was  alleged,  built  few  roads,  towns,  schuul-buuses,  or 
churches. 


384 


THE  NEW  CONSTITUnON. 


hi 


t  ii  Hi' 


if 


^1 

8 


I'  i 


by  soctioiis  or  fractions  f)f  .sections,  and  tlio  li\L;IsI;ituf(3 
should  provide  by  law  for  assessing  in  small  tracts  uii- 
set'tionizod  lands.^' 

M()rt,L,^'i,<^(!S,  deeds  of  trust,  contracts,  and  all  dlili. 
Ufations  \vhat(;ver  by  which  debts  were  secured,  wi.iu 
trcuited  as  an  interest  in  the  ])r()perty,  and  tax<(l  ac- 
cordiir^ly;  but  the  owm-r  of  the  pro[)erty  niort^Munl 
should  be  taxed  its  full  value,  less  the  niortu^aife,*'^  in 
the  city  or  county  in  which  the  pro[)erty  was  situateJ. 
In  the  case  of  railroad  property,  the  franchise,  road- 
way, road-bed,  rails,  an(l  rolling  sttx-k  should  he  as- 
sessed by  the  state  board  of  e(|ualization,  and  the  tax 
apportioncxl  to  the  counties,  cities,  towns,  town -hips, 
and  districts  throuij^h  which  the  road  passed.  Tho 
state  board  o^-^cjualization  should  consist  of  one  iiuui- 
ber  from  cacli  congressional  district,  elected  at  the 
general  elections  for  a  term  of  four  years,  tiie  state 
controller  beiuiX  ex  officio  a  member  of  the  boaid.  TIu; 
supervisors  of  the  several  counties  should  constituto 
county  boards  of  equalization;  and  these  boards,  staio 
and  county,  were  empowered  to  increase  or  reducij 
the  entire  assessment  roll,  or  any  part  of  it,  to  make  it 
conform  to  the  money  value  of  the  property  taxrd. 
Incomes  might  be  assessed  to  and  collected  i'roiii  indi- 
viduals, corporations,  joint-stock  associations,  or  com- 
panies resident,  or  doing  business  in  the  state,  in  a 

'■'  It  was  ohjcctcil  to  this  provision  that  it  wouM  cost  §1,000,00!)  to  cstal> 
liah  tlic  surv(;y.s  so  as  to  roiulor  tho  assessment  in  small  tracts  i)r,ictii'.iIiK'. 

'"Tlio  sup.  court  hail  dcuidoil  in  soino  cases  in  favor  of  taxing  nidit^^'iigoa 
nndor  tho  existing  constitution  ami  code  of  California.  People  v.  .MrCnirv, 
;U  Cal.  Itepts,  4:«;  and  I'eoplo  v.  K  Idy,  -l.T  Cal.  Repts,  331;  Peojilii  /•.  (ivrk\; 
S5  Cal.  Kepis,  G77;  Pcoplj  v.  lilaek  IJiamond  C.  M.  Co.,  37  Cal.  Kejits,  ,"4; 
Peo|)lc  V.  \Vli:irtenby,  38  Cal.,  4,il.  These  decisions  ■\vero  rendered  incviuus 
to  187-.  In  l.S7(»  tho  llihernia  hank  ai)pealed  from  a  similar  decisinii  liy  llie 
3d  district  court  of  S.  F.,  when  McKnistry,  judge,  reversed  thu  diciMuii, 
giving  as  his  reason  that  credits  were  not  property  in  the  senso  in  «]]'<li  tiio 
word  property  was  used  in  article  XL  of  the  existing  constitution,  AValliuu 
ami  Croolvctt  concurring,  and  Rhodes  ohjecting,  all  of  whom  had  jiri'vimisl)' 
decided  tiiat  crelits  were  projjcrty.  Tho  Ilibernia  hank  held  m(irtj::ijj;i.s  to 
t!io  amount  of  !?ll,3(i0,934.50,  tho  tax  levied  on  these  credits  ainDiiiitiii;.' to 
$77,4(50.48.  The  persons  owning  the  real  estate  had  already  ])aid  taxes  iipuii 
tho  actual  property  without  de<lucting  the  valuo  of  the  mortgages,  ami  tlie 
judge  held  that  it  would  he  double  taxation  to  assess  tho  evidences  of  tliise 
debts  of  the  owners.      It  was  natural  that,  under  tlio  circumstances,  the 


t'Ol:rORATTON.S  AND  HANKS. 


88S 


iiianmr  to  1)0  prcscrilu'd  \>y  ].i\v.''  An  annual  jmll- 
t;ix  nl"  not  less  tluiu  tw(i  dolliii's  should  1)0  collccti'd 
tVniii  ""Vt.".'}'  niali!  iiihaliitant  of  sound  mind,  (.'xccpt 
111!  i:iS  hotwoen  the  a!^rs  (jf  twi'iity-oiie  and  sixty 
Vi;i:s,  v-'iicli  tax  should  Ix)  paid  into  the  state  school 
liuid.  Tiio  lfi;islatun;  niiijjht  |)roviilo  for  the  puynu'iit 
of  t  ixcs  upon  real  estate  by  installments.  The  [>ower 
of  t  :\aii(>n  sliould  never  be  surrendered  or  suspended 
liv  a.i .'  u'rant  or  contract  to  whieli  the  state  should  bo 

(  iipui-ations  could  be  formed  oidy  under  j^oneral 
l;i\v-,  and  not  by  s[)ecial  act.  Eacli  stockholder  .should 
Im'  i:;(Kvidually  liable  for  such  proportion  of  all  (hbts 
iv.i  1  liabilities,  incurred  while  he  was  a  stockholder, 
as  the  amount  owned  by  him  bore  to  the  whole  of 
tlio  ctipitid  stock.  The  directors  or  trustees  wei'e 
iiiiiilo  jointly  and  severally  liable  to  the  creditors 
and  .^tnckiioldcrs  for  all  money  embezzled  or  niisap- 
pnipriatcd  by  officers  of  a  corporation  or  joint-stock 
association  durini^  their  term  of  office;  and  the  term 
C(ii[ii)i'ati(in  included  all  as.sociations  having  any  of  the 
pcwiisand  privileges  of  corporations  not  posses.-:ed  by 
individuals  or  }>'v.-tnerships;  and  they  had  the  right 
to  Mie  and  be  sued  in  like  cases  as  natural  persons. 

Tlio  legislature  could  not  grant  a  charter  for  bank- 
iu!^'  purposes,  but  companies  might  be  formed  for 
iianking  under  general  laws.  No  corporation  coukl 
issiu^  or  put  in  circulation  any  but  lawful  money  of 
tlio  lJnite<l  States. 

The  (jxorcise  of  the  right  of  eminent  domain  should 
never  bo  abridged  so  as  to  prevent  the  stale  from 
sulijecting  the  property  of  individuals  or  incoi  porated 

[lOdjili'  kIiduM  rogard  this  decision  with  some  (li.strust,  as  hciiif^  niadf  to  favor 
«]iiUiliii.s.  IJiit  after  iiiudi  (liseiia.sion,  tlio  convention  settled  the  matter  liy 
ilt'iJiictiiig  the  amount  of  mortgages  from  tlio  property  taxed,  and  a.sst.s.-.ing 
ui(irti.'i^i'e.s  fortlie  amount.  In  the  end  it  only  increases  the  rate  of  inten  Mt. 
''■'\'\u)  general  scntinieiit  against  an  ineoiiio  tax,  so  long  as  all  the  means 
liywliirli  ii,  was  ohtained  were  taxed,  has  so  far  prevented  the  legislature 
frimi  I  ivying  any  assessment  on  incomes.  When  tho  U.  S.  was  collecting  an 
iiioiMiio  tax  as  a  means  of  meeting  the  uuusual  expcnsea  of  the  rehelliuu,  it 
wusudt  taxing  laiul. 

Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  VU.    25. 


k  ■ 


r  ' 


II-    „.ii 


m<'  :■ 


!.;s 


THK  NKW  CON.SXrrUTIOX. 


6!* 


I  * 


I. 


'If 


f'oinpa!iios  to  tlio  puljlic  use  ;  nor  sliouKl  i]\o  jx.Hce 

|M>\Vl'r   (»r    tllC     Stiltd     CVt'I'     l)t!    so   ill»l'i(I;^«'(l    as   to     p.  ll;|i|; 

cor[)oruH()Ms  to  iiitViiigo  tin?  ri^litn  of  individuals  .,[• 
tlic  wcll-lniii;^  of  tlio  Httttc!.  N«t  coiiioratiod  >!miu1i1 
oiil;;i.;;('  in  any  Inwiiicss  other  than  that  cxitrtsdy  nu- 
thorizcd  ill  its  cliartcr,  or  liold  for  ii  loii'^'rr  iminil 
tliaii  five  yciars  any  rt'al  cstato  not  nt'ci-ssary  to  cairv. 
\\i[*  on  its  husincss  ;"  tho  l('ij,islaturo  slionld  imt  jciss 
any  laws  wliich  would  tend  to  relieve;  tjie  |ir.i]M  rtv 
hold  under  a  franehiso  from  its  liahilities ;  no  cni'iiciu- 
tion  sjiould  issue  any  Ktock  or  honds  C'xcej»t  fir  adual 
payment  in  money,  lal)or,  or  property;  all  fictitiMus 
UK^rcase  of  stock  or  induhtedness  should  be  void;  un 
iiieroase  could  he  made  without  the  consent  of  tlic 
holders  of  a  majority  of  the  shares,  at  a  nieetiiiLC  call..! 
for  the  pur[)oso  on  a  sixty  days'  })uhlic  noti<e,  at 
which  ovi-ry  stockholder  should  liave  the  riuht  h> 
vote  in  })crson  or  by  proxy,  and  directors  could  nuly 
he  elected  in  the  same  maimer — exccjit  in  the  casf  df 
cooperative  societies;  but  every  stockholder  nmld 
vote  all  his  shares  to  one  candidate,  or  distriliutr 
them  among  as  many  as  he  should  think  fit;  and  tlic 
books  of  the  corporation  should  be  ojien  for  inspi ctinii 
by  ever}''  one  interested  therein,  and  by  le^islativf 
connnittees.  No  corjjoration, organized  outside  ef  t],e 
limits  of  the  state,  should  be  allowed  to  transact  l>u>i- 

'""Tliis  section  appears  to  have  been  intended  to  prevent  the  railroad  com- 
panies from  aciiiiiriii<;  tiiwn-sittis  and  otiicr  valuable  real  estate  for  sjioiiiLi- 
tive  piirpo-ii's.  As  for  instance,  llie  state  granted  to  tiie  \\  esturii  l':ioili'. 
sulisonuently  alisortied  by  the  Central  I'aeitie,  and  to  the  SKiitlurii  I'acitio 
.Si)  acres  each  in  Mission  liay,  for  terminal  pnrposes,  upon  cond'.tinn  that  a 
certain  amount  of  money  should  be  exjicnded  u[)on  the  grant  witliiii  a  sjho 
tied  time,  in  the  erection  of  t  ;pots  an<l  warehouses.  'Ihe  Central  IV  :ii' 
obt  ined  control  of  the  proi)orty,  and  as  the  time  after  beinj,'  exteiidiil  I'V 
the  e^iftlaturc  was  finally  alloweil  to  expire  witlmut  making  llic  i!iiiir..vv 
inei  i  agreed  upon,  the  land  reverted  to  the  stale.  During  Ouv.  IJniitiij 
adi  istratiou  a  suit  was  instituted  against  the  railroad  corporatieiis  to  il  • 
clai  he  land  forfeited.  The  companies  nioved  to  dismiss  the  suit  l.iM-aiM 
it  Wi>  not  properly  brought,  and  the  motion  was  denied.  They  ileiiiunel  to 
thee  ipliiiit,  and  the  dennirrer  was  overruled.  The  case  was  on  tKo  cil- 
end:it  )r  trial  Mhile  the  constitution;!!  eonvi-ntion  was  in  session,  llir jiro- 
hiliiti  I  in  reference  to  other  business  was  aimed  at  the  alhued  intent  ot  tlie 
Cent'  ,  I'acilic  to  engage  in  warehousing  and  grain  business  on  the  lauu 
grau'^ed  for  terminal  purposes;  but  tiiis  is  the  merest  surmise. 


UAILUOAUS. 


887 


ncss 


within  tho  state  on   inoro  favorable  roiulitions 
thiiii  if  oi^jiiii/rd  uiidiT  tlio  laws  of  ( 'nlitoniiii.'" 

All    I'M il load   and   otluT   transpoi'tatitm    conipiuiicH 
wtic  di'dared  to  1)1-  connnon  cariit  rs,  suhjcct  to  Ic^is- 


liUiv 


t'   I'O 


itroi 


Th 


lev  should  have  a  liuht  to  comicct 


at  tiif  state  lino  with  ^'m'  railroads  of  other  states, 
and  (vcrv  railroad  should  have  the  ri;^ht  to  intci'scct, 
cniiin ct  with,  or  cross,  any  other  railroad,  and  they 
.should  receive  and  ti'ans[)ort  each  others'  passcn^icrs, 
tniiiiM'^c,  and  cars,  without  delay  or  dis<'riniination. 
Xo  otlicer,  a;j;ent,  or  employe  of  any  railroad  or  canal 
rdiiiiiaiiy  shouhl  he  interested  in  turnishiiiijf  material 
(ir  sujiplies  "  to  such  company,  nor  in  the  husiness  of 
tiiHi>|»ortation  over  tne  road,  except  such  as  flowed 
from  the  owiu'rship  of  stock  therein.  Xo  railroail  or 
dtlur  transportati(»n  conjpany  slntuld  urant  free 
jKissts,  or  tickets  at  a  discount,  to  any  j)ersoii  holdiiiHf 
any  <>llice  of  honor,  trust,  or  piofit  in  the  state;  and 
till'  iicccptanco  of  any  such  pass  or  ticket,  hy  a  niem- 
lt(  r  of  the  legislature,  or  any  public  officer,  other  than 
raihtind  commissioner,  should  work  a  forfeiture  of  his 
otHce. 

Jiailroad  companies  were  forbidden  to  combine  with 
navioation  companies  or  any  conunon  carrier,"  to  tho 
end  tl  at  the  carnin!j;s  of  tho  one  doinuf  the  carryiuL; 
wwii  to  bo  shared  with  the  other  not  doinLi^  the  cariT- 
iiiLi'.  And  whenever  a  railroad  coiporation  should, 
f<ir  the  purpose  of  competini^  witli  any  other  common 
carrier,  lower  its  rates  for  transportation  of  passenj^'crs 
(ir  freight,  such  reduced  rates  should  not  be  ai^ain  in- 
crcaseil  witliout  tho  consent  of  theauthoritv  in  which 
tlio  n'overinnent  vested  tlu;  ])ower  to  re^'ulate  fares 
and  heights ;  and  no  discrimination  should  be  made 

"TIiw  prolii!)iti"n  referred  to  foreipu  insurance  an<l  other  coiiii)aiiic.s  do- 
int^liiuiiioss  in  Calitnriiia  Mitlioiit  paying  taxes. 

■'  This  was  probably  aiincd  at  tliu  Western  JJevelopnient  company,  or- 
ffiiiiz' mI  ill  1874,  ami  soon  after  tlie  Iraniiiie  of  the  new  constitution  imriijed 
iiitd  tlid  I'acitic  Improvement  conip.iny.  To  the  forincr  were  transferred  llie 
iiitii-  st <  (if  the  Contract  and  Finance  company,  as  will  he  spoken  of  in  a  later 
cliiipti  r, 

•'  Tlie  only  efifeet  of  this  prohibition  was  to  force  these  corporatioas  to 
purchase  steamer  lines. 


I  ■  .  I 


388 


niE  NEW  CON.STITUTIOX. 


t    I 


in  chaises  or  facilitiof?  for  transportation  of  pasiJon.jrrs 
(»r  freight  within  the  state,  or  ooniiiiir  from  or  'j,ou\'_r 
to  any  other  stato  ;  hut  persons  and  property  should 
be  delivered  at  any  station.,  landinu^,  or  port,  at  cliaitres 
n(jt  exceejlinu;  tlie  rates  to  any  more  distant  station/' 
Tlie  state  was  to  he  dividetl  into  tlirec  districts,  in 
eacli  of  which  one  raih-oad  ronnnissioner  .'^hdild  lie 
elected  at  till- re<j;ular  j^uhcrnatorial  electioDs,  \\\  h>q 
term  of  ottice  should  be  four  years,  and  whos-^e  duty 
it  sjiould  Ije  to  establish  rates  for  the  trans|t(.rtatir.n 
of  passengers  and  freights  b\'  railroad  or  other  n m- 
mon  carriers,  and  pui)lish  them  from  time  to  time 
with  such  changes  as  they  might  make  ;  to  ( xnniine 
tlie  companies'  books,  records,  and  pnjKis,  f  r  w]  i( li 
purpose  they  should  have  power  to  issue  suhjaiias 
and  all  necessary  process,  to  liear  and  determiiK  ( (  ni- 
['  ints  against  railroad  nnd  other  tiansportatii  n  a  lu- 
panies,  to  send  for  persons  and  ]iapers,  to  achninif^ttr 
oaths,  take  testimony,  and  punish  for  conttmi't  of 
their  orders  and  processes,  in  the  same  manner  and 
t^)  the  same  extent  as  courts  of  record,  and  <  iifcrrt; 
their  decisions  and  correct  abuses  throuoh  the  nu  diuiii 
of  the  courts.  A  uniform  system  of  account.^  to  i'O 
kept  by  all  such  corporations  should  be  prescrilKd  hy 
tln-m.  Any  transjiortation  company  which  >loiild 
fail  or  refuse  to  conform  to  the  rates  established-'  bv 

''  Here  we  have  one  of  the  weakest  points  in  the  new  constitution.  Al- 
though tiiere  arc  rii.iny  preceilents  iu  American  anil  Euroiieau  Ifgisl.itn'ii  !.i- 
regulatiUii  in  detail  iLi;  chargus  of  raih'oatls,  tht-y  have  sildoui  hten  luuinl  to 
Work  to  aiKaiitage.  iu  this  connection  tlie  foUowiiii,'  remarks,  tulicu  li":ii 
the  reix)rt  of  a  parliamentary  cuminittee  held  in  London  iu  1S7-,  ni:iy  In-  "I  m- 
tert-st,  as  they  apply  equally  to  all  except  government  railroads:  '  Le.'^il  iiuixi- 
nitim  rates  atfurd  little  real  protectinii  to  the  puMic,  since  they  are  alwaj  ;•  lixci 
so  hi;;h  that  it  is,  or  l>ec(imes  sooner  or  later,  the  interest  of  the  oinji.im'  i  t.> 
carry  at  lower  rates.  The  atteni[)t  to  limit  rates  and  fares  hy  tiie  lJrillCl^)l^) 
of  tixin;;  a  niaximutn  has  almost  always  failed  in  practice,  ami  is  almoat 
always  likely  t4>  lail,  for  tlie  simple  reason  that  the  parliamentary  coiimuttita 
and  authorities,  hy  w  hom  sudi  limits  are  decided,  cannot  do  oiherwi^e  ti)aii 
Slh'W  some  margin  Letween  the  actual  probahle  rate,  as  far  as  tliey  can  furt- 
ca.»t  it,  and  the  maximum  rate;  and  cannot  foresee  the  contingencies  of  com- 
petition, of  increase  in  ({uantities,  of  facilities  or  economy  in  workiiiL',  or  ef 
altcnitiiiii  of  oiniinercial  conditions.' 

■"  The  I'acilic  Coast  Steamship  company  refused  to  recoirnize  tlie  autlinrity 
of  the  lM»ard,  and  cotniiieiice<l  suit  in  tlie  U.  S.  circuit  court  to  restriin  tlic 
l»i>ard  from  in  aiij-  way  interfering  with  the  business  of  the  comjiaiiy,  /i'')  ' 
o/ It.  K.  L'o.niiH«Jiionera  in  Aiiy.  to  Jour.  Stn.  and  Anacm.,  ISSl,  No.  3. 


THREATS  OF  CAPITALISTS. 


389 


tlic  coi.iiuissioncrs,  or  cliarijje  rates  in  excess  tlicreof,  or 
fail  t(»  kt'op  tlieir  accounts  in  accordance  witli  the  sys- 
tem prcscriljed  by  tlie  connnission,  should  bo  fined  not 
exccidiu^'  .^20,000  for  each  offence,  and  every  officer, 
a^riit,  or  employe  of  such  corporation  who  shouM  de- 
iiiaiul  or  receive  rates  in  excess  of  those  prescribed 
bvtln^  connnissioners  shoukl  pay  a  fine  of  not  nioie 
than  s.l.OOO,  or  be  imprisoned  in  the  county  jail  not 
cxccidiu!^  one  year.  The  ratios  establisiied  by  the 
(Diiiiiiission  sliould  always  be  deemed  conclusively  just 
and  reasonable  ;  and  in  any  action  against  a  railroad 
CDiiiiiaiiy  for  damages  on  account  of  excessive  rates, 
tlio  jtlaintitf  might,  in  addition  to  actual  damage,  re- 
(Mver,  in  the  discretion  of  the  ju<lge  or  jury,  exeni- 
plarv  d;images.  The  legislature  might,  in  addition 
to  the  penalties  already  named,  inforee  this  article  of 
tlie  constitution  l)v  forfeiture  of  charter  or  otherwise 
ail. I  might  confer  further  power  on  the  commissioners 
if  necessary  to  the  performance  of  their  duties.  A"a- 
caiieii  s  in  office  should  be  filled  in  the  same  manner 
as  in  the  case  of  other  state  officers.  Theconnnission 
>!iituhl  make  an  annual  report  to  the  governor.'* 

The  railroad,  mining,  and  banking  corporations, 
tlirough  the  press  and  their  agents,  strongly  opposed 
the  article  ontaining  so  many  restrictions  upon  their 
iiiothods  of  doing  business,  and  the  convi-ntion  itself 
was  divided,  capitalists  Jiolding  out  a  threat  of  aban- 
doning the  state  and  withdrawing  tlieir  money.  "I^et 
them  '••(),"  said  the  advocates  of  restriction,  "thev 
rannot  take  with  them  the  houses,  farms,  or  railroads 
wliich  they  Jiave  av  quiieil  with  our  money.  We  will, 
ill  ene  year,  dig  out  of  the  mines  as  mm  h  gt>ld  as  they 
will  take  away,  and  jiroduce  in  two  years  ten  times 
ihc  itniotmt;  and  the  sooner  the  bankers  go  the  bet- 


'•'Thi'  tlr-^t  Iniaril  of  cdinnnssioncra  elected  consistcil  of  Jmcpli  S.  Cave, 
Ntcli<t;  C  .1.  Hi'or.stoi'ker,  '2nd  dint,  and  (.ieorge  Stoncni.in,  lid  dist.  C.ivo 
«a<  oIkkou  jiri'.s't.  Tlie  socn-tary  of  the  Com.  was  W.  U.  Aiidrus;  ImiliU', 
T.  V.  Stfinrnaii.  The  lioar(l  was  organi/^ed  in  M  ly  ISSi).  In  I>eoi!ml)er  an 
ittt'iiiiit  \\  as  mailf  to  assassinato  Ht'crstiM-kfr,  tlie  snpj.osed  causu  being  po- 
iitiwil  joalousy.  Botli  B.  and  las  assailant  belonged  to  tho  workiiignien'a 
party. 


390 


THE  NEW  CONSTITUTION. 


[f  ■- 


V- 


fir  i--|: 
n  -  ■  ■  ■  i 


iii 


tor."  Thoy  cannot  fritrhton  us  with  circulars '""'dorlar- 
ing  that  if  the  now  constitution  is  adopted  tlicy  must 
materially  increase  the  interest  on  loans."  Thus  tli" 
rostrictionists ;  l)ut  the  alarm  was  nevertholess  (|iiite 
real  and  wide-spread  lest  the  business  of  the  state 
sliould  he  seriously  aftected  by  the  new  fund;nn(iital 
law,  if  aclopted;  and,  indeed,  it  was  already  restiictid 
to  a  considerable  extent  in  antici[)ation  of  a  revolu- 
tion which  as  yet  nobody  seemed  to  comprehend. 

In  the  matter  of  Chinese  labor  and  iinMiiL;iatinn 
the  constitution  declared  that  the  h.^gislature  sliduld 
pr(>scribe  all  necessary  regulations  for  tlie  protection 
of  the  state,  and  every  part  of  it,  from  the  evils  aris- 
ing from  the  presence  of  aliens  who  were  or  inin-lit 
be  vagrants,  from  mendicants  or  criminals,  who  wrvr 
infected  with  contagious  diseases,  or  wlio  wiiv  in 
any  way  dangerous  or  detrimental  to  the  W(II-l>iiii'.,f 
or  peace  of  the  connnunity;  also  to  impose  conilitiotis 
upon  which  persons  might  reside  in  the;  state  ami 
provide  the  mode  of,  and  means  for  their  rciii<i\;il  in 
case  of  their  failure  or  refusal  to  comj»ly  with  sucli 
conditions.  The  presence  of  foreigners  ini-ligihie  to 
become  citizens  of  the  United  States  was  derhuvd  to 
l)e  dangerous  to  the  M'oll-being  of  the  state;  and  it 
sliould  be  the  duty  of  the  legislaturi  to  discouiaui' 
their  inuni'jration  bv  every  means  in  its  itowd'. 
Asiatic  coolyism  was  pronounced  a  form  of  liuinau 
slavery,  which  was  forever  prohibited  in  the  state 
and  all  contracts  for  coolie  lal)or  should  be  void.  Ail 
comi)anies  for  the  inijiortation  of  such  labor,  whetlur 
formed  in  California''  or  in  a  forei-'n  countrv.  slmulil 
1)0  subject  to  such  })enaiti"s  as  the  legislature  nii;ilit 
proscribe,  which  should  also  delegate  to  incorjietattd 
cities  and  towns  })ow(>r  to  remove  Chinese^  witliout 
their  boundaries,  or  to  certain  prescribed  limits,  aud 

•-'•'.9.  F.  C/im,!rlr.  Mardi  1(>,  1870,  and  April  3,  1870. 

'■"'Tlie  Sai'raiin'iito  siivinps  Iiank  jmlilislicil  siidi  a  circular,  fur  wliiili  -^fe 
Stir.  Itirnnl  L'liii'ii,  in  S.  F.  ('hntnii-h,  Murcli  14,  IJi70. 

-'■  A  ]ir(i!iiliiti<iu  to  jn't'^ciit  railioatl  coiiiiiauics  particularly  I'li'iu  inakin;,' 
contracts  with  the  L'liiuose  cnuipaiiics. 


EDUCATION. 


391 


slionlfl  ])rnvi(lc  the  norossarv  loojisl.ition  to  prohibit 
tlif  introduction  of  Chinese!  into  Cahfornia.  No  cor- 
iiMiatinii  existing  or  to  bo  formed  under  the  laws  of 
tlu'  .-tato  should,  after  the  adoption  of  the  constitu- 
ti.iii.  eiii}>loy  directly  or  indirectly,  in  any  capacity," 
aiiv  Chinese  or  Mongolians  ;  nor  should  any  Chinese 
Iir  iiiiploycd  on  public  work,  except  in  imnishnient  for 

criiiii'.'" 

The  article  on  education  did  not  allow  of  quite 
sncli  nvolutionary  changes  as  the  ])receding  ones. 
Tli»!  school-money  was  placed  where  it  would  most 
brncflt  the  working  classes;  that  is,  for  the  use  only  of 
tiic  primary  and  gi-annnar  schools,  leaving  the  legis- 
lal'U'c  to  provide  lor  selujols  of  a  higher  grade,  or  the 
iiuiiiici])alities  to  raise  a  revenue  for  this  pur[)ose  from 
otlicr  than  the  fund  arising  from  the  .sale  of  the  school- 
]a;i(U  iiranted  to  the  state  bv  coniiress.  The  state 
Ii  ai.I  of  examiners  was  abolished,  the  local  board 
Laving  control  of  teachers'  examinations  and  grant- 
iiiu;  of  certificates.     Sectarian  doctrines  should  nut  be 


-■  WiirliiiiijiiR'u  Ikivo  gone  aliciiit  in  S.  V.  wirnini^  tMiiiilu's  wlio  eiii- 
pliyil  Chiiu'.^o  servants,  Imiii  Ijrloro  and  after  tlie  cunstitiitional  oonvoii- 
ti"n;  and  uvon  since  tlio  rt'^lnctiun  of  inmiigratinn  l>y  omgress,  a  bill  for 
wiiii-li  vas  at  tliat  time  liefuro  enngrcss,  and  wliioh  finally  passed.  llio 
liL'i-lature  had  no  power  to  proliiliit  ( 'liinese  immigration  whdc  tlie  treatj' 
vuli  Cliina  was  iu  force;  nor  at  any  other  time  without  the  consent  of 
Culi;.'ress. 

■■' Smart,  of  .Sonoma,  iiit.s  hard  tlic  low  foreigner  in  liis  speeeli  on  the  Clii- 
iiosc  i|iirsf  inn:  'Who  are  tluy  \v  hodiseerato  tiie  salihatliV'  lie  says;  '  wlio  form 
our  rioters  and  iioodlums?  Who  (ill  our  alnislioiisesV  Who  are  plotting  to 
ovLTilnnw  onr  eommon  schools?  Who  stulf  our  hallot-lioxts  ";  Who  are 
lilnttiiig  to  overthrow  our  government,  and  to  utterly  stamj)  <mt  liherty. 
tii:it  ill  potism  over  eonseienee.  mind  and  muscle  may  ri^e  n]pnn  the  ruins  ? 
Willi  cnn^tituto  the  Molly  Magnires  ?  Who  Imrn  our  railroail  ilepots  ?  Who 
tlinateii  the  lives  of  our  liest  citizens?  Wiio  are  ]>liitting  to  lii-poil  our 
We.iltliy  men  ?  Who  claim  two-thirds  of  our  jiulilie  olliees  ?  i\ot  Chin.imci'.' 
Cliarles  \'.  Stuart,  eleeti'il  on  the  noii-jiaitisan  ticket,  was  horn  in  I'a.  in 
l'»lll.  ill  wliii'li  state  his  jiarents.  Charles  and  Mary  Stuart  Mere  al-o  horn, 
lie  was  hred  a  farmer,  and  eilueated  at  O«ego  aeadamy  N.  \..  after  Mhieh 
lie  wiiidi  red  over  the  state  west  and  south  until  IM'.t.  v  lien  lieeame  to  Cal. 
overland  in  coiumand  of  a  company,  lie  settled  himself  on  ten  acres  of 
lariil  at  Missinu  |)olores,  and  was  elceted  on  the  lirst  hoard  of  aldermen  of 
S.  F.  in  1S,")I).  lie  leased  the  New  Almadeii  mine  for  'JI  years  from  thi' 
Birrvessa  family,  sujiposing  them  to  he  the  true  owners,  hut  after  years  of 
iiiilir.nliutive  laiior  sold  it.  lie  liuilt  the  lirst  hriek  house  in  S.  F.  in  l^")], 
hut  s  year^  afterward  removed  to  Sonoma  \alley  where  he  was  one  of  the 
first  viiiitulturists. 


■Jil 


$ 


302 


THE  NKVV  CONSTITUTION. 


4  * 


taught  directly  or  indirectly  in  any  of  the  coinmuii 
schools  of  the  state." 

The  university  of  California  was  to  bo  a  ])ul)llc 
trust  which  should  continue  in  the  form  aid  cliaiactcr 
prescribed  in  the  act  creating  it,"  subject  only  to  surli 
control  by  the  legislature  as  secured  coniplianc*;  witli 
the  terms  of  its  endowments  and  the  safety  of  its 
funds.  It  sliould  be  non-sectarian  in  the  adniini.stra- 
tion  of  its  aftairs.  The  interest  of  the  moiKy  de- 
rived from  the  lands  donated  by  congress  sliouM  lie 
used  as  an  endowment  f  )r  the  support  of  at  least  one 
agricultural  college  ;  and  the  legislature  should  })ro- 

"This  was  meant  to  proliilnt  l»il>le-rea<ling  in  the  schools,  to  wliich  oath- 
olica  objected.     It  wha  double-etlged,  and  cut  lioth  way*. 

"'Tlio  act  CTCiiting  the  univcr.sity  of  t'al.  was  iia.<-ed  March  2'^,  ISilS,  tlie 
constitution  of  I8H(  iiaviug  provided  for  a  university  in  anticii)atiipii  (,f  a 
grant  from  the  general  govt  for  such  a  puriKi.se,  wliich  grant  w:i-;  niiiilc  ac- 
cording to  a  general  lawgiving  to  each  state  a  certaia  amount  of  laud  f.^r 
educational  purposes.  C'al.  received  in  I'S.").*?,  l-esides  her  coiiurioii-scliin,! 
land-i,  7-  sections  'for  seminary  purposes,'  and  in  lyJ'J  ir)0,CHK)  acres  f.ii-  the 
estahlishnient  and  maintenance  of  an  agricultural  college.  Tlie  state  buv  df 
liSOS  creating  the  university  of  Cal.  combineil  with  it  the  agricultuial  ciill(!.'c, 
and  made  that  tlie  first  to  he  erected  by  the  means  derived  frnni  tliu  state 
funds.  But  it  also  accepted  for  the  state  the  gilt  of  the  college  of  Cal.,  wliiili 
became  a  college  of  letters  in  the  university.  This  college  was  founded  at 
Oakland  as  a  college  school  l)y  Henry  Duraut,  becoming  a»i  incorporated  cul- 
lege  in  1855.  It  acijuired  property  anil  prospered  under  the  manageiiieiit  of 
Durant  and  Bushuell,  who  stlecteil  the  location  at  Berkeley,  which  becauie 
the  site  of  the  university  of  Cal.,  containing  -OO  acres  of  land,  a  part  of  vliich 
was  devoted  to  experimental  farming.  The  iloiiation  to  the  university  cif  the 
college  of  Cal.  wai  a  great  iielp.  There  were  7  colleges  in  existence  in  IST'J, 
naiiuly,  of  letters,  agriculture,  mechanics,  minint.',  engineering,  clu'inistry, 
and  medicine.  To  the  last  a  donation  was  made  by  H.  H.  Toland  of  S.  F., 
whose  iiainc  was  conferred  upon  that  college  by  act  ol  legislature  in  Much 
ISSI.  To  the  law  coUegc  8.  C.  Hastings  donate.l  ^I(K»,0<W  in  ISTS,  and  this 
college  was  named  after  iiini.  Military  instruction  was  required  by  tiic  enii- 
gres.sioiial  act  of  donation,  and  the  student.s  were  organized  into  a  Imdy  of 
cadets.  Tlie  resources  of  the  university  werf>  the  seminary  fund  ami  juiMie 
building  fund  granted  to  Cal.  by  congress;  the  property  received  froiu  tlie 
college  of  Cal.,  as  stated;  tlie  site  at  Berkeley;  tlie  fund  received  from  tiiu 
congressional  land  grant  in  18G2,  the  tide  land  fund,  ajipropriated  hy 
the  state;  specitio  a^jpropriationa  by  the  legislature  for  buildings,  ciii-nnt 
expenses,  etc.;  iiml  the  gifts  of  individuals.  The  care  of  the  university  and 
its  Huances  was  entrusted  to  a  board  of  regents,  inclu<ling  the  gov.,  liiiit- 
gov.,  speaker  of  the  assembly,  supt  of  public  instruction,  jires't  of  the  .slate 
ag.  society,  prcs't  of  the  Mechanics'  institute  of  San  Francisco,  the  prcs't  of 
the  university,  and  1(5  otherj.  This  govt  was  continued  by  the  new  consti- 
tution. Some  jealousy  was  exhibited  by  the  farmers  in  the  conveiitinii  le-t 
the  agricultural  intere<t  should  be  injured  by  the  attractions  of  the  n'.hip 
colleges,  for  which  reason  they  iri-sisted  on  the  invitdability  ni  the  apjir-  ;•! !  i- 
tion  made  for  the  su|iport  of  a  college  of  agriculture,  but  without  exclu'iiiig 
other  scieatiiic  and  classical  studies,  and  including  military  tactics. 


LAND  AND  WATER. 


393 


vido  that  if,  through  neglect  or  other  conthigency, any 
poitioii  of  the  fund  so  set  a})art  slioukl  be  lost,  the 
state  sliould  replace  it  so  that  tlie  principal  sliould 
forever  remain  undiniiuislied.  No  person  should  be 
(lihariT'd  admission  to  any  of  tlie  collegiate  depart- 
iiKiits  t»f  the  university  on  account  of  sex.'' 

State  indebtedness  could  not  be  incurred  for  a 
greater  amount  than  $300,000,  uidess  in  case  of  war, 
invasion,  or  insurrection,  except  for  a  single  object 
tor  whicli  ways  and  means  had  been  provided,  exclu- 
sive (if  Inans,  the  debt  not  to  run  more  tlian  twenty 
vcar.-i,  and  the  people  to  vote  upon  the  proposition  to 
incur  it. 

Tiic  legislature  should  protect  by  law  from  forced 
sale  a  certain  portion  of  the  homestead  and  other 
jiroporty  of  the  heads  of  families.  The  holding  of 
ai'ji'  tracts  of  land  should  be  discouraoed  as  au;ainst 
tin'  ]>ublic  interest.  Lands  belonging  to  the  state, 
puitahlo  for  cultivation,  should  be  granted  only  to 
actual  settlers,  and  in  Cjuantities  not  exceeding  320 
acres  to  each  settler,  under  such  conditions  as  should 
1)0  prescriljed  b\'  law.  All  i)roperty,  real  and  per- 
sonal, owned  In'  cither  husband  or  wife  before  mar- 
riage, and  that  acquired  by  either  of  them  afterward 
In'  gift,  devise,  or  descent,  sliould  be  separate  ])rop- 
crtv.  Xo  contract  of  marria'je,  if  otherwise  duly 
niaile,  should  be  invalidated  for  want  of  conformity 
to  the    requirements  of  any  religious  sect."     Eight 

^-Thoro  w.u  in  1S79  lioth  curiosity  auil  interest  felt  in  tlie  application  of 
Mrs  (I  iiM  S.  Fill/,  who  liail  stuilied  l.iw  and  liceii  ;iilinitteil  to  prartise  in  the 
'Jilth  ilistriet  court,  liut  who  was  nfiiscil  ailinis>i(in  liy  the  clirei'tors  of  the 
liu-tiiiu's  law  college,  wlicre  s-lie  wi>lH(l  to  pursue  her  Situdics  ami  graduate. 
\.\\w\  do  I'orco  <  Jordon  was  al-o  ])re]>arin.r  to  iiraeti-;o  heforo  tiic  courts,  and 
iiiil  the  same  ditli<nlty.  Mrs  J'nl/  petitioned  the  4lh  district  court  to  eoni- 
1"  1  the  directors  of  the  law  0<'lhge  to  a<lniit  her  as  a  student,  and  Morrison, 
jiiilgi!,  i^.-ued  a  writ  of  mandate  to  that  ctFect.  Congress  had  just  pas>cil  an 
lilt  iiiithori/ing  women  to  ]iracfise  law,  and  a  woman  had  lieeii  admilteil  to 
the  U.  S.  sup.  court.  UiiiliT  these  circumstances,  and  knowing  tiiat  the 
invv  iniistitution  doclareil  r>r  e<pial  eihirational  and  husineas  riglits,  thi  ill- 
Prt.Ms  suhmittecL  See  .V.  F.  P'-i.  .Ian.  I'S  and  Keh.  11,  IMt);  S.  /•'.  Cki-ciiirl,; 
Jill.  ;i()  ami  I>'eli.  11.  14.  IS7'.»,  and  March  T),  1S71». 

"Tliis  same  declaration  was  in  the  constitution  of  1849,  and  in  the  ''al. 
C"ili .  In  tlio  llillSliaroii  divon-e  case,  coniinencing  in  1S.S.'{,  it  was  the 
fiiuiulatiou  of  the  applicatiou  for  divorce  anil  alimony.     SuUivau,  of  the  su- 


i    i- 


394 


THE  NEW  COXSTITXJTION. 


hours  were  made  to  constitute  a  day's  work  on  all  \mh. 
lie  fttntracts.  Any  oiti/A'U  who  should  fi^ht  or  iissist 
at  a  duel  should  he  di.-jfraiu'hised.  The  right  ot"  t  m- 
inent  domain  was  drclared  to  exist  in  the  state  to  all 
frontagi'S  f)n  the  navij^ahle  waters  of  the  state;  aiuj 
the  rig-ht  of  way  to  such  water,  should  not  he  exdudtd 
hy  individuals  or  corporations  claiming  or  |>()ss(ssiinf 
the  tidal  lands  fronting  on  any  navigable  hnv,  luiihdr. 
or  inlet.  All  the  tide  lands  within  two  miles  of  any 
incor[K)rated  city  or  town  fronting  on  the  watt  rs  of 
any  harhor,  estuary,  or  bay,  used  for  navigation,  sliuuld 
be  withheld  from  grant  or  sale. 

Tlie  use  of  all  water  already  appropriated,  or  rliat 
might  thereafter  be  appropriated,  for  sale,'*  rental,  cr 
distribution,  was  declared  to  be  a  public  use,  and  sub- 
ject to  the  rule  and  regulation  of  the  state  :  hut  tlie 
board  of  supervisors  of  city,  town,  or  city  and  ceuuty 
government  mi''ht  fix  the  rates  for  which  it  slmuld 
bi'  furnished  to  the  inhahitants  under  pain  of  })( iial- 
ties  for  neghct ;  and  any  company  collecting  any 
other  than  the  established  water-rates  should  torftit 
its  franc-hise  and  water-works  to  the  city  and  county. 
or  city,  or  town  where  the  collection  was  made  fur  the 
use  of  the  public. 

No  article  [>rovoked  more  connncnt  than  that  re- 
lating to  cities,   counties,  and   ■',owns ;    because   San 


perinr  ct,  gave  jmlgnient  for  the  plaintiff,  'llie  case  vaa  apiiralcd  tn  tlie 
sup.  ct,  «in'U  tlie  plaintitf  iiiadc  a  iiKiticin  to  dismiss  tlio  ajiiuMl.  mi  tlio 
gi-iiiiiiil  that,  as  ti>  the  ju<l;;iiicnt  it.-clf  the  ct  had  no  jurisdiction  lo  i  ntcrt.'iin 
aiipials  in  action  fi.r  liivurcc;  and  as  to  the  order  awarding  almmtiy  ami 
connsid  ftis,  that  .such  ordirs  wuro  not  ajuicalalile.  '1  he  ct  in  lank  diciiltil 
in  favor  ot  tiie  ajiiicdlant,  tla-  justices  comurring,  c.\cei<t  C'hiit' .lu.-ticc  .Morri- 
son who  to.ik  no  part  in  the  decision,  and  Justice  .McKec,  who  dissented  frciii 
the  opinion.  On  a  rehearing  Morrison  joined  with  the  five  otlur  ji:c:gus. 
Suit  was  then  lirought  in  the  U  S.  eirc.  et,  to  conijiel  Mrs  Hill  Sliaicu  Ic 
^ive  ujt  the  contract,  refu-sing  which  she  was  conlined  a  day  or  two  in  jail 
or  contempt. 

'^The  (piestiou  of  riparian  rights  was  an  ijupnrtant  rnc  in  Cat.  on  .i'> 


I 


count  of  the  necessity  for  irrigation.     The  war  hetween  tl  e  farmers  an(i  li) 


tlie 


dranlic  ami  other  miners,  hail  heen  l<>ng  carried  on  in  the  courts  and 
legi.-lature.  The  attempt  of  corporate  companies  to  api>rojiri.ite  all  tlic 
water  of  unnavigaMc  streams  was  another  .source  of  trouhlc.  Oov.  Meiie- 
man  called  an  extra  session  of  the  legislature  to  please  a  few  men  who  wished 
to  have  reiHialed  the  article  ou  water  rij^hta;  but  they  failed. 


COUNTIES  AND  TOWNS. 


no.' 


Fraiirlsco,  from  wliirh  tlio  workiiignicii's  dclcujatos 
wvw  elected,  was  chiefly  affected  by  it.  No  county 
CduM  l>o  establislied  with  less  tliaa  5,000  inhabitants, 
(,!•  divided  when  tlio  population  was  less  than  8,0(iO  ; 
imi-  should  the  dividinj^  line  pass  within  five  miles  of 
tlic  county  seat.  Counties  were  to  be  classified  ac- 
conlin;^-  to  population,  and  the  legislature  should  pro- 
viilo  a  uniform  system  of  county  governments  under 
o-eiieral  laws  renrulating  the  ct)mpensation  of  county 
and  inunicij)al  officers,  who  were  to  be  held  to  a  strict 
acciuuitability. 

C«<i'|)orations  for  municipal  purposes  should  not  be 
created  und(n*  special  laws,  but  should  be  orL,''anized 
under  !^eneral  laws  which  should  provide  for  tJKMr  in- 
fiiip  H'ation  and  classiHeation  ;  and  cities  and  towns 
horit()f)ro  organized  should  bo  incorporated  under 
these  laws  whenever  a  majority  of  the  electors  voting 
at  a  'general  election  should  so  determine. 

City  and  county  governments  might  be  consolidated 
— as  ill  the  case  of  Sau  Francisco — into  one  nmnici- 
pal  government  In  consolidated  city  and  county 
;iMvernments  of  more  than  100,000  ]iopulation  there 
sliould  1)0  two  boards  of  supervisors  or  houses  of  legis- 
latjen,  one  of  which,  to  consist  of  twelve  persons, 
slitiuld  be  elected  fr«)m  the  city  and  county  at  large 
t'er  a  term  of  four  years,  so  classified  that  after  the 
first  election  onlv  six  should  be  elected  everv  two 
years;  the  other  to  consist  of  twelve  persons  i-lected 
every  two  years  for  a  two  years'  term  ;  vacancies  oc- 
curring to  be  filled  by  the  mavor  «tr  other  chief  exec- 
utive  ofVie(^r  Any  city  of  moi-e  than  I  00,000  ])()pulation 
iniulit  frame  a  charter  fnr  its  own  goveiimieiit  by 
fli'iosnig  fiftiHMi  frecholdi'rs  at  any  gent^ral  election  to 
jireparc  a  charter,  said  freeholders  to  have  been  (pial- 
ilied  voters  for  five  years.  The  <[ualified  electors 
sliuuld  receive  tliirty  day.s'  notice  of  tlit!  subiiii>sion 
iif  the  charter  fir  appioval,  wIkmi,  if  ajiproved,  it 
>Iinnhl  be  submitted  to  tlu^  legislatui't^  for  confirmation. 
Anieudments  to  a  charter  should  not  be  made  oftener 


M 

1     I 

'.'           f  - 

k.Ji 

396 


THE  NEW  LONSTITUTION. 


i 


i.i 


•1    31 


than  once  in  two  years.  Counties,  towns,  and  ( itios 
should  ytay  pr()i)()rtioiial  taxes  to  the  state ;  hut  the 
k'oisiature  should  not  have  pt)wer  to  impose  taxes  tnr 
municipal  puri)oses  ;  yet  it  might  vest  the  power  ia 
the  corjjorate  authorities  to  assess  and  colloct  taxes 
for  such  purposes.  The  legislature  should  not  dele- 
gate to  any  special  commission,  private  corporation,  or 
individual  any  power  to  control,  appropriate,  super- 
vise, or  in  any  way  interfere  with  any  county,  city, 
town,  or  municipal  improvement,  money,  property,  or 
ejects,  whether  held  in  trust  or  otherwise. 

No  state  office  should  be  continued  ""  or  created  in 
any  municij)ality  for  the  inspection,  measurement,  nr 
gradation  of  any  merchandise,  manufacture,  or  com- 
modity ;  but  the  city  should  be  authorized  by  genenil 
law  to  appoint  such  officers.  1^'ivate  property  should 
not  bc>  taken  or  sold  for  the  payment  of  the  corporate 
debt  of  any  political  or  nmnicipal  corjxiration.  All 
monevs  collected  for  the  use  of  anv  such  corporal  iuii 
should  bo  immediately  deposited  with  the  treasurer 
or  other  legal  depository.'"'  The  making  of  profit  out 
of  ])ul>li(;  money,  or  using  it  for  any  i)urpose  not  author- 
ized bv  law  bv  anv  officer  liaving  i>ossession  or  coiiinl 
of  it,  should  be  prosecuted  and  punished  as  a  fehmy. 
No  city,  county,  town,  township,  board  of  educjitloii, 
or  school  district  should  incur  any  liability  exceedinj; 
the  income  provided  for  each  year,  ^'without  the  assent 
of  two-thirds  of  the  qualified  electt)rs  voting  tit  a 
special  election,  or  without  ])roviding  f  )r  the  interest 
and  sinking  fund  to  extinguish  such  indebtediK  ss 
within  a  limited  time/'     No  public  work  or  improve- 

'■'Tlii.s  prol\il)ition  rcfcrroil  to  the  practice  of  lcgisl,aturp~!  in  crcitinL;  '^luli 
offices  a.i  state  iii-jM'ctoiM  of  llnir.  I'ul.  Stal.,  18,VJ,  l'J!>,  and  IS.").'?,  •_'7l':  mil  ^.f 
l)oef  and  pork.  Cul.Sti/.,  IS.V),  *.'.">•_';  A/.,  ISOO,  110;  gauTcr  of  vine -i  aii.l  li- 
quors. Cat.  Sliit.,  IS,")'-',  i;tl ;  liaHior  comnii'sioiiers,  and  other  lioards  of  cmn- 
luissioncrs  for  S.  F.  C<d.  S/'i/.,  1874,  910,  who  a.ssudscd  the  inerchants  heavily, 
or  received  l)en('tlt-i  from  the  state. 

^•'And  not  spirited  away  to  a  hank  in  collusion  with  a  dishonest  odiii.il, 
as  in  hygone  j'ears. 

^'Tlie  interdict  as  to  <lcht  was  inconveniently  cxhihitrd  in  ISS'2,  when  fnr 
two  or  three  months  tlie  city  was  in  darkness,  there  hcing  no  inniiey  in  tlio 
treasury  to  pay  gas  hills,  and  the  city  jimhiliited  from  going  in  deht. 

•"Thia  prohihitiou  arrested  the  cumplutiuu  of  the  now  city  hall,  on  which 


MUXlCirAUTIES. 


397 


111'  nt  of  any  de.^cription  should  ho  mnAo  in  nuy  fit y, 
tlif  cost  of  wliich  should  he  niadt!  chaij^*-;!!*!*-  iijMtii 
piiviito  |>r<>j)orty  hy  s[)r«-ial  assessment,"'*  unh^s  after 
an  t  stimate  of  such  ex[Hiis('  had  been  made,  and  an 
as>i  ssment  levied  in  j)roi)()rti()n  to  the  heiu  tits  to  be 
etf'  1 1'  d  on  the  property  had  been  levied,  collected, 
and  jiaid  into  tlic  city  treasur}'. 

Thne  was  much  ])roi)hesying  of  evil  in  tlio  f v«nt 
of  the  city  of  San  Francisco  liaving  to  adopt  a  c];ai-t»r 
uii«!t:r  the  new  constitution.  While  it  couhl  n<-t  be 
(leiii'd  tliat  there  was  evident  a  wise  intent  to  make 
fr;iuil  and  extra vai^ance  impossible,  and  to  restrict  the 
pdw.r  (»f  the  legislature  to  interfere  in  municipal  af- 
t'lirs,  there  was  believed  to  bo  t(JO  complete  a  tians- 
f(  r  cf  the  responsibility  of  the  government  of  the  city 
tViini  the  legislature  to  the  popular  vote  of  the  citi- 
zi  !is.  "  ^^unicipalities,"  says  an  eminent  authority, 
"are  merely  an  agency  of  government;"  and  J'gain, 
"Tluro  ought  to  be  careful  and  efl'ectual  restri(tion8 
by  the  state  upon  its  numicipalities,"**  The  new  con- 
stitution removed  all  restrictions  and  left  the  city,  ix- 
r.  pt  as  to  the  payment  of  a  state  tax,  and  some 
(ilili'^'ations  in  the  matter  of  general  and  salary  laws, 
tndnasbest  plcascd  it  in  all  affairs.  And  what  it 
|i!(;iso(l  to  do  would  depend  upon  the  kind  of  charter 
wliicli  fifteen  freeholders  of  certain  ])olitical  tcnden- 
rits,  atthe  date  of  some  election  at  which  thev  sliould 
l)i>  rhosen, might  be  able  hastily  to  create;  and  upon 
the  popular  vote  upon  it,  which  would  be  a  partisan 

a'diit  .?.".000,000  had  1icea  spent.  It  has  stonH,  chiring  cijrlit  ypars,  only 
lui.iliy  li.iliitalil'^.  a  ruin  in  a[)pearance,  ratlitr  tiKiii  a  l.anil-iiniif  <ii:tice. 
Thvre  uill  jimUalily  lie  provided,  in  tlic  fliarter  alumt  to  l>e  crt-atud,  aome 
[Lin  MliLMfliy  this  costly  structure  may  lie  linisjied. 

-'Private  property  liad  Keen  Iiurdensouiely  taxed  for  state  improvenwiits, 
Mt\  uliore  tile  grades  were  lieavy.  on  llie  iiills,  had  heen  s-old  fur  as.-es.-riients 
111  foniK-r  times,  hut  no  such  ahuses  existed  when  tlie  new  coiistitntir.n  was 
r>rin('d.  On  the  contrary,  the  charter  under  whieli  San  Fr;iM<'i~(ans  were 
tl.iii  liviiii;,  niaile  it  necessary  that  property  owners  should  jietitmn  to  have 
strut  iiiiprovements  made,  before  it  was  undertaken,  and  wlien  the  contract 
tt,i-  Ii  t  they  had  the  privilege  of  taking  it  tlieniselves  at  the  lowest  hid. 
Ill'  ir.i]i(  rty  heing  assessed  and  the  assessmeut  paid,  the  payer  of  the  tax 
lust  all  control  over  liis  money. 

"Thomaa  M.  Cooley,  of  Michigan. 


THE  NEW  CONSXlTUilOX. 


:uf 


^'1 


demonstration,  followed  by  the  approval  of  a  partisan 
Ici^isluturo. 

The  San  Franciscans  had  (.'onie  to  love  their  iiiuiii- 
c'ipal  ■government,  faulty  though  it  might  he,  under 
which  the  city  had  prospered  for  twenty-live  yens. 
Tliere  were  expressions  in  tlie  articles  on  counties  and 
cities  in  tlie  new  constitution,  which  looked  as  if  the 
city  of  San  Francisco  might  become  an  independent 
state,"  like  A^enice,  (lenoa,  Pisa,  Florence,  and  otlier 
free  cities  of  the  middle  ages,  whose  histories  arc  in 
the  past.  The  city  was  to  have  "two  houses  of  le^-- 
islation;"  it  was  to  have  a  mayor,  or  "other  (diief 
executive  ofHccr."  Was  there  to  be  anotlier  line  of 
doges,  or  was  King  Kearney  to  rule  ?  There  was  no 
power  in  the  legislature,  the  judiciary,  nor  any  of  tlie 
de})artnients  of  state,  i<>  hitcrfere  with  whatever  (liar- 
ter  San  Francisco  miglit  adopt  under  general  laws. 
On  the  contrary,  the  electors  of  the  city  and  county 
decided  that  matter;  and  the  secretary  of  state,  tlie 
courts,  and  the  heads  of  every  de})artmcnt  weie  re- 
(juired  to  keep  a  copy  of  this  charter  on  file  in  their 
olhces,  and  to  govern  themselves  accordingly,  \V;is 
not  tliis  inijKirialism  ?  Every  advocate  of  the  nieasuiv 
con)plained  of  the  abuses  practised  by  boards  of  su- 
pervisors in  the  past;  yet  proj)osed  to  place  the  city 
entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  very  class  of  which  they 
complained,  and  cut  it  ofl*  from  state  aid  in  correct- 
ing abuses.  AVas  not  this  secession  ?  Would  not  the 
legislative  power  of  San  Francisco  over-toj)  eveiy 
other,  and  the  city-hall  issue  its  edicts  to  ;)0(),'>(iO 
people,  and  more  or  less  to  the  state?  An  important 
question,  too,  was  whether  the  framers  of  the  consti- 
tution deliberately  proposed  thus  to  capture  tlie  city, 
with  ulterior  dcsiijns,  lookinfj  to  the  future,  or  Avas 
this  simply  the  reaction  from  abuses  of  power  by  the 
state  legislature  in  the  past?  This  the  wisest  could  not 
answer,  although  both  theories  had  their  advocates. 


*'  Sac.  Record  Union,  Jan.  23,  1879. 


OBJECTIONS. 


:i09 


As  to  the  constitution  in  general,  the  objections 
(itfered  to  it  were,  that  it  hurried  the  state  business 
tiMi  iiiueh  by  hniitin«jf  tlie  lejjjishitive  sessions;  liuiu- 
iMivd  Ie;j,is]{jtion  with  too  many  restrictions;  intio- 
dincil  a  new  and  untried  |>lan  of  judiciary;  created  a 
tiii'le-l leaded  and  dangt'rous  su[)i'enic  court,  a  court  of 
(Mavs  and  expenses  whicli  would  defeat  the  jxior 
a|)|ii  lliuit  anil  jj;ive  the  case  to  tlie  ricli  resiioniU-nt,^^ 
and  t'f  extraordinary  i>ower  wliich  niij^lit  open  up  its 
derisions  on  its  own  motion;  proliibited  the  sale  of 
tide  lands  to  a  more  than  (piestionable  extent ;  ^■'  pro- 
vided for  removing  the  Chinese  contrary  ti)  tlie  re- 
strictions of  state  power  by  the  federal  constitution; 
pi'evitled  for  taxing  credits,  clioses  in  action,  and 
stocks,  in  addition  to  tangible  property,  thus  favoring 
iieii-resident  holders;  took  from  the  legislature  the 
power  to  regulate  fares  and  freiglits  and  gave  it  to 
time  connnissioners  who  would  become  au  easy  prey 
to  railroad  corporations,  whose  passes  and  liospitality 
tliey  were  [)ermitted  to  accept;  made  void  every  oflice 
ill  the  state,  without  justice  or  discrimination,  refjuir- 
ing  elections  for  which  the  people  had  no  time  to 
iiiaki'  a  proper  choice  of  candidates;  it  legislated  and 
experiinented  too  nuich;  was  too  long  and  loose;  was 
iKit  dignified;  showed  the  W(\apons  of  the  contending 
forces,  lam])oon  and  broadsides  by  the  majority, 
st(  alth,  craft,  and  ambuscade  by  the  minority ;  and, 
ill  sliort,  that  nmcli  of  the  good  to  Ix;  obtained  by  it 
could  be  accomplished  by  legislation,  but  none  of  the 
evils  proceeding  from  it  could  be  tlius  remedied.  It 
was  only,  said  its  enemies,  a  democratic  i)latform 
elaborated. 

Cliild  of  the  workingmen's  party  tliougli  it  was, 
such  was  tlie  agitation  and  doubt  upon  the  subject  of 
the  new  constitution,  that  w]ien  it  came  to  the  vote, 


%!■  t<' 


^•'Rich  respondents,  if  anything  is  to  l)e  learned  liy  reading  the  Cal.  law 
rep<irts.  generally  do  get  the  ease.  Pirkctt,  AiiU-Piiim/'rir'fi  I'miiylilit. 

"  Tills  was  done  with  a  view  to  retain,  a.i  lur  ad  possible,  control  of  the 
water-front  of  cities. 


P 


n 


m 


,i!):l 


n'  '^ 


»    : 


\\>- 

fl  ^ 


I 


'    I 


)» 


I! 


400 


TITF,  NEW  CONSTITL'TION. 


Sail  Francisco,  tlic  liome  of  the  cliicf  instigators  of 
tlic  clianye,*'  rejected  it  hy  a  majority  »»f  l.j'.cj  out  of 
3S,0.'{4.  The  S5tat(>,  however,  throug!i  the  su|.|i(irt  of 
tlio  a;_;ricultural  class,  whicli  hoped  for  an  eas-ing  (tf 
taxation,  j;avc  a  majority  for  it  of  10,820,  out  of 
11j,<).S8  votes,  and  it  went  into  ellect  at  twelve  oMock, 
meridian,  on  the  4th  day  of  July,  1879.  Tliat  is  to 
say,  on  the  7th  of  May  one  provision  of  the  (onsli- 
tution — that  which  decreed  that  all  existing  cliarttrs, 
grants,  franchis(is,  special  or  exclusive  priviltges, 
under  whicl.  a  bona  fide  organization  liad  not  heen 
conimenced,  should  thereafter  liave  no  validity — went 
into  ellect.  On  the  4th  of  July  it  became  tll'cctual 
as  to  officers  and  their  terms.  On  the  first  day  of 
January  ISSO,  it  became  in  a  general  sense  the  or- 
ganic law  of  the  state,  all  laws  inconsistent  with  it 
being  repealed  at  noon  that  day.  On  the  first  ]\ ion- 
day  after  the  1st  of  January,  which  fell  upon  tlie  6th, 
all  tlie  officers  elected  at  the  general  election  in  S(  p- 
tembcr,  1879,  took  their  places,  except  the  governor, 

^•Only  one  pulilic  journal  in  S.  F.,  the  Chronicle,  supported  the  new  rnn- 
stitutioii  or  llie  Workiiignicn'a  party.  Out  of  tlie  ■«  hole  pre.«.s  of  the  s<ate 
the  opposition  liad  a  majority  often,  but  the  CAj'^mV/c  perfomietl  ycciiiuirs 
service  for  the  party  it  advocated,  and  to  its  iuflutnce  may  be  attrilmtiil  tlie 
success  of  tiic  nioveiiient.  It  ahandoned  the  Kcarneyites  vhcn  tlii.s  matter 
was  acconiplislicd,  and  throu<:;h  political  quarrels  which  grew  to  he  ursf.nal 
feuds,  the  senior  proprietor,  Charles  De  Young  lost  his  life.  He  was  killed 
by  I.  M.  Kallocli,  the  sou  of  I.  S.  Kalloch,  pastor  of  a  bapti.st  c!iiii\h,  a 
supportiT  of  the  sanddot  fraternity,  and  eueiiiy  of  the  Chiui'sc,  wlm  was 
elected  mayor  of  S.  K.  by  the  workmfjmen.  In  the  heat  and  turliuKiiio  of 
political  strife,  I.  .S.  hLallocli's  former  life  was  freely  related  in  the  C'lircn- 
icli;  Kallocli,  the  elder,  replied  by  attacking  De  Young's  family  in  a  ppiech 
in  front  ol  the  .Metropolitan  Temple,  where  he  preached.  Next  niorniiiu  I'e 
Yonag  callcil  liiiii  out  to  a  carriage  in  which  he  was  sitting,  and  .-hot  liiin, 
intlicting  a  wound  severe  but  not  dangerous.  A  few  months  aittTwanl,  l)e 
Young  was  fatalh'  .-ibot  in  his  business  ollice  by  Kallocli's  son,  al.-o  a  minis- 
ter,  who  was  tric(i  t'lr  murder  and  acquitted.  The  (  pisoile,  liowevcr,  put  an 
end  to  the  piiidie  c  irt  .r  of  father  and  son.  The  Chronicle,  by  its  per.-.sttiit 
war  upon  opprcMiv,  corporations,  incurred  the  enmity  of  the  capitalist 
Spreckels,  w!k>-,<3  «  >n,  goaded  by  the  Chronicle's  imputations  against  hia 
lather,  attacked  .M.  H.  De  Young  with  a  pistol.  He  also  escaped  niiiish- 
nient.  In  fact,  it  may  be  said  that  few  persons  of  wealth  or  position  wtre 
ever  punished  for  crime  in  the  courts  of  Cal.  No  change  of  constitution 
will  make  the  people  law-abiding  where  the  courts  cannot  be  (lepciuKil 
upon  to  administer  justice  according  to  the  iutention  of  the  statutes  of 
the  state. 


THE  PRICE  OF  rATIUOTlSM. 


401 


who  could  not  bo  inauguratt'd  until  a  spoukor  of  the 
assLinl'ly  was  clocted.  Botwion  tlio  1st  and  Jtli 
tin  IV  was  a  period  wlien  thrro  W(!re  no  courts  in  Cali- 
t()nii.i,t'X(t'[)t  the  inferior  loeal  courts.  On  the  4tli 
of  July,  1880,  all  laws  inconsistent  with  the  provis- 
ions of  the  new  constitution,  and  nt)t  altered  or 
iv[H';iL'(l,  heoanie  a  dead  letter." 

And  with  all  this  revolution  in  the  midst  of  an  or- 
<jraiii/,(;d  coniniunity  of  free  people,  the  sky  refused  to 
tall — refused  because  the  people  wire  free — free,  if 
tliis  rxperinient  failed,  to  profit  by  the  failure.  The 
rwil  American,  aware  of  the  fact  that  the  half  Anieri- 
(iiuizcd  fonagner, trying  his  skill  at  making  laws  for  a 
p.'()|(lc  accustomed  to  the  utmost  liberty  consistent 
witli  good  goveniment,  infallibly  exhibits  a  desire  to 
l)ciir  rather  more  heavily  upon  this  people  than  upon 
hims  'If,  good-humoredly  assents  to  the  check  as  an 
iiK'idcnh  <)nly  of  his  political  history,  from  which  pos- 
sibly ho  may  derive  some  useful  lesson.  It  is  well 
known  to  him  that  the  uneducated  and  just  natural- 
ized iinuiigrants  from  Europe  see  in  the  millionaires 
of  the  republic  only  another  aristocracy  which  they 
are  prompted  to  pull  down;  and  that  these  throno- 
lovcllurs  are  more  sensitive  to  the  alchemy  by  which 
ballots  are  changed  to  quarter  or  half  eagles  than  any 
other  class  ;  therefore,  that  their  hostility  to  any  meas- 
ure may  be  softened  by  placing  in  their  palms  at 
election  these  shining  testimonials  to  their  power. 
Between  monopolists  and  socialists,  with  free  institu- 
tions, wit,  and  money,  he  hopes  to  hold  the  balance 
even,  and  if  ever  he  yields  to  a  doubt  on  the  subject, 
it  vanishes  before  a  conviction,  born  with  him,  that 
in  the  nation's  vocabulary  there  is  no  such  word  as 
failure.  Change,  amendment,  even  disaster,  there 
may  be,  but  total  miscarriage,  not  at  all. 

♦*  There  was  another  period  set  to  the  old  laws — that  oi»  the  Ist  of  Jan., 
ISSiJ,  tlie  practice  of  letting  out  convict  lahor  at  the  state  prison  must  cease. 
The  workmgmen  would  have  no  competition  of  that  kind,  but  the  prisoners 
might  labor  for  the  state  only. 

Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  Vn.   28 


t-  i 


l^v 


■,  i 


402 


THE  NEAV  COXSTITUTIOX. 


In  this  spirit  tlie  new  constitution  was  aclci'tifl." 
Whr-n  tlie  clianii^o  came,  the  state  liad  been  tor  two 
years  in  a  tumult  between  the  labor  a'^itation.  four 
general  elections,  and  other  exciting  issues,  the  |»e(i[ik' 

••'  The  cfinstitutional  delegates  were  J.  I'.  Hogc,  S.F.  pres't;  B.  A.  Miunkff, 
Najia,  liorn  in  1S21,  in  Mass,  eilncated  at  Harvanl,  physician,  caiii'  t..Cal. 
in  ls4t);  S.  J.  Farrell,  S.  F.,  born  in  Boston  in  1853,  puhlic  school  tiluratii.n, 
came  t<»  (.'al.  in  JMil,  lawyer;  A.  H.  Chapman,  Chico,  b  at  Niagara  Falls  ia 
1H27,  cametoCal.  in  I8GI,  hiniber  dealer;  W.  W.  Mureland,  Hi  aM.-lmrj.  b 


infant,  to  C'al.  in  IS.VJ,  fanner;  H.  Davis,  Truokee,  h  ia  Xelson  cn..  Ky,  la 
ISO!*,  came  to  C'al.  in  1840,  businessman;  Eilward  Barry.  Downievillc.  I)  in 
Australia  in  1S47,  came  to  C'al.  in  boyliood,  lawyer;  W.J.  Sweasy.  Kurcki, 
h  in  I>.ndr>n  in  1S<).\  came  to  U.  S.  in  1840,  to  Cal.  in  ]8.'J1,  fanner:  T.  B. 
McFarland,  Sac,  b  in  I'a.  in  1828,  educated  at  Marshall  colKge,  came  to 
C'al.  in  IS.'iO,  lavyer;  Lucius  De  Witt  Morse,  8an  Mateo,  b  m  E.  ri.iihmy, 
Vt,  in  1822,  educated  at  the  N.  Y.  university,  pliysician;  S.  (J.  H.ll«irn, 
Vallejo,  b  in  Mass  in  IS.'Jo,  educated  at  Tufts  college,  Somewell,  came  X'>  Cal. 
in  18«>!.  lawyer;  J.  A.  Harvey,  Vallejo,  b  in  Herkimer  co.,  X.  Y.  in  !>>:;>, 
e<lucatcd  at  Fairfield  academy,  came  to  Cal.  in  18.j9,  lawyer;  J.  .\.  K!l.!i.-r, 
Auburn,  b  in  Burlingtfiu,  la,  in  1845,  came  to  Cal.  in  1858,  eilucated  at  CaL 
K<'rnial  .school,  teacher  and  editor;  CJeorge  Steele,  San  Luis  OIpi«pi>.  h  in 
I>elaware  CO.,  N.  Y.,  in  1825,  came  to  Cal.  from  Ohio  in  18.")(>,  land  owiur. 


cheese  maker,  and  c<^iunty  judge;  CI.  W.  Hunter,  El  Dorado,  b  in  111.  in  lvj<). 
cametoCal.  in  IS'iO,  farmer;  \V.  J.  Tiniiin,  Trinity;  A.  A.  Xml,  I^ikc;>.T;, 


inmn.  Trinity;  A.  A.  Xm  1,  I^ik..;-. 
b  in  East  Tenn.  in  I8:i2,  came  to  Cal.  in  1854,  lawyer;  W.  A.  (in-u's. 
Baker-titld,  b  in  Burlington,  la,  in  1844,  eilucated  at  Iowa  Wc<leyan  aul 
Michigan  university,  came  to  Cal.  in  1807,  lawyer;  D.  C.  Stevens  in.  >ii.i-t.i. 
b  in  Ohio  in  1821,  came  ti>  < 'al.  in  1852,  farmer,  lumber  nianufa-tun-r.  iV.r- 
niture  dealer;  A.  C.  Freeman,  Sac,  b  in  111.  in  184.*},  came  to  Cal.  in  bi'l. 
lawyer;  John  Thomas  Weeks,  (Jrass  Valley,  b  in  Bidtimore  in  lS:!ii.  oaintt'i 
Cal.  in  18.52,  teacher;  Presley  Dunlap,  Sac,  b  in  Pa  in  1817,  came  to  Cal.  ia 
IMO,  lawyer;  Marion  Brig^is,  Butte,  b  in  Mo.  in  1S2.S,  came  to  Cal.  in  bX 
and  again  in  l8iV4,  agriculturalist,  and  pres't  of  State  Agric  S.m-. ;  HuSi 
Walker,  Marin,  b  in  Xova  Scotia  in  184.'<,  came  to  Cal.  in  1S('4,  ci'ip-r  aii'l 
merchant;  J.  F.  McNuft,  Yulia,  b  in  Tcnu.,  in  1815,  came  to  Cal.  fr^ni  .M". 
in  In.'jO,  carjienter:  <i.  V.  Smith,  Bakerslield,  b  in  Ky  in  1855,  lawyer:  liu-ii 
MeComas.  Sta  Clara,  b  in  Va  in  ISIJO,  cametoCal.  from  Mo.  in  1801,  taniitr: 
Clitus  Barbour,  S.  F,,  b  in  ill,  in  1838,  left  Knox  college  to  come  toCiI.  ia 
IS54,  lawyer  and  t<lit<ir;  C,  F,  Reed,  Yolo,  b  in  Mass  in  1820.  eilucatid  a: 
West  Po:nt  for  civil  engineer,  came  to  C'al,  in  184'J  through  Me-xicn,  prort 
Agric.  Soc  for  9  years,  farmer,  miner,  and  grain  dealer;  H,  C.  Pn ■!;'•■,  .""■an 
Bernardino,  came  to  C'al.  in  1851,  when  10  years  of  age,  lawyer  airl  iii*t 
judge;  Charles  J.  Beerstecher,  S.  F.,  a  native  of  Ccrmany  in  l85i,  i,:iine  to 
U.  S.  in  18.52,  educated  at  Lewisburg,  Pa,  came  to  Cal.  in  1877,  lawyer  and 
socialist;  Engene  Faucett,  Sta  Barbara,  b  in  Ohio  in  1845,  came  to  Cal.  in 
1871,  lawjXT  and  dist  judge;  John  <  I.  McCallum,  Oakland,  b  in  Lid.  in  b-'iO, 
educated  in  the  Ind.  universitj-,  came  to  Cal  in  18.54,  lawyer:  C.  C.  Ol'.'n- 
nell,  .S.  F.,  bin  Baltin.ore  in  18,34,  came  to  Cal.  in  1850,  physician:  .\.  I'. 
Vacqural,  S,  F.,  b  in  Paris  in  1841,  came  to  U,  S,  in  18,58,  and  t.i  >i.  ia 
IfU'tli,  civil  engineer,  soldier,  sailor,  and  omnumist;  W.  H.  Pruvity.  .\nia4i>r, 
b  in  Ohio  in  18,^7:  came  to  Cal.  in  18,52  from  la,  farmer;  James  ('apl>-.  >»i-, 
b  in  Oliio  in  182.1  cametoCal.  in  1849  from  Mo.,  farmer;  .lohn  A.  Ku'in, 
Auuulor,  b  in  Va  iu  1827,  came  to  Cal,  in  1851  from  Ohio,  lawyer;  TltrvaU 


•PERSO^^NEL  OF  THE  CONVENTION. 


403 


hoinn-  surfeited  with  politics,  If  not  nauseated  with 
tlic  (|uality  of  the  feast  so  h)ng  forced  upon  unwilling 
.stoi!i;icl)S.  So  far  as  its  practical  workings  are  con- 
tenied,  it  has  achieved  nothing  which  a  few  aniend- 

Kl.aiiliiiH  Tulson,  S.  F.,  a  native  of  Norway  in  1849,  came  to  U.  S.  in  1852, 
to  Ciil.  ill  l^TH,  \v(io(l-turnor,  and  carver  of  Tiiecrsehaum  pipes;  (J.  A.  Jolin- 
fdii,  Sta  Rosa,  li  in  M»l  in  1829,  educated  at  Yale  college,  prof,  of  ancient 
laiiyiiiiUL-'  'It  the  Western  Military  Institut«3  of  Ky  in  18r);i-4,  came  to  C'al. 
Ill  IST.'il  lawyer  and  mayor  of  Sta  Rosa;  W.  P.  (Irace,  S.  F.,  1)  in  East  Tenn. 
ill  1S;!7,  caiiie  to  S.  F.  in  ISfiS,  architectural  draughtsman;  P.  B.  Tiilly,  iJil- 
rdv;  11.  M-  Lampson,  Tuoliinme,  b  in  Vt  in  l.V)2,  physician;  Henry  W, 
,'<iiiitli.  ><.  F.,  l>  in  Me  in  18.'?S,  came  to  Cal.  in  1S03,  plumhcr;  P.  T.  l)ow- 
liiii!  >>.  F.;  Henry  Larkin,  tl  Dorailo;  .John  I).  Condon.  S.  F.,  h  in  Ireland 
in  i^M'i,  came  to  U.  8.  in  1S,")8,  to  C'al.  in  1808,  caliinct-makcr  and  car- 
Imililir;  V.  W.  Cross,  Nevada  city,  li  in  Syrai-u<e,  N.  Y.  iu  1848,  educated 
at  Niii'thwestcrn  university,  came  to  C'al.  in  1870,  lawyer.  Joseph  C".  (Jor- 
iiiin,  S.  F.,  tj  in  Ireland  in  1S44,  came  to  U.  S.  iu  ls48,  to  C'al.  in  1808  a.s  a 
civil  iiiL'iueer  on  the  N.  P.  1\.  U,,  and  took  np  the  Imsiness  of  tinner;  A.  11. 
Aii'ln;"s,  Sliasta,  h  in  Ky  in  1S29,  came  to  C'al.  in  1849  from  the  liattlcfclds 
<if  .M'X.,  farmer;  IVtJr  Bell,  tS.  F.,  h  in  (ilasgow  iu  1845,  came  to  U.  S.  in 
lS(t'.  siTved  in  union  army,  camo  to  C'al.  in  1807,  liouse-puintor;  B.  F. 
Kunriy,  S.  F.,  1)  in  S.  F.  iu  1854  of  Irish  parentage,  educated  at  the  Jesuit 
cMlii<:c  iif  St  Ignatius,  telf!j;raph  operator;  Justice  Schamp,  .San  Joaijuin,  b 
in  Oiiio  iu  IS.")"),  farmer;  E.  1'.  Soule,  Susanville,  bin  Ohio  in  1828,  educated 
at  .Marietta,  came  to  Cal.  in  185H,  mill-wright  and  ■wagcn-makcr;  W.  P. 
Hiigliiy.  S.  F.,  b  in  Ky  in  hS."?!,  confederate  captain  in  I.ongstreet's  eorjis, 
laiiie  tl  ('il.  in  187."),  house-painter;  Josiah  ]>ouclier,  t'iiico  b  in  Pa  in  1819, 
cunt.'  to  C.il.  iu  18.")1,  btock-rai.ser  and  capitali^t;  Charles  Sweuson,  .S.  F.,  1) 
in  |iiiiiii;uk  in  1.S47;  came  to  Cab  in  1800,  .^^ail'T,  won<l-chopper,  restaurant 
kit'i"  r:  T.  H.  E^tey,  Marine,  b  in  Mass  in  1820,  came  to  C'al.  in  1849, 
(lairviiiaii:  B.  B.  CUascock,  Colusa,  b  in  Mo.  in  1843,  came  to  C'al.  in  I8.")5, 
fanmr;  1'.  M.  Wcllin,  S.  F.,  b  in  Ireland  in  iSItfJ,  came  to  U.  8.  in  1852, 
stnili'il  iirawing  at  Cooper  Institute  and  Union,  e;ime  to  Cal.  at  the  close  of 
t!ic  war  iu  wliich  he  iserved,  carpenter;  H.  C.  Boggs,  Lakejiort,  b  iu  .Mo.  in 
IS-JO,  (aiiie  to  C'al.  in  18.")0,  farmer;  James  O'.SuUivau,  S.  F.,  b  iu  Cork,  Ire- 
land iu  IN-.I,  came  to  U.  8.  iu  1841,  joined  Stcven.sou's  reg't  in  1840  for  C'al., 
printer  and  editor;  A.  P.  Ovcrtfin,  Sta  Uosa,  b  at  linlependeiiif,  Ms  in  18,'iO, 
came  to  (.'al.  in  I8.")t)from  Tex.  and  Mex.,  lawyer,  county  judge,  and  banker; 
L.  F.  .loiies,  Maripo.sa,  b  in  N.  Y.  iu  1821,  lawyer;  J.  K.  Frcuil.  b  in  N.  Y. 
of  lliiMi.Mriau  parent;ige.  came  to  C'al.  in  ISlU,  educated  in  the  public  schools 
anil  t  'il.  university,  merchaiit;  John  Maustield,  Los  Angeles,  b  in  N  Y.  iu  1822; 
J.  M.  Ihiillcy,  8olano,  b  in  N.  Y'.  in  IS.'U),  came  to  Cal.  iu  1852  from  Ind., 
ti'aclii'r  and  farmer;  Thomas  Harrison.  '■.  F.,  bin  I'^ng.  iu  18.'{7of  Irish  parents, 
camo  toCal.  in  18.58,  potter,  graiubroker  sailor,  r'gger;(l.  W.  Sehell,  Modesto, 
Ij.  in  X.  Y.  in  18S7,  came  to  Cal.  iu  180i .  dept.  (.:■!.  int.  revenue  1 8l>4- it,  county 
juc!i;o  1S74-0,  lawyer;  J.  C.  SteRvciaii,  8.  F.,  b.  in  8.  F.  iu  1851.  ciliuated 
at  Sta  Clara  college,  conveyancer  aiid  searcher  of  records;  T.  1).  lb'i>kcll, 
^^taiii>laus,  1).  in  Va  in  1S2.'<,  came  to  Cal.  iu  18t9  from  Ttiiu.,  farmer  ami 
t^tixk-rai-cr;  Henry  Neunaber,  8.  F.,  b.  in  Oldeuliurg,  Cermaiiy  in  18;i8, 
I  uiif  to  U.  S.  m  18(50,  to  (.^il.  in  18t)l,  grocer;  J.  JS.  Keynohls,  8.  F.,  li.  in 
N.  Y.  in  1s;H,  came  to  C'al.  iu  18.")4  from  Wis.,  established  th,  /(////o  .>'/..7c.v. 
)"'!»  in  1804,  settled  iu  C'al.  in  1S72,  lawyer,  helped  P.arbour  defeii.l  the 
rioters  of  the  workingmeu'.'s  party:  Kufus  ,*<hoemaker.  Crass  Valhy.  b.  in 
•  'I'jiiali,  Miss.,  in  bSIW),  came  to  Cal.  about  18.55,  editor  and  county  rlirk:  F. 
I.niilow,  S.  ^  b.  in  Prussia,  came  to  U.  8.  from  Eug.  in  1801,  to  Cal.  in 
bi'4.  taih  •  •  .jnrad  Herold,  S.  F.,  b.  in  (ionuany  in  VS^l,  came  to  U.  S.  in 
1S57.  to  Cal.  in  1859;  grocer;  Hugh  M.  La  .Huu,  iia,c,,  b.  in  Ky  iu  ISM,  came 


m 


•'      5 

f      ' 

% 

f 

'  •  '" 

>' 

I 

9 

!.  : 

^ 

;4r  .  i; 


404 


THE  NEW  CONSTITUTION. 


mcnts  would  not  liavo  done.  Those  objects  wljidi  it 
particularly  aimed  at  it  failed  to  acliieve.  Tln'  •  rt'trt 
ui>on  corporations  disappointed  its  authors  and  su].- 
porters.  IMany  of  them  were  strong  enough  still  to 
defy  state  power  and  ev^do  state  laws  in  prutt ot- 
to Cal.  in  1849,  sheriff  and  fanner;  M.  M.  Estee,  S.  F.,  b.  in  Pa  in  IS.')", 
came  to  Cal.  ia  18o3,  lawyer;  J.  J.  Ayres,  Loa  Angeles,  b.  in  So.iilauil  ia 
18,10,  came  to  Cal.  from  St  Louis  in  1849,  started  with  others  tlio  J/r,,;,,/ 
Call  in  1856,  which  was  sold  in  1806,  when  Ayrea  went  to  Los  An^'cles  to 
take  charge  of  the  Evening  Express,  printer;  Edmund  Nasou,  San  liLiutci,  b, 
in  Stafford  co.,  N.  H.,  dairyman;  I.  S.  Belcher,  Marysville,  pres't  pro  tein. 
of  the  convention,  b.  in  Vt  in  1825,  educated  at  the  Vt  universitj-,  came  to 
Cal.  in  1853,  dist  atty,  judge  of  dist,  and  sup.  judge;  H.  C.  Wilson  Tehama, 
b.  in  Ky  in  1827,  came  to  Cal.  in  1S49  from  Texas,  farmer;  John  M.  Ktliy] 
Woodland,  b.  in  Mo.  in  1825,  came  to  Cal.  in  1849  from  Mex.,  farmer;  \V, 
H.  L.  Barnes,  S.  F.,  b.  in  Mass.  in  1S;V2,  came  to  Cal.  in  lSo2,  lawyer;  Fat. 
rick  Reddy,  Inyo  and  Mono,  b.  in  N.  Y.  in  1839,  came  to  Cal.  iu  Isil. 
notary  public,  lawyer,  and  politician;  D.  II.  Cowden,  Marysville,  L.  in  I'a 
in  1839,  came  to  Cal.  in  18G0,  lawyer  and  probate  judge;  Byron  Wattr , 
San  Bernardino,  b.  in  Oa.  in  1S49,  came  to  CaL  in  18(59,  lawyer;  Jolm  i' 
West,  Los  Angeles,  b.  in  Ireland  in  1825,  came  to  U.  S.  in  1)S2S,  strv  d  i 
i4th  la  inf.  vols,  came  to  Cal.  in  1S75,  farmer;  Alexander  Campljcll,  Oakl  r 
b.  in  Jamaica,  W.  I.,  in  1820,  came  to  CaL  in  1849,  lawyer;  J.  E.  .Mur; :. 
Crescent  City,  b.  in  Me  in  1846,  came  to  Cal.  from  Minn,  in  ISGO,  law.a; 
J.  McM.  Shafter,  S.  F.,  b.  in  Vt  in  1816,  came  to  Cal.  from  Wis.,  lawvir; 
Daniel  Tuttle.  Sta  Cruz,  b.  in  Ohio  in  1823,  catne  to  CaL  in  1852,  farmer;  C. 
R.  Kloine,  3.  F.,  b.  in  Prussia  in  18:30,  came  to  U.  S.  in  1850,  to  Cal.  iu  1^4 
from  St  Louis,  shoemaker;  C  V.  Stuart,  Sonoma;  Raymond  Lavigiie,  S.  F., 
b.  in  France  in  1848,  came  to  CaL  1868,  lithographer;  Edward  O.  Smith,  ."au 
Jose,  b.  in  Montgomery  co. ,  Md,  in  1817,  came  to  CaL  iu  1S53  from  111., 
farmer  and  trader;  H.  K.  Turner,  Sierra,  b.  in  Me  in  1828,  edticatcl  at 
Bowdoin  college,  came  to  CaL  in  1853,  farmer;  J.  E.  Hale,  Auburn,  b.  in 
Pa  in  1824,  came  to  CaL  in  1849,  lawyer,  county  judge,  and  sup.  ct  rcimrtcr; 
C.  G.  Finney,  San  Buenaventura,  b.  in  N.  Y.  in  1830,  son  of  the  fouiukr  v{ 
Oherlin  college,  where  lie  was  educated,  came  to  Cal.  in  1874  from  Wi.^., 
lawyer,  editor,  and  horticulturalist;  R.  S.  Swing,  San  Bernardino,  h.  iu  Ohio 
in  1845,  educated  at  Mich,  university,  came  to  Cal.  iu  1872,  lawyer;  William 
Van  Voorliies,  OaklancL  b.  in  Teun.  in  1820,  educated  at  Jatksou  college, 
came  to  Cal.  in  1849  as  bearer  of  despatches  to  Gen.  Kiley,  and  was  ajiiioiutcl 
postal  agent  for  the  coast,  law  partner  of  Edmund  Randolph,  seo.  of  state 
under  three  governors,  surveyor  of  the  port  of  S.  F.,  etc.;  Eli  T.  lilackiiier, 
San  Diego,  b.  in  Wo-xjester,  Mass.,  in  1831,  came  to  Cal.  iu  187.3,  sihr.l 
supt;  Dennis  Willey  Herrington,  8ta  Clara,  b.  of  German  and  Irish  parcnta  ia 
Ind.  iu  1826,  educated  at  Anbury  univrsity,  came  to  Cal.  in  18.'>l).  lawyer; 
C.  Brown,  Tulare,  b.  in  Ky  in  1821,  edncated  at  Louisville  college,  came  to 
Cal.  in  1850,  sheriff,  lawyer,  and  politician;  Edward  Evey,  Los  Anpeks,  b. 
in  Md.  1813,  came  to  Cal.  in  1854,  owner  of  the  White  Sulphur  s,irings  of 
St  Helena;  Daniel  Inman,  Livermore,  b.  in  E.  Teun.  ip  1827,  came  to  Cal. 
in  1849  from  IlL,  hotel-keeper  and  farmer;  S.  A.  Holmes,  Fresno,  1).  iu  W  il- 
raington,  N.  C,  in  18.30,  came  to  Cal.  froi..  Miss,  in  1868,  farnicT:  N.  ti. 
VVyatt,  Salinas,  b.  in  Mo.,  educated  at  St  Joseph  college  Bardstown  Ky, 
came  to  Cai.  in  1859  from  la  via  Denver,  Idaho  mines.  Salt  Lake  and  Sio 
Bernardino  traiL  farmer;  Joseph  R.  Weller,  Sta  Clara,  b.  in  N.  J.  m  l**!!*. 
educated  in  the  N.  Y.  state  normal  school,  came  to  Cal.  in  1850,  faruiir  aiiJ 
stock-raiser;  Thomas  McConnell,  Sac,  b.  in  Vt  in  1827,  came  to  Cal.  ia 
1850,  editor,  banker,  alteep-raiaer,  laad-owuer;  J,  M.  Charles,  Petaluuiu,  !>• 


'■-4- ■..!-■ 

mm 


CAPITAL  AND  LABOR. 


406 


inu  tlieir  interests,  a^d  this  they  did  without  scruple. 
Tlu'  Illation  of  capital  and  labor  is  even  more  strained 
than  before  the  constitution  was  adopted.  Capital 
iovn  recovered   from  a  temporary  intimidation,  and 

in  Pa  i:i  ISOO,  educated  at  Marietta,  0.,  came  to  Cal.  from  Mo.  in  lS.j4;  J, 
\V.  Wiiiaiis,  S.  F.,  b.  in  New  York  in  ISLO,  cilucated  at  C'olumliia  college, 
caiue  t'>  I'al.  in  1849,  vith  a  company  owning  tliuir  ves^sel,  proiniaent  poli- 
tician ami  lawyer;  Eugene  Casserly,  S.  F.;  Thomas  H.  I.aine,  Sta  Clara,  b. 
in  Mi>-  :ii  IS.1'2,  came  to  Cal.  in  1S47,  finishing  his  education  at  the  univer- 
sity of  i!io  I'acilic,  lawyer;  J.  R.  W.  Uitchcock,  San  Joa<]uin,  b.  in  Va  in 
jsj.').  t.buated  at  the  bajjtist  college  of  tliat  city,  camo  to  Cal.  in  1S49, 
maciiinist  and  farmer;  F.  O.  Towuscnd,  Mendocino,  b.  in  N.  Y.  in  1845, 
ca:;ie  to  Cal.  in  ISol  from  Canada  West,  farmer;  1).  .S.  Terry,  Stockton,  b. 
in  .Mi-<.  in  ]S'2~,  came  to  Cal.  in  1849  from  Texas,  politician,  lawyer,  judge, 
etc.;  S.  B.  Burt,  Placer,  b.  in  Chemung co.,  N.  Y.,  in  IMS,  educated  at 
Alfrt-d  r.llcge,  came  to  Cal.  in  1850,  teacher,  lumber-dealer,  (piart/.-miner; 
llonrv  Klgcrton,  Sac.,  b.  in  Vt,  came  to  Cal.  in  1S.j3,  orator  and  lawyer; 
J.  i;.  Hall,  Stockton,  b.  in  ^ud  in  1819,  educated  at  St  Johns  and  Jcil'erson 
o.il!i'L;e-i.  came  to  Cal.  in  iSr.O,  lawyer;  J.  H.  Keyes,  Yuba  and  Sutter,  b.  in 
("tin  1S."1,  educated  at  Worcester,  ^lass.,  came  to  Cal.  in  1849,  farmer, 
r'inie  111  ivcr  in  the  'sliokena  '  suit  against  the  Little  York  GoM  Mining  and 
\'i;'.:rr  CO.  for  depositing  mining  debris  on  farming  lands;  John  IJerry,  Yreka, 
b.  in  0.  in  1S'2G,  educated  at  Wyandotte,  came  to  Cal.  in  18-19,  merchant, 
niiiar,  lawyer;  W.  J.  Graves,  San  Luis  Obispo,  b.  and  e<liK'ated  in  \'a,  came 
tiCil.  in  1849  from  the  Mex.  war,  lawyer;  M.  R.  C.  I'ulHam,  Butte,  b.  in 
Salinas  CO.,  Mo.,  came  to  Cal.  in  IS.'O,  lawyer  and  miner;  W.  F.  White, 
\V.it-i'iivillo,  b.  in  Ireland  in  1S'J2,  came  to  U.  S.  in  ]S"J.S,  came  to  Cal.  in 
W.l,  merchant,  farmer;  E.  Martin,  b.  in  Eng.  in  \S'.V^,  came  to  Cal.  in  ls,")l, 
stationer,  post-master,  notary  public;  J.  N.  Barton,  Humbohlt,  I),  in  Ohio  in 
b'iit,  eihieatedat  Cincinnati,  ca,me  to  Cal.  in  18.")0,  merchant,  stock-raiser, 
miner:  l>avid  Lcwns,  San  Joaquin,  b.  in  Vt  in  IS'28,  came  to  Cal.  in  1849,  as 
aiiieinber  of  a  Boston  mining  company,  carpenter,  miner,  land-owner;  J.  V. 
\\\li<ter,  Alamcila,  b.  in  Tenn.  in  IS.SO,  came  to  Cal.  in  IS.")8,  from  111.,  M-ith 
a  party  of  young  men  wlio  walked  from  Salt  Lake  to  riaeerville,  fruit- 
grnwrr;  .1.  E.  Dean,  I'laoerville,  b.  in  II.  I.  in  1S;>7,  edueateil  at  Niantie, 
Ciine  t.i  Cal.  in  18.")9,  ,<rrved  in  Co.  G,  4tii  inf.  Cal.  vols,  miner;  ,).  15.  Car- 
\vv.  (  alaverasi,  b.  in  j'a  in  IS43,  educated  at  St  Mai-y"s  college,  Niagara, 
X.  v.,  came  to  Cal.  in  ISti,"),  school  sup.,  iinder-sheritl';  W.  .S.  .Mofl'att,  San 
Jlatoo,  !>.  in  Roxliury,  N.  Y.,  in  1818,  came  to  Cal.  in  1849,  miner  and 
lariiR-r;  .1.  I"'.  ^Miller.  S.  F. ;  John  Walker,  Tuolumne,  b.  in  Wilmington.  N. 
(,".,  ia  ]'  J."),  ,^vi,  0  to  Cal.  in  IS.'iO,  jihysician;  .lolin  McCoy,  Nuvaila.  b.  in 
Krioc'''  .  I'a,  in  18r«7,  educated  at  (ialesbury  college,  111.,  camo  to  Cal.  in 
b."3,  Ti.incT;  •'  M.  Strong,  Mariposa  and  .Meroeil,  b.  in  Ga,  in  1831,  came  to 
Ci'  in  i'-iO  frora  Miss.,  farmer  and  sheriff;  Peter  J.  .Toyee.  S.  F.,  b.  in  Ire- 
l>n.;  in  :•,".•.',  ..  ime  t'^  U.  S.  when  a  boy,  learne<l  shoe-making  and  cabinet- 
P".i»"'ii;,  .so;  ed  ii;  f'e  civil  \  rr,  went  to  Ireland  on  a  Fenian  mission,  par- 
tioipi.tiiij"  ii-  Ml"  ..'inonstration  on  Chester,  Eng.,  and  heading  an  exjiedi- 
tion  a^'ainst  Wnkhtwin  18ti7,  tlie  Eng.  gov't  otl'ering  a  reward  for  him  he 
r>>tuniid  to  U.  S.  in  18(i8  and  came  to  Cal.;  Volney  E.  Howard,  Los  Angrles; 
H.raiu  Mills,  Contra  Costa,  b.  in  Hmlson,  N.  V.,  in  ls;!(»,  educated  at  .\lle- 
gliauy  collece  Pa,  and  at  tlie  law  institute  of  BalUton  Siia.  N.  Y.,  came  to 
Oil.  in  1S.")1,  (list  att'y  for  20  years;  Robert  Croneli,  Napa,  b.  in  Ohio  iu 
b-ll  eilueated  at  Hopedale,  camo  to  Cal.  in  1S,")0,  physician,  lawyer,  county 
cl<rk,  county  Judge;  AValter  \'an  Dyke,  Oakland,  1).  in  N.  Y.  in  I8'_'.'<,  edii- 
oati'd  at  the  village  academy  of  Tyre,  read  law  in  rieveland.  came  to  Cal. 
in  ISi't.  dipt  att'y  of  Klamath  co.,  editor  of  llmnUiUU  Time^;  .settled  himself 


j, 


!  1 


40G 


THE  NEW  COX.STITL'TIOX. 


i" 


14  . 


, 


returned  to  a  land  where  it  could  earn  liii^li  interest. 
Labor,  htill  unea.sy,  was  also  still  .subject  to  the  infx- 
orable  laws  of  su[>i)ly  and  d-jinand.  Legislators  were 
still  to  bo  approached  by  a;^ents  uf  railroads  ami  other 
corporations,  as  nii*;ht  be  seen  by  the  reports  of  inves- 
tigating conunittees.  Chinese  were  still  cniiilovcd 
digging  and  grading.  The  >tate  board  of  raihuud 
ronnnissioners  was  a  useless  expense  to  the  ooinmon. 
wealth,  being  as  wax  in  the  hands  of  the  c«)ni[)aiii(s  it 
was  set  to  watch.  The  new  constitution  was  franutl 
to  make  the  rich  pay  their  share  of  taxation,  to  loutnl 
corporations,  to  correct  the  revenue  system,  and  to 
equalize  the  rights  of  the  people  altogether.  In  eaiji 
of  these  designs  it  failed.  But  it  also  failed  to  ( lierk 
the  r^-'^'icoment  of  the  state,  which,  purely  by  its 
resoUi.  climate,  and  generally  favorable  conditicuis 
ft)r  comi  .1  and  wealth,  progressed  in  spite  of  political 
blunderiniis.  Bv  and  bv  the  i)etiple  mav  have  time 
to  consider  ^vhat  is  best  to  be  done  with  laws,  law- 
makers, and  law-breakers. 

at  Oakland  ill  1S08,  U.  S.  atty;  Smith  B.  Tiir.niitson,  S.  F..  li.  in  Dm. '.,.>< 
CO.,  X.  Y.,  in  1S2I,  cilucati'il  at  the  (^>uak>T  >.  ihkiI  of  Mi(l,,niir-viUi',  caiue 
to  Cal.  ill  IStiO,  husiiiesn  man,  s^lIkm.I  <lircci"r;  John  S.  JIagrr,  S.  F. :  ,1. 
Wust  Martin,  Oakhiiul,  h.  in  ^\'a.^hi^l:t..u  cl.  M.l.  ia  lM2J.  uiluiatid  at 
ProsjiL'-^t  Hill  acaiK'my,  caino  to  t'al.  in  1>."':$  tr.-m  Ti  iiii.,  agriruhural  -t  and 
stock  raiser,  regent  of  the  Cal.  univt;r>ity,  l>rej?'t  Union  Savings  JJaiik  el 
Oakhml;  S.  M.  Wilson,  S.  F.,  h.  in  Oli'io  in  l-vJ4.  came  to  t'ul.  in  1\">:!, 
lawyiT;  Luke  Doyle,  S.  V.,  1>.  in  iRlaml;  W.  L.  Dndlev.  Storktoii:  ,1.  M. 
Hlioiles,  AXooiHanil,  h.  in  Ohio  in  IslT,  came  to  Cal.  in  l.S,"iO,  hanker  vith 
Stui'ges  anil  I'linly  at  Sae.  until  IS."i7,  vheii  he  jiurchased  the  randio  t.afiaila 
do  Cajioy  in  ^  oh)  CO.  and  heeame  a  farmer.  The  M-eretary  of  tlie  eoiiviii- 
tion  wa.s  Ashury  Johnson,  ]>.  in  Jolitt,  III.,  in  INTi,  edueated  at  Bilnit 
college,  came  to  Cal.  in  1S()4,  teaeher  and  editor  of  Snif'i  linrltii'i  /'/•'«■,  niic 
of  tlio  jnilges  at  llio  Thila  Cent.  F.X[iosition  of  'national  and  ek'cteil  .state 
cxhihits  '  and  liistorian  of  the  exjio..ition.  owiut  of  tlie  I>ii,"i/  'J'iini.-i  v(  Oak- 
land. The  clerks  were  <!. urge  .\.  Thornton  ..I  Santa  l!o>a.  Edwin  Fndtiiik 
Smith  of  Sac.,  (leorgo  McStay  of  St.«kt"ti.  Ellison  !..  Ciawfotil  ii  Kl 
Dorailo;  sergt-i-at-arnis,  Thomas  J.  >hcru...«l  of  Mary.>ville,  litnjainiu 
Chamhers  of  Modesto;  post-master,   MieiiULl  iiarue.'i  ul  I'liieo. 


I 


Il  ili  i 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

POLITICAL  HISTORY. 

1S79-1889. 

Uxi'Ki;  ruE  New  roNSTirmoN— Sta ik  KLKrrioNs— S an  FiiANnsco  Char- 
in;  -Mi'Mcii'AL     Maituks  —  Ouk    Imtoimku    Hi  i.kk.s— Lkoislaiion 

IMiKK  THE  New  KE<ilME— IuUIGATION  AM)  IlUAKIAN  liUilll.S— A.V 
Kill  riVE  Jt"I»Ii;IAHY-  KxiliA  SksSION  of  TIIK  LKcilSI.ATl'UE — rAKIY  Is- 

>i  K-.-<:uAVE  yih>Tii».N.s — Contest  foi;  the  Usni-.r)  Siates  Senatok- 
>i!ii— Brief  Pekiuu  of  Qiiet— California  as  a  Tvpe— Distikbanck 
oi  iiiK  Priii.ic  Mixi» — Names  of  Cointies-  Finances-— Federal  Ex- 
riM.in  KEs— Lnl  sTKiAL    Enterprise— liiiuoRATioN— New  Era   ok 

|H.\  Kl.oI'MENT. 

Smaktinc^  under  the  sense  tliat  tliirty-five  foreiu^n- 
Imiii  delegates  liad  been  eliosen  to  sit  in  the  constitu- 
tional convention  of  an  American  state,  and  that  almost 
on.'  half  of  San  Francisco's  delegation  had  also  been 
nf  this  class,  the  republicans  made  an  effort  at  the 
'^(•Mcial  election  in  Si-ptember  to  redeem  the  state 
tVoni  tliis  unnatural  domination.  The  result  was  hard 
to  |iiognosticate  with  four  municijxil  tickets  in  the 
firld.  and  a  l)«wildfring  re-organization  of  parties;  for 
the  Kearney  workingmen  held  aloof  from  the  Work- 
ingincii's  i)arty  of  California,  the  new  constitution 
liarty  had   dropi>ed    the  labor '  element,  which    was 


'Tlio  workingmen  were  inclined  to  lielicvo  tliat-  the  .idoption  of  the  new 
coiistitiitiiiii  was  due  to  tiieir  nioveim'iit,  lis  tlu;  inrivontidii  liad  ticcn.  But 
this  w.i-i  not  so.  A  revr.lution  had  taken  jihuo  aiiniiii;  tlie  foriiiiT  lalmr  or- 
fnii'/itioiis,  and  there  had  al->o  lieeii  a  i-haiigoof  suutiiiii'iit  liinught  ahout  hy 
tliL'  ilili.itis  on  the  constitution  wliitli  wcil  jiulilisln'il  from  day  to  day.  The 
Vnrkiii;:iiifU  carried  two  niunici{ial  ekotions  in  Oakhiiid.  and  in  tiie  .•special 
clii-tidii  for  state  senator  in  l^TS  ])olh'd  .V2  ]ier  cent  of  the  ixiiudar  vote;  yet 
DikLiud  gave  1.4!M)  inajonty  against  the  constitution  whicli  tlicy  as-unied  to 
III' tlu'ii<.  .S;inta  C'hira  CO.,  wliich  elected  the  workingnien's  candiihite  for 
:ii-iinlilynian  in  187f>,  gave  a  majority  of  ti70  ajiaiiwt  tlie  constitution.  .San 
■lii-^c  ,iNn,  which  had.  elected  workingmen  to  tiie  mur.icijial  othccs,  gave  .")74 
VntiM  against  the  constitution.  Siunlar  diangcs  occurred  in  <  iilroy  and  otlier 
lilacis.     The  workingnieii's  two  tickets  at  tho  municipal  election  in  Sacra- 

r407) 


i  .-- 


408 


POLITICAL  HISTORY 


.   i 


divided  between  the  democrats  and  republicans,  and 
much  independence  was  exercised  in  the  indulgence 
of  individual  preferences. 

Upon  the  state  ticket  the  republicans  elect*  d  for 
governor  George  C.  Perkins,  a  prosperous  business 
man,  a  native  of  the  state  of  Maine ;  for  lieuttnant- 
governor  John  Mansfield  ;  for  secretary  of  state  D. 
M.Burns;  for  treasurer  John  Weil ;  for  control  lir  I). 
M.  Kenfield ;  for  attorney -general  A.  L.  Hart ;  fnr 
superintendent  of  public  instruction  Frederick  W. 
Campbell  ;  for  surveyor-general  James  W.  Shanklin; 
and  for  clerk  of  the  supreme  court  Frank  W.  Ciross. 
The  whole  congressional  delegation  was  republican, 
namely,  Horace  Davis,  Horace  F.  Page,  Joseph  Mc- 
Kenna,  and  Komualdo  Pacheco,"  of  the  first,  semnd, 
third,  and  fourth  districts,  in  the  order  named.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  chief  justice  and  the  whole  supreme 
bench  with  a  single  exception  *  were  elected  by  the 
deuKjcratic  and    workingmen's  parties.      The   bench 

mento.  in  March  1878,  lulled  40.\  per  cent  of  the  total  vote,  tlie  Ki^Mrnoy 
wing  clfi.-ting  nearly  all  the  olficiTs.  The  same  strength  was  slinwii  in  vot- 
ing fi>r  I'.elegates  to  the  constitutional  convention,  yet  tliat  city  ^'avi-  I'J."! 
majority  against  the  constitution.  At  Marysville  the  same  reversal  (iccuithI, 
anil  in  all  t!ie  leading  cities,  showing  that  tlie  workingnien  had  tliaiignl.  dn 
the  f)ther  hand,  a  change  in  the  general  sentiment  toward  the  constitutiun 
hail  carried  it  by  a  large  majority.  Worhini/men'a  Party  in  CaL,  lu  Ji'i<':  (iinl 
Fall,  lS7t>-.S. 

Horace  F.  Page  was  bom  in  Orleans  co:,  N.  Y.,  in  18.3.3,  came  to  Cal.  at 
the  age  '•*  20,  worked  in  a  saw-mill,  then  in  a  livery  stable,  and  drove  t,XiiiiK. 
He  became  a  successful  business  man.  A  republican  in  politics,  he  was  n  ni- 
inateil  fur  the  state  senate  when  the  defeat  of  his  party  was  cerfciin,  but  'li'l 
not  slirink  from  the  ordeal.     In  congress  he  was  a  working  member,     lli-i 

Erincipal  achievements  during  his  first  term  M-ere  securing  tlie  jiassaL'c  if  a 
ill  wliidi  made  a  saving  of  ;j;i,000,000  in  the  mail  service  without  duciLa.-:iig 
its  elKcier.cy. 

'■'RomuaMo  Pachecowas  bom  in  Cal.  in  1831.  His  father  came  f  mm  (Gua- 
najuato, Mexico,  in  18'J5,  with  Echandia,  military  governor  and  gcut  nil  in 
command  of  Alta  California,  ancl  was  killed  in  a  skiriiiish  between  EclMuiiia 
anil  Victoria,  who  had  been  appointed  in  his  stead,  but  whom  he  reti>til  t» 
recognize.  He  had  niarrie>l  Rainona  Carrillo  of  San  Diego,  and  his  mui  wn-t 
born  at  Santa  B;irbara.  Romualdo  was  sent  to  scliool  at  tlie  Saiiiluicli 
islands  at  the  age  oi  seven  years,  where  he  remained  until  IStU,  fnri:i  ttuig 
Ins  native  tongue,  but  acquiring  Englisli  and  French.     After  this  lit  'l.t'I  a 

f)rivate  tutor,  and  his  mother  having  married  .John  Wilson  of  Dundic.  ."^i   t- 
aiiil,  a  sea-captain,  he  was  sent  to  sea  witli  his  tutor  to  learn  navi;.'  iti"ii. 
Wlien  the  country  passed  into  American  hands  he  became  a  politician. 

•"Ross  was  republican.  The  new  constitution  party  had  nmnin.itid 
Nathaniel  B«'nnett  for  chii.f  justice,  and  the  republicans  A.  L.  UhoJc-,  iut 
tlie  workiugmeu  secured  all  but  Ross. 


earney 

Vut- 

rriil, 
Un 
itutii)a 
iiiul 

il  at 

it.ll.l 
ilu 
(.fa 
-■asiug 


Hi 


(ilia- 
A  in 

iiiiiia 
uil  t.i 
«.-n 
» icli 
ttuig 
ui'l  a 
.t- 
tiiin. 

at.-.l 
l.ut 


NFW  OFFICERS. 


409 


con-l^tod  of  Cliiof-justice  Robert  F.  Morrison*  ami  asso- 
oiat'  s  M  W.  MoKinstry,  J.  D.  Thornton,  Sauiuel  B. 
]^|,  Kc",  M.  H.  Myrick,  E.  M.  Ross,  and  J.  R.  Sharp 
sttiii.  ^  )f  the  three  railroad  connuissioners  Burstcrher 
was  elected  by  tlie  workinj:!;nien,  Stonenian  b}'  the 
woikingnien  and  the  new  constitution  party,  and  Cove 
bv  the  republicans.  Tlie  state  board  of  equalization, 
consisting  of  one  member  from  eacli  of  the  congres- 
si('!i;il  districts,  was  composed  of  Warren  Dutton,  T. 
D.  Ifeiskcll,  M.  M.  Drew,  and  James  L.  King,  with 
i'\  (itticio  member,  the  state  controller,  two  of  whom, 
if  not  more,  were  republicans.  The  state  senate  coii- 
sistin"'  of  forty  members  had  a  majority  of  four  re- 
puMicans,  without  counting  the  fusionists  who  had 
bclitnged  to  the  party.*     The  assembly  of  eighty  mem- 

♦Robert  F.  Morriaon  was  bom  in  111.  in  182C,  served  in  the  Mexican  war 
as  a  iKiii-coniiiiissioued  otlicer  in  tlie  reg't  of  his  lirotlier,  now  a  prominent 
lawvrr  (if  St  Louis,  ami  with  whom  he  studied  law  l)efore  and  after  tlie  war. 
lu  1^">-  lie  came  to  Cal.  His  brother,  Murray  Morrison,  als4)  a  lawyer,  was 
j)rai.ti-ing  at  Sac,  and  here  he  was  admitted  to  tlie  bar,  and  formeil  a  jiart- 
iier-liiii  with  J.  Neely  Johnson.  He  was  elected  dist  atty  of  Sac.  co.,  and 
ai'tii«;ird  removed  to  Virginia  city,  Nev.,  where  he  resided  two  years. 
Frmi.  there  he  removed  to  S.  F.  in  ISO'J.  In  IS.V.t  Morrison  was  the  landi- 
(l.itc  (if  the  southern  wing  of  the  democratic  party  for  state  senator,  but  was 
(loi.:it<.(l  by  the  know-notliiiig  candidate,  Kobert  C.  Clark,  who  was  for 
m.iiiy  years  county  judge  an(l  supcricjr  judge  of  Sac.  co.,  and  who  died  on 
the  I  (lull  in  IHS'.i.  In  ISTO  Morrison  was  elected  judge  of  the  4th  di.-t  court 
f(^>r  li  ve.irs,  was  reelected,  and  served  until  the  change  in  the  constitutidU, 
wliiii  the  workingmen's  convention  chose  him  for  chief  justice  for  a  twelve 
ye  ir^  term.  At  the  end  of  seven  years  his  labor  ended,  his  death  occurring 
ilar.h  •_',  1SS7. 

■'The  lirst  senate  umler  the  new  constitution  was  composed  of  the  follow- 
iiiL' 1.  jMililiccin-':  K.  H.  J'ardee,  .S.  (i.  Nye,  Alameda;  ^^'.  A.  Cheney,  llutte, 
Pliiiii.i-,  and  Lassen;  \\'.  II.  Sears,  Contra  Costa  and  Marin;  W.  H.  iJrown, 
Kl  |i  Mido  and  Alpine:  Chester  Jlowell,  Fresno,  Tulare,  Kern,  Mono,  and 
liiy(.:  William  (ieorge,  H.  J.  Watson,  Nevada  and  Sierra;  S.  B.  Burt.  Placer; 
(Ireve  L.  .Idlinson,  William  .bilmston.  Sac;  A.  T.  Hudson,  San  .Toaijuiu  and 
Aiua'liir;  (iecrge  F.  Baker,  James  C.  Zuck,  Santa  Clara;  J.  F.  Wendell, 
S..l:iii(i  and  V((lo:  K.  A.  Davis,  Yuba  and  Sutter;  W.  AV.  Traylor,  .John  H. 
Iii(kiiH(in,  I'aul  Neunian,  Theodore  Hittell,  John  S.  Kiios.  fjcniocrats:  B. 
U.  <d;i-»cock,  Colusa  and  'Ichama;  W.  L.  Anderson,  Napa,  Lake,  and  So- 
iK'in.i;  I).  M.  Pool,  Mai'iposa,  Merced,  and  Stani-laus;  \\'.  AV.  Moreluiid, 
.^(■ii"iiia.  \\'(irkingmen:  .ioscjih  ('.  (iormau,  San  F'raiicisco.  New  Coustitu- 
t:-M  party:  B.  F.  Langfoi'd,  ,San  .Toa((uin  and  Amador;  R.  M.  LaiiipM'U, 
(■;ila\.  ras  and  Tuolunnie;  J.  P.  We^t,  Los  Angeles  (and  workingnieii);  W. 
J.  lliU.  Monterey,  San  Benito,  and  Santa  Cm/;  J.  W.  Sattcrw  bite,  San 
]':'•.''  and  .San  liernardino;  \\'arren  ('ha>o,  Wiiti'.ra,  .Santa  15;irbara,  and 
Kill  l.uis  Cbispo;  Robert  ]>csty,  San  Fiaueiseo  and  San  .Mateo;  .1.  H.  llar- 
liii.  "^olauo  and  Volo;  Martin  Kelly,  T.  K.  Nelson,  Tiioma-!  Kane,  .'*>an  Fran- 
cis..:  I'ieree  IL  Ryan,  Del  Norte,  Humboldt,  and  Mcndncino. 

The  assembly  was  composed  of  republicans:    Charles  N.   Fox,    W.  AV. 


k: 


410 


POUTICAL  HISTORY. 


!l 


bers  consisted  of  thirty-four  straight  republiraiis, 
twenty-three  democrats  and  workingmen,  and  twonty- 
one  fusionists  or  new-constitution  members.  U[»()n 
each  of  the  several  tickets  used  at  the  election  was 
printed  in  conspicuous  lettering  "  Against  Ciiiiiusc." 
In  San  Francisco  out  of  40,259  votes  only  229  were 
for  allowing  the  Chinese  to  remain  in  the  country. 
The  plurality  of  Perkins  *  for  governor  was  nearly 

Cainron,  O.  W.  Tyler,  Alameda;  R.  C.  Dawees,  L.  Brusie,  Amador;  Max 
Brooks,  W.  W.  Durham,  Butte;  T.  Fraser,  El  Dorado;  Cyrus  (.Jolomaii,  El 
Dorado  and  Alpine;  0.  D.  E^tey,  Marine;  Charles  MulhoUaud,  Plumas  aiul 
Lassen;  J.  R.  Finlayson,  T.  H.  Murry,  W.  B.  May,  II.  A.  Gorlcy.  L.  J. 
Hardy,  Jr.,  J.  F.  Cowdrey,  San  Francisco;  H.  Y.  Stanley,  San  Luin  Oliisiui; 
RvLih  MoCoinas,  J.  L.  York,  D.  iViuk,  Santa  Clara;  W.  R.  Leadlicttcr,  !Saii 
Joa(iuin;  C.  N.  Felton,  Sau  ^lateo;  F.  A.  Leach,  A.  Bennett,  Solano;  Jiimo.s 
AdaiUJ,  Sonoma;  A.  L.  Cliandler,  Sutter;  Daniel  Dimond,  Tuoluninn;  J,  P, 
Brown,  Yul)a;  T.  L.  Chamberlain,  Placer;  Seymour  Carr,  J.  N.  Young,  El- 
wood  Bruner,  Sacramento;  H.  ^L  Strecter,  San  Bernardino.  Democrats: 
H.  A.  Messenger,  Calaveras;  C.  G.  Sayle,  Fresno;  James  Hyucs,  H.  K. 
Brown,  Sonoma;  J.  D.  Spencer,  Stanislaus;  R.  F.  Del  Valle,  Los  Angeles; 
VV.  F.  Cotfman,  Mariposa  and  Merced;  C.  J.  Sayle,  Fresno;  J.  15.  Conk, 
Siskiyou  and  Modoc.  Workingmen's  Party:  E.  S.  Josselyn,  Monterey;  W. 
J.  Sii'iou,  W.  W.  Cuthhert,  S.  J.  Garibaldi,  S.  R.  Finlayson,  G.  B.  Ward,  J. 
J.  McCartliy,  G.  Picket,  J.  J.  McCalian,  S.  Braunhart,  J.  J.  MoDade, 
Michaul  Line,  .lohn  Burns,  P.  T.  (iaffey,  S.  Maybell,  A.  B.  Maguire.  New 
Constitution  Party:  D.  N.  Siierlmrne,  Contra  Costa;  W.  P.  Mattliew.s, 
Colusa  and  Teliama;  L.  F.  Cooper,  Del  Norte;  C.  L.  Stoddard,  Humlmldt; 
A.  P.  MuCarty,  Lake;  L.  G.  Morse,  Mendocino;  J.  Levee,  A.  M.  Walker, 
J.  O.  Sweetland,  Nevada;  C.  C.  Watson,  San  Diego,  Milton  Wasou,  Santa 
Barbara  and  Ventura;  Elihu  Anthony,  Santa  Cruz;  J.  J.  Harri><,  San 
Benito;  E.  J.  Mcintosh,  H.  J.  Corcoran,  Sau  Joaquin;  J.  S.  P.  Bass,  Trinity 
and  Shasta;  D.  N.  Hersliy,  Yolo;  T.  H.  Carr,  Yuba;  A.  B.  Du  Brutz, 
Tulare.     There  appears  to  l)e  two  vacancies  or  only  78  members  elected. 

In  this  assembly  James  Adams,  member  for  Sonoma,  wliose  iluci'ase  oc- 
curred in  1888,  was  one  ot  the  most  prominent  men,  servini^  on  many  inijidr- 
tant  committees  with  rare  ability  and  zeal.  An  Irishman  by  birtli,  lie 
embarked  for  Quebec  in  1840,  removing  soon  afterward  to  Phil.,  and  in  lhj'2 
to  Cal.  After  farming  for  some  years  in  Humboldt  co.,  he  engagcil  in  the 
real  estate  business,  in  wiiich  he  was  remarkably  successful.  In  lS(i'J  lie  was 
elected  supervisor,  in  1871  siieritf,  and  on  being  relieved  from  the  shrievalty 
engaged  in  viticulture  and  stock-raising  in  tlie  Sonoma  valley.  In  18.")7  lie 
was  married  to  Miss  Sarah  Elizabeth  Cameron,  a  native  of  Piiil.,  who  di  il 
some  five  years  before  him.  Of  tlieir  surviving  children,  James  E.,  the  eld- 
est, was  married  to  Frances  Isabel,  daughter  of  Governor  Perkins. 

"  Tiie  N.  C.  P.  candidate  was  Hugh  J.  Glenn,  of  Colusa,  who  received 
4G,8.")1  votes;  the  workingmen's  candidate,  William  F.  White,  received  44,- 
430  votes;  tiie  republican,  Perkins,  67,619.  .S'.  F.  Chronicle,  Sept.  lo,  1871t. 

A  native  of  Maine,  Gov.  Perkins  began  life  as  a  sailor  boy,  at  the  aL;e  nf 
sixteen  coming  to  Cal.,  where,  after  a  brief  mining  experience,  lie  found 
employment  iu  a  store  at  Oroville.     By  close  economy  he  saved  enoiigli  to 


THE  NEW  GOVERNOR. 


411 


21,t)00,  and  thi.s  extraordinary  reversal  of  the  vote  on 
tilt'  adoi)tiou  of  the  new  constitution  was  with  diffi- 
cuhv  accounted  for  except  by  supposing  tliat  |>jwer- 
ful  au'tiicies  had  been  at  work  to  bring  about  this 
rt'>ult  in  order  to  modify  as  far  as  possible  the 
stifiiuous  interpretation  of  the  constitution  by  the  first 
k'Mslature.  Moreover,  to  the  result  which  the  new 
constitution  party  deplored,  the  inexperience  of  many 
of  its  former  supporters  contributed  by  dividing  in- 
stead of  consolidating  their  forces.  All  attempted 
political  reforms,  where  the  unthinking  and  uneducated 
arc  used  as  a  power,  as  m  the  adoption  of  the  consti- 
tution of  1879,  mcur  the  danger  that  the  a[>pcal  of 
any  demagogue,  and  especially  of  a  demagogue  w-ho.«e 
|ialiii  when  it  grasps  the  hand  of  a  voter  has  a  trick 
of  sliedding  gold,  may  make  a  breach  in  its  ranks. 
Such  breaches  had  been  easily  and  quickly*  effected  in 
the  new  partv,  so  that  it  might  be  said  that  in  six 
months  after  the  adoption  of  the  constitution  the 
party  which  had  just  carried  the  state  was  practically 
defunct. 

In  San  Francisco  the  result  of  the  municifial  vote 
was  even  more  indicative  of  interference  than  else- 
whiie  in  the  state,  the  re])ublicans  and  w'«)rkingmen 
earn  ing  the  city  against  the  new  constitution  in  the 
cradle  of  its  party.  Of  twelve  sui)erior  judges  five 
were  republicans  and  seven  workingmen.'  Eight  of 
the  twelve  were  on  the  new  constitution  ticket,  al.-jo, 


1 1 


purchase  the  business,  which  he  gradually  increased  until  hi.s  s-iles  amounted 
to  .<ii)(),000  a  jx-ar.  In  ls72  he  was  adiintted  into  partnership  witii  OtMxLiU 
ii  Nilson.  Later  he  became  connected  with  a  nundK;r  of  proniiuuut  tnttr- 
luists,  anioni:  others  the  Arctic  Oil  works,  of  which  he  is  pre.sntent,  the  I'a- 
citii.-  Steam  Whaling  coni[iany,  and  tlie  West  Coast  Laml  conii>any,  of  lM»ih 
of  wiiiili  he  is  vice-jtresident.  In  ]8;i'.(  he  was  chosen  state  senator  for  liutte 
cii.,  and  in  1S73  to  till  the  unexpired  term  of  Sen.  Bouclier  for  Butte,  I'luiuas, 
aud  Lassea. 

'The  judges  elected  to  the  superior  bench  ui  S.  F.  were,  rep:  T.  K.  Wil- 
son, .Irihn  Hunt,  Jr,  J.  M.  Allen,  John  F.  Finn,  .Jajnes  C.  Carey;  W.  D.  and 
X.  ( '.  T.  W.  Freelou,  W.  P.  Daingerfield,  llob't  Ferral,  O.  P.  Evans,  Howard 
^<niith,  M.  A.  Edmonds,  Jeremiah  F.  Sullivan. 


412 


POLITTCAL  HISTORY. 


which  made  their  election  sure.  But  the  mayor,  I. 
S.  Kallocli,  a  baptist  preacher,  was  chosen  by  u  plu- 
rahty"  of  1,5"J8  by  the  workingmen,  whij)  his  coin, 
petitor  on  the  new  constitution  ticket  was  ujx)!!  tlio 
democratic  ticket  also.  The  inference  was  plain  that 
republican  votes  had  assisted  to  place  at  the  head  of 
the  city  government  a  man  whose  presence  there  was 
regarded  by  the  public  and  press  a  reproach  to  the 
city,  no  loss  than  to  the  church  which  he  rendered 
notorious  by  his  ministrations.*  So  far,  indeed,  froiu 
being  in  sympathy  with  the  class  whose  candidate  he 
was,  he  had  denounced  them  unsparingly  m  the  luhor 
agitation  of  187G-7.'"  But  now  he  was  Kearney's 
choice  for  mayor,  and  Kearney  himself  was  openly 
accused  of  having  been  purchased. 

It  will  be  observed  that  no  election  was  hold  in 
187U  for  freeholders  to  form  a  charter  for  San  Fran- 
cisco to  supersede  the  consolidation  act.  When  the 
legislature  met  in  January,  1880,  at  the  request  of 
the  board  of  supervisors  of  San  Francisco,  whidi  had 
been  advised  that  th(^  force  of  the  consolidation  act 
would  expire  on  the  4th of  July,"  it  passed  "an  act  to 


*The  canilidate  for  mayor  on  tlie  rep.  ticket  was  Brilsford  P.  Flint;  and 
on  the  N.  (1  and  Dem.,  Walcott  N.  Griswald. 

•  1  liave  myself  hoard  Kallooh  urge  violent  measures  against  the  ('liincse  in 
liis  S\iiiday  evening  service,  wliic'h  consisteil  of  15  minutes  devoted  to  nlit'inii 
and  45  to  politics.  Admission  tickets  were  sold  at  an  office  intlio  vestilmlp, 
as  at  a  theatre,  l)y  the  speaker's  colored  servant  and  contidant;  priie  ten 
cents.  The  house  was  always  well  filled,  and  had  quite  the  air  of  a  tluatre. 
This  sort  of  entertainment  seemed  extremely  well  adapted  to  the  tasto  of  a 
certain  class,  who  enjoyed  hearing  that  the  '  Chinese  must  go,'  and  wIki  rev- 
elved  in  the  startling,  if  not  polite,  remarks  of  the  Kev.  mayor  uimiu  tlie 
views  of  tlie  non-conservative  classes. 

'"  Kallodi  published  a  little  paper  called  the  Ehnnr/el,  in  which  appeared, 
June  8,  1S7<),  the  following:  'The  Chinese  furnisli  cheap  and  efficient  l.-itnir 
as  house-servants,  both  in  town  and  country.  Ihey  do  well  in  onr  manu- 
factories and  our  railroads.  They  fill  an  important  niche  in  society  in  tiieir 
wash-houses  and  huckstering.'  In  a  speech  he  said:  'These  howlinu'  <le- 
claimers  are  not  laborers.  "They  are  incendiaries.  They  are  weathfiliitt";. 
They  are  mercenaries.  They  ought  to  be  suppressed.  . .  .The  best  argument 
for  tliem  is  the  bayonet  and  the  Catling  gun.'  S.  P.  Call,  Nov.  I'i,  1^77. 

"Such  was  tlie  opinion  of  some  of  the  best  jurists  in  S.  F.  Sec  S.  t\ 
Chronick,  Nov.  16.  1806. 


THE  CHARTER. 


413 


lint;  and 

liiiicsein 

1  ri'liL'ii'U 
^•estiliiilp, 
juice  ten 

tiu'iitrc. 
:asti;  of  a 

whci  rt'V- 
upou  tlie 


r  nianu- 
in  tlieir 
liiiL.'  lie- 
lierkite'i. 
rpunient 
K77. 
See  S.  F. 


provide  for  the  organization,  incorporation,  and  gov- 
ermnent  of  merged  and  consolidated  cities  and  coun- 
ties of  more  than  100,000  population,  pursuant  to  the 
provisions  of  section  seven,  article  eleven,  of  the  con- 
stitution of  this  state,"  "  under  which  it  was  thought 
the  city  might  be  governed  until  a  freeholders'  elec- 
tion could  be  held,  and  a  permanent  charter  adopted 
by  submission  to  the  people.  The  legality  of  this 
It'fislative  act  was  at  once  questioned,  being  construed 
to  bo  in  the  nature  of  special  legislation  which  the 
constitution  expressly  forbade,  and  so  the  supreme 
court  inferentially  decided.  In  the  meantime,  a 
special  election  was  held  for  the  purpose  of  choosing 
fiecliolders  to  form  a  charter,  which  body  sat  from 
April  r2th  to  June  28,  1880,  another  special  election 
being  hold  September  8th  to  decide  upon  its  adoption. 
Altliough  a  good  instrument,  two  causes  operated 
against  it,  causing  its  rejection  ;  first,  party  selfishness, 
tlio  new  instrument  greatly  lessening  the  opportuni- 
ties for  jobbery  and  corruption;  and  second,  the  oppo- 
sition of  the  catholic  clergy,  on  account  of  an  article 
proliibiting  cemeteries  within  the  city  limits.  The 
issuance  of  a  pastoral  letter  against  the  so-called  sac- 
rilege determined  the  vote  of  the  catholic  voters. 
Tliey  threw  their  influence  against  the  charter,  and 
fully  half  of  the  electors,  neglecting  their  duty,  voted 
not  at  all,  on  account  of  which  combination  of  cir- 
cumstances San  Francisco  was  left  to  struggle  on 
without  any  legal  charter.  In  1882,  when  another 
election  of  freeholders  took  place,  and  another  charter 
was  framed,  which  in  its  general  features  was  much 
like  the  consolidation  act,  it  was  rejected  by  the 
people  at  an  election  held  March  3,  1883,  th«?  majority 
against  it  being  no  more  than  32.  No  fnr.  ;v  r  effort 
to  secure  a  charter  for  San  Francisco  was  made  until 
1886,  when  at  a  general  election  in  November  fifteen 

"  CaL  SUU.,  1880,  137-229.     This  was  called  the  McClure  charter. 


■I    !      i     V 


414 


POLITICAL  IIISTOIIV. 


froclioldcrs  were  elected  from  lier  lea  ,  eitiz(  ii  <,''to 
whom  waH  <lele<^ate(l  tlie  important  .  ity  of  tViimiii'^ 
a  cliarter  wliieli  miijfht  l)o  more  aeceptable  to  tlic  jud- 
pie  tlian  the  consolidation  aet,  wliieh  had,  by  {V('(|ii('iit 
amendments,  become  a  morc-than-ever  consolidate  ;| 
instrument.  The  committee  completed  its  lid m us  in 
]VIarch  1887,  and  the  election  was  ord< -red  fnrA|iiil 
12,  at  which  time  a  special  election  was  to  be  juhl  to 
allow  the  people  to  vote  upon  amendments  to  tlic 
constitution.  But  whether  weary  of  elections  or  in- 
different  to  the  chani^o,  few  votes  were  cast  on  tlio 
amendments,  which  were  defeated  ;  and  notwithstaiuj- 
in«jf  that  the  merchants  of  San  Francisco  publislicd  an 
address  to  the  electors  of  the  city,  a}>pealing  to  tlioin 
to  accept  the  new  instrument,  which  they  veiy  niiicli 
praised,  it  was  beaten  by  default,  and  San  Fraiiciscu 
was  again  left  to  the  untender  mercies  of  jxilitical 
freebooters.  Thus  on  several  occasions  have  tlir 
citizens  of  our  western  metropolis  declined  to  avail 
themselves  of  the  protection  atibrde-l  by  a  chartif. 

The  election  of  1879  was  the  la?  Id  in  odd-imiii- 
bercd  years,  the  new  constitution  ^'"M^  ^1"^^  the 

teniis  of  the  first  officers  chosen  after  its  adoption 
should  be  one  vear  shorter  than  those  fixed  bv  law, 
in  order  to  bring  elections  in  the  even-numbered  vrais. 
But  this  change  necessitated  an  election  in  ISSO--- 
the  year  of  the  presidential  campaign  of  (Jarfield  and 
Hancock — for  th(3  choice  of  congressmen,  state  sen- 
ators, and  assemblym(>n,  as  well  as  presidential  elt  ctnis. 
Judicial  officers  and  the   superintendent  of  jtublic  in- 

"Russcll  J.  Wilson,  A.  H.  Loughborough,  George  R.  B.  Haves,  K.  R. 
Taylor.  (JtorgcT.  Maryc,  S.  G.  Murpliy,  D.  A.  MjuDoiiaM,  Kali.li  V.  liar- 
riHon,  A.  G.  Bootli,  A.  >S.  Ilalli<liu,  .folin  Mt-Kee,  Tlioiii.-vs  Magce,  Cliarli'S 
Holltrook,  .Jacol)  <ireen1)aum,  I).  V.  McRuer  wure  clio^en.  The  iii.'^tniiiii'nt 
frameil  hy  them  furnixhed  a  concise  and  complete  fonn  of  governim-iit;  gave 
a  rcsiionsihle  head  to  affairs;  j)rovided  a  prudent  and  economical  administra- 
tion: permitted  the  city  to  vote  to  make,  when  occasion  demandeci,  an  un- 
usual appropriation;  ])laced  the  city's  money  in  the  treasury  and  ki']it  it 
there;  increased  the  authority  of  the  auditor;  pioviiled  a  system  of  drainajre 
much  needed  in  the  city;  increased  the  efficacy  of  the  police,  fire,  and  sdinol 
departments,  and  provided  an  election  system  removing  opportuuitius  for 
fraudulent  voting.  S.  F.  Chronicle,  April  10,  1887. 


ET.Emoxs. 


41S 


striict'inn  were  also  to  bo  chosen  at  the  same  time  with 
state  otticers. 

The  San  Franciscans  also  entertained  tlio  idea  of 
piittiiijjf  municipal  tickets  in  the  field,  and  eUctinjj;  a 
iitw  set  of  city  and  county  officers;  but  upon  a  ques- 
tinii  arising  as  to  the  construction  to  be  placed  ujion 
the  mw  organic  law,  the  supreme  court  di'cided  that 
no  iiiiuiicipal  election  was  called  for  or  legal  e.\cej)t  as 
to  li\e  superior  judges  of  San  Francisco  whose  tonis 
wouhi  exi)ire,  according  to  their  classification,  in  Jan- 
uary, 1881."  This  opinion  united  the  two  branches 
of  the  democratic  party  in  the  city,  and  gave  to  the 
|»r(si(lential  contest  something  of  the  enthusiasm  of 
long-past  political  battles.  Tlic  result  was  a  meager 
majority  for  Hancock  of  198  votes.'"  The  democrats 
SLciiretl  five  of  the  six  presidential  electors,'"  and  two 
congressmen,  but  the  republicans  elected  tvvocongress- 

"'lliis  flecisinn,  Rustaincd  by  the  v.  iking  of  tlie  organic  law,  waa  by 
smnu  lint  well  received  for  divers  reasniis.  A  iietitiou  for  a  review  of  tlie 
ili'cision  was  filed  in  tlie  court  l>y  .lames  A.  Waj'inirc  and  Walter  Van  l>ykc, 
n>ipiililii'ans,  iijion  the  ground  tliat  tli'j  i>coplo  wlio  voted  for  the  new  eonsti- 
tutiiiii  liad  not  so  construed  it,  and  liad  therefore  not  apjtroved  it.  'The 
heavy  cost,  tlio  constant  annoyance,  the  turmoil  and  the  dcniorali/ation  of 
aiimiiil  elections '  was  what  tlicy  had  wished  to  avoid,  and  for  which  tiiey 
sdiight  remedy  in  the  new  constitution,  whoso  framers  had  solemnly 
imiiiiised  to  give  thcni  that  relief,  and  whoso  announcement  that  they  had 
(Idiie  so  had  lieen  accei>ted  jvs  linal.  To  deny  the  city  the  right  to  elect  at 
the  general  election  would  lie  to  comjiel  it  to  go  through  with  the  excitement 
ami  iiuur  tlie  same  expense  in  1881  which  attended  all  elections,  etc.  What- 
ever truth  and  justice  there  was  in  this  appeal,  there  was  the  equally  strong 
iiKitive  of  the  petitioners  to  relieve  tlie  city  of  the  official  presence  <>f  its 
sliaiiiL'lcHs  and  infamous  mayor.  It  was  cijually  the  policy  of  the  workiiig- 
iiK'ii  :iiid  democracy,  by  whom  the  majority  of  the  superior  judges  had  been 
cK'itod  to  keep  him  in  office.  It  was  certainly  the  democrats  who  raised 
tiiu  (luestion. 

'Through  five  presidential  elections  from  ISfiO  to  1880,  California  had 
cast  iuT  vote  for  the  rei>ublican  candidates.  In  18."i7  the  democratic  plural- 
ity fur  Buchanan  was  17, '200;  the  opposition  majority  divided  between  Fill- 
moio  and  Fremont  was  3,491.  The  state  was  not  then  democratic  by  a 
majdrity  of  all  the  votes.  It  l)ecame  so  4  years  later  ;  yet  curiously,  the 
tli'iiioi'rats,  although  having  a  large  majority  of  the  votes,  were  beaten  by 
LiiUdln.  republican,  by  a  small  plurality.  After  that,  until  1880,  whatever 
the  combinations,  the  republican  presidential  candidate  had  a  majority.  In 
siiitc,  liowever,  of  the  presidential  loss  this  year,  there  was  a  republican 
gain  (if  23,.')00  over  the  majority  against  the  year  before. 

'"'I'lie  presidential  electors  chosen  were  William  T.  Wallace,  J.  C.  Slmrb, 
W.  1$.  ('.  Brown,  Barclay  Henley^  P.  F.  Del  Valle.  David  S.  Terry  was  on 
tlie  democratic  ticket  for  the  6th  place,  l>'at  r.an  behind  his  ticket,  and  Henry 
Eil>;erton  rep.  was  elected.  Terry,  the  year  before  ran  for  the  otiice  of  state 
attorney-geueral  on  the  N.  C.  ticket^  and  was  defeated. 


II 


416 


POLITICAL  niSiORY. 


Ii> 


men,"  aii'l  socurcfl  a  working  majority  in  tlic  as-om- 
blv,'*  ivitli  a  decided  majority  in  the  joint  coiiv" mion 
wliicli  \V(»uId  elect  a  senator  of  the  United  States. 
Tlie\-  gained  also  the  re-districting  of  the  statt  tur 
senators  and  assemblymen  nnder  tlienewconstitutinii, 
which  f(>rhade  an}  further  change  in  the  distrii  t->  for 
ten  years.  San  Francisco  republicans  lost  tin  ir 
clioice  for  congressman,  Horace  Davis,  and  the  d.  nu)- 
crats  elected  W.    S.  Kosecraus.'*     Of  the  jud;i;.  s  of 

•'W.  S.  Ro.soeransi,  dem.,  was  elected  in  the  1st  dist;  CampI>oll  1'. 
Berry,  dein.  ia  tlie  3il  (list;  H.  F.  Page,  rep.  in  the  2d  dist.,  an. I  I;. 
Pacheco,  rep.  in  tlie  4th  <list. 

"The  senate  of  ISSI  remainod  tlie  same  as  in  1S80.  The  assemlily  was 
conip.»seJ  of  the  fiillowing  nienilicTs:  Valentine  Alviso,  L.  li.  t^lwiir.l-.  Ah- 
medaco.;  R.  K.  Arick,  Kern;  J.  E.  Baktr,  W.  C.  Van  Fk.t,  .1.  \.  V.  luij, 
Sacranu'r.lo:  (ilicd  in  May,  during  the  extra  session)  F.  K  Riki-r,  V'.I.i;  T. 
C.  Birnov.  Tuolumne;  J.  W.  liont,  Merced;  C.  L.  Branch,  Stani-laii-;  .J.  1'. 
Brown,  Vulia;  .lohn  Burns,  P.  <!arrity,  \V.  O.  Gavi<ran,  I),  (o-arv.  .1.  II. 
Gdmoic.  .1.  <;.  H  titt,  .M.  B.  Howard,  ll.  J.  .Tackscm,  Kd.  Keatiiii.'.  M.  \mip. 
0*carL-i«is.  \V.  B.  May,  J.  J.  McCcllion,  David  McClure.J.  W.  M,  jioiull, 
J.  a.  Noomn.  T.  OConncr,  L.  .J.  Pin.ler,  II.  C.  Piatt.  .1.  1».  Si.  I.,-.  San 
Francisco;  W.  W.  Oimron,  .\lanu'da;  A.  L.  t'liandler,  Sutter;  ('.  r..liiiiriii, 
Alpine;  .J.  F.  Crank,  R.  V.  i»e!  Valle,  Los  Angeles;  H.  J.  {.'runiiit..ii.  Liki-; 
.T.  F.  Ci'.nninclrim,  Santa  Cru>:;  .Tolin  T)^;i;^<^tt,  Siskiyou;  (I.  L.  K-t»y, 
Jiarin;  C  N.  Felton,  San  Mateo;  liiomas  Fraser,  KI  Dorado;  J.  ('.  W.  rts- 
Iwugher,  L.  D.  Freer,  Butte;  H.  M.  <iay,  .Tohn  Revnolls,  V.  Went.'.  Santa 
Clara;  H  J.  Uriffeth,  Fn^suo;  .1.  K.  Hale,  Placer;  C.  Harison,  X.i|.i:  K.  W. 
Hendrick.  ."".an  Diego;  E.  C.  Hinshaw,  James  Samuels,  E.  L.  Wliipj.lr.  S.>. 
ntma;  William  llolden,  Mendocino;  J.  P.  .Tones,  Conti-a  Cost.i:  W .  W. 
Kelh»gg.  Plumas;  P.  Kilhurn,  Monterey;  F.  K.  I.i.-ch.  K.  E.  I.cak' .  S.lan..; 
'V.  D.  Ixng,  Thomas  Mein,  J.  B.  Patterson,  Nevada;  W.  B.  .M  i-..ii.  liil 
Xorte:  W  P.  Matthews,  Tehama;  J.  H.  Matthews,  San  P>enito;  .1.  N.  .M.> 
Murray,  Trinity;  U.  C.  Mudgctt,  Humlxddt;  P.  W.  Muq.hy.  San  Liui 
0!iisp't";  W.  H.  Parks.  Yuha;  John  Patterson,  U.  C.  Sargent.  C.  i\  I'anlk, 
San  .loaquin;  J.  B.  Uc;l'liek,  Calaveras;  H.  M.  Strecter,  ■•an  IVrii  ii-.I^m; 
C.  B.  Swift,  C.  Warkins,  Aiij;»dor;  M.  W.Tson,  Ventura;  Jo"eiiii  Wasxiu, 
Mono;  iieorge  WfKxl,  Sierra.  C-tl.  J.vii:  Si'ii.,  1881,  4;{-4. 

••Rosecrans  was  l»orn  at  Kingston,  Oiiio,  in  1819,  gr.aduated  at  West 
Point  in  1S42,  and  was  for  one  year  executive  officer  of  the  eiigincfiini:  .le- 
pirtment  of  Fortress  Monroe.  In  184:i  lie  wasasst  prof,  of  civil  and  iinhtary 
engineering;  in  1844  asst  prof,  of  natural  and  ex])erimental  philnsoj.'fy.  in- 
cluiling  physics  and  astronomy;  in  184.%  (i  1st  asst  prof,  of  civil  anil  iniiitary 
engineering;  nine  months  on  coast  duty,  a<'ting  aa  post  <juarter-ina>ti  r  and 
commissary  at  West  Point,  '(nd  engineer-in-charge  of  construction  of  cailct 
Itarracks.  In  1847-i>2  he  wasengineer-in-charj^e  of  fortifications.  lii;litli.iii>€, 
etc.,  at  Fort  .\dams,  Newport.  R.  I.,  and  surv..'ying  Xew  liedford  an.l  \'r>i\-- 
i'lence  harbors,  and  Taunton  river.  In  18.54  he  resigned,  and  Ik-cuih-  i  iivil 
engineer  at  Cincinnati,  also  engaging  in  the  manufacture  of  kerosciic  <<il. 
At  the  hreaking  out  of  the  civil  war  he  became  voluntary  aid-dcc.unii  to 
Ocn.  .McClellan,  remaining  in  the  volunteer  sen'ire  until  I8«56.  In  iN'i.'i  he 
was  offered  the  nomination  of  the  union  l>arty  for  governor  of  Oliio,  l.iit  lie- 
clinetl,  and  came  to  Cal.  by  sea,  and  was  offered  the  nomination  for  gnviTiior 
in  1867.  Two  j-ears  later  he  received  the  same  offer  from  the  denn"  rit<  of 
Ohio.    Also  declined  tlie  uoiuinatiou  for  lueuiber  of  coui{retw  from  Ncva>la  iu 


l»EMAG(XiISM. 


417 


( on 


>,lMtl 

K.  W. 

■\\.  W. 

■u.  I'll 

N.  M.-- 

Ill   Luis 
r^iiilk, 

.hii.i; 


West 

iiiilit.-iry 

jiliv.  in- 
iiiiit.iry 

,t<  r  iii'l 
,f  ,:i.let 
tliMii>e, 
,1  l'r..v- 
•  ,1  I  ivil 

~ww  "il. 
c:i<i\\<  to 
l>>rM  lie 
l.ut  lie- 

piM  riior 

liIMl-'    »i 

lA.i'la  iu 


:it 


ll< 


pmoral  superior  courts,   the  republicans   elected  all 

1    .        " 
hut  one. 

T!.c  choice  of   tlie  loj^islaturo   for  United  States 

sciiatorto. succeed  Ncwtoii  BootJi  was  John  F.  sillier," 

,  In  trd  hy  a  lar!j;e  majority  over  ^Villia^l  T.  Walhice 

and  Henry  CJeori^e."  His  course  hi  the  senate  a_u;aiiist 

tlie  Chinese,  and  in  laboring  for  the  ratification  of  the 

luediHed  treaty  with  China,  which  «:fave  the  American 

coi!;,'ress  tlie  right  to  pass  laws  for  the   regulation  of 

187(5.  llo  accepted  the  niniiinatiitn  to  conf^ress  in  ISSO,  with  tlio  ohjeot  of 
roiMiitiii'^' the  Wdrkiiigiiien  ami  (K'liKKTats.  Lill'.-nf  IT.  S.  Iiiisirrniiito  An/hnr, 
bM).  'I'liD  vdte  (III  hi;!  reolt'ctiou  to  congrusa  iii  liSS'J  stood  '2'2,1'Xi  against 
14,'>47  f'lr  A.  Nciiiiiaiiii  ri'i>.,  tJ7  for  H.  S.  Fitrh,  afid  ;!.'{  scattering. 

'*'riiivi3  jiiiltii's  wiTo  rei'Ioeted  on  the  re)iiil>licaii  ticket,  naiiudy  T.  K. 
Wilsmi,  .ioliii  F.  Finn,  and  M.  A.  Edmonds.  On  tlie  ojipositioi",  F.  W. 
Liwl'T,  aiiil  Koliert  V.  llayiie,  elected  to  lill  an  unexpired  term.  There  waa 
a  j^rociili.tik  ticket,  made  np  of  lioth  national  parties,  hut  chictly  of  demo- 
cral>,  wiiii  were  anxious  toliave  the  interest  on  the  U.  S.  hoinls  saved  to  the 
guvcniiihiit.  Tliis  ]iarty  in  California  nominated  fiT  congress,  S.  Mayhell; 
6ii|>|iHrf<'d  the  repulilican  juiliciary  no'i>inees;  and  fitherwise  ran  a  ticket  of 
tbtnr  (itti),  which  only  served  Ui  divi  Ic  the  others'  Btrength. 

"M.'l.ii  F.  Miller  was  horn  in  Ind.  in  18^1,  educated  at  South  Bend,  canio 
t<i  Cal.  ill  ISo.'^.  Keturned  to  Ind.  in  IS.W,  and  was  elected  state  senator. 
He  sorvi'il  iu  the  union  army  from  IStW  to  18(>5  aa  hrig.-gcn.,  and  retired  a 
niaj.-ucn.  hy  lirevet;  coining  to  I'al.  the  same  yar.  For  four  years  he  was 
CdUcrtnr  of  the  ])ort  of  S.  F. ;  aftei".»ard  pres"t  of  the  Alaska  Commercial  eo. , 
ami  ("iiuccted  Mith  other  enterprises  of  a  commercial  nature.  In  1.S7-  and 
isyi'p  lie  was  chosen  elector  at  large  on  the  (uaiit  and  Hayes  ticket;  and  was 
eli'i'ti'il  mcinljer  at  large  for  the  state  to  the  eonstitiitional  convention.  He 
was  clntcdhy  tlie  legislature  of  K'-'Sl,  U.  S.  senator,  aiid  died  in  Washiugtou 
in  isstl. 

''-  Henry  fJeorgo  was  liorn  in  Pa,  in  1839,  ami  received  a  common  school 
cduoatii'ii,  and  entcreil  counting  room  at  the  age  of  thirteen  years.  Having 
a  ta>to  for  sea -going,  he  ship|>eil  liefore  the  mast  two  years  l;iter,  on  a  voy. 
age  to  Australia  and  India.  After  this  he  learned  the  )  rinting  trade,  !<ut 
again  went  to  sea,  and  lina.'lj',  in  IS.VS,  visitiil  the  Fraser  Uivcr  mines  in 
B.C.,  Imt  retiiriied  to  S.  '.,  and  rcsumeil  printing,  heeoming  a  memlper  of 
tlii'lMireka  Typogra^ihical  union,  and  working  for  several  years  as  composi- 
tor on  the  daily  ]>a]iers.  During  this  time  he  read  ami  studied,  heeoming 
ooiM-;inii;il  reporter,  and  in  lSti7was  jiromotcd  to  lieth}  chief  of  the  I'ditorial 
Btalf  ci  the  .S".  F.  Timrn.  In  the  winter  ot  IMiS  he  went  to  New  York  to  ar- 
range tlie  tclegrajihic  hnsiness  of  the.*?.  /'.  Il'rnld.  .Soon  after  he  hegau 
witiiii;  fur  the  .V.  }'.  Tinx'x,  on  the  Chinese  {|U<'stion,  and  attracted  eoiisid- 
craiili- attention  to  himself  1>y  his  manner  of  treating  the  snhjeet.  U  turn- 
ing 1(1  (\il.  lie  inaugurated  the  eight-hour  lahor  movi  eiciit.  <iiir  f^am/  /'uliri/, 
rn«iri.\M  ini'l  /'mv; 'y,  and  other  writings,  were  puhlished,  presenting  ar<!U- 
liients  in  the  interest  of  the  lahonng  elass.  He  started  the  S.  /•'.  Fn  ii'ikj 
P'Kt  in  1S7I,  whii-h  he  edited  until  i87<>,  when  ho  wilhdie\^  fnnii  it  to  rewrite 
'n  a  iiKiie  pxtendcil  form  his  PrfujrpM  nm!  Ptmrtii,  which  was  repuhlished  in 
t^ngliiid,  where  Ik;  made  speeches  on  the  questions  involving  the  rights  of 
ensliiM'd  lahnr. '  His  course  has  l»cen  steadilv  forward,  and  at  the  <'leetion 
of  iiwyor  in  New  York  city  in  1886 ho  receive<\  (W.OO')  votes  as  the  ajtostle  of 
labor.     His  doctrines  appear,  in  the  light  of  history,  to  be  inipracticahle. 

Hist.  Cai..  Vol.  VH.    27 


418 


POLITICAL  HISTORY. 


WW 

i 


1  i 


j 


r 


>i 


immigration  from  that  country,  was  applauded  In-  tlio 
opponents  of  Ciiinese  labor. 

Tlie  legislature  of  1881  was  the  first  elected  and 
held  under  the  entire  provisions  of  the  new  constitu- 
tion. As  I  have  pointed  out,  it  was  republican  Ity  a 
bare  majority  in  the  assembly  and  a  larger  one  in  tlic 
joint  convention.  But  in  the  early  part  of  the  session 
the  democrats  obtained,  by  political  trading,  the  con- 
trol of  the  assembly,  and  gave  the  state  a  remindtr 
of  the  legislation  of  an  earlier  period  of  the  state's 
history."  It  contained,  as  every  large  body  ekcttd 
by  the  people  nmst  contain,  a  few  men  zealous  for 
their  country's  good ;  but  a  much  greater  proportion 
\vere  demagogues,  or  worse,  were  bent  upon  dt  t'eatinu 
the  ends  and  aims  of  the  constitution  which  it  slioulil 
have  been  their  object  to  render  acceptable  and  bene- 
ficial to  the  commonwealth. 

With  a  view  to  shorten  legislative  sessions  and  pro- 
vent  extravagance,  the  constitution  had,  as  far  as  po"^- 
sible,  prcdiibited  special  enactments.  Deeming  sixty 
da^'s  sufficient  for  the  business  necessary  to  be  done, 
it  fixed  tlie  length  of  a  session  at  that  limit,  denyint,' 
compensation  for  any  time  in  excess  of  that  to  which 
legislators  prolonged  their  proceedings.  But  tlio  con- 
stitution proved  neither  guide  to  the  duty  nor  obstacle 
to  the  otticial  criminality  of  this  body.  Lobbying, 
which  was  made  a  felony  by  the  organic  law,  was 
opeidy  encouraged.  It  wasted  its  time  in  bickerings 
over  matters  affecting  bargain  and  sale,"  and  in  prc- 

**C(mnirrfint  Rfs.,  passe<l  May  5tli  by  the  legislature.  Vol.  Sf"t.,  18S1. 
127-8.  Mass  meeting  liea  in  S.  F.,  April  30,  iSbl,  in  S.  F.  Clinmi<l<.  May 
1,  1881. 

»<The  legislature  of  1880  passer!  a  drainage  act  making  an  uncnnstitu- 
tional  levy  (if  5  i-ents  o:i  every  81(X)  for  the  purjwses  conteniplatiil  iii  the 
act,  and  tlie  payment  of  a  state  and  a.s.st  engineer,  and  for  con.stniitiyn  i ! 
M'orks  connected  with  the  control  of  water  used  in  mining,  and  !>f  the 
'slickens  '  or  del  iris  from  hydraulic  mines.  In  order  to  save  this  ai't  Ircui 
rci>eal  a  few  repuhlicans  from  district.^  interested  in  draikiage  entered  into  a 
i)argain  with  the  ilemocrats  to  defeat  the  apportionni'-'it  Ijills;  and  diil  fo 
di.'feat  them,  at  the  e.xjH-nse  of  their  party,  and  in  v  dation  of  their  uMitta- 
tion  to  ohsen'c  the  constitiitinn,  whicli  forliade  them  to  pass  any  spei  lal  !.■»* 
for  the  assessiiieii*  of  taxo^.  and  commanded  ihem  to  pass  an  apportn'iinicnt 
fctbasad  on  the  then  population  of  the  bUte.  Cat.  Slat.,  18S0.  I'J:^  i:tl;  S. 


ENEMIES  OF  THE  GOVERNMENT. 


419 


vcntiriGf  an  apportionment  by  the  republicans.  It 
adji  allied  at  the  end  of  .sixty  days  without  an  appor- 
tic'iniKiit  liavinj^  been  made,  although  such  an  art 
Mas  mandatory,  and  the  census  of  1880  was  made 
tli(>  l)asls  for  fixinix  and  adjusting  the  legislative  dis- 
tricts. It  failed  to  pass  a  general  ai)pro|)riation  bill, 
to  1.  vv  the  rates  of  taxation,  or  autiiorize  the  state 
hoaid  :)f  equalization  to  fix  an  ad  valorem  rate,  to  en- 
art  a  .^rneral  road  law,  or  t<^  send  appointments  to  the 
S(  iiatc  for  confirmation. 

I'm-  tlie  ]>urpose  of  completing  the  neglected  legis- 
lation and  allow  the  government  to  go  on,  (Tovernor 
IVrkins  called  a  special  session,  fixing  the  limit  at 
twenty  days  The  members  reassembled  April  4th, 
and  remained  in  session  39  days,  passing  appropriation 
hills  and  no  other,  except  to  authorize  the  state  Jjoard 
to  ti\  such  an  ad  valorem  rate  of  taxation  as  sliould  fur- 
nish the  means  to  meet  these  demands,  among  which 
was  the  unconstitutional  pay  for  the  extra  session  of 
oi)  (lavs.  In  such  wavs,  and  bv  increasinij  rather 
tlian  diminishing  the  expenses  of  the  government,  its 
ciKMiiits  sought  to  bring  into  contempt  the  new  law, 
as  they  liad  corrupted  and  dist)beyed  all  law.     These 


i  vna 


F.  Chrntiii-li;  May  7,  14,  ISSl.  The  siiprrme  cmirt  iliii.lcd  'in  bank,  that 
thi  ilr  liiiii;.'!'  act  was  unconstitutional,  Judge  Sliarji-tcin  only  ilis<i  ntirig. 
Cd.  /i'.;i/<,  r)S,  (■)'J4 -Orii).  'ihe  legislature  also,  either  liy  design  or  oiliir\vi.se, 
failed  to  .sjK'cilieally  levy  a  tax  upon  railroad  itroperty,  Imt  simply  «l.  legated 
till'  [iiiwcr  to  do  so  to  tiie  state  hoard  of  e(iiiali/.ation.  On  this  groum!  tha 
nulroad  companies  contested  the  collection  of  taxes.  To  meet  the  olijection 
tlu  lit;i>lature  of  1881  inserted  in  the  tax-levy  hill  the  words,  'and  the  same 
is  li,r>'liy  levied; '  yet  when  thchill  was  ongross«;d  these  wonls  were  omitted, 
will  thiT  acciilently  or  not  it  wa^  impossilile  to  know.  The  governor  signed 
till'  li;|l  witlmui.  liiscovering  the  omission;  and  wa.s  stronglj-iiiinded  when  it 
w;i<  iinintcd  out  to  convene  the  legislature  for  the  third  time,  hut  on  consul- 
titioii  «ith  the  attorney -general  and  supreme  judges  aoandoiu>d  the  idiM. 
llii'  ('.  1*.  CO.  hrotight  suit  against  the  hoard  of  ei|iiali/ation  upon  tlie  ground 
tliat  the  Tal.  law  wan  in  contliet  with  the  1 1th  ainenduu-nt  to  tiie  U.  S.  ciu- 
stitntiim,  which  provides  that  no  state  sliall  'deny  to  any  person  witlun  its 
jiin-diition  the  eijual  protection  of  the  laws.'  The  supreme  court  dccidid 
that  the  jirovisions  applied  only  to  natural  persons,  aiui  not  to  eoriioratioiii 
nr  art  iti.ial  persons;  that  *  person  '  liad  no  relation  to  the  a.ssessmcnt  of  the 
jiri.]iiTty  of  railroacl  corjwrations;  that  the  franchise  of  the  C  P.  U.  was 
Iirn]iiTty  sulijcct  to  taxation,  and  not  exempt  l>y  reason  of  its  being  a  moans 
<iii|.|,iy(d  hv  congress  to  carry  into  operation  the  powers  of  the  general  gov- 
triimtut.  Cal,  Iiq>(,  (JO,  35. 


.  a. 


420 


POLITICAL  mSTORY. 


acts,  as  well  as  points  in  tli»'  constitution  itself,  k(>pt 
employed  the  bar  and  courts  of  the  state. 

A  question  had  arisen  in  IS80  concerninij  the  dura- 
tion of  tlie  ti-rnis  of  service  of  ofHcers  elected  in  ;i 
citv,  or  <'itv  and  countv  under  the  constitution.  The 
term  of  a  ma\\>r  in  San  Francisco  had  ever  been  twc 
years.  The  republicans,  anxious  to  be  rid  of  Mavdr 
Kalloch,  as  were  most  of  the  better  class  of  d.  ino. 
crats,  wished  to  apjily  that  section  which  declaicd  that 
the  t»}rms  of  all  otiicers  chosen  at  the  fir.st  elictinn 
should  be  shorter  bv  one  year  than  those  fixed  l,v 
law  or  l)v  the  constitution,  the  olnect  bein<'  to  luiii  ■• 
all  the  elections  in  the  even-numbered  years.  A)i]iH- 
cation  was  made  for  a  writ  (»f  mandamus  to  Kalhxh 
and  the  remainder  of  the  Itoard  of  election  coiiimi- 
sioners  to  comply  with  the  law,  which  was  refuseih 
and  the  case  cann;  before  the  supreme  court,  wlTuh 
decided  that  the  ofKces  referred  to  in  the  constitution 
were  not  county  and  municipal  t»tfices,  and  that  San 
Francisco  was,  until  tlie  leijislature  enacttd  laws  upim 
the  subject.  LToverned  by  the  reixulations  undtr  whkli 
its  officers  had  formerly  bcenchosi'n.  To  this  decisinn 
the  people  bowed,  and  prei)ared  for  a  muMicii)al  t lo- 
tion in  1881;  but  the  le;j;islature  in  March  oftliat 
year  passed  an  ametidment  to  the  existing  code  which 
was  construed  as  fixinj.^  city  elections  on  the  even- 
numbered  years,  bv  which  their  wishes  were  seenmiulv 
frustrated.  Ajjjain  the  courts  were  called  upon  to  in- 
terpret, and  decided  that  the  amendment  w:.s  ef  a 
ij^eneral  nature,  and  that  the  act  under  whicli  San 
Francisco  had  held  municipal  elections  ever  since  I'^t'ii 
had  not  been  re[«aled.  A  mandamus  was  i^rauteJ 
compelling;  the  commissioners  to  issue  an  order  fir  an 
election,  which  was  held  in  September,  and  at  which 
the  republican  reform  ticket  was  trimnphant.  Maunct^ 
C.  Blake  succeediui;  flavor  KalKich,  and  everv  etlicc 
but  two  in  the  city  and  countv  beiui;  filled  by  re[)ub- 
licans. 

But  as  the  law  just  mentioned,  while  it  permitted, 


VERY  COMMON  POLITICS. 


421 


■with  the  help  of  the  supremo  judges,  an  election  to 
bf  hiM  in  1^81,  ivfjuii'ed  one  to  be  held  in  188'J,  and 
ivt'iv  t\vi>  years  thereafter,  the  heuefitsof  the  Septeni- 
]»er  vietury  wore  shortlived.  By  oiic.ot' those  sudden 
cluiiiLrts  in  the  wind  of  politics  which  overturn  so 
inaiiv  j'artisau  air-castles,  the  city  and  county  went 
solitilv  tleniocratic  in  18S"J,  from  the  governor  elect, 
(!t'or.re  Stoneman,'"  down  to  ward  supervisors.'*  The 
CMiiuni'.-smen  elected  in  the  first,  second,  third,  and 
fnurth  districts  res[)ectively,  were  W.  S.  ]\osecrans, 
Jaiiies  liudd,  Ixirclay  Heidey,  and  IMeasant  11  Tully."' 
Two  r-}>resentatives  at  lar^e  were  Charles  Alleji 
Suimier  and  John  Kagland  Glascock." 

'^ Stiin'>nian  gnuluato.l  at  West  Point  in  1840,  .md  sen'cd  in  the  ^^o^•ic'an 
war  mi'lor  <'ii|.  .ifterwanl  nrii^.-tlon.,  Kearney.  He  came  to  (.'al.  with  (Jen. 
A.  •'.  Siiiitli's  ooiiiiiiaii'l.  aiiil  uKntinuiiig  to  resiile  in  tiiis  state,  tlioiijrh  lie 
fuu^lit  in  the  Ind.  Mar  nf  Oii'i;nn,  as  1  have  relatid,  lieiiig  then  a  raiitain. 

•'•Tiie  rcpniilicans  jumiinateil  M.  M.  Kstee,  a  ileterniined  (i]i]ionfnt  i\l 
tlie  t'l-ntrsl  Paciric,  wiiile  tlie  ^reenhaek  party'i  eanilnhite  was  K.  H.  Mc- 
Diiii  iM.  ami  the  ilenn.crats  'loniiiiiit'il  raiimail  eoiniiiissioiicr  Stniu'niaii.  wlio 
WMs  lielievetl  to  lie  more  or  less  favoralih'  to  the  railroad  inti'rest,  which 
rj.i'tr.l  liini.  For  the  re^t  of  the  state  ollieers,  Jolm  j>agget  was  eiio.>i.ii 
Ij.ntirov.;  T.  L.  'I'h^'Tiijis.in.  sn'.  ,<f  static  John  P.  I)uiin,  controller:  W.  A. 
.I;iiiiMry,  ireasurer:  K.  «".  Marshall,  atty-gen.  Marshall  came  to  California 
in  l">'iO.  a;id  was  elcteil  to  congress  in  |S.")-J.  H.  T.  NVillry,  .-.ur. -gnural; 
J.  \V.  M.-('art1iy.  olrrk  sup.  ct:  W.  T.  Wi'lcker,  siipt  jmh.  instruction;  K. 
M  [['•-■'.  J.  K.  Siiarjistcin,  associate  justices  »n\>.  ct;  W.  P.  Huniiihrcys, 
\V.  W.  Foi'te.  <;.  .1.  Carjieiiter  railroad  conirs.  In  S.  F.,  Wasiiingtoii  liart- 
Ictt,  i-ity  }Militician  since  1S4'.»,  was  elected  mayor;  James  V.  Cotlcy,  F.  M. 
t'l.'iiL'li.  James  H.  Ma^'uire.  and  1>.  J.  'I'oohy  were  ci  oseii  suiierior  judj;es; 
ovrr  James  A.  Wayward.  Culuiiiliiis  Hartlctt,  .1.  M.  Troutt,  and  James  M. 
Alliii.  Hale  Uix.  jHilice  jiidL'c;  James  Lawlor  judge  of  ])olice  ct  no.  2. 
ki\  was  the  only  rep.  elected  to  the  hencli  of  any  court.  He  had  served 
alioiit  "JO  years. 

*■  llo-i-crans  ran  against  A.  Neuman;  Budd  against  H.  F.  Page;  Henley 
airainst  .1.  J.  I>e  Haven;  Tully  against  (ieorgoL.  Woods.  Ihidd  was  horn 
at  .l.iiii-iville.  Wis.  in  1*».">1.  aiiJ  eihu'atcd  at  the  university  of  Cal.,  law- 
viT,  n-j.  Stockton;  reci'ived  20. '_*■_".•  \ntcs  auainst  Horace  F.  Page,  rep. 
r.  S.  J/.  Joii:,  !>s4-5.  ^7J.  Barclay  llcidcy,  horn  in  Ind.  in  1S42,  came  to 
'a!,  in  ls."i:{.  ri'tumetl  t<i  he  educated  at  Hanover  colics-re,  lawyer,  res.  .^aiita 
Ui>-a,  M-a.s  dist  att'y  4if  .Sonoma  co.,  meiiilier  of  the  state  assemhly,  jiresideii- 
ti.il  rhetor  in  lv>0,  etc;  received  21.SII7  votes  against  i;t,473  "for  J.  J.  l»e 
liavi'ii,  rep. 

''."^limner  was  1«om  inCIreat  B-irrinizton,  Mass  in  1S35,  and  educated  at 

Trinity  .m11.-<:...    Hartfonl.   lawy.r.  S.  F  ;  r ivcd  S7,:-'W  votes  against  7.'?,- 

74'.t  f.'f  W  W.  M..rr<.w.  re]*  .  and  'J.7St>  for  Varnell.  Cflaarock.  of  Oakland. 
l">ni  III  Miss,  in  IvVi.  ecliuatcd  at  the  university  of  Cal.;  and  the  university 
ct  \  i;  hw  viT.  and  di-t  atty  of  .\lanii"ila  CO. ;  ri'ceivcd  S7,'Jo'.*  vi>tcs  against 
'Xn\  f.r"  Henry  Kdgertiin.  rep.,  and  2.7'»l>  for  Hotchkiss.  U.  S.  II.  Jn,ii:, 
b>>t  ."«.  >;>J.  .Suuiutr  ran  agaiu^jt  W.  W.  Morrow;  Cilascuck  against  Heuty 
t'lL'tr'on. 


1  ■*  \i 


;«  I' 


422 


POLITICAL  HISTORY. 


The  constitution  provkled  tliat  all  the  senators 
elected  in  1871)  should  hold  office  three  3'ears.  This 
regidution  rendered  necessary  the  choice  of  a  wliolo 
senate  in  1882,  half  of  whom  were  required  to  vacate 
their  seats  in  1884,  after  which  a  senatorial  teim 
would  he  four  years.  This  circumstance  gave  an  (iji- 
portunity  for  the  democrats  to  secure  an  almost  ex- 
clusively one-party  legislature,  33  out  of  40  senators 
and   65  out  of  71)   assemblymen  being    democratic." 


'*Tlie  senntc  consisteil  of  Jolm  Wolfskill,  San  Diego  cTikI  San  Hcnianlinn, 
R.  F.  I>el  Valle,  Los  Antick-s;  Koorge  Steele,  Sta  Harliara  and  S.iii  ].\m 
Oliispo;  I'atrick  IldMy,  Fresno,  Tulare,  Kern,  Mono  and  Inyo;  .J.  D.  )<[>rn- 
;<cr,  Marip.'-ii,  Merced  and  Stanislaus;  Henjainin  Knight,  Monterey,  San 
Benito  and  .Smta  Cruz;  C  H.  Maddox,  Santa  t'lara;  .J.  Lynch,  S.  !•'.  and 
San  Mateo;  T.  McCarthy,  I).  McC'lure,  (i.  H.  Ferry,  K.  Keatiiij^,  I".  K. 
Nelson.  J.  r.  Donjherty,  Martin  KcUy,  F.  J.  Sullivan,  W,  Cronan,  S  y.- 
H.  Vrooinan,  Alanieila:  W.  B.  Engliali,  Contra  Costa  and  Marin:  1'..  F. 
I^ingford,  F.  T.  Ballwiu,  San  .foa^uin  and  Amador;  C.  I).  Ueynnlds,  Cala- 
veras and  Tuolumne;  J.  Routier,  Frederick  Cox,  Sao.;  J.  M.  Dudley  aiiilj. 
E.  Kelley.  S.ilano  and  Yolo;  1).  Spencer,  Na])a  Lake  and  Sonoma;  (i.  A. 
Jolinsiin,  Sonoma;  .T.  A.  Fdeher.  Flacer;  T.  Frasor,  1*!1  Dorado  and  Aljiiiii; 
C.  W.  Cross.  H.  W.  Wallis,  Nevada  and  Sierra;  A.  L.  Chandler,  Yul.:i.iu.l 
Sutter:  W.  W.  Kellogg'.  Butte,  I'lumas  and  Lasscu;  P.  H.  llyan,  Del  N,.iio, 
Hnm'ioldt  and  Men^loeino;  C.  W.  Taylor,  Siskiyou,  Modoc,  'Irinity.  laA 
Shasta;  C.  F.  Foster,  Colusa  anil  Tehama.  Pres  t,  pro  teni,  Del  Valie:  veo. 
Ed\v:n  F.  Sinitli;  .ass't  seo"s,  J.  J.  McC'arthy,  A.  T.  Voglesang;  ser^'tat- 
arms.  .T.  S.  Messee;  ass"t  serg"t-at-arms,  J.  B.  Snydor;  minute  clerk,  A.  A. 
Taylor;  journal  clerk,  W.  ,].  Met  lee;  engrossing  clerk,  Cleorge  \V.  Tuttlc; 
postmaster.  Mrs.F.  V.  David.   Cil.   Jdhi:   Sni.,  1S8'J,  17. 

Mem'iers  of  assem''ly:  L.  If.  I'arey,  W.  B.  Clement,  L.  H.  Brown.  .\li- 
meda;  Roltert  .Stewart.  Amador;  L.  C.  (Jrange,  T.  R.  Fleming.  Hiitti-; 
Ge  >rge  T.  Carter.  Contra  Costa;  \.  R.  Wlieat,  Calaveras;  Keulnii  (Ink, 
Colusa  an  I  Tehama:  W.  A.  Hamiltim.  \K\  Norte;  C.  F.  Irwin.  Dl  Don.!..; 
Thomas  B.  Rowland  El  Dorado  anil  .Vlpine;  Frank  Wharton,  Fre«iii>;  •!.  H. 
(;.  Weaver.  HuinlM.ldt:  J.  M.  Keeler,  Inyo  and  Mono;  A.  B.  M.illalt.  W. 
W.  Head.  L.IS  .\nireles:  '1.  J.  Crumpton.  Lake;  W.  L.  Smith,  Maripos.i  ai.d 
Mereed;  .S.  C.  Bowers,  Marin;  Areliihald  Yell,  Mendocino;  Thomas  F.  I'uv. 
Monterey:  F.  E.  .Jolmston,  Nait.i;  J.  L.  Lewison.  A.  Walrath,  .1.  O.  S»i  it- 
land.  Xevatla;  P.  McHaie,  Placer;  Calvin  Me(^loskoy.  Plumas  and  La^-iii; 
E.  A.  <Jauss;iil.  William  .f.  Sinon,  .1.  J.  Callaghan,  Tiioinas  F.  Barrv.  11.  K. 
M.-Kiidev.  A.  U.  li.>otli,  J.  H.  Culver.  C.  A.  .Mur.lock.  B.  A.  Rawle!  Sidmv 
Hall.  Peter  Wheelan.  Thomas  E.  Ilealv,  Patrick  Plover,  ^V.  R.  Lcver-nu, 
T.  N*.  McDonald.  .lames  J.  FIvnn.  Charles  \.  Huglie.s,  D.  H.  Bil.l,.  Tii.inas 
M.  .\Lirphy,  E.  .1.  Oi'onner.  S.  F.;  F.  D.  Ryan,  H.  M.  I.«arue.  Killis  D..ty, 
Sac.:  Elwiu  Pirkcr,  San  Diego;  Tr'iman  Reeves.  Smu  Bernardino;  .1.  II. 
HoUister.  San  Luis  Oliispo;  » '.  A.  Storke.  St.a  Barbara  and  Veiitiu  i:  .\.  IJ. 
Hunter.  .1.  H.  M.  Townseml.  Adam  Rhiel,  Sta  Clara;  Lucien  lleaili.  >Maa, 
Cru/;  .F.  H.  Matthew*,  S.m  Benito;  S.  Ij.  Terry,  V.  S.  Stevens,  .1.  \V.  Kcr- 
rick,  San  .I<vaijuin:  J.  V.  L'oleman.  San  Mateo;  >L  Farley,  Sierra:  K.  B. 
Beard.  Stanislaus;  Jik?1  A.  Harvey.  D.  <i.  Barnes,  Solano;  John  T.  Caiiiii- 
l»ell.  S.  ^L  Martin,  .lohn  Fi.  Id.  Sniioma'  S.  R.  Fortun,  Sutter:  J.  M.  P'Hci- 
land.  Trnuty  ami  .'*>hasta:  F.  D.  N'ieol.  Tuolumne;  D.  N.  Flersliey.  \^^\■<^. 
W.  ^L  Cutter,  N.  D.  Coiinilis,  \'ulia.  li'iiiie,  speaker;  Camphell.  spcikir, 
pro  teu;   chief  clerk,  M.   C   iiulcy;  tserg't-at  arms,    Jumci   ^L   Farrclly; 


SELFVALUATION  OF  A  LEGISLATURE. 


423 


Strictly  construed,  their  election  was  not  constitutional 
bv  reason  of  the  neglect  of  their  predecessors  to  up- 
nortion  the  representation  of  the  two  houses  ;  butthoy 
I )'(i(t  ('(led  to  district  the  state,  and  remove  this  disa- 
liilitv  tor  the  future,  as  also  to  define  six  congressional 
ili.stricts,  beginnuig  with  the  nt)rthern  portion  of  the 
hViU'  iuid  proceeding  south,  San  Francisco  comprising 
tli('  4th  and  a  porticm  of  the  5th  congressicjnal  di- 
visions. They  displayed  great  readiness  in  appro[)ri- 
atiii:.;  the  state's  re  veime,  and  a  fair  amount  of  industry 
ill  introducing  bills  in  one  house  which  were  rejected 
ill  the  other,"  if  not  at  first  hand. 

In  March.  1884,  Governor  Stoneman  called  an  extra 
session,  unlimited,  the  extraordinary  occasion  for 
wliicli  was  the  refusal  of  the  railroad  companies  of 
the  state  to  pay  taxes  which,  the}'  alleged,  had  been  ille- 
LTally  imposed.  Actions  had  been  instituted  against 
theiii  to  enforce  collection,  which  had  been  on  vari- 
ous ni'ouiids  delayed,  but  had  finally  been  terminated 
hy  the  decision  o(  the  court  that  while  nothing 
\v;is  1(  gnlly  collectible  from  these  corj)orations,  the 
.state  miglit  accept  whatever  they  were  willing  to  ac- 
cord. '  But  the  pet)|ile  were  loath  to  accept  this 
(liiisioii,  and  more  efiectivc  measures  for  securing 
i'(\<nu(s  IVom  the  railroads  were  imperatively  de- 
iiiaiiiled.  The  plan  of  electing  railroad  commi.^sioners 
hv  districts  had  not  proved  satist'actorv,  for  thev  had 
t'aih'd  to  agree  on  a  taiiff  of  faros  and  freights,  and  a 
tlioiongh  revision  of  the  constitution  and  laws  on  this 
suii|t(t  was  demanded;  hence  the  call  for  an  extra 
.H'ssion.  It  was  recommended  to  propose  to  tlie 
I'loiiK'  to  amend  the  sections  of  article  Xlll.  which 


un 


ax-'t  Mr;.''tat;irni9,  .Tain(?s  P.  Martin;  nss't  cli'iks,  (;.  \V.  lIurlHTt.  Jdliua 
I''iiiiir';  iiiiiuiti>  c'li'rk,  Tlinmas  Cli'ary;  jmiruil  cliik.  (u'ovgf  \V.  I'eckliam, 
iii;.'iii<siiig  clerk,  ('liarl"a  A.  (irilUii;  I'lirnilMii,'  i-li'rk,  ('.  li.  .Swift. 

"  Aiuciiig  till'  more  iiiipurtaiit  iiii;a.>iiirt's  wtTf  tiiiix!  lirmi^'lit  forwanl  l>y 
^'•Miti.r  Cliaiidlor,  to  proviclo  a^^aiiist  the  aciuiimlation  of  iiiiiiiiiL'  ilfliris. 
.\ii^i}>tui  L.  ('liandliT,  a  native  of  .Joliiison,  Vt,  came  to  C'al.  in  1S.'>'J,  and 
ni-'i--.|  in  various  ooiMi|iatioiis,  mainly  agriculture  and  stock-raisnig.  He 
nii.lrriil  gooil  service  to  tlie  Yiilia  city  v'range,  the  Farmers'  union,  and  kin- 
dii'i  i«siiciations.      In  \S~',\  he  was  chosen  assemldyinau  for  Sutter  co. 

'  (loveraor's  pruelamutiuii  in  Citl.  Juki:  Hen.,  1SS4,  l-'J. 


:li,|.| 


:.►£! 


m 


424 


rOLITICAL  HISTORY. 


dealt   with    railroad    and   mortgage  assosstnrtits 


to 


abolisli  the  railroad  commission  s\stem,for  wliidi  tlie 
legislature  would  substitute  some  better  laws  ;  and  to 
amend  the  constitution  so  that  the  state  bdjird  (if 
equalization  should  assess  railroad  property,  incliKlin.^' 
mortgages,  deeds  of  trust,  contracts,  and  other  si curi- 
ties,  in  the  same  manner  that  the  property  of  iiidivid- 
iials  was  assessed  by  local  assessors.  The  legislaturo 
should  enact  laws  providing  for  delinquent  .sales  of 
railroad  property;  for  the  prevention  of  any  writ  fdr 
hindering  or  preventing  the  collection  of  revcniu- ,  fcir 
the  appointment  of  a  receiver  when  property  slumld 
be  sold  for  delinquent  taxes;  should  declare  by  law 
that  the  people  of  California  had  not  authorized  and 
did  not  ratify  any  compromise  nor  any  juduiiirnr, 
theretofore  rendered  by  consent  in  any  acti(ni  fnr  tln' 
collection  of  revenues  by  which  a  less  amount  was 
recovered  than  the  sum  due  bv  law;  should  <  luut 
laws  more  clearly  defining  the  powers  and  dutii  s  ef 
the  attorney-general,  district  attorneys,  and  boards  df 
supervisors  with  reference  to  the  collection  of  d(  lin- 
quent  taxes.  They  were  to  propose  to  the  proplt . 
also,  an  amendment  to  fix  a  maximum  rate  of  cliari:  s 
for  transportation  of  passengers  and  freight  on  all 
railroad  lines  in  the  .state,  according  to  a  das.silicatien 
in  length,  gauixe,  and  income;  and  laws  were  to  \n- 
passed  appointing  penalties  for  discrimination  by  the 
railroad  companies. 

The  l(\gislature  met  March  24th,  and  adjourned 
May  inth.  It  spent  $S3,000  of  the  people's  money. 
passed  four  bills,  two  appropriating  pay  tothenisclvt  s, 
one  amending  the  constitution,  touching  the  stat*' 
board  of  equalization,  and  one  providing  for  fundinu 
the  indebtedness  of  counties  in  certain  cases.  This  was 
the  solo  outcome  of  the  governor's  j)roclainati<'n 
against  the  so-called  recalcitrant  railroad  conii>aiii(  -. 
Naturally,  the  people  were  somewhat  irritated  a.;aiii>t 
the  legislature,  and  also,  though  without  appaivnt 
cause,  against  the  railroad,  taking  no  heed  o\'  tin' 
fact  that  the  latter  paid  into  the  state  treasury  nicrc 


PROSTITUTION  OF  LIBEHTY. 


425 


tli.iM  Si. 000,000,  for  which  they  were  held  by  no  l.-gal 
olili-ation. 

Ill  the  autumn  of  18S4  tlio  genoral  state  and  pres- 
idriiriil  flections  hciiijjj  connninj^lcd,  iImtc  was  more 
t!i  t'l  oniinaiy  disturl)ancc  (jf  the  public  mind  :  f<>r 
11).  !i  will  make  sacriHce.-*  to  elect  a  chief  of  the  federal 
irnvciiiinent,  wlio  sit  quietly  at  home  while  a  f<»rci'^n 
ii!»!)I '  make  ami  unmake  the  officers  and  tlie  offices 
of  the  stat»;  in  which  they  live.  (lofxl  men.  sick  of 
the  iiiMie  of  politics,  and  wearied  with  ever-recurring 
(I  i-rinis.  wen;  more  and  more  inclined  to  n«  gh-ct 
IV  q-tration  as  retiuired  hv  law.  and  to  abandon  with 
a  si^h  the  responsibilities  of  electors,  ( )f  what  avail, 
(liniiijj  this  long  }>eriod  of  political  demoralization, 
a:i  I  thi'  ever-incroasing  j)rostitution  of  Anieriean  free 
.I'lveniment.  of  what  avail  the  votes  of  the  few  had- 
hvX  iiKii  of  wealth  and  intelligenci' on  whom  tin-  bur- 
(l.'iis  of  govt'rnment  fall,  as  against  tin'  impoited 
European  rabble,  and  the  unthinking  masses  easily 
sway:  d  by  bribing  monopolists  and  desig'iing  dema- 
u'')j:ues  ?  Two  causes,  however,  united  to  bring  out 
a  full  vote  in  IMS4  ;  first  the  choice  of  a  chi<f  magis- 
tiate  of  the  re})ublic,  and  second,  to  prevent  the  re- 
liction of  the  last  state  legislature.  The  result  e.f 
till'  contest  was  a  republican  majority  <»ver  all  of  7.^55, 
fir  jinsident,  the  election  of  five  out  of  j.ix  congr<>s- 
in>ii."  the  control  of  the  stati'  legislature,  and  in 
San  Fra?icisoo  a  gain  in  municii>al  officers,"  although 

^■' The  exact  figiires  were,  fi>r  IMaiiie,  rt'p..  !<>?.  tO«>:  ff»'  flevclan'L  <lein., 
>«0. •.»•.•:.■.  -.MhiO  f.>r  St  .Tolin,  iiroliiliition  (.'f  l!.|ii..r-«tlliriv'.;  aii'l  "J.OIO  t..r  But- 
1' r.  _'iitii!>;nki'r;  total  vuto  nf  tiic  ,<t:it('.  I'.>li.".t.")7.  IJ'I>.  i>n--''l>iitial  <-|.-.-t..r', 
II  !ir>  K.|;{.Ttc.ii.  A.  !{.  Cmklin.  .1.  D.  Hv.rs  -F.  H.  Ue.i.li.,k.  Ch.irle*  F. 
l:  I.  lloiMic  Uavis.  Manii-i  H.  Hiclit.  Clu  >t<r  Ki.«tU.  In  the  l«t  oTi;:. 
li:-'  I  I'liiiHTat,  liaivliiy  Henley,  was  dfctt'il  ovir  Tliuina-  L.  <  arxtluT*.  rep., 
Iiv  ll'>iiiij.;  ill  the  "Jil,  Louttit.  iH'p..  over  Suiniier.  ilt-ni..  \>y  I  I'J  iriaj.:  iu 
til'  .'II.  MiKeiina.  rep.,  ovit  (Jla^eoik.  ilem..  I)y  '•'■J'i'.i  iiiaj.:  in  the  4tli. 
M  .rriw.  rep.,  over  Ha-itiiik;s,  ileiii..  Ky  4.4'.M)  maj.  ii>liir»lity  o%-er  ail  4.-l«»l ): 
ill  tiie  ."(til,  Felton,  rep.,  over  Siill'\aii,  iletn..  I.y  \.(M'A  maj.;  in  ti;c  Otli, 
Mi'k'iani,  np.,  over  r)el  Valle.  deiii.,  hy  4(V.»  maj.  The  rtatc  l-<ir<l  of 
f|iili/itioii  eleeted  con-iisted  of  3  lUiii..  Charlei  tiij.lea.  C.  K.  Wihoxon. 
ai  I  I'liti  Markley,  ami  one  rep.,  L.  ( '.  Morehou.-*e.  Im.-iiij?  the  Uianl  of  lv«i 
1!.  •  '  .niier  ileni.  hoard  of  railwav  eoinnii^-ionir-*  w'ia  al-«»  re<'Iectc-<l,  viz..  <■. 
J.  Cimpholl,  \V.  W.  Foofe.  anil  W.  I'.  Ilmnphreys. 

'"Ot    the   superior   judges   eleeted,  "i  were  rep.,  John    Hunt  and  D.  J. 


■,  t 


I 


1 


Ilk 


426 


POLITICAL  HISTORY. 


Bartlctt  was  roiiloctcd  mayor,  and  several  iniiioitant 
placi'.s  Were  filled  by  deuKK-rats. 

All  iiii}>(»rtaiit  jtliase  t)f  this  election  was  tlu'  a(l(.|>. 
tioii  of  three  aiiiciidiiiL'iits  to  the  eoii.stitutioii ;  '  ii,,t 
iiiipurtaut  because  the  aiiieiidiiieiits  wire  so,  i)ut  as  uii 
ilhistration  of  tlie  ease  with  which  this  inaniur  uf 
iiiakiiit;-  legislation  biiidiiii;;  could  be  practised.  Onh- 
about  one-fifth  of  the  electors  voted  on  the  aiiK ml- 
nients,  and  it  may  be  doubted  if  the  other  ftun-tittlis 
knew  anvthiiiLr  of  their  nature  ;  but  a  maioritv  i.nlv 
of  the  (jualified  electors  voting  was  re([uired  to  aiiuiul. 


J 


;f 


:l;|||| 


r 

1^ 


The  leirislataro  elect,  which  assembled  in  January, 
1885,  ''took  up  the  subject  of  railroad  taxation,  ami 

Mur})liy:  nnd  '2  dcm.,  .1.  F.  Sullivan  ami  T.  IT.  Reanlou.     Halo  Rix  an.l  \V. 
A.  S.  Nii'liolsDii,  ri'iL,  wore  flucti'd  jMilice  judgi's. 

•"Twii  wfie  jircipuscd  liy  tin'  loj^islatuiv  iit  KSS.'{,  ami  concerneil  privilrges 
of  iiiilividiials  to  lay  Mat(.T-i>ijn's  in  I'itie.i;  ainl  iirnvided  that  tlie  ^^tatl■  I'liir.l 
of  I'dui'atioii  slidiild  oiiiniuk',  or  cause  to  l)e  lonqiiled  and  adciited,  a  uuit'i  .in 


if  tixt-lmok^i  foru.se  in  the  eonn: 


L'hools.     The  [id  was  tli- 


of  the  extra  lej,'islaturo  to  amend  see.  1>  of  art.  xiii.,  not  as  (Jov.  St.in, m  iii 
had  reeoniniended,  Imt  continuing  tlie  then  iireseut  hoard  in  otliee  until  I'^Ni, 
dividiiii;  tlie  statt'  into  4  districts  con esjiondini;  with  the  former  conj.'!i>~- 
ional  ilistriets,  and  pioviiling  that  no  Imard  should  raise  any  niortgau'i'.  dtcil 
of  trust,  contract,   or  other  ohligation  hy  which  deht  is  secured,  iiioiuy,  or 


soheiit  credits,  ahove  its  tace  value 


W. 


eighty  and  ironical  legislation 


^'Tlie  senate  of  lS,"i,")  was  comjio.scil   of  A.  V.  Johnson,  San   Hciiiard: 
H.  F.  l>el   X'alle,  Los  Angiles;  (.leorge  Steele.  San   Luis  Ohisiio;  1'.  K 


nnj 


M. 


.1.  1>.  S]ien-er,  .'^tanislans;  l?en.  Knight,  Santa  C 


K.  1.^ 


A.  W.  Sa\e.  St.i  Clara;  .1.  Lynch,  Oeorge  V.  rarkinsini,  F.gisto  I'almii!:.  1'. 
McCliire,  (ieorge  Jl.  iVrry.  Daniel  ,1.  (.'reighton,  Edward  F.  I'ruiii.  .1.  T. 
l'>nii;lieitv,  .M.'KcIK-.  ,I,ihii  M.  Davs.  .lulm   L.   Hoone,   S.  F. :  M.  \'ro,.iu:iii, 


O.    K.    Whitnev,    t)akland;   F.    ('.    I»e  L 


L 


,'ford,  SiikU 


ton; 


A.  1>.  Hcanvais,  Tuohi 


'Ug, 


M; 


F.  T.    Haldwin.    I!.  V. 


W.  J{.   I'arker,  Martin  . I.  Wright.   S.ilano;  1>.   Siienser.  Naiia;  (i.  A.  .h 
sun,  Sonoma:  .T,  A.  I'ilcher.  Placer;  Henry  Mahler,  Kl  l)orado;  *i.  W.  ( 


Fred.  Cox,  .1.  Kouti 
Nai.a;  (i 


Xe.ada:  11.  W.  Wall, 


ice.   Sierra;  A.  L.    I'handler.   Sutter;  W.  W.  Kellgu', 


I'liimas;  K.   C.    Hurll.nrt,    Huinlioldt,   C.  W.  T.ylor,  Shasta;  C.  F.  Fi-tcr, 
Tehama.     .Tolin  Uagyett.  pros't;  Edwin  T.  .Smith,  sec;  .1    .1.  Me('arth>.  V. 


.1. 


■axe,  asst  se 


L  (1.  M 


cssec,  sergt-at-anus;  .J.  I'inch,  asst  sergt 


Riy.l.  I'alk.  niiuute  clerk;  Cuy  II.   Salislmry,  asst  minute  cU  i 
Miagher,  jnurnal  clerk;  1*.  M.  Sullivan,  enr.  clerk;  (Jeorge  F.  Tattle 
clerk. 


,.l,u  F. 


Meiidiers  of  the  assemhly:  .T.    K.  .Tuh 


Si.ski 


J.  H.  C.  W.:i\er, 


iselili  liuss 


ilumholdt;  .liihn  Yule,  Trinity;  Thomas  A.  Roseiierrv.  Mi  doc; 


(Je 
n.irte;  ]{ 


Wood.    Sierra;  .lohn   Ellisun.  Tehama;  Allen  Henry,  .1.   M.  ^^  • 


It  Ka 


•rett,  Colusa;  Whit.  Henlcv.  Mendocir 


E.  W.  Brit.  I.iki 


lan, 


W.  11.  T'arks.  Yul.a;  Amtin  Walrath.  C.  F.  Mclilasl 
n.  Coll.v.  Placer;  E.  H.  Watson.  El  Dorado;  W.  .1.  J>avis,  ('.  T..'  ■)  S 
Dwight  Hollist.M-,  Sac.:  C.  1{.  t'ulvcr.  Y.do;  11.  A.  Pelleit,  Nai'a;  W  T. 
Mears,  S.  1.  Alien,  ^L  K.  C  Muuday,  Souuma:  D.  U.  Uarucs,  K.  C,  t.uar, 


LEOISLATUnE  OF  1885. 


427 


nil 


niih  lulmcnt  was  proposed,  Hoatli  of  Santa  lusa 
U'uvj:  the  author  of  the  bill  which  roinovcd  several  of 
tin  most  ohjiftionablo  features  of  the  ctmstitution, 
toiu  liiii;j;  tlie  iiiamu'r  of  taxiiiy  the  railroatl  eorpora- 
tlie  state.  It  so  ehanm'd  article  XIII.  as  to 
hide  growing  vines  and  fruit-trees  among  taxable 


ti'iii^ 


1111 


'>iM|n  rtv,  to  provide  tor  taxing  ships  and  vessels  or 
tlicir  lit  t  earnings,  and  to  prohibit  dt>uble  taxation  in 
iiiiv  t'linn.  It  excepted  railroad  owners  from  the  ob- 
li^;itioii  of  making  a  sworn  statement  of  all  their 
inojurty.  real  and  personal ;  but  all  corporations  and 
jHisdiis  owning  or  opiiating  a  rai' 


lrt)ad 


(I 


or  any  jtortion 
f  eiie  in  the  state  should  pay  to  the  state  treasurer 
mi  or  before  the  first  dav  of  Julv  of  each  vear  two 
ami  oue-half  per  cent  u}>on  the  gross  earnings  of  the 
vtar  next  pri'ceding,  ending  in  Di'cember,  which  tax 
sliiiuld  be  in  lieu  of  all  other   state  ami  countv  taxes 

t- 

iilKiii  the  material  and  pro})erty  of  such  roads,  in- 
cluding mortgages,  deeds,  contracts,  etc.  All  other 
|ir(i|Mrty  owiK'd  by  such  corporationsor]>ersons  should 
l»e  assessed  and  taxed  according  to  law.  The  gross 
annual  earnings  of  railroads  v.'eri'  to  be  ascertained 
ami  (letlared  by  the  state  board  of  equalization.  Any 
Cdiporation  or  person  failing  or  refusing  to  pay  the 
tax  piovidcd  by  the  amendment  should  be  deeUk^l  to 

SnlaTifi;  Jiiseph  Alniv,  Marin;  .Tames  11.  Dalv.  T..  C.  Kallioii,  rott-r  Pcveny, 
J.'^qh  Frinklm.  \V.'  15.  Mav,  F.  W.  llii<.«fv."\.  T.  Wlutoomh,  J,,liii  Latl.rty, 
M.  .1.  Sullivan.  \y.  n.  Hunt,  Cliarlcs  11.  VVar.l.  .Julius  HuhU  it.  11.  C.  Fiie- 
li.iii:;!i,  \'.  ('.  .Mi'Muiiay.  Kuj,'(iie  F.  Lnuil.  Frcilirick  l.ovill,  lliij;li  K.  Mo- 
iKukin.  'riionias  11.  .Miliunalil,  CliarKs  |).  limi^'las.  F'rank  Fniuli.  S.  F. ; 
J:iiiir><  \'.  CiiliMiau,  S.in  Mati'o;  Lufiiii  iiiatli,  Santa  Ciu/;  .liKi'iiJi  1".  I'.l.ick, 

Tl la-  ('.  Monis,   F.  .1.   Mollitt,  W.  M.  11,  yw..,..!,  \V.  II.   .IciMan.  C.  \V. 

\V.it-ciii,  Alanieila;  (i.  W.  T.  C'artir,  Cnntra  Co.-ta;  Hugh  .1 .  (.'oruman,  F.  .1. 

\V Iw.iiil.  San  .l(iai|uiii:  I'.  .S.  Ciruniy.  Aniailor;  Mark  S.  'loiri'V,  Cala- 

v.rus  W.  <;.  Lung,  Tuolnnint';  W.  F.  I'attor-on,  .1.  W.  Conk.  J).  Si.  I'yio, 
^m\:i  Clara:  K.  B.  IJoard,  Stanislaus;  C.  (1.  (Jnuihor,  Marii'i.sa:  Maurin-  T. 
ItiM.liiii;,  San  lU'nito,  S.  N.  Lauglilin,  .Mnnti'rcy:  A.  M.  (lark.  Frt-Mo;  ]•'.. 
I'l'Witf.  'rularc:  It.  J.  \'an  Voorhifs,  M.mo;  Aiva  Porter.  .San  Luis  Ul'i-i>o; 
.\1.  \.  M,  l,:uu,  Sta  Harl.ara;  K.  I.  Aslio,  Kern;  .1.  lianl.ury.  II.  1".  Il.i/.u.i. 
K.  v..  lolwarils.  ].,os  AngcK's;  Truman  lliovcs,  San  Hernanlino;  T.  .1.  Sw.iyne, 
Sill  jihtio.  W.  11.  I'arks,  speaker;  Frank  1>.  Kyan.  ehi-t"  eierk;  V.  V.  \'<>n^, 
Am-'U  Smith,  F.d.  .1.  Smitli,  asst  elerks;  Thomes  K.  .Atkinson,  It.  1>.  t'annnn. 
niiniite  ilirks;  F'rank  .1.  Bramlou,  Frank  W.  Marston,  jourii..!  elerks;  Jan.li 
^hivu.  •iii;.  elerk;  Jerome  I'orter,  A.  F.  Chapman,  sergts-at-arni.-!.  Cul.  .bV.i/., 

JSbo,   .\\lll.-.\.\. 


I  ■'  iilP 


428 


rOUTlC'.\L  I  IIS  1  OK  V. 


It 


have  waived  tlio  rii^lit  t(»  uporato  their  railniads 
within  tlici  state;  and  the  taxes  should  he  a  h(  n  iipdii 
the  jifopcrty,  wliieh  iiiii^ht  lie  eiifuiccd  hy  law.  An 
ad  valori'in  tax  t\)r  scluxd  i)iir[K>srs  shouhi  also  l.^ 
levi(!d  u|»i>ii  railroad  [)ro|)erty  situated  within  any 
coiMiiKtu-sehool  district.  Iiieomc  tiixes  niii^ht  h(  as. 
seasiMJ  and  eolleeted  from  persons,  corporations,  ((.hi- 
panies,  or  joint-.stoek  associations  doin*^  husiiu^s  in 
the  state.  No  court  within  the  state  should  jiavo 
j)o\ver  hy  injunctiiuj  or  otherwise  to  intirt'i  ic  with, 
liindcr,  or  delay  the  collection  of  any  tax  laid  uikKp 
the  form  of  law,  unless  it  i)c  sliown  that  the  saiiic 
property  had  been  taxed  more  than  once  f(»rtlie  sanir 
purpose  in  the  same  year,  and  then  only  upon  the 
payment  to  the  collector  or  into  court  o'  a  sum  e((ual 
to  the  amount  of  one  of  the  taxes  laid  upmi  the 
propiM'ty  in  (jui'stioii;  hut  actions  nrn.flit  !)••  main- 
tained a;j;ainst  a  tax  collector  to  recover  ta\t  s  paid 
under  protest,  if  h(i.jun  within  thirty  ilays  after  pay- 
ment; and  it  should  he  the  duty  (»f  courts  to  j^ivc 
precedence  to  castas  of  this  kind.  Nothinijf  in  tliis 
amendment  was  to  he  [)ermitteu  to  atfcct  aiiv  jm n.ilty 
theretofon;  .iicurred,  or  any  action  or  viuht  ,f  actiiui. 
The  first  levy  and  jiayment  of  railroad  axes  uikIlI' 
the  amendment  should  he  made  in  IHSCi  \\\»)n  tlio 
j^ross  earnings  of  ISSf),  hut  it  should  not  atH ct  tlio 
taxation  for  the  pn^vious  year.  The  nal  ohjcct  (if 
this  amendment  was  to  permit  the  ruling  railroad 
corporation  to  settle  with  the  state  ujiou  its  dwii 
terms,  the  rates  fixed  heing  ahout  one-sixth  of  that 
paid  hy  the  average  tax-payer.  This  amendment 
was  rejected  in  188G. 

Another  question  of  paramount  iinjtortance  to  tlie 
agriculturalists  of  the  state — the  propt-r  distrihutioii 
of  water  and  its  reasonahle  cost — lia<l  also  hecome  The 
suhjcct  of  legislation.  'I'he  movement  did  not  < m- 
anate  from  the  ]H'Ople.  hut  was  projected  hy  jxditiral 
conspirators,  who,  while  feigning  to   make  all  wafi  r 


IIlIlKiATIOX. 


4-J9 


viiidi  lia<l  l)Prn  or  niiixlit  bo  appropriated  a  puMic 
use,  siil>J''<'t  to  tlir  control  oftlu*  state  in  a  iiiamur  to 
lie  |>it  .stiilM'd  by  law,  provided  that  iu  fixiiij;  tlie  rates 
(if  ( iiiiiiieusation  to  be  collected  by  uii  person  or  cor- 
noialioii  t'oi  the  use  of  water  sui^pue*!  to  any  city, 
tiiwii.iir  irrigation  district,  a  net  return  of  seveti  j)er 
(viit  pi  r  aniiunj  upon  the  cost  of  construction  and 
iimiiitiiiance  of  Jie  necessary  works  sjiould  be  secured 
t(.  thi-  owners.  While  declarinj;  evi'ry  neutral  stream 
till'  |iiopt  ity  of  tho  public,  and  dedicated  to  the  use 
of  the  jKopK',  subject  to  apj)ropriation,  div  rsion, 
ami  use  for  iriiij;ation  and  other  l)eneficial  pui|n>sc3, 
prior  appiopriation"  was  allowe<l  the  better  rij^ht, 
and  should  b--  exercised  under  lej^islativo  rei^ulat  ions. 
As  in  the  Heath  aniendnient,  the  courts  were  forbid- 
den to  interine<ldle  i)y  injunction,  and  all  suits  pcnd- 
iii!^'  a'jjainst  the  diversion  of  water  from  any  natural 
strraiii  were  to  bo  staved  bv  the  passage  of  the 
aiiKiidniont  until  the  plaintifi  s  riglit  had  been  estab- 
lisiird  by  a  recovery  of  damages  in  an  action  at  law. 
These imiocent-soundingsectionscontained  the  germ 
of  a  mighty  monopoly,  and  were  conceived  for  the 
lioiicfit  of  a  few  men*'  wh(»  had  become,  or  meant  to 
hicoMie,  prior  appropriators  of  all  the  waters  in  the 
sniitliern  portion  of  the  state,  for  the  use  of  which 
the  fanners  were  to  pay  them  at  the  rate  of  not  less 
tliaii  seven  per  cent  u\)ou  their  expenses  in  jieipetu- 
ity,  or  until  this  part  of  the  constitution  should  be 

"■'  Aei'iinling  to  Cal.  f'irilCfxlr,  187.1,  p.  302  3.  Aa  butweon  .iiiprniiriatiirs, 
till'  mil'  tirst  ill  tiiiu!  ii  tliu  lirst  in  rii^lit.  'Tlii-  rij,'lit»  uf  riii;iii;in  i<\\  lurs  iiro 
lint  all'irtfil  by  tlie  provisions  ttf  this  title.'  'I'lie  sii|ircine  court  tnllowoil  tliu 
oM  K  i^li.sli  law  in  ilucidiiig  upon  riparian  rif^lits.     I'roniiKiii,  MS,,  li*. 

"'  riio  iiistij,Mtors  of  this  iiiovciiiciit  weru  iluiiouiK'ud  in  the  public  Jircss, 
luTHiPin  in  intenst,  as  a  matter  of  course,  beooiiiiug  J4reatly  Worked  uji  about 
II.  •Iiid^'o  McKiiistry  hail  ileeiiled  woine  time  previously  tliat  a  i  ipariaii 
ii«iiri'  w.is  entitle. 1  to  the  full  linw  of  streams  traversing  his  iiroptrty,  ami 
I'diihl  not  be  coinpelleii  to  ilivide  with  lion-npi.riau  owners,  or  with  owmrs 
II' iiiT  the  source  of  the  atreain  (i.  f.,  jninr  appropriators).  Most  people 
tliiiii:,'lii  this  bad  law — it  wa.s  foundcil  on  English  common  law  for  (.'aliior- 
iH  I,  :iii  1  expected  a  reversal  of  the  decree  whenever  the  supreine  bench  should 
!>■  'luiiiied.  Meantime,  the  'water-grabbers,'  as  they  were  called,  had  the 
law  (111  their  side,  but  found  injunctions  and  law-suits  expensive  and  iinccT- 
t.iiii,  and  devised  thin  uew  plau  uf  gaiuiug  cuutrui  uf  the  coveted  water-supply. 


.2: 


i    l! 


I 


if     I 

i 

I 

I 

I, 


M 


POLITICAL  HISTORY. 


alxili.slied.  Such  a  monopoly  would  be  far  more 
oppressive  than  that  of  railroads,  which  could  l)e 
checked  by  competition;  whereas  the  pe<»pli'  coiiM 
not  create  new  water  supplies  when  all  the  spiint^s, 
lakes,  and  rivers  of  the  state  had  been  i»r»-(  injitcd. 
and  converted  to  the  use  of  the  prior  approjuiatois. 
The  people  demanded  free  water,  not  water  he  loin-imr. 
according  to  the  court,  to  riparians,  or  as  monopolists 
intendetl,  to  themselves. 

For  the  purpose  of  defeating  the  unwelcome  judj];- 
ment  of  the  supreme  court,  the  approjjriators  pre- 
vailed upon  Governor  Stoneman,  thougli  with  snme 
difficulty,  to  call  an  extra  session  of  the  h-^i^ilature 
in  Juh',  1886,  to  propose  amendments  to  the  ronsti- 
tution.  They  failed  of  their  purpose,  the  si  nati-  lo- 
fusing  to  be  brought  into  the  scheme  for  giving'  away 
the  water  of  the  state,  and  taxing  the  people  heaxily 
for  the  benefit  of  a  few  wealthy  and  interested  in*  ii. 
The  assembly,  after  becoming  aware  of  the  nal  ani- 
mus of  the  call,  also  became  recaleitrant,  and  the 
scheme  fell  through. 

Another   object   was    to    abolish    or   at    kast  to 
reorganize    the    supreme    court.     One   of  the   iliitf 
advocates  of  a  change  was  David  S.  Terry,  whose 
private,  no  less  than  his  professional  interests,  had 
suffered  through  the  interference  of  the  high«r  couit 
with  the  decision  of  the  superior  court.     He  bmu^lit 
charges  of  physical  and  mental  incompetency  ajjainst 
two  of  the  justices  whose  decisions  were  adverse  to 
his  interests,  and  procured  an  investigation  hef'To  a 
committee,  which  ended  in  nothing  except  a  hill  of 
cost.s.     The  supreme  court  had  other  enemies,  and 
the  governor  in   his  proclamation  calling  the  c  xtra 
session  ha<l  declared  that  under  its  present  cuiiihtoiH 
system  it  had  failed  to  realize  the  aims  and  aeremidisli 
the  results  intended  by  the  framers  of  the  mii.-titu- 
tion.     To  meddling  with  the  iu<liciarv,  the  hcxiv  of 
lawyers  in  the  state  opposed  their  united  iiiHueiice, 
and  this  attempt  also  miscarried. 


EXTRA  LEGISLATIVE  SESSION. 


431 


The  evils  of  an  elective  judiciary  were  made  strik- 
ini^lv  apparent  in  the  political  maneuvers  of  this  year, 
stnnvr  efforts  being  made  to  prevent  the  reelection  of 
tlie  most  capable  judges,  by  those  whose  several 
scliomcs  had  been,  or  were  likely  to  be,  frustrated 
by  tlioir  decisions.  On  the  other  hand,  the  election 
(<t"  at  least  one  justice  to  the  supreme  bench  was  un- 
(l')ul)tt'dly  secured**  by  the  judgment  rendered  in  the 
case  above  referred  to,  by  a  judge  of  the  superior 
court.  Tne  lawyers  who,  with  Terry,  endeavored  to 
have  the  encire  supreme  bench  removed  were,  like 
Ter)y,  democrats,  and  spared  no  pains  to  accomplish 
th  ir  purpose.  They  opened  political  headquarters 
during  the  state  conventions,  aad  secured  votes  for 
their  favorite,  whom  they  were  to  elect  to  the  su- 
premo bench,  while  the  case  w^s  still  pending  upon 
iiidtiou  for  a  new  trial,  and  W8i  entirely  in  his  hands. 
I  do  not  know  whether  this  spectacle,  or  the  other, 
of  certain  clergymen  appearing  upon  the  flexor  of  a 
pohtical  convention  to  urgj  the  choice  of  their  candi- 
date, siiould  be  regarded  as  most  reprehensible.  It 
i.^j  at  least  impossible  to  defend  a  system  vehich,  in- 
stead of  placing  the  supreme  court  beyond  reach  of 
poHtiral  influence,  makes,  unmakes,  and  sometimes 
usrs  judges  at  will.  I  can  see  in  it  only  the  lowering 
of  the  national  standard  of  right,  and  the  degradation 
of  American  pride  of  character. 

It  was  next  suggested  to  this  legislature  that  it 
not  only  could,  but  should,  elect  a  United  States 
senator  to  succeed  John  F.  Miller,  republican,  whose 
death  occurred  in  the  spring  of  1886,  and  whose  place 
had  been  temporarily  filled  by  the  appointment  of 
(ii'orgo  Hearst,  democrat.  This  republican  legislature 
li  id  elected  Leland  Stanford  senator  of  the  United 
States  in  1885,  to  succeed  James  T.  Farley,"  demo- 
crat, chosen  by  the  legislature  of  1877-8.     It  had 

'"  Orio  whnm,  in  common  with  most  men,  I  l)f  lievo  to  have  been  per- 
fectly lioncst,  by  whatever  meaim  his  election  was  brought  about. 

'*  Furley  waa  born  in  Va  in  18'.29,  educated  in  the  common  achooU  of 


4|<  lim 
f  m 


'm 


IS  m 


Ha 


mm 


488 


POLITICAL  HISTORY. 


long  boon  Stanford's  wish  that  the  choice  sliould  fall 
oil  A.  A.  Sargent,  and  this  selection  he  con>taiitlv 
urged  on  his  friends.  Only  after  frequent  jnot.  >t"s 
and  remonstrances  did  he  agree  to  accept  the  jtpiK.int- 
nient,  in  deference  to  the  consensus  of  his  puitvs 
opinion. 

In  the  nieantune,  as  I  have  just  mentioned,  on  the 
death  of  Miller,  Governor  Stoneman**  had  apJ)oillt^•,i 
Hearst,  who  had  with  his  family  been  hut  n  T-  w 
months  in  Washington  when  he  found  hinisdf  ck. 
prived  of  his  seat  by  senator-elect  A.  P.  AVill'iaiihs." 
Tlius  the  extra  session  had  accomplished  notliin«j;  (x- 
cept  tt)  unseat  the  appointee  of  the  governor,  and  bv 
cieating  a  prejudice  against  the  executive  in  Itoth 
parties,  to  defeat  his  Lopes  of  reelection.     The  expense 


Missouri,  and  migrated  to  Cal.  where  he  stinllod  law,  and  began  practise  in 
1854.  He  was  mrinlior  of  the  assembly  in  1855,  and  in  1850  was  -iicikir  nf 
that  house.  He  ><erve(l  8  year.s  as  state  senatoi',  and  was  pres.  pro  ttiu.  one 
session.     Resilience,  Jackson,  Amador  en. 

♦"(  Jc(trge  Stoneman  was  born  in  Husti,  C!!hatauquo  co.,  N.  Y.,  and  ( .'ni-atod 
at  the  .laiiiestown  academy.  He  studied  surveying  with  an  i<Iea  of  iiinu^ 
west,  but  ciiangcd  liis  views,  and  sought  an  appointment  to  tlie  mil;t.iry 
academy  at  West  Point,  graduating  tlienee  in  184(5.  He  was  assi^'ucd  to  a 
2il  lioutenautcy  in  the  1st  U.  S.  dragoons,  company  C,  Capt.  Moure,  ami 
proct'cikMl  to  Fort  Kearny,  where  lie  was  detailed  to  comluctan  airiimiintii  n 
train  and  battery  cif  heavy  artillery  to  Santa  Fe.  From  Sai;ta  Ft  lie 
marched  across  the  continent,  acting  as  asst  urma.ster  to  the  Mormi'ii  hat- 
talion,  arriving  at  San  l)iego  in  .Ian.  1847.  tie  served  until  the  .<|iriiii.'  of 
185li  on  the  I'aeilic  coast  in  Cal.,  Or.,  and  Ari/.,  when  he  was  assi^'iii'<l  to 
the  command  of  an  escort  which  accompanied  a  R.R.  surveying  jiirty  tMm 
Re-nicia  to  San  Antonio,  'Vex.  FoUowiag  this  duty,  he  was  appoiiittd  aiil- 
de-camp  to  ('en.  Wool,  ciun'd'g  the  dept  of  tlie  Pacitic.  In  IS.Vi  he  na^ 
promot<'d  to  a  captaincy  in  the  "Jd  U.  S.  cavalry  regt,  serving  in  'lexa,  until 
the  breuking  out  of  the  civil  -var.  When  (ieu.  Twiggs  surrendered  his  coin- 
nuind,  C.ipt.  Stoneman  refused  to  obey  the  order,  and  seizing  a  uteaiiier 
escaped  with  his  command,  and  was  recommended  for  promotion  by  brevet 
by  (ren.  Scott.  He  reached  New  York  in  April  18()1,  and  wa.s  finlin.!  to 
rejMirt  for  iluty  at  Carlisle  barracks.  Pa,  where  ho  remounted  his  coiii|mny 
and  rejiorted  to  .SiMJtt  in  Washington,  this  being  the  first  cavalry  co.  m  tliat 
city.  His  military  career  during  the  war  is  apart  of  the  history  of  the  ^'reat 
rc'vellion.   Sf  'ifnitin,  Ihitu,  .M.S.,  1-4. 

"A.  P.  Willams  was  born  in  Me.  in  1832,  and  received  an  academic 
education,  after  which  he  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits.  In  1858  he  eanie 
to  Cal.,  and  after  mining  and  merchandising  for  4  years,  settled  in  S.  R, 
where  ho  became  a  partner  in  the  firm  of  Living.ston  and  Hickey.  after  »er-- 
ing  them  for  almut  10  years.  He  l>egan  his  political  life  by  nii\o<'a;:ni{ 
republican  doctrines  in  Tuolumne  co., where  they  were  exceedingly  miiPo|ml.ir. 
In  IHHO  he  was  placid  on  the  executive  com.  of  his  Itarty,  and  again  in  I  ^<J. 
In  I8H4  he  was  chairman  of  Uie  republican  state  central  com.  In  i^^iihe 
was  chosen  seuattir  of  the  U.  S.  without  having  sought  the  noutiuatiuu. 


eij:ction. 


433 


Ul(.l    tall 

istaiitly 

jUtit'stS 
l[tlini|it- 

patty".', 

,  on  the 
•poiiitnl 
t  a  f'  w 
isclt"  iK- 


iii;. 


uns. 


Iiin*;  cx- 
anil  by 
ill  l»<ith 
cxi>ciiae 


practise  in 
s  s'lu'.ikiT  of 
iro  Ifciu.  one 

nil  ( •"'ii'atd 
lea  of  ^<»iig 
iiiiiitary 
ii^iii'd  to  a 
Moore,  and 
.ijiiiiiiiiitii  n 
■ta   Ft)  lie 
iiiiii'ii  liat- 
■[iruiL'  "f 
asM^'iii  .1  to 
:iity  in 'in 
illltcd  aid- 
'>'}  hf  wa* 
f\as  until 
•d  liis  (■■iin- 
a  hti'ainer 
liy  lircvet 
firdrnd  to 
in  ci'tu\M\y 
oil.  Ill  that 
if  tlif  ijrtat 

acadrmic 

r)S  lie  lame 

.1  ill  >.  K., 

afior  «('r"- 

advocating 

uiiiiopiil.ir. 

am  in  I  ^'-• 
1,1  |sM;lie 

atiuu. 


i,  tlic  state  of  this  extra  session,  which  was  called  for 
tell  davs,  and  which  remained  in  session  thirty-seven, 
(xclusive  of  a  recess  of  seventeen  days,  during  which 
till"  state  conventions  of  the  political  parties  were 
iiiakiii'^  u|>  their  tickets  fur  the  November  election, 
was  .37:2,383. 

A  hrief  interval  of  comparative  quiet  in  political 
ciirl  s  followed  the  adjournment  of  the  extra  legisla- 
tuii'  l)tfi)re  the  state  election  came  on,  with  its  absence 
(tf  any  vital  issues,  and  its  bewildering  nmlti[)licity  of 
tickits  and  candidates."  It  resulted  in  a  loss  to  the 
ri'imblicans,  as  might  have  been  antici]>ated  from  the 
miiiirrous  s[>littings  of  its  regular  ticket.  The  gov- 
fniunlt'cted  was  Washington  Bartlett,"  first  American 

••"lU'guIar  Keinililican,"  a  vignette  at  top  representing  Industry  and 
Lilior,  a  ^iiiitii  Htanthng  at  his  forge  and  a  watur-wlieel  and  mill.  'Regu- 
liir  liiiMocratif '  vas  headed  I'y  an  eagle  with  outstretehed  talons  hearing  a 
strtanicr  inscribed  'Kcononiy  and  Keforin,  and  I'mteetion  to  Lalior. '  'Anti- 
Moimiioly,  Anti-Sargent  and  Independent  Kepuhlican,'  had  a  vignette  rep- 
rf^iiitiiig  a  locomotive  impeded  l)y  tort  Independence.  'Independent  I{e- 
jmldicans '  lieaded  with  a  vignette  of  a  liroken  slate  held  alott  l>y  •lusticc. 
"Lilior  I'.irty,'  lieade<l  hy  a  sunliurst,  eros.sed  flags,  and  on  either  side  a  pick 
and  sIciliTc.  This  ticket  was  printed  in  two  forms  for  S.  K.,  one  with  the 
duiiiocratic  state  nominees  at  the  toii,  and  the  cither  with  the  reindilican 
ii'.iniiirrs,  to  catch  voters  on  eillicr  side.  '  United  Anti-Hoss, '  hore  Hercules 
lioldiii;;  aloft  a  sword,  and  iihout  to  strike  at  a  nninstiT  representing  liossisni. 
Till'  nominees  on  this  ticket  were  tliviiled  lietween  all  the  other  parties. 
'lU'gular  Irish-American  Uemocrat,'  was  headed  l>y  a  vignette  of  a  black- 
Miiitli  shoeing  a  horse  held  by  a  farmer,  anil  the  motto,  'All  public  wurk 
niiivt  111' dune  by  days' Work.'  '  ("iti/ens  Indepitndcnt,' had  figure  of  Labor 
stiindiM^'  with  one  foot  on  the  throat  of  a  'boss,'  and  in  deadly  comluit  with 
aiiniiiir  "lioss,*  'Regular  United  Labor,'  was  heailcd  by  a  likeness  of  C  C 
tn>oiiiiill,  who  was  running  for  governor  on  the  Irish-American  ticket. 
.\uotlier  '  United  I^ibor'  ticket  had  a  vignette  of  Cox  and  IV'U,  the  standard- 
liearers  of  tlic  jiarty.  The  '  Indepeiident  I'nMlucers,'  had  a  horse's  head  for 
a  vi;,'iiitte,  and  also  bore  the  name  of  O"l>oiinell,  though  it  was  issueil  in  the 
interest  of  .1.  S.  MeUuo  who  M'ished  to  be  sent  to  congress;  the  other  nomi- 
nees ben  it;  from  the  various  tickets.  'American  liome-nnlc,' had  simjily 
two  v.  s.  llagH  at  the  top,  and  was  a  state  ticket  only.  '  <  'nmmittee  of  '.(X),' 
vas  lieiilcd  by  the  American  flag,  and  beneath  'Our  I'latfurni;  Honesty  and 
liitei!nty. '  'Independent  Colored  I'lti/ens, '  headed  by  a  bee-hive  surrounded 
I'vaswiirmof  bees.  The  state  nominees  Mere  republican.  '  I'rohildtion,' 
luaded  by  tliree  st.ars.  A  C.erinan-.\mcrican  spurious  ticket  was  the  Kith 
in  tlie  lielil.  There  M-as  a  great  deal  of  borroM'ing  from  each  otlu'rs'  lists. 
A  full  ~tate  and  munici]>al  ti(>ket  had  'S4  names  on  it,  and  the  confusion  was 
a|i|ialliiii;  to  electors  and  those  who  counted  votes.  There  were  six  candi- 
ilatrs  |,,r  the  position  of  governor.  Washington  Bartlett  (I).),  John  F. 
N«ift  (I!.',  Jerome  B.  Cox  (L.),  I*.  D.  Wigginton  (A.),  Joel  Uussell  (!'),  C.  C. 
O'l'oniiolld.). 

*-liov.  Hartlett,  a  well  knn«Ti  pioneer,  was  bom  in  Augusta,  tia,  Feb. 
lliHT.  Cai...  Vol.  VU.    •» 


w 


1 


434 


POLITICAL  HISTORY. 


alcalde  of  San  Francisco,  and  niavor  of  the  clt^'  wlicn 
elected,  a  lifelong  democrat.  He  died  soon  after,  hav- 
ing been  in  ill  health  for  some  time.  Elected  on  the 
same  ticket  were  W.  C.  Hendricks  secretary  of  state, 
John  P.  Dunn  controller,  Adam  Herold"  treasiiiei'  J. 
D.  Si)encer  clerk  of  the  supreme  court,  and  Jackson 
Temple  associate  justice  of  the  supreme  court  for  the 
unexpired  term  of  Justice  H«»ss.  Elected  on  the  re- 
publican ticket  were  R.  W.  Waterman,  lieutnunit- 
governor,  who  succeeded  Governor  Bartlett,  after 
his  death;  W.  H.  H.  Hart  attorney-general,  Theodore 
Reichert  surveyor-general,  Ira  G.  Hoitt  superititeiul- 
ent  of  public  instruction,  and  two  justices  of  tlie  su- 
preme court  for  the  long  term,  A.  Van  R.  Patterson 
and  T.    B.   McFarland.       Out   of  six    conuressnien 


29,  1824,  and  resiiled  in  Tallahassee,  Fla.  In  Dec.  184S  he  deterininoil  tn  go 
to  California,  and  failing  to  pnicnre  a  passage  in  the  tir.-t  mail  .sti-anicr  fnua 
New  York,  shipiied  at  Charleston  on  tlie  Ot/udo,  Capt.  (rall()w;i\ .  aiiil  ar- 
rived at  San  Francisco  .Tan.  31,  1S40.  Here  he  puldished  tin;  J.-nnint  if 
Com  me  ire,  lirst  issued  in  Vvh.  18.'iO.  Theottice  was  destroyed  by  tiro  May  4lii. 
With  the  material  saved  the  (Kiner  waii  re-i«i<ued,  luit  on  tiie  I4tli  <il  Jiiii" 
another  Kre  destroyed  it  entirely.  With  other  material  wliicii  liail  Ihcm 
pnrcha  1  at  great  cost,  the  Storti/tn  Jnurmil  was  started,  and  tin;  st.ito 
printing  for  the  first  legislature  was  aLwt  performed.  After  the  se-i>iipii  the 
San  Jose  olfiee  was  removed  to  .S.  F.,  and  starte<l  tlie  Ei^-iiiiuj  JnHnril.  w!iu  h 
he  sold  out  an<l  startetl  the  Erfuini  Xrirn  with  liis  lirotliers  ('iihiiM''ii<  .ui  I 
Julian,  who  liad  followed  him  to  Cal.  But  when  James  King  of  William 
started  the  BnlMin,  his  popularity  over-»hadowed  every  otlier  journal.  Tin' 
Trite  Ciili/oniiini  WHS  Hiirtlett's  ne.xt  and  last  npw.spaper  enterprist-,  wliicii 
did  not  run  long.  In  the  city's  hintory  he  ha«  ever  heen  more  or  kss  con- 
spicuous. 

*♦  Adam  Horold  was  l)om  in  Bavaria,  Oermany,  in  1842,  going  to  .«diool 
until  he  was  15  years  of  agf,  when  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  iiiiller,  attciwanl 
entering  tiie  (ierman  army.  In  X'MV.t  he  came  to  Cal.,  where  lie  kept  a  lintel 
for  five  years  in  Siinta  Clara  co. ;  »<dliug  it  out,  he  went  to  (iilroy,  l)o\i;jla  a, 
lirewery,  and  operated  it  until  IHSO,  when  he  was  elected  statu  tn  asunr. 
He  then  gave  up  his  husincss  and  removed  to  .Sacrauteuto,  aud  afterward 
purch.i sea  land  in  I'laccr  co. 

McFarland  was  Imrn  in  Pa  in  1828,  of  i<cotch  parents;  grndiiatcMl  finm 
Marshall  college,  studied  law  with  hi.s  nncle,  and  was  admitted  to  tin'  1<ai'  iii 
tlie  court  of  common  pleas  of  Bradford  co.  He  came  to  Cal.  in  |S."i(),  imn- 
ing  for  some  time,  hut  returning  to  hi*  pr"fe*sio,'i  i;i  Nevada  city,  « Inn'  In' 
was  judge  of  the  1 4th  district  from  |.S«iI  to  IMVl.  lie  removed  to  Sac.  ami 
was  appointed  8ni»erior  judge  hydov.  Perkins  to  succeed  henscm  who  r- 
signoit.  He  was  a  nicnd>er  of  the  con.«titntional  convention  of  IST^^,  ainl 
voted  against  the  constitution  on  the  tinal  l>aUot. 

A.  Van  Renssalaer  Patterson  was  i>nt  'XI  years  of  ape.  He  came  to  Cal. 
in  I860  from  N.  Y.  and  st^ttleil  in  ."Stockton.  He  served  as  district  attoirny 
in  San  .foamiin  co.  anil  was  twice  ele«-te<l  suj»prior  judge. 

Ira  <lr.  Iloitt  was  'Mirn  in  l.cc,  N.  H.,  in  IS-'K,  limught  up  on  a  f'lrni,  nnd 
■ent  <io  the  district  schools,  entehng  Dartmouth  college  in  1857,  aud  giad- 


GRAVE  QUESTIONS. 


4» 


elprtcd.  five  were  republicans."  But  the  legislature, 
\vliif'h  was  U)  elect  a  United  States  senator  to  succeed 
Williams,  had  a  democratic  majority. 

()\viti'4  to  the  irregularity  ot  the  election  of  1884 — 
for  which  tlie  state  had  not  been  districted  according 
t(p  tin-  eonstituti<»n — a  full  senate  was  elected  in  18H6, 
half  «>f  whose  members  would  hold  over  the  session 
of  1  ^>^1>.  What  would  be  the  course  of  the  legislature 
in  18.^7,  it  was  hopeless  to  conjecture.  One  thing 
wbif'h  it  did  was  to  elect  Hearst  to  succeed  Williams. 
It  was  Tiow  six  years  since  the  adoption  of  the  consti- 
tution. frame<l  under  such  conditions  as  I  have  de- 
fi»rih<d.  yet  unrler  it  the  macliinery  of  government 
hati  II" )t  been  brrmght  to  work  harmoniously.  Whether 
it  was  the  fault  of  the  people  or  of  the  constitution, 
lit  those  judge  who  read.  One  thing  appeared  evi- 
dent to  many,  that  it  was  time  for  Americans,  and 
iiit'ii  (if  sense  and  education,  to  take  the  lead  in  politics 
— honest  men,  desirous  of  doing  something  for  their 

uatiiiv;  ill   ISOO.     He  removed  to  S.  F.  in  1864,  and  devoted  himself  to 

eduiMtii'ri. 

Wilhrini  H.  H.  Hart  M-as  liorn  in  England  in  1848,  immigrated  to  111.  in 
1S.VJ,  aiiil  to  luwa  in  \*>'>i.  lii  IM»'_»,  at  14  years  of  age,  lie  jnineil  flinkley's 
uiii'iii  Moiit!*,  iM^rving  tun  years,  and  returning  lionie  to  selionl  in  18(>4.  At 
IT  l)e  again  tnlisteil  for  KM)  day.s  sicrvice,  after  wiiieii  lie  again  returned  to 
sc!ii>i«l.  In  ]st'h>  he  again  rceiiiistt'd  and  was  mustered  out  in  18(!<!.  He 
tlidi  >tuilird  law,  wa-^  admitted  to  jtraetise  in  18(J'>).  Five  yuar^  afterward 
lie  came  to  Cal.  and  Hcttled  in  San  Francisco. 

TlitiHlcire  Keiehert,  iMim  in  Oliio  in  Ib.tO,  came  to  Cal.  in  1858,  settling  in 
Sao.  ill  grain  and  commission  liusincss,  alliiougli  liiit  19  years  of  age.  In 
iMilMie  roiiiovcd  to  S.  F.,  anil  afterward  to  White  I'ine,  Nevada.  In  IStiQ 
in-  iHi-iine  «-lcrk  in  the  U.  S.  sur. -gen.'s  oliiee,  where  he  remained  until  1H.S15. 

"Tin-  eongrv*>nien  elected  were  Charles  A.  (iarter,  .Joseph  Clahaiigli 
(':iiiii)!"  II,  .lo-ieph  McKenna,  \V.  W.  Morrow,  Frank  J.  Sullivan,  and  Wil- 
liam Vatidt-ver,  thtir  dir<trictH  nuiiiliered  in  the  order  here  given.  Sullivan 
wiK  the  lit  miM-rat.  W.  W.  Morrow  was  liorn  in  Wayne  eo.,  Iiul  in  IS43, 
•".ad  eijmateil  in  111.  At  the  age  of  1(5  years  he  came  to  Cal.  liy  sea,  residing 
ill  >iiit,i  lliiia  from  1>C»0  to  lH(i2,  when  he  went  to  the  mines  of  K.  Or.,  and 
ciitiTi'il  ii|M.n  the  iira«-tise  of  law  at  Caflon  city.  When  the  civil  war  Imiko 
I'Ut  he  Wfjit  cast  to  enlist.  After  serving  for  a  time  he  was  given  a  jilare  in 
the  I'.  S.  trcx-ury,  and  in  IS<m  was  sent  to  Cal.  in  charge  of  .*.'>,On().n(M)  in 
m-iiny.  He  retnme<l  U>  the  study  and  practisi'  of  the  law,  and  in  ISTO  vat 
ai'pointed  a*s't  U.  S.  attorney  for  (^il.,  wtiich  position  he  held  fi.r  ni:iny 
y  irs.  Mi-Kcnna  was  a  native  of  Pa,  Imrn  in  1843.  Ho  came  to  Cal.  in 
1V)'>,  and  at  the  age  of  2*i  was  elected  district  attorney  of  Solano  co.  lie 
was  a  distingiii«li<-d  n«-.inlM'r  of  the  state  assembly  in  l87rMl;  and  was  elei't«'d 
til  .n(nrr,>H.i  in  I.S7«»  and  I8HJ.  Campl>ill  was  Imrn  i.i  Ind.  in  I8.">1,  and  eanio 
t'l  <  il  in  1876,  a  .jwyer,  and  in  1883  wa»  dfstrict  Attorney  for  San  Joaquia 

CODDty. 


■'  I 


i 


POLITICAL  IIISTOUY. 


country,  and  n<u  thinking  solely  of  tliomsolvts.  It 
could  not  be  safe  to  loni^or  endure,  condt)ne,  or  smile 
at  the  antics  of  foroiijn  deina;jfo«rues,  who  understood 
deniorracy  to  ho  a  sviionynj  for  anarchy,  who  Sdw.'lit 
to  |)ull  down  the  institutions  nohlor  men  liavc  huiit 
u|»,  to  «;lut  their  «^reed  of  plunder  by  making  pndatniv 
warfare  upon  capital  which  they  never  could  li;i\v 
amassed  by  their  own  brain  or  nmscK",  and  wlioaspind 
evt'U  to  assume  the  government  of  a  state  wliidi  1  ad 
aftbrded  them  an  Rsyluni  from  the  poverty,  ignorance, 
and  debasement  of  less  favored  lantls. 

If  ouv  could  wonder  at  anvthing  men  niav  do,  tlio 
marvel  wouhl  bo  that  the  leaders  of  these  varioiislv 
styled  factions  do  not  perceive  that  their  banner-rri' s 
are  for  the  n«ost  part  dead  issues.  They  were,  inaiiv 
of  them,  never  native  to  the  soil,  but  were  imjxnttd 
with  fugitives  from  aristocratic  abuses,  from  Euinjn . 
AristocMcy  and  democracy  <1()  not  now  oppose  lar  li 
otlnT  as  in  the  beginning  of  our  govermnent,  wliilc 
republiranism  has  degenerated  to  a  degradi'd  rule  lun- 
deriii''  on  anarchv.  The  contest  now  is  entirelv  be- 
tween  honesty  and  rascality.  The  foreigners  \\]  n 
insolently  seek  to  rule  these  American  stat(  s  are 
neitlnr  republicans  nor  democrats.  Their  blond  is 
souri'tl  by  ages  of  enforced  inferiority  and  discont(  nt. 
Having  always  bien  compelled,  they  desire  to  coiiipel 
others,  nominally  their  equals,  but  visibly  their  su- 
|>eriors. 

This  assumption  had  gone  to  such  lengths  in  Cali- 
fornia, as  in  somt'  other  states,  that  a  consideral»lt> 
nundier  of  independent  men,  particularlv  voung  itu  n, 
"sons  of  the  golden  west,"  and  tithers,  left  ohler  ]'ai 
ties  to  call  tliemselves  Americans.  Their  platform 
declared  that  all  law-abiding  citizens,  whether  native 
or  foreign-born,  were  entitled  to  the  protection  ot'the 
laws;  that  the  naturalization  laws  of  the  United 
States  should  Ikj  repealed  ;  that  aliens  or  non-resi- 
dents  should  not  be  permitted  to  own  real  estiite  in 
the  United  States;  fhut  persons  nut  in  8) mitathy 


CALIFOIIMA  AS  A  TYPE. 


437 


witli  tlic  princii)le8  of  this  government,  should  be  re- 
fused domiciliation  in  the  territory  of  the  United 
St;itt'>i. 

This  platform,  orudo  as  it  was,  contained  ideas 
uliitli  had  lou«jj  been  broodiiijjf  in  the  American  brain.*" 
J'dssihly  the  day  is  not  far  distant  when  it  sliall  take 
firm  and  purpose,  at  least  so  far  as  relates  to  the  rc- 
iK.il  and  amendment  of  the  natural iziition  laws,  and 
the  Imldin;^  of  offices  l)y  forei^^n  citizens.  Whenever 
this  is  ri'solved  u[>()n  a  diH'erent  class  of  men  will  be 
fiuiid  demanding  the  suttVages  of  the  people,  and  the 
laws  will  be  regarded  as  binding. 

T(t  judge  California  by  the  hist«>ry  of  the  state  and 
iiiuiiicipal  poHtics,  would  be  to  misjudge  her.  She  is 
altogether  of  a  noble  and  generous  tvpe,  great  in  her 
virtues  as  in  her  faults  and  follies.  Hut  a  short  time 
i\"<)  sIh!  celebrated  the  thiitv-seventh  an^iversarv  of 
111  r  liiitli  as  a  state.  Her  population  is  I'oundly  1,- 
(lod.ooo.  Slie  has  one  city  <>f  nearly  400,000,  and  six 
others  of  from  'Jo, 000  to  7."), 000.  She  has  .rJ  coun- 
ties/' end)racing  all  resources  of  soil,  productions,  and 


,-  ll 


"^A  call  v.. I.  mado  fnr  ;i  ooiivi'iitioii  of  Aiiiorieansto  lio  lirM  at  Frosno.  on 
tint  •J^tli  of  ScjiU'iiiliiT,  ISM).  Frcsiio  Mas  in  tin-  niiilst  of  a  iioiiulatioii 
l.irurly  from  tlic  .HoutlitTU  states,  wiio  witc  o|ii»osci1  to  forcijiii  iiiiiiiigiatioii 
I'l  ill  kiiiiU.  The  call  might  tlicivforo  he  ngarcluil  with  ilistnist,  as  not 
liiir.iy  jiatriotie.  Hut  it  toiiiiii'cl  a  |ioiiiilar  chonl,  ami  iimliT  favoraMt!  con- 
ihti'iii^  might  have  ctimia-ti'il  for  a  majority  with  cither  of  the  ohl  parties. 

'■  It  iiipears  projior  here  to  make  mention  of  the  counties  in  their  consec- 
utive oilier  of  creation.  A  niimhcr  were  mentioneil  in  the  ])ievions  volume, 
I'Ut  iiir  tiie  sake  of  unity  they  iiro  incluileil  in  the  list.  'I  he  lirst  suh-clivision 
ol  tile  -'ate  \vas  made  in  IS.'iO,  when  "J"  counties  were  set  oti';  lieginiiing  with 
t!i"  -outliern  ]iortion,  the  legislature  preserved  the  names  lirst  applied  \>y 
.liimiH  ro  Serra  .and  his  hrethren. 

s  III  IMegi)  county  was  named  after  the  niisisioa  town  ami  bay,  su  culled  liy 

llie  lathers  lit   ITti'.l. 

l.os  Angeles,  that  is  to  say.  The  Angels,  or  more  near  the  original  appel- 
lation, The  town  of  the  Angels,  was  the  name  given  in  ITSI  to  the  settlement 
in;ir  the  mission  of  San  tlahriel  founded  liy  order  of  the  viceroy  of  New 
>liiii.  liailio  Frey  .\ntonio  Hucareli  y  l'r,~iia.  and  the  county,  including  the 
villey  nf  i'orciuncula  river,  with  a  population  of  I'.'.tHKIto  l.">,(KK>,  was  allowed 
t.i  ii'taiii  the  iiainu. 

>.int:i  IVirliara  was  nained  after  the  presidio  thus  styled  liy  ("atlicr  .lunf- 
I'tio  111  ITS'J. 

">iii  Kills  Olii-po  took  the  name  of  the  mission  founded  in  177-  hy  Serr.i 
and  .lose  Cavalier  in  Bear's  glen.  The  father  of  .M.  O  N'allejo,  tlu-ii  a  voiing 
uun,  «as  present  as  'tenedor, '  holder,  at  the  liirtli  of  the  tirst  white  iliild,  a 
gill,  whose  hand  lie  demandcil  in  marriage  immediately  he  had  helped  hriii^' 


L  H 


"  ft*    "1 


488 


POLITICAL  HISTORY. 


mineral  wealtli  known  to  tlio  most  favored  pints  of 
the  earth.  Tlie  value  of  her  assrs.sable  properly  in 
1880,  when  the  constitution  was  changed,  was  not  far 


her  intn  the  wnrM.  When  she  was  14  yeaiH  of  ago  tlic  marriago  tn.iU  iilicc. 
whicli  gave  to  ralifnrnia  a  valiiiMl  i-iti/cii. 

Montc-ruy,  signifying  king  of  forcits,  wan  thought  too  licaiitiful  a  namu 
to  hu  (list-anlud.  The  liay  uas  first  iiainuil,  in  honor  of  Count  M>iMt('i'i'\,  m 
l(iO;{.  The  town  of  thu  sanio  name  liecauiu  thu  rounty  sisit.  U  Ij.oI  Ihimi 
tiiu  residence  of  14  Spanisli  governors,  Kage.s,  Horica,  Airiliaga,  Arjiiiilln  |,t. 
Sola,  Argiii'llo  iJil,  Kclieamlia,  Vietoria,  I'lgueroa,  Cliiuo,  t'arrilln,  AKinicIn, 
Mit'heltorena,  anil  I'iiMi. 

Santa  Cru/,  or  the  holy  eross,  was  first  naineil  liy  the  K-gislatiiri'  I ir.-iiioi- 
fortii!,  hut  tlie  nani<>  of  tlic  mission  of  Santa  Cru/ was  rcstoreil  totlns  diM^idii. 
In  all  these  countieii  the  seat  of  justiue  was  fixed  at  the  towns  of  ihe  >.iiiii: 
name. 

Santa  Clara  county  was  named  from  the  mission  founded  in  1777.  aiid  the 
county  seat  was  at  San  .lose.  Tlie  l>oundary  between  Santa  Cru/  I'n.  auil 
Santa  Clara  co.  was  surveyed  in  IH.V). 

San  Kraneisi'o  county  could  take  nn  other  name  tlian  that  of  tiu' iioiile 
hay  which  hounds  it,  and  the  patron  saint  of  the  order  wliich  first  fciuinlicl  a 
Hottlcment  on  its  horder  in  I77it.  The  American  town  of  San  Frarii'i.-'c.i  \k- 
came  the  county  seat,  town  and  county  i>eing  afterward  ooUNolid.Ui'il. 

C<mtra  Cos||i,  or  i.  o  ojijiosite  coast,  so  wc^ll  descriii<;d  the  territory  t<i 
which  it  was  applieil  that  it  w;is  clioscu  for  tiio  name  of  that  ('(luiity.  aiiil 
Martinez  tiio  county  seat.  Monte  l>i.'klilo,  in  this  county,  was  an  iiKjci't  <if 
superstition  totiie  native  race,  liut  wiiite  men  do  not  disdain  pickiii"  up  tlit; 
coal  scattered  ahout  tlie  devil's  furnace-tire. 

Marin  was  tiio  name  of  a  cliief  of  tiio  Licatiiit  trihe,  tht;  woril  l^catiiit  sij;. 
nifyir  :  .»  favorite  root  used  for  food.  It  grew  in  aliuiulance  in  tlic  valley  if 
Pctaluma.  An  expedition  into  tiie  country  liy  tlie  Spanisji  soi.liiry  lu  isi."i 
or  IHlli  brought  on  a  battle  with  Mariii,  who  was  ca|itur('d  and  taken  to 
San  Francisco;  but  he  escaped,  and  carried  on  hostilities,  haviii;;  IiIm  nfuj,'" 
in  the  .Marin  islands,  at  the  mouth  of  tlie  inlet  of  San  Uafael.  lie  u.'isaL'niii 
captured  in  1K'_>4,  and  his  spirit  being  broken,  he  retired  to  tlir-  iiii.vsi..ii  i.t 
San  liiifael,  where  he  died  in  I.S.'U.  This  county  was  at  first  aliaclnd  fur 
judicial  puriioses  to  Sonoma  county,  Sonoma  signifying  in  tiic  Indian  toii^'ui' 
valley  of  the  moon.  1 1  was  formerly  inhabited  by  ( 'liociiycn-i.  ami  is  a  lnvdy 
vale,  fronting  on  Sa;'  !  .ddo  bay.  It  will  always  be  noted  ;is  the  s[iot  when! 
Americiin  lililuisters  first  raiseil  the  bear  flag.  The  pueblo  of  Soiiiiiii.i  was 
the  tirst  county  .seat,  but  Sant.a  Itosa  became  the  seat  of  justice  in  |S."i."i.  'I  l.i" 
boundaries  of  .Marin  and  Sonoma  wen;  altered  in  bS."i'_',  IS.'d,  and  l''."iii. 
The  commissioners  who  fixed  the  jircseut  ctmnty  scat  were  Charles  I.. 'pi/, 
Cilbert  H.  Brush,  and  James  M.  \eal. 

Solano  was  the  secmid  name  of  the  misHioiiary  Francisco  Solano.  Tin' 
chief  of  the  Suisunes  adoptt'd  it,  his  residence  being  in  tlie  .Sui.sun  valley. 
bouiiiled  by  the  heights  of  Su.scol.  In  ISI7  ii  military  expedition  erii>s,il 
the  strait  of  Carijnine/,  on  rafts  made  of  rushes,  after  the  ta.siiiou  of  tlio 
Indians,  Mith  the  ilouble  |>iirposc  of  exploring  the  country,  and  'redmnii; 
the  Indians  to  Christianity.'  Led  by  their  chii;f  .Malaca,  they  f(iii>:lit  de  - 
jierately  against  the  intruders,  iiitlicting  considerable  loss,  but  the  ."spaiii-li 
soldiery  rallied  and  jinrsiieil  thcin  to  their  rancheria,  which  they  set  on  tire, 
men,  women,  and  children  perishing  in  the  flames,  rather  than  fall  into  tiie 
hanils  of  their  enemies.  lienieia  was  made  the  county  seat  of  Solano.  I'iiir- 
field  is  the  present  .se.at  of  justice.     Konnilary  settlej  in  IS.'ilJ. 

Najia  was  the  name  of  a  tribe  which  occupied  the  valley  now  known  a^i 
Napa  valley,  in  the  <'oiiiity  of  Napa.  This  was  a  warlike  and  brave  tiil«', 
auil  harassed  the  frontier  posts  continually  until   ISIW,  when  smallpo.x  car- 


NAMES  OF  COUNTIES. 


43d 


from  8700,000,000.  In  1888  it  was  over  a  Ihou.santl 
luillii'ii.  The  average  per  ca|iitu  in  tlie  cJitlereiit 
cdUiities  was  $076.05.     The  buiicletl  indcbtediicsa  of 


ricil  tlipm  off  in  great  numbers,  rcdufing  tliem  to  a  liamlfnl.  Napa  city 
li.ii  .thvays  lic'eii  tlif  county  iw>at.  Itituiiilary  cliaii^e<l  in  1^5*2  ami  1855. 
Thf  lii^lilaniiii  at  the  north  end  of  the  co.  were  called  by  the  native* 
Majai'iiiin. 

Vulii  IS  a  fnrniption  of  the  Indian  word  Yolny,  nignifyint;  a  place  almand- 
iiii;  witli  nislien  (tiil.ar),  with  which  tln-y  i-oHstmcicd  \  "loyt^y  <»r  "rush- 
t.iuii,'  ll'ui-lilo  d(-l  tilK.'),  Hitiiated  on  the  uot  l>ank  of  the  .Sacramento. 
Fpiiii  tins  tiiMii  thi;  tnhe  took  itM  naiiiv.  The  chief  Motti  «a<t  chrxntianucd 
-,tt  ill  i-vciiti  lieixire  the  name  of  Kranciiico  S<dano,  after  Father  F.  >«4ano; 
Imt  Ml  I'^-i*'  )»-'  reUeUi'd,  and  Father -Solano  reduced  hiui  to  Aul-nii»*u>n.  He 
«a-<  taken  to  Sonoma  and  retained  a  captive  until  hl.s  people  were  »ul><luod. 
The  I'Kiinty  seat  wa.s  lixeil  at  Fremont,  but  wa»<  removed  U>  Woodland. 

.\li:n<li>('ino  was  the  patronymic  of  Mendo/a  the  |i«t  vk-erov  of  New 
SiKiin.  wIki  ordered  the  survey  of  the  coa.<tt  whcrehy  C*a|ie  Mendocino  waa 
i|i.t'i>ver<'il,  and  named  in  hi.i  honor.  The  county  which  Ter>'  pro|M-rIy  per- 
petuates his  memory  wa.s  at  tiri^t  att.'xcheil  to  .Sonoma  for  judicial  purpoaaa. 
Tlie  ('<iuiity  Keat  was  Hu1ise<|uently  tixed  at  Ukiah. 

Colnsa,  sjielled  ('nhi.si  in  the  act  of  |S,'i(),  and  C'olu«e  hy  some,  was  th« 
naiiii'  of  a  iiiimeroiis  native  tri1>e  on  the  we.st  Hide  of  the  Sacramento  nver. 
The  county  of  Colusa  was  attached  to  liutte  for  judicial  purponc*  m  the  be- 
ciniiinu'.  I>iit  till!  c'liiiity  seat  was  afterward  li.xed  at  tlie  town  of  LV'Iiua. 
fSouii.iary  dian^'cd  in  lKr>C. 

ll.ittc,  a  purely  French  word,  came  into  use  throngh  the  French  trappera 
will'  traversed  the  country,  and  who  n.Tnu'd  many  detached  mouctains  anrl 
kii' 111  tins  and  that  liutte.  'I  he  hi){h  hilLs  in  tliat  i«art  of  the  Sacramento 
valley  ('eiiominated  liiittu  co.  xeeiired  it  tlii.s  name.  They  were  called  ]K:aks 
(|iicaclio-.i  iiy  ("apt.  Luis  A.  Arguello,  wl  o  Iiil  an  expeilition  to  the  ( '<duuil>ia 
river,  hy  order  of  tlie  ffovernor  of  California.  The  county  *t-at  wa«  first 
orlaiiied  to  he  Heii-cted  lietwceii  liutte  or  Chico,  hut  in  l!»5l  »a«  tixed  at 
H.iiniltou,  wlieiico  it  was  removed  to  Oroville  in   IS57. 

Sutter  county  was  named  in  honor  of  .lohn  A.  Sutter,  a  comipiciinaa 
tiaure  in  the  aiite-.Xmerican  hist<iry  of  California,  proprietor  of  a  S{>ani»fa 
^niit  and  Fort  Sutter  and  a  memlH'r  of  the  c<iii.«tituti<Hial  convention  c>f 
l>l'.t.  The  county  neat  wa.s  e.stahlisheil  at  Oro  in  IS')I,  changesi  to  Vernon. 
aii'l  s)i1>si'i|iu-ntly  to  Vulxi  city.  The  houndaric:i  of  Uie  CMinty  werecban^jed 
ill  |N.'.4aiid  ]H'tCi. 

\  ulia  is  a  corruption  of  Uva,  uva  Rilveytres,  wihl  grapen.  the  Spanish 
jiopiilition  pronouncing  the  word  as  if  »|H'Iled  with  a  l>.  Tl.e  county  «'a« 
liaiiii'<t  from  the  Vuha  or  Uva,  l*y  nn  exploring  cx|ie<litir>n  in  l^>4,  from  the 
alMiiiiiance  of  wild  grapes  on  its  hanks.  Some  have  erroue<iu»ly  eup|n>sed 
that  the  I'oiiiity  took  its  name  from  I'lur,  a  jhtsou  in  the  service  of  .Sutter. 
The  c-ounty  seal  has  always  heen  at  .Marysville. 

SacTaiiiento,  that  i.s  to  s.iy  the  sa<'raiiient.  wa.s  the  ap]H-lIation  applio<)  to 
till' river  of  that  name  hy  Lieut  Moraua.  at  an  early  date.  Ilecalltd  the 
hraiuli  now  known  as  Feather  river.  Jesus  Maria.  It  waa  natural  tlie 
county  situated  upon  the  main  .stream  slionhi  Iw  ^-alleil  hy  its  uiui-ii-al  name. 
Tlie  town  of  Sacramento,  which  was  maile  the  county  neat,  had  already 
a-li'iiteil  it.     The  county  houndary  was  changed  in  IViT. 

Kl  Dnratlo  was  so  named  from  tlic  fancied  resemldance  of  ita  histor>-  to  the 
Wonderful  country  jiretended  to  bo  discovero'l  hy  Pizarrri.  anil  lehl.ra'*  -1  hy 
his  ihronicler,  Orellana.  It  was  in  this  country  that  gold  was  tirst  ih.s<:«>v- 
en'd.  whence  the  application  of  the  name.  Coloma  was  ina<h  the  county 
ti'tt.  hut  it  was  ri'iiiovcd  to  I'lacervillc  in  ISSti.  The  buuudary  of  the 
cuuuty  wa^  changed  in  16t)5  and  lt>ti3. 


440 


POUTICAL  HISTORY. 


the  counties,  exclusive  of  San  Francisco,  was  $r).t;jl,. 
212,  and  the  Hoating  indebtedness  $l,I)l>2,<);{2. "  Taxa- 
tion  for  county  purposes  amounted  to  ^3,480,8 IS,  uikI 


Slinsta  ifl  a  corruption  of  the  French  chrvtc,  nrnn<  nncod  nhnii-t,  and  was 
fiTHt  uii[ilii>(l  to  the  niiiuntiiiii  of  tliat  name,  snelluil  C'lii'  ,ta  or  Clia^ta,  liy  t.irlv 
Ainuric.iti  travellers.  Mr  Waltliell,  asseiiJilyiiiau,  i  f  the  dclcgiitiou  tniiii 
SacraiiK  nto  district,  pruposeil  the  name  to  tlio  leg'slature.  Its  lidunchiry 
was  not  estiililished  until  1852.  The  seat  of  justice  was  lixeil  at,  lv.ca(lmi''s 
rancho  in  1850,  ami  at  Shasta  city  in  ISiil,  where  it  has  reniaiucil. 

Trinity  was  nanied  from  the  hay,  which  received  its  appellatiou  fnnn 
having  Ik  en  discovered  on  the  1  Itli  of  June,  177"),  tiie  festival  of  the  truiity, 
trinidad,  Sy  a  Spanish  exiieditiou  in  command  of  Bruno  Heceta  ami  .lii.iu 
de  la  (jiiadra  y  Bodega.  It  was  in  that  region  called  by  the  Knglisli  iiaviga- 
tors  New  Alhion.  (told  was  discovered  there  in  18')0.  The  coimty  was 
attachi^d  t(.  Shasta  for  judicial  purposes,  luit  in  1851  the  legislature  aini.'iint.Ml 
comini.ssioners  (}.  O.  McMuUin,  l)avitl  Buck,  W.  L.  Blanchard,  ('.  S.  lin  ks 
and  B.  Kelsey.  who  ordered  an  election  for  county  seat  in  ISoi',  wliicli  was 
estahli-thed  \i  Weavervillo.      The  county  houudaries  were  cliangcil  in  is.Vi. 

(^alavera.i  sigiiities  skulls,  and  was  applied  to  the  region  cml)raci;<l  in  iliis 
county  hy  the  Spanish  captain  Moraga,  who  found  the  ground  cuverrd  wiili 
them.  The  natives  related  to  him  that  the  trilies  who  formerly  liveil  nu  tlio 
Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  rivers  made  war  on  the  trilies  of  the  sierra  tliiit 
came  to  tisji  in  lhe.se  waters.  In  a  great  l>attlo  fought  on  ('alaveras  (.•ret  k, 
3,000  were  killed— hence  the  skulls  and  the  name.  The  first  cnuiity  scat 
was  Pleasant  Valley,  changed  in  KS.')1  to  Double  Spring.s.  later  to  Mukiliiimie, 
and  finally  to  San  Andreas.     The  pop.  in  1850  was  15,000,  mostly  miiu'i-i. 

San  .Foa(|uin  was  a  name  given  hy  Moraga  in  1813  to  a  rivulet  issniiii,' 
from  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  emptying  into  lake  Buena  V'ista.  Tlw  iiainf 
was  carried  down  to  the  river,  and  tinally  adopted  for  the  county  travtr^cd 
by  it.  Tlie  eoiint3'  seat  has  been  from  the  tirst  at  Stockton,  which  .is  early 
as  |,S.")0  had  •i.otJO  inhabitants.  The  city  was  named  in  honor  of  Cnni. 
Stockton.  The  boundaries  of  the  county  have  several  times  been  rliaiii;((l 
by  the  creation  of  new  counties. 

Tuolumne  is  a  corruption  of  the  Indian  word  fnliiuilnnuic,  signil'yini,'  a 
cluster  of  stone  wigwams.  It  was  suggested  as  a  name  for  this  cninty  liv 
Benj.  S.  Lippincott,  senator  from  San  .Toai|uin  district.  The  seat  cif  justice 
was  csta'.ilisiied  at  Sonorian  camp,  alias  Stewart.  In  1851  it  w;us  altivil  tn 
Sonora  -probably  the  same  place— where  it  has  remained. 

^[ariposa,  signifying  buttertly,  derived  its  name  from  the  abuudaiicc  of 
this  insect  in  the  ctutntry  at  the  hiN-id  of  the  San  Joaquin,  a  trilmt.uy  biiiii^ 
thus  named  in  1807  by  a  hunting  party.  The  name  being  beautifid  in  smiinl 
and  signilicance,  was  adopted  for  this  famous  district.  Agua  Fri.i,  ("M 
water,  was  first  named  as  the  county  seat,  but  in  1852  it  was  cliaiij^ed  by 
election  to  the  town  of  Mariposa,  adjoining  Agua  F'ria. 

Three  counties  were  created  in  1851,  first,  I'lacer,  named  frmn  the 
gold  placers  on  the  American  river.  The  county  seat  was  establislicl  :it 
Auburn,  where  it  has  remained.  The  first  coni'rs  were  .foscph  Walkup, 
William  (Iwynn,  H.  M.  Ilann,  and  .Jonathan  Roberts.  Nevaila,  r.ained  tiniii 
the  snowy  sierra  on  the  east,  county  seat  at  Nevada  City,  where  it  rfiii;iiiis 
— tirst  cont'rs  Henry  Miller,  J.  N.  Turner,  .1.  R.  Crandall,  .1.  S.  Alien.  :iii'l 
Amos  T.  Laird,  the  boundary  being  changed  in  18,">0;  and  Klamath.  M.unr.i 
from  the  Klamath— formerly  spelled  Tlamath — river,  which  was  iiaini'.l  I'lom 
the  tribe  inhabiting  its  hea(lwaters.  Its  county  seat  was  tirst  Trinida'l.  Kiit 
was  changed  to  Crescent  City  in  IS.'Vi.  The  first  com'rs  W(^re  Itubnl  A. 
Parker,  \V.  \V.  Hawks,  Kdward  Fletcher,  Smyth  Clark,  and  B.  \V.  UuUitt. 
There  is  now  no  co.  of  that  name. 
Three  cuuuties  were  created  iu  1S52,  namely;  Sierra,  muuutaiii  rau^'c, 


FINANCES. 


441 


for  ptatc  purposes  other  than  sriiools,  ^LSiiH,!  12. 
Tlic  Itoiulcd  iiuK'btediiess  of  tlir  \'n\iv  principal  cities 
of  ('jiiifornia  was  toijetiier  only  $7,055,115,  of  fcjan 
Francisco  alone,  ^4,101,500. 


with  tlif  roimty  scat  at  T)oM'nic\iIlp,  whoncp  it  has  npvor  licon  removed — 
tiist  1  •>iiiiM  rs,  .loliii  .liiiiu's,  FiMiiiis  Aiiilcrsiiii,  .loliii  rniycmft,  ('.  Iv  Sinitli, 
and  .1  M.  ItHiiisik'll.  Tiilaiv,  taken  I'nim  t\w  Mimtlit'rii  iinrtioii  of  Maripusa, 
c'(Piiiit\  -.1  Mt  at  WimmIvjIIo,  a.s  i  liiivt;  t'l.si'wlicro  rrlati'il-  tlic  iiiiiiif  ri'tcrs  to 
tlif  roi'ilv  nature  of  tlio  liottoni-Iamls  prcst-nt  county  srat  in  at  N'isalia. 
SisIvImiu  the  origin  of  tliu  M'oni  Siskyoti  iinil  its  meaning  lias  often  lieiii 
uivi'ii  oil  ijiiestionalilu  authoritj',  'I  lit;  only  suiisiMe,  and  reasoiialilo  history 
lit  its  ilcn\ation  was  given  to  tlie  legislature  liy  .1.  H.  Snyder,  who  e\i>lained 
tli.it  wliiii  Michael  La  Franiliois  and  his  French  trajijiers  in  I.SIVJ  ni.icje  an 
tNcur>ioii  into  t'al.,  they  enwsed  a  stream  in  '  le  mountains  iiy  a  ford  com- 
iMiseil  of  six  large  stones— hence  the  liaiii'  ^i.r  riUlniix  ford  or  moiiiitaitl. 
I'lic  soiiikI  of  the  French  words  hears  out  the  statement.  SnyiUr  however 
liicatud  tiic  foril  on  the  UiiiiKiua  ami  said  he  had  seen  Frainhois'  map  of  his 
finite.  Itiit  he  might  easily  have  heen  mistaken  among  tlie  half-.tilo/cn 
r;iiiL;cs  whidi  tho  trail  ero.ssed,  ami  the  ford  may  hav*-  lieeii  on  the  Klamath 
croiitiii'  Uogiio  river,  hetweeii  which  streams  lie  the  Siskiyou  moiintuins. 
Iiiit  |irnlialily  (111  tho  former.  The  lirst  coiiim'rs  of  Siskiyou  co.  were  II.  ti. 
Fiiiils,  Pavid  Fowry.  K.  F.  IJae,  .Fudge  'Putt,  and  .Judge  Smith  Tho 
c<miil y  seat  was  estahlislied  at  Yreka,  where  it  remains. 

Three  counties  were  created  in  IS.'iH,  namely:  Kiimlioldt,  taken  from  tho 
western  jiortioii  of  Trinity — tirst  conim'rs  A.  Jl.  Mnrdock,  M.  F.  .lames, 
Janus  Kyan.  .Tohn  Kiiigshury,  and  K.  |)oltl)ins— county  seat  chosen  hy  elec- 
tion, w,is  at  Union,  hut  in  IS,")!)  tin;  legislature  ehangeil  it  to  Fiinka,  wiicro 
it  niii  nils.  San  IJcrnardino,  out  of  the  east  portion  of  ]jos  Angeles:  county 
sent  .It  the  town  of  San  liernardino,  which  was  incoriiorateil  in  l.s.'d  -  lirst 
CMiiinrrs  Isaac  Williams,  David  Set^ly,  H.  (!.  Sherwood,  and.)ohn  IJrou  n.  Ala- 
iiicilii.  tlic  name  signifying  a  sliailed  proincnaile,  when  created  extended  'cast 
"tiitlic  junction  of  the  .San  .loaipiin  ami  Tuoliinii.  counties.'  Its  tirst  coiiinrrs 
Miic  .l.iiiics  M.  Larue,  Michael  Miirry,  J.  S.  \\  .itkins,  J.  S.  Marston,  and 
(iiistaviis  Harper.  They  were  to  meet  in  the  town  of  Alvarado.  which 
shiMild  he  '  known  as  the  scat  of  justice,' hut  the  same  act  sa\-  that  New 
Haven  should  he  the  county  scat.  In  18,"»G  it  was  removed  to  .'^  i  l.,eaiidr<>, 
aiiii  is  iiiiw  at  Oakland. 

Three  counties  were  created  in   IS.'U,  namely:  Stanislaus,  fi i  the  we.st 

iiart  of  Tuiiluinne — tirst  conim'rs  .lohn  1).  I'atterson,  Kli  S.  N^aivin,  <!.  1). 
Pirkiiison,  \V.  Loud,  am;  Richard  llorm^r  -  lioundary  setth'd  in  Is.V)  and 
ciuiiit y  scat  estahlislied  at  Knights  Ferry,  since  removed  to  Modesto:  .-\ma- 
(liir.  cut  otl'  from  Calaveras  hy  election — conim'rs  appointed  were  Willi.im 
L.  McKiiii,  Alexander  Kaileau,  Aloiizo  I'latt,  H.  (1.  .Sneatli,  ami  1'.  \V. 
(niiimill — county  .seat  li.xed  at  Jackson  hy  a  vote  of  the  inhaliitants,  where 
its  leiiiains.  I'lnnias,  cut  off  from  Hutte,  tirst  county  seat  at  Kliz  ihcthtown, 
AiiM  111, HI  valley,  now  at  Quiucy — tirst  conim'rs  H.  J.  Uradlty,  \V.  S.  Dean, 
Jiiliii  \V.  Tlioinptiou. 

I  Wo  counties  were  formed  in  IS.'i.'j,  namely:  Merceil,  out  of  the  southern 
]piiitioii  of  Marijio.sa  lirst  conim'rs  ,\.  Stevenson,  William  Neal,  W.  .F. 
i'liili.lil,  Charles  V.  Snelling,  John  M<  |)rriiiiitt,  Samiul  Lovcjoy,  and  ('.  F. 
Ulumlworth — county  seat  at  Snelling,  now  at  Merced.  Biieiia  Vista,  ta'-.eii 
trmii  tlic  north  part  of  Tulare,  not  orgaiii/ed. 

Tliice  counties  were  organized  in  IS.'ili,  namely:  Fresno,  taken  from  ]>arts 
of  Mariposa,  .Merced,  and  Tulare,  with  the  county  seat  at  MiUerloii,  re- 
iiinvid  to  Fresno  City-  lirst  com'rs  Charles  Mart,  Ira  .McR.ie,  .lames  Cmik- 
^ihaiika,  0.  M.  Browu,  U.  M.  Lewis,  U.  A.  Caual  and  J.  W.  <Jil<>uu.    Tehama, 


Is 


i 


442 


rOLlTlCAI.   IIISTOUY. 


Tlio  Htnto  importcil  in  18sO  rriuKh  to  tlic  valim  of 
$;■)(),()()(), 000,  ami  i'\ii«»rtrtl  t«>  the  valiif  of  .'i<;i.).(i()().. 
000,  (or  tlu'  most  part  to  foni;;!!  ports.  Tlic  uhtat 
export  Jiloiiu  niin)Uiitocl  to  $*J0,000,000,  ami   llniir  to 

34,<ir)0,O()0.         Till'      wool      product      <»t'      tin'      Stjilr      \v;is 

.'54,000,000  pounds.  Tin-  Imp  crop  was  :;."), 000  \>nk% 
Till!  wine  product  received  at  San  Fiaiicisco  \vii>,  lo,. 
150,000  gallons,  and  the  Nraiidv  product  48'J,0()0  «;al- 

taken  from  iiarts  of  ColiiMn.  Muttp,  .iml  Sliaoti— (ir-<t  mmVi  A.  (i    Timmct, 

N.  Hull,  i'tiiiii,  Mniin.  tininty  miit  at   roli.iin.i,  n- veil  tn  Idii  liluil;  and 

Sail  MatvK.  Itiniii'il  nut  of  tlit!  Houtli  jiart  of  Sail  Kf.iiici.-ico.  coiuiIn  »i;it  is. 
taliliHliiil  at  KiiIhikmI  City  in  1858.  tirHt  com  nt  John  Joliiisoii.  H.  ().  Tripii, 
ami  CliarlcH  ( 'lark. 

Ill  |.s.->7  I'i'l  Norte  eoiinty  wan  or^aiii/i'«i  from  tlie  north  oart  of  Kl.niialli 
CO..  with  the  foiiiity  Kent  at  ('re»<'eiit  Citv.      First  roin'rs  \\  .  jl.  Friiiinr,  .1 
T.  Has.y,  I'.ter  l»arl>y,  K.  H.   Marfor.j,  I'.   H.  IVvil.r,  who  wire  to  >-ivr  ik,. 
tiee  of  iiroceciliii^'M  iii  the  fc  •"•« ///  I  ilii  llirnlil. 

'i'wo  rollllties  were  createil  in  j.siij,  ll.-|||i<-ly:  Mono,  oilt  of  thoM'  |iii|'tii>lM 
of  Caiavera-*,  .Mari|io.<a.  ami  Kre>iiii  lyiii^' ea-t  of  the  .Miimiiiit  nf  tiir  ."»!iiri 
Nevada,  with  the  eoiiiitj  seat  at  Aurora  tir^t  cc.iii'rs  P.  ,1,  ||  ,  k>\,  U  \|. 
IJiinii^r,  v..  \V.  I  ii.-<ey,  C.  N.  Notewaie.  I,.  A.  Hrciw  ii.  C.  \\  .  Kailiv,  au.l  T 
A.  i.aiie  eoiiiity  seat,  afti-r  the  or^'aiii/atioii  of  Novaiia  ti  rritorv,  was  m 
<lis|)iite,  as  I  have  ri'lated  in  ////•/.  A<i>f'/.i.  it  in  imw  at  ISmll' ;  ;iiii|  Liki', 
lyinn  lietweeii  Meiicioriiio,  \  i.lo,  Solaiio.  ami  Na|ia.  I'oiM'rs  \\  illi.iin  M.m 
love,  .\li\aiiiler  Mil.i^an.  Wooils  ('rawfonl.  For  tin-  heleitinii  i.f  a  rmintv 
Heat  .1.  N.  l'eiiilcii;ast  of  \  i\\i\.  I 'hariis  l^llil^ey  of  ."solaiin,  aiei  Aiilliciii\  V. 
Hinkiier  ol  I 'oliisa  Were  a|i|iiiiiteil  to  ihiHi'^f  two  .sites,  oiir  nl  MJiicI-  slmiiM 
he  I'liosi  II  liy  a  majority  of  theeleetori<  III  .hllie  of  |.S4il,  ami  l..iikeliiiit  iiiraiiic 
♦-he  ea|iital. 

T\\i>  eoiiiities  wi-re  orL'aiiiwil  in  IHfi4.  namely:  Alpine,  from  jiait^  i.f  V.\ 
Dorado,  Aiiiailor,  Calaveras,  ami  Mi>m>  it  wnn  attaeiieil  to  .\iiia<l<ir  t<>r 
jmlii'ial  imi'iioscs  for  one  year,  tirst  eomVs  Iteiijamiii  S«ars,  <  >.  F.  I  li.'nitmi, 
nml  Frank  < 'oo]icr,  eoiinty  sc;it  lixi-il  at  Markleeville.  m  hieli  Mas  iiieoi'|iiirat(il 
in  IS(i4:  ami  1  asscn,  nami'd  alter  IN  ter  l.isscn.  forimil  out  i.f  tlie«i~t  |i.'r. 
tioiis  of  Shasta  and  IMuinas.  The  first  eom'rs  wrrc  F.  hraki  ,  < '.  StniktuM, 
and  N.  Mreed,  wiio  were  ordered  to  'meet  at  Kiiitdfy  niid  Mdler's  xtcirc  la 
Siisaiivilir,'  tolieHWi^rn  in  hy  a  inialititd  otlii  er.  Tin  v  vcre  to  a|iiMilnt.  tlirii' 
freeholders  of  the  loiinty  to  sideet  two  sites  to  he  Voted  ii|iii||  for  enmity 
Heat,  the  result  heilij,'  the  ehoiee  of  .Su.s^ilivdle.  The  lioiimlaiy  wa.s  eli,iiij.'('l 
in  IS(M). 

Two  other  counties  were  created  in  IStUi,  namely:  Kern,  out  of  imriiniH 

of  Tulare  and   l,iis  Angeles,  with  the  eoiinty  seat  at   llavdaii — lirst  i rs 

Miehael  II.  iMski'ie,  V.\\  Smitli.  Daiiiil  W.  Walser.  Thomas  Uaker.  and. I.  In 
Urijrht  ])reseii*  eoniity  seat  Itikerslielil:  ainl  Inyo,  out  of  portions  ol  'i'lilaii' 
aiid  Mono,  V  ith  the  eounty  .seat  at  lnde|.endeiiie.  The  tirst  eoni'r- ni  II' 
Tlioin.is  .1.  (Jooilaje.  I.oiiis  F.  ('oo|wr,  W .  \.  ^ireeiily,  Wdliani  I'laivir,  ,\\\A 
Lyman  Tuttle.  The  eoiinty  was  tirst  attaelnd  to  Mono  fnr  i<|ire-(iil;ili\i^ 
iiur|)oses,  formed  a  part  of  the  I'Jth  seiiatnrial  di.striet,  aiiil  Mas  att:ii  lied  lor 
liicjieial  pnrp..  fs  to  the  Titli  jmlieial  district.  The  eoiinty  seat  ni  i.im.s 
Hiiehan^reil. 

Ill  I'ST'J  Ventura  eounty  was  created  out  of  a  jwirtion  of  Santa  ll.ii!iar:i. 
with  the  eounty  seat  av  Hiieiiaveiitiira.  where  it  remains.  No  coin  rs  w.to 
appointed,  lieiiiif  (deeteci  at  a  spt  eal  eleetioii.  and  1  have  not  tiii'ir  ii.itms. 

la  Ib74  two  counties  "^ure  crvatcd,  namely:  San  Benito,  out  of  ilie  «:ust- 


FKDEUAL  KXPKNIHTUKKS. 


443 


loiis.*'  or  fruit,  fish,  ntnl  twi'iity  otlu^r  nicifliaiitahle 
jiriiiluttioiis  tliciv  was  u  <lu»!  lUdpoitioii.  Of  <|iii(k- 
nilvi  rtlif  prodiK-t  was  ulioiit  "Jd.OOO  tiasks.  Of  trt>as- 
.\|)(.it»'<l,    ^-J  1,000,000.      The    cl(«ariii«,'8    i.f    tlio 


Uio    (•: 


luiiiks  for  the  yt-ar  ainouiiti'il  t«»  ^H44, 000,000.*"  Tiiu 
(hitifs  (•(»ll»>('to<l  at  thf  port  <»f  San  Kiaiici.sfo  a<;u[ro- 
p;«tt  (1  !<'.>, 47 H, 000,  and  the  intiTiial  it'voniu!  n'Cfipts 
\vt  re  (III  a  (oinnu'iiyuratc  scah*.  A  Iar<jft'  amount  of 
iiidiistrv  an<l  lahor,  oonsich  riiit^  tht;  |)<»puIation,  is  vv\i- 
rtst  iitfd  l)y  tlieso  ti^un'S,  showing;'  thi;  character  of  the 
|n(»|»lc — not  the  [)ohticians.  In  tlu'ir  enterprise  and 
tiK  iLry  they  cannot  find  time  to  probst  a^'ainst  the 
'j^Viid  of  those  they  permit  to  spend  the  puhlic  money, 
liut  the  time  will  <onie  when  they  or  their  childn-n 
will  nut  fail  to  do  so,  either  peaeeahly,  or  hy  way  of 
tirril)le  retrihutiou. 

As  we  stride  throuijh  tlio  j)res{>nt,  wo  huild 
rliun  Ins  and  ph'asuri-  resorts,  selKud-liouses  and  eol- 
ii;4es,  alitiii;  with  our  fa<tories,  steamships  and  rail- 
luads,  s])aiinL(  nothiiiLC  that  can  lu-lp  tlii"  th-velopnient 
iif  the  !j;en('rations  de.stiiu'd  to  erect  a  wonderful 
suiuMstructuri!  upon  the  foundatittns  of  wiilch  we  are 
|ir(iiiil  to  he  styled  tlie  architects.  In  otlur  chapters 
di  vdted  to  material  pro|Mfr(>ss,  the  vitality,  elasticity, 
and  streiiL;th  of  the  first  j^eneration  of  American  Cal- 
ift»niiinis  are  so  thoroughly  illustrated  as  to  need  no 
fill  thcr  commentary  in  this  place. 

Tlie  honefits  of  tiie  j^overnment  to  the  state  in  ap- 
pro|iriations  not  in  the  rej^ular  annual  list  ajj^L^ri'^atixl 
t'oi  various  purposes  from  1851  to  IHS(>  $ir),:{l>s,;577.- 
28;  ;i.s  follows:  puhlic  huildings,  namely, custom-house, 

crn  ]i,irt  nf  Mi.iitcn'y,  willi  tli unity  seal  ;it    llnlli-itiT,  w  licii'  it   iriii.-iiii-!; 

.•iiiii  M.HJiii',  iiuiiii'il  after  tlic  tnlir  that  lunl  <iii  I'itt  iimt,  nut  of  tlu'  ca.it 
jiirt  ..?  .>i:(kiy<iu,  w  itli  tlii^  I'lmiity  .seat  at  l)i(iTisl>riilj;o.  rreselit  ciuiiity  Mcat, 
Altura.s. 

Uy  retaining;  S|iiiiii-«|i  nniiii'M  in  most  iiistaiiii's,  jicictii:  jiistice  i-.  .sulisrrved. 
Tjjr  iilcasaiitiK'ss  iif  a  iiii'trieal  laiij;iia;,'i'  i^  ailJiil  to  tlio  rmiiaiice  of  a.s.sin-ia- 
timi  «itli  a  lialf  mysterious  nnd  ever  iii(|iiaiu  lii.-t<iry. 

'"'rinri'  was  less  than  liiilf  a  crop  nl  jjrapes  in  INS,"),  ami  ahnut  the  same 
failiiiu'  "tr  in  nthir  emiM. 

'■'Tins  makes  San  hraiieisc"  tlie  5th  city  of  tlio  uuion  iu  its  volume  of  ex- 
cliaugw. 


444 


rOLMliAL  HISTOllY 


ajipraisris*  stores,  ami  p(>8t-«)fficis,  $2. 2^1), '>.'.:). 01 ; 
riv«r  ami  liarbor  iiii[)n>vi'meiits,  $2,038,000;  li^lit- 
stations  on  tlio  coast,  $1,273,272;  k'nitcd  Stn\v^ 
mint,  $2,(520,15)2.37;  arsenals  and  forts,  $«',.(; 1 7  j;,; 
An  aj»|»r(»|)riation  was  mado  in  tlie  session  of"  l^>()-7 
of  $.ir)(>,000  towanl  a  hew  ]>ost-<»fHee.  L<»s  An^c*  1<  s  was 
also  «;ranted  an  a|)]iro]iriation  for  a  jmlilie  l»inl(liii.r, 
and  tf)  San  Francisc(»  nianufacturers  was  awarded  the 
ccmtraet  for  Wuildin;^  of  a  jjfovernineiit  iron  ciuiMr 
at  a  eost  of  $500,000,  foll<}W.'d  by  others,  a>  will  I 
mentioned    elsewhere    in    this    volume.     ()tli»  r  di 


)C 


ft 


ences  will   soon 


11 


be 


provM 


led 


nor,  eonijress  having,' 


taken  up  th(!  matter  recently  in  a  deterndiitd  s|»iiit. 
CoUL^nss  at  th(!  same  session  appropriat.-d  .sKmi.imh) 
for  tho  estal)!ishment  of  a  bram  h   of  the   Xiitinuiil 

the 


liojuc    for    clisabled    volunteer   soldier; 


hnx 


money  aiii>roj(iiate<l   for  public   improvements  is  h 
than  that   paid   in  salaries  to  ;j;o''ermnent  'itiii  ials  re- 


sidm;,r  iti 
^^r  iiavv. 


Calif 
Th 


ontia,  an<l  not  con 


lese  salaries  amoun 


ted  with  t!i<'  arii.v 
ted  in   l;-72  t<»  i<7 ■["<.- 


y'.»2  p.  r  annum;  to  tlu  post-otMci'  $12r.,l»3-_;  to  the 
custom-house  $281), 7iK);  to  tlu-  ndnt  $I1m;.'.i_'(;  ;  i,. 
the  internal  revenue  oflicc  $44,100;  to  the  v'nitid 
States  courts  $!'>,2:)0;  to  thr  land-ofticc  $2r,.!)(n>;  t.i 


th*'  li'^lit-keept  rs.  steamboat  inspectors,  naval  ricruit- 


aiiil 


m'4  stiiMon,  militarv  surveys,  marnie  hospita 
Indian  affairs  $40,074.  The  post-oHices  and  Iij;lit- 
lious«  s  have  since  become!  a  nm<  h  jj^reater  exiKuso  ti 
tlie  uovi  niMieist ;  hut  I  have  no  figures  at  hand  t>i 
show  the  actual  present  exjxiiditure  (ir  income. 

At  no  pi)i«Ml  of  the  state's  existence  has  the  iniiiii- 
"nUion  cxci'cdid  that  of  1880-8.  The  arrivals  dvri 
land  averaj^i'tl  .^),000  a  month,  many  jKisonsof  w.  alth 
and  r«  fincment  comih'Lj  to  remain.  When  the  .>tatr 
has  ntfaimd  t  »  the  aijf  of  fifry  years  it  will  he  iikhv 
famed  tor  its  ij^ricultural,  horticultural,  and  muiiutuc- 
turcnj  protiuctions  than  for  its  miiun;;  jiroduct. 

'•Tin-  iK'i-jilf  of  Califonii.i  li;iil  jilrcady  cstatdiHlu-cl  a  iMililier*'  home  in 

Xa|KI  <••.  ,  ;i|ii'  iuli;.'ri'.-n  v:is  lirnii^'llt  tii  ciHIHi'llt  to  oill-iolidatf  with  It  til-    I'l.ill 

fur  a  Uraiich  iiatioiiul  luiiiiu. 


chaptp:r  XVII. 


MILITARY. 


IMS  1888. 


fAMKilKNIA  UnDF.R    MILITARY  UlI.K      I)»:.SKKTION><— QrARTERS   AND    Kk.SF.R- 

\ MiiiNs  LdiiiiiKMSKs  •  CoMi'AMKs  Koi  mk;>  Imhan  Tiittriti.Ks  - 
I'osis  K.-VABI.ISIIKII-  DKi'AiiTMKsrs  Vii;ii„>M  E  t'oMMirrEE  Matikm — 
\\.\n  Koit  THE  Union  -Coast  DefM':.'<es. 

I  ti.wE  i^iven  nothinjjf  of  tlio  inilitjiry  history  of 
("alitoniia  since  the  e.sttiblisl uncut  of  tiif  Unitucl 
States  i;.  possession  under  tin-  ruh-  of  (Jovernor  Mason, 
liitliiciuvs  were  pn'senl  in  tiie  iri-oirrapliieal  iintl  |»olit- 
ical  |)(»sition  of  the  country  at  this  period  wliieli  rcn- 
(h  ltd  miUtary  force  a  necessity;  and  the  disKandin<^ 
(»f  tlio  New  York  volunteers  on  tlie  (h'daratioij  of 
peari!  in  1848  scriousl\'  eniharrassed  the  tfniiK)rary 
iiovciiinient,'  whicli  feared  an  uprising  anionj,'  the  na- 

'  Krom  tlio  orders  of  the  military  governors  I  traiiscrilie  tlie  natnt'M  of 
ttii'ir  iipiioiiitens.  Fremont  mjulo  I'eM' uii|M>intinentH,  hut  re|iiirt.s  giving' the 
(ittii'u  lit  ciilleetor  ol'  |iort  of  .San  IMe^o  to  .Saiitia^n  Ar^MiiUo,  uuii  nf  San 
IVilr.i  to  j'l'ilro  Carrillo.  K<>arney  ap|>>>intu4l  1>.  \N'.  Ah'xaiuler  collector  at 
S.iri  I'cch-ii,  William  \.  Uich.tnUon  at  .Monterey,  Angel  l.eliriga  at  l..i  I'aE, 
aiiil  Mi;;ucl  i'hoda  at  '•  m  Jose,  L.  t'.  Ho  aluo  apiiointetl,  I'Vh.  '.".',  1S47, 
Khviii  Bryant  to  oUceei  i'  naval  Lieut  W.  A.  IJiirtlett-  ajijioiMteil  hy  ("ajtt, 
Moiitgiiiiiury  of  the  l'ort.-inioutli  in  l.S4(>  -anil  May  28th,  Oeorge  llyile  t» 
siu'cci'il  Hryai.C.  He  aiipointeil  Kilwanl  IVtty  llartnell  to  he  traii.-.lator  anil 
inti'iprclur  t..  the  gov't,  .March  lOtli;  Walter  Cotton  jiulge  of  ailiiiiralty 
Mucli  24th;  Jolin  A.  Sutter  suli.  Iiulian  agent,  .Ajiril  7th;  Jjllurn  '.*', 
I'ki;;:^'!  to  he  alcalde  of  Sonoma  in  place  of  .lohn  II.  Niwh,  .'Xonl  jnth;  .M  <  . 
V.illc{(i  sill).  Iml  ng't,  April  14th;  Mariano  Iti.nilla  alcalile  nf  San  Lnm 
()liis|iii;  -mmI  Pablo  (lu  la  Cuerra  alculile  at  .Sta  Hiirliara.  Masn.n  ap|Miinteil 
Ifiiiii.s  I'.iihideau  alealdu  uf  .San  liernanliao,  June  1st;  William  II  Me  land 
aiirvcvoi',  .lune  7th;  William  Ithieklium  alcalde  of  .Sta  Cm/.,  June  2liit; 
.laspir  O'Farrell  nsst,  surveyor,  July  (5tli;  J.  I>.  Hunter  huIi.  Indian  agent. 
Sill  Luis  Hey;  .Miguid  de  l'odrosen%  collector  at  ."^an  P'ego,  .Inly  14th;  .John 
Fiiitir  alcalde  at  San  Juan,  July  14tli;  Jaeoh  K.  .Snyder  as«t  Hurxiynr,  July 
2^ii:  11.  W.  ilalluckaea  of  thu  tcr.  Cal.,  Aug.  13th,  T.  Minor  l.uavcnnorth 


h;  J 


446 


MILITAKY. 


tiv^  Californiana.  Thoro  remained  only  the  l)att;ilIon 
of  2d  draji^nons,  Major  L.  1*.  (irahaui  in  couiiiiaiul, 
in  tlio  southern  dintrii't;  Captain  A.  J.  Smiili's  (huh- 
])any  ('  of  the  l.st  draj^oons  at  San  Francisco;  and 
Jiicutt'iiant-colont'l  11.  S.  Burton's  company  K  »it' the 
nd  artillery  at  ^fontercy.  From  these  so  many  (K- 
si'rtions  took  place  that  it  became  douhttul  it"  <.ii<; 
vhole  comnanv  would  he  left  in  the  service,  j'ailv 
m  Scptemlu-r  the  ship  lfii)ifrcs>t  arrived  at  Mont,  n  v 
with  4(5  recruits;  but  as  soon  as  they  had  n(<t\t  ivJ 


nlealilc  of  the  '2.1  aialrict  of  S.  F.  Oct.  'J.l:  Julia 


jrgua 


alcalilc  S;in  .1 


n  .iiLin 


R'lUtiHtii.  Nov.  'J'.M;  .l.iliii  SliiirMDii  ali-al.lt'  .lisit  ol  S.iii  iMt 
KoltL-it  Chti',  iiI.m1.Ic  of  Sitii  IHt'^o.  Die.  loth.  In  IH4S  hv  ma.le  tii.'  t..||..u. 
iii^  .-kpiLiiutiiiuiitH:  Sti'iilicn  (.'.  KiLstt'i-  ak-al.li!  of  Lom  Aiiut'lc.'*,  ■hiii.  i>t: 
Sti'|ilicii  roiipcr  fik'al.U' of  lifiiicia,  Jan.  IM;  William  II.  Laii;;!.-)' "Jil  al.  il  ..• 
nf  Nloiiti;rt'y,  Jan.  IKtIi;  J.>hn  I'ricu  alcalilu  of  San  LuIh  OI>i.-<|iii,  .Ian.  '.'.'uli; 
1'.  t'.  faiillo  alcalilo  of  Sta  Harliara,  Fuh.  Htli;  Cliarlcs  Wluto  aUi«lili  ..i 
rilelilo  San  Jo.so  vit-c  Janie.t  \V.  Wcckn,  rciiiunt'.l;  un.l  'J<l  alralilr  hi.l>,r,H 
r.ioli.'i'i),  I'VI).  Dtli;  Junn  lian.lini  iMt  alcal.l)' .list  .if  San  l)ii-K<>>  -\|>ril  l.'<t)", 
K.  L.  hrowri  'J.l  alt-al.K'  Name  .list;  l»taac  C'allaghan  suli-alcal'lc  St;i  UirKui.t; 
William  Uyrn.'  \»t  aloal.K'  at  San  Jon*-;  .MigUfl  I'l'.lr.iri'ua  (•.illccltir  ;iti'i  Itr 
li.iriiiastiT  at  San  i>ifj^ii;  K.lwar.l  (iillivrt  (litt.i  i>t  S.  F.,  N.  S  Cariics  liitt.i 
at  Sta  Ivirliara;  K.lwar.l  II.  HarriHon,  cillootor  at  S.  F.,  Sept.  .'M;  Fliinin;.' 
SiTiaii.t  |f<t  alciLli!  at  MmitiTcy.      HiIuv'm  .nijiointmi-nts  in   1N4'.I  iMii.ri-  the 


itilii|)ti.in  of  the  I'.iiiHtitutiKn   wlto  a.s 


t.)ll.ius:  Jalu'Z   llall.'ck  ..I   Munt. 


niil  J<i.-,lina  H.  Ilavoii  of  S.  F.  n.itariuu  piililic,  in  May;  W.  .M.  K.'lily  mw 
A'lili.H.in  II.  Flint  lan.l  Kurvfyors  in  Jiiiu';  A.  ('.  I'eaohy  notary  jnililn-  .■(  S. 
F.  in  June;  T.  M.  I.iC>avfn\v.irtli,  l«t  ulcaMt-  of  the  iliHt  of  S.  F,,  was  mis. 
iii'iiilt'il,  ami  a  i'.imtnis.sion  appointtMl  t.>  inv<'!*ti){at(!  cliar^oK  against  liiiii; 
ll.iraco  Ma\v.'«  nan  a|i|i.>int(Ml  preffct  of  tlu>  .list  of  S.  F.,  Aug.  l-<t;  (J.  I>. 
DiokiTson  jirt'ff.'t  .if  San  .loa<|uin,  J.i.>te  Antonio  RstiKlillo  pri-i.et  of  .Siu 
l>ii^j;o,  .loa.|iiin  Carillo  |>rt!frct  of  Sta  Itdrliara.  (".  I'.  Wilkiii.i  v''''"'t  "' 
S.inoina,    Oavi.l  S|ii'ni"e  pr.'fi'ft  of   .Monterey,   William  <!.    Iinml   prif..  t  .-f 


Nan  Luis  OliiH|io,  Ant.mio  M.  Pico  prefect  .if  San  J.ise,  in  Aug.;  K.  I'r.wliy 
irefect  of  Sac.;  Stephen  <'.  Fowt.'r  pr.'fe.-t  of  Lou  Ang.'l.'n,  in  Sept.;  L'Wii 
)eMt,  J.    M.  (".tvarruhias,    I'acilicUH  Or.l,    I'eter  II.    liuriiett   jinlges  of  the 


I' 


superior  triluiiial,  in   Au>;. ;  Uiclianl  A.    M^ 


tuiiin  vice 


(Jearv.  .juil^'e  of  l.st  insiaii.-e,  with  criin.  jurisilicti.in,  at  S.  F.,  in  .\ 


B.  Al 


n.iit. 


Oct.;  J.  W. 


Wi 


I. in. I  ditto,  with  civil  jurisilicti.in,  in  t)cl. ;  it.   M.   .May  jiidiie  of  the 


1st  iiixtanou,  with  eriin.  jiiriii.licti.in,  at  San  .l.is.'-,  in   Aug.;  .1.  'I'.  Ilu  lianl-i'i 

N.iv.;   Igiiaci.i  Ks.pier  alcal.le  of  Mmit  r.y. 


«litt. 


o.  With  civil  juriMiiicti.in. 
A]>ril  mill  Aug.,  .Mariano  Malarin  jii.lge  .if  1st  instance  at  Motit.Try 
Nov.;  Stephen  I'.  .Mannett  notary  public  for  New  V.irk  of  th<'  I'aciti'-,  San 
ili>ai|uin  ilistrict;  K.lwanl  M.  Ilowisoii,  notary  piiMic  in  the  ilist  of  San  .••■•v 
<|Uiii,  in  Oct.;  tiu.irgu  H.  Itilt  justice  of  th(>  1st  instance  in  San  .li>ai|iiiii  il'-t, 
in  .Aug.;  Itayniiimlo  Carrillo  .litto  in  Sta  H.irliara.  April  ami  .Vu.'  :  Mmn'l 
Alirita  ilitto  in  San  !<uifl  Oliispo,  in  .Aug.;  Augiistin  Olivira  ilitiu  in  !/■« 
.Angeles,  ill  Sept.;  .lames  ('.  Thumas  ilitto,  with  I'lvil  juri.s.lictioii,  in  S.ic- 


Oct.;  Stephen  ('imper  ditto  in  Sonoma  ilist 


Uig. 


H.   F.   Page,    lli.i..l..rc 


(iriswolil,  John  Mc\ickar.  llo|ieful  Toler,  t'liarles  ('.  Moore,  Thoiiia.-  Kil  un 
notary  puMicH  in  S.  F. ;  John  .McDougal  ami  William  .Shaw  .litto  in  sac; 
ll.ill  McAllister  .list  atty  for  S.  F.,  in  Sept.;  K.  A.  King  ila^llor•nla^t^r  at 
8.  F.,  Junu  I'.Hh;  N.  Wise  ami  .1.  Walsh  p.irt  war.leMs,  in  .luno.  /'.  S.  II. 
Ex,  Doc,  17,  31  cunt;.  1  ituiM. ;  Cal.  Mim.  and  Corr.,  185U,  vul.  v. 


MILITAIIY   RULE. 


447 


fiMiii  the  scurvy  witli  wliioh  most  of  tliom  were 
aHlittcd,  tluy,  too,  desortt'd  jiiid  wiMit  to  the  iiiiiics. 
Ktloits  were  made  to  recruit  in  California  and  Oregon' 
witliout  success,  owinj^  to  tlie  «;reatLr  induet-ment 
luld  out  Uy  miners,  who  paid  hij^h  wages  to  men 
williiiu  to  he  liired  to  d\^  for  otlurs. 

Ill  November,  184S,  Colonel  ^^ason  asked  to  he  or- 
(1(  All  liome,  and  was  succet-di'd  in  the  connuand  of 
his  department  by  General  PersifiT  F.  Smith,  who 
arrival  Ity  the  first  mail  steamer,  the  CallfuDiin,  which 
touched  at  Monterey  February  23,  I.S41>,  and  pro- 
ceeded with  the  new  commander  of  the  department 
to  San  Francisco,'  He  had  upon  his  staH'  K,  K.  S. 
Caiiliy  as  adjutant.  Lieutenant  Alfred  (iibbs,  aid-de- 
rainp,  and  ATajor  Cornelius  ( )gden  of  the  engineers. 
Leuving  Canby  at  Montere}',  he  took  W.  T.  Sher- 
man for  his  adjutant  on  accounl  of  his  knowledge  of 
atl'airs  trained  by  a  two  years'  preyious  residence. 

( »ii  the  21st  of  ^Tarch  tiie  goyernment  steam 
pntpeller  Edith  reached  San  Frai.cisco  with  military 
si-.K  s,  being  the  first  of  a  fleet  bringing  troops  for 
till'  relief  of  California  and  Oregon.  There  followed 
ill  April  the  shij)  /mni  haying  on  board  the  new  gov- 
(iiior,  (Jeneral  Bennett  l\iley,  and  a  iiaii  of  th(  "Jd 
infantry  regiment.     In  Alay  the  Uoiiic  arriyed   with 

'I,.  W.  Hastings  was  prnployod  byfiov.  Maton  in  1S4S  to  iMiloavor  to 
rai-i"  a  liitt.ilinn  of  .NiiHTii.in  vuluiitcirs;  luit  iH  tiimc  had  iint  luin  paiil 
wild  ■'riNcd  iiniltT  Frtniiint,  tlifv  lU'clini'il.  .V.  /'.  i'liUhtriwu),  .Manli  S  ami 
'.••.'.  IMS.  I\,ly,„si„n,  iv.  IS'J.  il>in<i;/\i  y.in:  'M\-U).  Maj.ir  .lani.i  A. 
liaiiiii'  NMH  sent  til  Oii'Hiin  witli  in-<triu'tiiin«  tn  enlist  N(K)  nu'n,  lnit  lure  ho 
fiiiiiiil  till'  (iijiitinj;  men  Mlill  in  tin-  Cayux'  cnuiitry  wIiito  tliry  wcri-  having 
ail  linliiin  wnv.  nr  ^iianlin^  tint  W'lllaMn-ttf  x'ttli'iiicnt^  from  thn-atcmil  in- 
va-inii.  Till'  iilijci't  <if  these  iittfm|it.s  at  ri'cruiliii^  «as  not  so  niiuh  tin-  ilc- 
fiiiir  iif  r|i|)(T  Cal.  n»  tlitj  c'iin<|ni'.st  of  Lnwcr  Cat.  Imt  tho  treaty  ruHignL'tl 
tlif  ]"•llill^ula  to  Mfx.,  ami  fmluil  that  anxirty. 

•  M.i-iiii  saiil:  'Tlif  warln'inn  over,  tho  xnliiiors  nvarly  nil  iltMortcil,  -mil 
IwiviMi.'  iiiiw  liccn  frmn  tho  Htati'n  twn  yi'.'iri,  I  ri>s|KM'tt'nlly  rii|iit  st  to  In'  or- 
liiTnl  liiiiiic.  1  fi'cl  IcsM  licxitnni'y  in  maUni>;  tht^  ri'i|ut'>t  as  it  is  the  Ht'cuml 
iiiily  iImI  I  rerollcct  evi'i'  to  jiavo  niaijc,  in  iiiuro  than  thirty  yiars' servuc, 
til  Ih'  iihivcil  from  any  duty  U]iiin  which  I  haxc  liti'ii  jilacid;  tlir  first  was 
a»kiii|{  til  hi!  relievi'd  from  th«  rinTuitintf  srrvu'e  in  \y.i'2,  that  I  mi^iht  jiua 
my  i'iini|  liny  in  tho  Hlark  Hawk  war.'  7'.  S.  II.  Kjr.  />(«•.  17,  tUit;  It!  conK., 
I  xi'is.  Hi' died  at  St  Louis,  of  clioli-ra,  in  tlio  wnnnifr  of  1K4S>.  See  WilUii* 
I'lii.nil  Mniioriiiiilii,  ;<•_';  Hiilfhiii'ii  Sijr  Minilli*.  I  I.");  i'<mtr>i')>.  Hvk/.,  i.,  'M'; 
Uun„Ujl,':oU.,  .M.S.,  ii.  tiO-l";  Vi-ohI y'^  Eirly  l>>iij<,  MS.,  Il-1*.». 


I   '    !t 


448 


MILITARY. 


anotlicr  tlotachmcnt.  and,  not  until  July,  the  Mar)/ d ml 
AiUI'mc  with  tlu?  reinaiiuirr  of  tlio  ii'jiiiiicnt.  ]>il(\  s 
C'lioicc  of  a  statt'  was  ra|itaiiis  H.  W.  llallcck  ninl  (I, 
C.  Wi'sti'ott,  Major  E.  K.  S.  Caiil>y,  aiul  Jjiciitcnant 
(icori,''u  II,  Derhy,  known  as  a  hunioruus  writer  uikIlt 
the  si^Muiturc  of  John  JMicenix. 

The  general  dejKit  for  military  property  was  cstah- 
lished  at  l^enicia,*  the  selection  of  the  sit(^  lu  ihu made 
1)V  a  eonnnissi(»n  coniiH»s««l  of  majors  C.  A.  <  ).r(|,  n 
J.  L.  Smith,  and  Danville  I^eadhettir  of  the  aimv. 
and  captains  Louis  M.  (HildshoroUi^h,  J.  (J.  \\\\\ 
Brunt,  and  Simon  F.  iJlunt  of  the  navy.  The  sainc 
conunissionurs  selected  Marc  island  as  a  site  foi-  a 
navy-yard.  ^Military  lieadtpiarters  was  estal)lisl;r(| 
t'imporaril}'  in  the  old  adol»c>  custom-hous«!  in  San 
Francisco,  hut  after  the  arrival  of  (ieneral  liihy,  wlio 
assumed  command  of  the  tie] wirt mint,  (jiiieral  Sinitli 
removeil  division  luadijuarters  to  Sonoma,  ainl  with 
him  went  comi»any  C,  1st  dragoons,  A.  J,  Sinitii. 
captain 

The  different  companies  were  distributed  as  follows: 
]\r,  :Ul  artillery,  Captain  E.  J),  Keyes,  to  the  presidio 
of  San  Francisco;  F,  .'»il  artillery.  Lieutenant-colonel 
H.  S.  liurton,  to  the  redouht  at  Monterey;  ('  and 
(j,  '2d  infantry.  Colonel  Silas  Ca.sey,  to  the  main  depot 
at  lienicia;  13  and  I,  "Jd  infantry,  Major  S.  J*,  lit  int- 
zelman,  to  San  Diego;  A,  H,  and  K,  2d  infantjy, 
and  ono  company  of  the  l.st  dragoons,  Major  A.  S. 
Miller,  to  the  main  cn»ssing  of  the  San  Joa(|uin;  E 
and  F,  2d  infantry,  Major  J.  J.  ]}.  Kingsbury,  to  a 
post  near  Sutter's  fort;  two  conqtanies  of  the  1st  and 
two  of  the  2d  cavalry,  majors  L.  V.  (jrraham  and  J). 
H.  llucker,  at  Los  Anyeles  and  San  Luis  \\e\  ;  the 
remainiKr  of  the  infantry,  including  about  70  recruits, 
being  divided  between  Monterey  and  a  camp  on  the 


♦  Sliorinnn  nffirtiw  that  fSen.  Smith,  lieing  disintcrcfitcd,  dpoiilfil  <'i> 
Ri-nifiii  iiH  the  jirojuT  iH»int  for  the  city,  ati<i  wiit-re  i\w.  army  hoatlcniaitcrj 
iihiiiiltl  \w..  S«M!  alMo  A'lrdvM  /*»-.,  vii.,  113.  Tht- general  jmn-liiHril  a  iiulo 
Mquaru  III:  Itinil  at  SuiHun,  (if  M.  (t.  Vallciu,  for  t2t'>,()(M).    VnU.  Dot-.,  xiii  ,  '.M. 


EFFECT  OF  THE  HOLD  DISCOVERY. 


440 


Stanislaus  river.  One  of  the  companies  at  San  Biogo 
wa.s  onlcTcil  to  escort  the  boundary  coniniisiiion  under 
M:ij"r  NV-  H.  Emory  of  the  topographical  engineers. 

Ill  Mav  Los  Angeles  and  San  Luis  Iter  were 
ahaiidoned  as  military  stations  on  account  of  the 
w!iol«  sale  de.sertion  of  the  soldiery  who  were  carried 
awav  by  the  attractions  of  gold-getting  in  the  mines. 
Lr»s  Angeles  had  been  an  important  post,  but  the 
.stort^s  wtire  now  sent  to  San  Diego,  and  the  guard- 
iiouse  turned  over  to  the  alcalde  to  be  used  as  a 
prison,  of  which  the  town  stood  in  need."  Desertion 
hail  ivducetl  the  four  companies  of  cavalry  until  little 
niort'  than  entiugh  to  form  one  remained  ;  wjiile  at 
Sun  Diego  it  was  feared  the  lx)undary  commission 
Would  Ut;  without  an  escort.  The  depredations  coin- 
iiiiiti'd  uiKm  the  inhabitants  by  the  soldiers,  who  were 
uiial»l»'  to  carry  with  them  the  means  of  subsistence, 
were  the  subject  of  much  concern  to  the  military 
authorities.  Comparatively  few.  arrests  were  made, 
though  twenty-five  or  thirty  persons  were  tried  at 
Moiitcrev  and  sentenced  to  be  sent  east  to  serve  out  at 
lianl  labor  in  confinement  the  remainder  of  their 
terniJi  of  service  ;  and  until  a  government  vessel 
should  be  returning,  they  were  to  be  kept  at  hard 
lalxir  under  guard  in  California. 

The  .Si-verity  of  the  punishment  did  not  deter  the 
soldiiTs  from  breaking  away  from  their  engagements. 
An  "\|K'dition  under  Captain  W.  H.  Warner  of  the 
to|io^rra|)hical  engineers,  ordered  to  make  an  examina- 
tion of  the  routes  from  the  Humboldt  valley  to  the 
Sacianieuto  river,  and  which  consisted  of  80  men  at 
thi'  offset,  had  34  desertions  in  less  than  a  month. 
Captain  Warner  prosecuted  his  recomioissiince  with 
his  r.duced  force,  and  was  ambushed  and  killed  by 
tht-  Indians  ncarCxoose  lake,  from  which  circumstance 


'  /.'■«  Amj^lnt  AryHfit  Nrr.,  77.  Tlio  nt*cil  of  prison*  in  which  to  contine 
otTi'nJiT*  w»4  <>ft«>n  etnl>arrmi«inn.  Mason  in  1S4H  oIKtimI  to  onutrilmtc  ?1,- 
llmt  tow  tr<|  the  otection  of  wruro  primmM  in  oach  of  tho  towns  of  l^os  An- 
Kclfi  Sta  Mrl>arm.  San  .)osi'>,  Sonuuia,  Mid  Suttor'n  Fort;  but  it  duus  nut 
appear  that  the  offer  wuh  aocoptcd. 
UlOT.  Cal.,  Vol.  VII     » 


\  i 


I 


480 


MILITARY. 


the  Warren  ran<:^o  of  mountains  received  its  name. 
His  remains  wcro  not  rccovcrc*!  until  tlie  fullowinir 
sprinj^.  altliough  ] lieutenant  Davidson  was  stiit  in 
seanh  of  them. 

To  check  the  tendency  to  desertion  conniiaiidinfT 
officers  were  instructed  to  aUow  furlouglis  to  lie 
granted  to  dttachnients,  with  other  reasonahlt-  indul- 
genccs  wliich  miglit  tend  to  prevent  desertion.  X-ith- 
in;^,  however,  could  restrain  menum.ler  theteni|itatinii 
of  i^old  and  freedom.  By  the  ena  of  August  time 
were  no  more  than  050  officers*  and  men  in  the  de- 
partment. Under  these  circumstances  little  <'\|il(iia. 
tion  could  bo  carried  on,  and  few  expeditions  of  aiiv 
kind'.     The    generals   contented  themselves    with  a 

•There  were  present  in  Cal.  in  184".>,  tlui  following  oflifcrs,  cxcluiiivc  of 
thtwe  alroaily  nientioncil,  mime  of  whom  have  muva  liucoine  fanidii.s:  l.uiit- 
col  Jimeiih  Honker;  inajorM  JiiMtus  McKintttry,  W.  Seawell,  (foriiicrly  of  tlie 
N.  V.  r«-g' t),  n.  n.  Vinton,  U.  Allen,  <|uartcrniaHter  S.  K.  and  civil  tri-.'u- 
nror;  K.  H,  FitzgcraM,  (|itarterniaMter  at  S.  K. ;  1'.  B.  Keailing,  f.iriin  r  jiay- 
nuiHt'T  of  Fremont 'h  liatt>.lion;  II.  Hill  and  If  I^Minard,  Caiitain  It.  rainti- 
Ml.  K.  K.  Kane-.  W.  O,  Many.  N.  Ly..n,  .1.  Hayden,  N.  ll.  Harris,  i;  I'. 
AiidrewH,  ('.  g  TonipkinH,  and  H.  Inualls;  Licutenantfl,  C.  J.  C'oiitl'-,  (  K. 
JarM.<,  F.  I..  ratt4'rHoii,  W.  A.  Slaughter,  .1.  W.  T.  (iardiner,  Switiuy,  .1 
flainilton,  K.  O.  i'.  Ord,  .1.  W.  DavidMim,  (ieorgo  Stonenian,  II.  Wajjir 
Hallei-k,  .lanicH  A.  Hardee,  M.  U.  Stevennon,  (formerly  of  the  N.  \ .  nj-'ti, 
and  Kvan.s.  'I  liexe  are  all  the  namex  tiiat  appear  in  the  ntilit^iry  ('iirrt">|Hin. 
flence  of  that  year;  hut  .Itiliii  Nugent  nienti<inM  an  lieing  at  San  |ii<'f.'<>,  luiu- 
■vlf.  Major  CaiMirton,  and  Hays.  Only  twoHurgeonHare  nientiimcii,  Mnrny 
A.  I'erry  and  *V.  .*<.  IJooth,  On  the  lut  of  Jan.,  1850,  Shennau,  Oi>l,  aii«l 
A.  J    Smith  rttunied  io  the  Htaten. 

'One  of  the  princijial  exjieditions  M'as  made  hy  Co.  K.,  Ist  I.ieut  Wil-im, 
commanding,  in  neareh  of  Homo  Iiiilianx.  Murdeix  were  lieeomiiig  frtijurnt. 
Karly  in  the  year  a  fearful  tragedy  was  p«'rforni«Ml  at  San  .M igml  nii'sum. 
Heeii  was  an  KngliHhman,  who  livcil  with  lii.i  native  wife  ami  family  at  tlif 
miii«ion.  He  had  Hold  a  hand  of  Hlicep  in  the  Koiitheni  mincn,  ami  u.is  fni- 
lowed  to  his  home  hy  a  lleHHian  and  an  Irisliinan,  who,  after  killing'  t^vn 
sleeping  mincrN  hy  the  way,  and  jiicking  up  three  ik'nerten*  frum  the  i'.irilic 
■qiia4iri>r,  at  I.A  .'>«<>k'dad.  ealled  at  Heed's  and  were  luinpitahly  <'iitertaiii<-<l 
over  night.  The  next  morning  they  murdered  every  inmate  of  the  iiinxion, 
twelve  in  all.  and  taking  the  gold  found  in  tlie  Iiouho  lied  to  a  Hecliidnl  rmv 
on  the  wa  Ix'.ich.  It  happened  tiiat  two  travellern  were  iMiUKing  the  Imine 
at  the  Very  hour  of  the  murder,  hailed  it,  and  getting  no  answer,  Hiisiicitcil 
a  erime,  and  gave  the  alarm  along  the  road  and  at  Sta  ^rhara.  Tin-  <iti- 
«cns  purxned  and  dim-overed  the  retreat  of  the  murderefH,  one  of  wlumi.  ninl 
one  eiti/en,  were  killed  in  tha  eontliet.  Another  Hwam  out  to  nea  ninI  was 
<ln>wiii'i|.  an<l  the  other  three  were  enptured,  tried  hy  a  temporary  i.'iirt, 
found  guilty,  and  scnteneed  to  Ihi  hanged.  Hut  there  heiitg  noiiii'  hi'^it.iiii'y 
almut  cxeeuting  the  Hentenec  of  this  eourt,  f)ov.  MoHon  onlered  tlieiii  shut, 
and  Lieut  Onl.  with  nine  mihliera  iM-rformed  the  duty.  Culfun  Thr-'  Y',ir*  in 
Cu/..  391  2.  Af%  A'<»rr,  MS.;.^!  Ii:i.  S  /■'.  y|  tor,  .Tan.  '.».">.  I  M'.t.  I''"t<r. 
ft  di-alt-r  in  rattle,  wan  killed  hy  a  Mexican  dealer  nametl  Mariano.  wlir>im 
guilt  wa«  proven  hy  Foster's  projierty  in  hin  jioHBewiiou.     He  cscajied  from 


COAST  DEFENCES. 


461 


sort  of  royal  pro<j;rcss  to  tlic  niinos  and  abriof  mspor- 
tioii  of  tlio  difl<'ivnt  j)osts.  Coinmandors  of  posts 
ii.aifst  to  the  routes  of  iiniiiii^ratioti  wore  instructed 
to  t'liinisli  assistance  and  ri'licvc;  suftering  when  rc- 
(|uiiv(l."  In  this  manner  the  niilitarv  government 
«lis(li:u!^ed,  as  in  its  judgment  seemed  best,  its  duty 
to  t lie  eoufitry. 

(Jihcnd  Smith  removed  his  headquarters  in  May 
or  .fuiie  to  Sonoma,  residing  in  a  liouse  erected  by 
.l.icoh  I*.  Jj(>ese,  f(»r  wliich  he  paid  a  rental  of  $400  a 
iiiiiiith.  On  his  staff  were  }{o()ker,  Gibbs,  and  Sher- 
iiiiiii.  Tn  Septtinber  he  went  to  Oregon  to  inspect 
that  pftrticm  of  his  department,  and  remained  ini  the 
(iihiiiibia  river  for  several  months,*  attending  to  the 
establishment  of  forts  Vancouver,  Steilacoom,  Dalles, 
ami  ii  post  at  Astoria. 

The  Pacific  s(]uadron,  which  in  1840  had  consisted 
of  » iolit  armed  vtjssels.  carrying  30l)  guns,  was  ihs- 
jMrsrd,  the  line-of- battle-ship  Ohii)  alone  being  at 
San  I'Vancisco  in  IS41>.  Slu;  lay  at  Sauzt'lito,  and 
was  of  use  in  j)reventing  the  entire  abandonment  of 
the  mail  service.'"     Uf  defences  to  her  coast  or  com- 

tlii'  vlirritF,  l>nt  lii«  va(|UPro  and  associatu  in  crime  were  hung.  Sun  Jon-  Mer- 
mm  .l;m.  I,  ISK'J.  Arms  w.-re  issuoil  to  tlio  inhaliitants  in  ixjiosed  loeali- 
tii-,1  til  |iii>tfft  tli«'niM<'lv«"*. 

'  Mijor  Itnckcr  was  .loUiletl  '<y  Hen.  Smith  to  conduct  the  relief  to  ininii- 
(.'r.iiit-:  ;iiid  s|tM),((((()  WH>  »n|>|'li(!d  out  of  civil  funds  to  purchaHO  proviNionst 
aii>l  line  iii4>n  and  tcani^  tur  ilu;  Mi-rvifi-.  Srurvy  had  attacked  tiiu  iniini- 
gntiiH,  whii  wcri!  imu  (M-riMhin^  Uiickcr  n-niaiiicd  in  tiic  nionntainH  until 
till'  l:i<t  tif  thi'  niinii^ratioi)  li-»il  [msnciI  into  Hie  Mdlry.  Slirnmui  M<iii.,  80- 
I.  S.  /•'  .IM(,  l»fc.  I.").  IM'.»  i  llnd  '.<7(I,(HK)  transiVrrcil  to  J'lirser  FoieHt, 
tiir  |irtyMij{  the  «'X  I  lenses  of  linuging  iinnnuratits  from   huwir  California, '  on 

■I  j;iiV'riiiiu"it  vessel  of  course.      I.ieiit  ("ault f  tlie  Ixmndary  I'HCort,  CMtah- 

!i>Ii(mI  (  ;iiii|i  Calhiiiiu  on  the  Cal.  Hide  of  the  Colorado,  where  he  remained 
fur  twii  iiionths  asHiHttng  the  imnii^niLion. 

'The  M'tuMiirliiiiifftM,  a  ^ov't  jiro|ieller,  m  liii-h  nrriveil  out  in  the  Hprinf;;, 
riiiiMvrd  two  coni|)nnies  of  the  1st  artillery,  to  the  new  forts  of  Vancouver 
aiiii  .'•trilacoom.  Col  Caney  was  Mtat-oned  at  Steilacooni  during;  the  Ind. 
wii    111  Washington,  and  l.uut  Siau).'iiier  Mas  killed  tlien- 

'  I'lie  lI'dDYH,  which  wa.s  at  S.  K  wlietl  t  lie  jjold  fever  set  hi,  was  dt'scrtfld, 
aiiil  ( '  lilt.  .\.  U.  Long  was  toreed  to  iiii|ic.rt  a  crew  froni  Ma/atlan  t.i  j;o  to 
ma.  'I  lie  <'<il{l'frniii  on  her  lirsi  trip  lost  all  her  crew,  and  the  Urfjim,  when 
Hill'  arrived,  anchored  alon;/side  the 'Mf'o.  and  Caiit.  I'earHon  nent  his  crew 
ainijtid  as  jiristmers  until  -lie  was  niady  to  sail.  On  her  se<'ond  trip  she 
hr'iii-lit  a  crew  for  the  ('iilif''>nii)i,  irtiarded  in  the  Huuic  way.  (Jrimshuw'a  Surr., 
I'-'-i;},  MS.;  FuUom  Tehjn'fiti,  Nov.  \),  18<iV. 


ii 


452 


MILITARY. 


I  \ 


racrce  California  had  at  this  period  none  that  would 
have  been  eHbctual  in  case  of  attack  from  a  forii-Mi 
foe.  At  San  Francisco  Major  Hardio  of  tiic  Xi  w 
York  rogiincnt  had  occupied  two  companies  durinr 
the  summer  of  1847  in  repairinj^  the  prosit'"-)  and  re- 
movin«5  to  it  the  ordnance  and  military  stores  l»rnu.r]n 
out  in  the  Ij'xlnf/ton  and  landed  at  the  town  of  Vciha 
Buena ;  but  the  jjruns,  mortars,  and  carriaj^cs.  uitli 
the  heavy  shot  and  shell,  could  not  be  moved  acinss 
the  hills,  and  remained  near  the  landinj^.  Thnv 
were  some  ({uns  mounted  at  San  Pedro,  and  a  firlij. 
battery  kept  at  the  fort  in  Los  Angeles.  At  Moii- 
terey  Colonel  Mason  had  caused  to  bo  constructtd. 
under  the  superintendiMice  of  Lieutenant  llalltck.  u 
redoubt  in  the  form  of  a  bastion,  on  a  hill  conuiiaiid- 
in«if  the  anchoraj^o  and  the  town,  mounting  ujum  it  .'»• 
guns  carrying  24-pt)und  shot,  and  four  8-meh  mortar 
guns  on  platforms.  Quarters  for  the  artillery  com- 
panies, consisting  of  two  largo  two-story  log  housis, 


Tliore  was  great  need  of  lifflithnnHen  ami  Inioynon  the  cnaiit,  and  tlii<  gnv 
orniiiunt,  aware  of  tliix  tieco8Hity  to  a  rnpidly  growing  coninivrcu  aK  mcII  m 
to  il'4  own  vttNNcIs,  Aiitliori/cd  I'rofoMMor  liaclio  in  IH48  to  organi/o  twn  |i;iriiri 
for  a  coant  Hurvey,  tlio  party  for  Hlioru  duty  lioing  in  cliargu  of  Caiitam  .hkini « 
S.  Wdliauis,  axHistant,  and  JohviiIi  >S.  Iliitli,  Kuh-aMHixtant.  I'Ih!  Iiylio. 
i|;ra])liical  partv  waM  in  (.'liargo  of  Lieut  William  I*.  McArthur  of  tlat  naw, 
ni  couiniaud  of  tliu  Huhoonttr  Eii'iwj,  Tlio  A'lWn;/ arrived  at  .S.  F.  in  tlioK|iriiii; 
of  l>44i),  liut  thorn  waH  littU)  work  aoconiplinliud.  The  niun  attachid  to  tli<' 
topograiiliical  work  ran  awav  to  tlio  niincH,  and  thoHO  ou  hoard  tlir  A,'"',<i^ 
had  to  ho  |)hicud  in  ironii,  and  tionio  were  liangud  for  attoinpting  thn  drown- 
ing of  Lieutenant  ( rihson  in  order  to  desert.  The  Eiring  ran  over  to  the  Soc. 
isl.  in  winter  in  order  to  prevent  tlie  entire  faihire  of  the  survey,  which  in  tlio 
spring  uf  18fiU  was  removed  to  the  L'ohunhia  Imr  and  river.  In  Juiu'  nl  that 
'far  a  third  party  under  suh-assistant  (Seorge  Davidson,  whoHi^  HtTviciM  t'> 
)difornia,  l)egun  in  those  uneasy  terms,  have  been  continuod  thriiii);li  \ 
genitration,  Was  in  every  way  successful  after  ita  first  hard  struggle  «itii 
the  didiculticB  besetting  science  in  the  gold  period. 

Aliout  the  Ixt  of  Novendter  there  arrived  the  United  8tat4>s  hri>; ' '  H- 
Lnwri'iire,  Ca|)tain  Aktxander  V.  Fraser,  all  of  whose  ofhcers  ami  Hriiiiirn  re- 
signed or  deserted  within  a  month,  hoing  nnahio  to  live  upon  their  |i;iy.  A 
naval  recruiting  station  was  opened  at  San  Francisco  in  DocemlHT,  iuit  witli- 
out  much  relief  to  the  service.  In  Novenilior  also  there  arrived  a  ci>lli'i't<ir 
for  the  port  of  San  Francisco,  James  Collier,  who  relieved  the  niilitnry 
authorities  of  the  care  of  the  customs.  Ho  waa  escorted  hy  a  dragoon  om 
|iany  commanded  l>y  Captain  Thorn,  who  with  three  of  his  nicnwik<<dro\viinl 
at  the  crossing  of  the  liio  Colorado.  Collector  Colli«>r  found  hoiii<>  tlnii^i 
that  surprised  and  some  that  displeaisod  him.  The  surprise  wa.i  oci'axiniii  't 
by  the  amount  of  Inuinuss,  and  the  ilisploasuro  at  finding  thr  goiHlx  witii 
which  he  bad  to  do  stored  in  ninotoou  dismantled  hulks  of  vcnmuU  in  tli« 


I. 


nARRACKS  AND  STORUIOt'SES.  «§ 

wore  erected,  and  in  the  rear  of  tlic  redoubt  a  st^ujo 
ma^aziue.  The  barracka  for  tlu'  ucroinniod&tioii  «jf 
otliif  troops  wen?  erected  in  the  town.  In  th**  suni- 
n;er  of  1849  Captain  FolHoni  ronstrucUd  niilitarv 
stnrt'-houses  at  San  Franciseo,  tin-  itn-isidio  uas  su]\ 
fuitlur  n-paired,  and  four  3'J-i»ound  ^un8  and  two 
S-iiifli  howitzers  were  mounted  on  the  old  fort  at  tlie 
t'litrunee  to  the  liurbor 


MiLiT.»iiY  Ukservations  at  San  FRAXci!«r»»,  1*19. 

Tlius  passed  the  year  of  transition,  wliih*  California 
was  uiidor  a  rule  nominally  civil,  but  nallv  military, 
ytt  lackini^  the  power  to  be  wholly  tithc-r.      The  ItM-al 


h«rl)or.     ImmofUnte  Htcpn  wore  taken  to  have  a  rnatninho<u«  erected,  with 
«)i4t  ri'iiilt  I  liavi'  alrc'iily  iiitrratuil  in   a  |irfoi'i|ing    v..|iiiite. 

I'iikUI  roniuiunii'atiiin  in  IS17,  1H4H,  nml  |i.irt  i>f  IM'J  l>a<l  \>ecn  l>y  mil- 
itary lApri-^i  from  poHt  to  pimt,  i-iti/i'iin  )>('in({  |>i'niiitt«-i|  to  a. -ail  tlii-niM  l\e« 
c(  tliM  >trviru  uitliout  i-liargi',  tlio  |iriviite  i'\i>re.--M  :♦  |>.itroiii/>-)|  m  the  unnr* 
iiakiii^  cxorliitiiut  {irotitx.  The  arrival  ot  William  Van  \'<M>rliii-«,  aiM-cial 
l^inf  i^jciit  of  till!  I'liitcil  StJitCH,  liy  tlio  i'liUh'tiiiit  in  M.tn'h.  iieriiM-<l  t<i  |iroiii' 
IV  nliif  to  tlu!  military  Mi'rvior.  Viiti  N'oorliivit  wa*  «uj>ir<w'iltr<l  in  a  month '■ 
tiiiii'  liy  !;.  T.  |>.  AUi-n,  will)  rcci'ivi'il,  if  li«  ilul  not  utent,  lunumtraMe 
kiutlii'iiui^  triim  loii^inK  ami  cxiH'ctaMt  l<ut  ili'«a|>|Hiiiit<t|  mincm  anil  wttU-ni, 
wlici  Ix-liivi-ij  tlii-y  Wert!  fiititli'il  to  havi-  lUlivi'rtil  to  thirm  |itt«-rn  that  ciwt 
f"rly  I't'iits  from  tliu  vtatt^M,  auil  twelve  ami  a  half  cent*  from  any  {xiint  on 
till'  rucilic  coaHt.  Thu  agent,  howovi-r,  lianlly  foiin<i  time  Anrtiig  th**  «ani- 
iiHT  til  Mi'lfi  t  HitcH  for  iMwt-oirutM,  aiul  tilt'  military  ami  |invate  ei|»r«  %•«• 
«'!'  <'M'it  iiiiiri'  ii'i|iiirt!<l  than  IicCkiv  to  ni-rominixlatu  the  th(>u*«u<la  tu  «hum 
till-  monthly  bttamuri  brought  nu\v«  from  home. 


■1 


464 


MIUTARY. 


I 


ffovcmmcnt  of  San  Francisco,  which  was  sanrtimicd 
bocauao  it  could  not  be  abolished,  expressed  its  dissat- 
isfaction with  the  military  power,  which  retorud, 
"  prove  ajiy  of  your  complaints  to  be  well  founded,  and 
the  j?uilty  officer  will  be  removed  or  punished."  Tak- 
in<^  into  the  account  all  the  novel  conditions  of  tin; 
period,  I  think  it  must  be  admitted  that  atl'airs  wcif 
conducted  with  becoming  prudence  on  the  miUtary 
side. 

In  1849,  owini^  to  the  inefficiency  of  the  army  in 
California,  and  the  condition  of  society  at  Sai»  Fran- 
cisco from  the  importation  of  foreign  criminals  aswill 
as  the  unrestrained  freedom  of  deserting  sailors  and 
soldiers,  a  military  company  was  formed  in  that  jilaco 
under  the  name  of  First  California  guard.  It  was 
an  artillery  company,  but  drilled  also  with  niuskLts, 
and  in  the  evolutions  of  infantry.  It  consisted  of  4 1 
members  in  July,  and  was  increased  to  100  by  Scp- 
tember,  on  the  8th  of  which  month  General  lilKy 
commissioned  Henry  M.  Naglee  captain,  William  O. 
H.  Howard  and  Myron  Norton  1st  lieutenants  ;  Hall 
McAllister  and  David  F.  Bagloy  second  lieutenants  ; 
Samuel  Gerry  surgeon,  and  11.  H.  Sinton  sei;^eant. 
This  company  continued  its  existence  under  the  state 
laws,  and  was  the  initial  military  organization  of  this 
coimnonwealth.  At  present  it  is  known  as  comjiaiiy 
A,  light  battery,  of  the  national  guard.  Together 
with  50  men  of  Protection  Fire  company,  No.  2,  tlio 
guards  repaired  to  Sacramento  to  (juell  the  s(|iiat- 
ter's  riot  of  1850.  During  their  sojourn  in  the  eaj)- 
ital  two  military  companies  were  formed,  which  now 
belong  also  to  the  national  guard.  Twenty-one  com- 
panies" were  organized  in  San  Francisco  previous 

"  Tlioso  ooinpanioa  were  organized  as  follows:  Wasliington  flniinl,  .Tfl 
iiion;  Knipirc  (hianl,  li!5  iiiuii;  Nlarioii  Rillcs,  fi.")  iiinu;  National  Ijaiuri .,  I,) 
nion;  Eureka  Liglit-lior.su  (Jnard,  5<)  luon;  San  Francisco  IJiiuis,  iJO  mcii; 
City  Oiiard,  55  nun;  Wasliinj^ton  ('mitincntal  (Juanls,  40  uwu;  Iniliitriiili  iit 
National  Ouard,  70  nifn;  Yniing  America  (iiiard,  .'{5  nmn;  \V:>.!l:ic>;  <li;:i;'i, 
50  men;  Indopendc-nt  Citydiianl,  MH);  California  Fusileurs,  (>()  niiii;  l!!.uk 
Hussars,  42  men;  First  Liglit  Hragoons,  !\\)  men;  Mcdianies  (luard,  .')it  iinn; 
Schuutzcu  Vtreiu,  lliO  men;  California  l.igiit  Guard,  0(i  men;  City  (■li.nl, 


OIUJANIZATION  OF  COMPANIES. 


45A 


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lloW 

dlll- 

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I)  iHi'ii; 

.1  lUlJ, 


t<i  thi'  period  of  the  civil  war,  whioh  greatly  stiinulattd 
tlic;  military  spirit.  As  tiiat  period  was  exttptiuiial 
it  will  !><'  treated  of  by  itself 

111  1.S51  Indian  disturbanees  at  Sau  Diej^o  called 
tor  troops,  and  two  companies  of  raiij^ers  were  orj^an- 
i/i'(l  from  the  California  Guard,  Wasliin;j;ton  (iuard, 
and  Kmpiro  (iuard,  the  only  existin;^  military  com- 
pjinitw  in  San  Francisco  at  that  time.  lJef(n'e  trans- 
|ioitiition  to  San  Diego  could  bo  provided  the  trouble 
iiatl  l»h»\vn  over.  In  1854  sixcompanies  then  existing 
ill  Sail  Francisco  were  formed  into  a  i)attalion  with  a 
(•((loiu'l  and  other  officers.  No  military  services  were 
iv<|iiin'(l  of  them  until  185G,  when  the  vigilance  com- 
iiiittti!  assumed  the  government  of  the  city,  and  the 
militia  were  ordered  to  report  for  duty  to  the  gov- 
ernor of  the  state;  nor  subsequently,  except  in  June, 
IS7I,  when  on  account  of  a  strike  among  the  miners 
of  Amador  county  a  collision  between  the  Miners' 
Lianuc  and  the  mill-owners  was  feared,  and  one  com- 
pany each  of  the  national  guard  and  of  the  Sumner 
li'4ht  guard  were  ordered  to  the  scene  of  the  dis- 
tiiilwuicc;  and  still  later,  when  in  1877  the  three 
(lays'  labor  riots  caused  the  military  companies  to  be 
placed  on  duty  in  San  Francisco  to  guard  the  armories 
and  prevent  the  destruction  of  valuable  pro|)erty.  The 
SI  rvico  rendered  on  these  occasions  amply  illustrated 
the  Ixnefit  to  society  of  these  organizations. 

I  liave  mentioned  in  its  proper  place  the  early  en- 
actmoiit  by  the  California  legislature  of  a  militia  law. 
The  state  was  partitioned  hi  IHjO  into  four  divisions 
with  four  major-generals,  and  two  brigades  to  a  di- 
vi.si(»n,  with  a  brigadier-general  to  each,"  a  quarter- 

(■|<)  iihii;    French  Guard,  75  men;  McMahon  Ouanl,  43  men;  Montgomery 

(ilia  1 1 1.  .")()  men. 

'- Majiirgeneralrt  of  the  Ist,  2il,  .'M  uml  4th  division  re.siKH'tivtdy,  were: 
Tliiiiiia.s  .1.  (iri'oa,  John  K.  Hriu'kftt,  l)iivid  S.  Dou^d.i.s  and  .l.islm.i  il.  Hisin. 
'ilii'  liri>{!idifr  ^cnuraU  in  tin;  Miuiu!  itiKt  \Vf:'i',  .1.  II.  I^isUiiiul,  \\  liliaiii  M. 
AViuii,  KiiliLit  SiMiiiilf,  Ak'x.  ('.  McI)onald,  John  K.  Addison,  l».  V.  Ilaldwiii, 
Til. Unas  JI.  Itowon  and  .J.  M.  Covarruliias.  Adjutant  fjuniiral,  Tlicrou  1!. 
I'lr  l.co.  (Quarter-master  j^i'iioral,  .Jo.su|ili  C  Moondiead.  CuL  Jour.,  I8.')(), 
HI-  ■-'■_'.     Mauy   of  tho  uppoiutiaeats  wxro  of   tiiu  former  muudiera  of   tlio 


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Sdences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  S7RIET 

WEBSTER, NY.  MSSO 

(716)  872-4503 


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406 


MILITARY. 


master-general  and  an  adjutant-general  being  also 
elected  by  joint  convention  of  the  legislature.  The 
conflict  between  the  Indian  tribes  and  the  miners, 
and  attacks  by  the  natives  upon  immigrating  parties 
furnished  the  only  occasions  on  which  the  militia  wore 
called  upon  to  perform  military  duty,  which  occasions 
continued  but  for  a  few  years,  costing  the  state,  liow- 
ever,  a  considerable  sum,  for  which  it  received  partial 
indemnity  from  the  general  government. 

In  February,  1851,  the  legislature  passed  an  act 
authorizing  a  loan  not  exceeding  $500,000,  payable  in 
ten  years,  and  bearing  interest  at  the  rate  of  twelve 
per  cent  per  annum,  payable  semi-annually,  to  meet 
the  expenses  of  expeditions  against  the  Indians. 
Another  act  was  passed  in  1852  authorizing  a  loan  of 
not  more  than  $600,000  with  interest  at  seven  per 
cent,  payable  annually  ;  and  the  law  bound  the  state 
to  pay  the  principal  if  at  the  end  of  ten  years  con- 
gress had  made  no  provision  for  its  liquidation.  Con- 
gress, in  1854,  made  an  appropriation  of  $924,21)5.65 
to  pay  the  bonds  issued  in  1851  and  1852  ;  but  the 
amount  ordered  to  be  granted  was  the  sum  actually 
paid  bj'-  tL<3  state  of  California  in  the  suppression 
of  Indian  hostilities  prior  to  Janv  1854,  which 
the  secretary  of  war  was  directed  ,  >nce  to  ascer- 
tain. The  amount  of  the  appropriations,  had  it  b(>en 
immediately  available,  would  have  discharged  the 
bonded  debt,  bnt  the  delay  consequent  upon  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  conmiission,  and  the  transfer  of  the 
business  to  Washington,  so  increased  the  interest  on 
the  bonds  that,  when  after  much  legislation  the  money 

New  York  volunteers.  In  1851  .Tames  M.  Estill  was  elected  niaj.-gen.  of  lM 
div.  in  place  of  Brackett,  and  S.  M.  Miles  and  S.  E.  Woodswortli  brig. -lti-'ih 
of  Ist  and  4th  div.  in  place  of  Ekistland  and  Bowen.  In  185*2  William 
C.  Kibbe  was  elected  qr-niaster-gen.,  also  governor's  aids,  vitli  tlio  rank 
of  colonel  of  cavalry,  as  follows:  Samuel  A.  Merritt,  Mariposa  co. ;  AliilimiM) 
Sutter,  Sutter  oo. ;  E.  C.  Cromwell,  El  Dorado  co.;  Edward  M.  Burrows, 
Butte  CO.;  Andreas  Pico,  Loa  Angeles  co.;  John  Watson,  Shasta  co., 
1852;  Cave  C.  Couts,  San  Diego  co.;  and  J.  E.  Lawrence,  San  Frauiii<- 
co.,  1853.  In  1853  John  A.  Sutter  was  elected  maj.-cen.  at  large;  .1.  M- 
Covarrubiaa  maj.-gen.  of  the  4th  div.,  and  D.  B.  Kurtz  brig. -gen  '2J  brigi.  le 
4th  div. 


CLAIMS  AND  APPROPRIATIONS. 


457 


appropriated  was  applied,  the  state  still  owed  in  Sep- 
tt'iiil>er,  1856,  $173,322.66,  coupons  to  that  amount 
hvw'j;  t'ut  from  the  bonds  and  returned  to  the  respect- 
ive holders  for  redemption.  The  interest  upon  these 
coupons  being  added,  the  whole  amount  remaining 
to  be  paid  when  a  committee  of  the  house  of  rep- 
resentatives reported  upon  the  matter  in  1883,  reached 
8-241,025.82,  for  which  the  general  government  was 
justly  liable  to  the  state  for  expenses  incurred  in  its 
dcfeuco  in  1850-51. 

On  account  of  other  Indian  hostilities  the  legisla- 
ture in  1857  again  issued  bonds  amounting  to  $410,- 

000  to  be  paid  out  of  any  moneys  that  might  be 
appropriated  by  congress  to  the  state  to  defray  the 
expenses  incurred  in  the  suppressi(m  of  Indian  hos- 
tilities specified  in  this  act,'*  the  bondholders  in  this 
instance  relying  solely  upon  the  general  government. 

1  have  f(jund  nothing  to  show  that  these  claims  were 
ever  paid.  The  state  was  reimbursed  for  its  participa- 
tion in  the  Modoc  Indian  war  of  1872-3  to  the 
amount  of  $4,441.33,  appropriated  by  congress  in 
1883.'* 

"This  act  is  a  history  of  volunteer  expeditions  and  losses  during  several 
j-cars.  It  specilies  services  in  Sutter  co.  in  1850,  $5,000;  in  Nevada  co.  iu 
1S:)0  ami  1851,  820,000;  iu  Yuba  co.  in  1850,  $20,000;  iu  Klamath  co.  in  1852, 
$10,1)1)0;  in  Siskiyou  co.  in  1855,  $14,000;  the  same  co.  in  1856,  giiOO.OOO; 
lliimliiiltlt  and  Klamath  cos  in  1855,  §110,000;  Loa  Angeles  co.  1852-5, 
$•-'0,000;  Sau  Bernardino  in  1855,  §1,000;  Tulare  co.  in  1S5(>,  810,000.  Cal. 
Sf'if.,  1857,  2G2~4.  The.se  expensive  expeditions  were  undertaken  after  the 
failure  of  appeals  to  the  United  States  otficers  in  the  department,  which  was 
ill  suinilied  with  troops  for  the  protection  of  so  extensive  a  frontier;  and 
even  as  late  as  1872-3  it  was  necessary  to  call  out  volunteers  to  subdue  the 
Moiloos  on  the  northern  border. 

'•The  whole  army  of  the  United  States  in  1849-.')0  compri.sed  two  regi- 
moiiti  (if  dragoons,  one  of  mounted  riliemen,  four  of  artillery,  ami  eight  of 
infantry,  aggregating  with  the  engineer  corps  and  general  staff  12,027  mem- 
liors.  All  tlie  mounted  troops  were  i^mployed  in  ()n;g<in,  California,  Texas, 
Now  Mexico,  and  on  the  routes  leadiii^;  to  tlie  Pacitio  coast.  From  the  extent 
of  cduntry  to  be  traversed  in  the  event  of  an  outbreak,  and  which  could  not 
lie  I'livorod  by  infantry  in  time  to  overtake  the  enemy,  it  became  necessary 
ti)  iiicruase  the  cavalry  by  recruiting  the  broken  companies  with  tried  and 
tnistiMl  men  from  the  east,  whose  terms  of  .service  were  nearing  the  en<l; 
aiiil  also  by  increasing  the  size  of  the  coin])anies  from  the  quota,  sometimes 
a*  low  as  42,  to  a  number  not  exceeding  74  privates  per  comi)any.  With 
sui'h  troops  ai  were  available  an  expedition  set  out  in  the  month  of  May  to 
pimi  h  tlie  Indians  in  the  noighborliooil  of  Clear  lake,  in  what  is  now  Lake 
county,  for  the  murder  of  citizens  iu  184S),     It  consisted  of  C  troop  1st  dra- 


• 


t  «i 


'i<l 


458 


MILITARY. 


In  1849  and  1850  the  territory  on  the  Pacifu-  Lad 
constituted  tlie  third  division  of  Department  No.  11; 
but  on  tlic  I7th  of  May,  1851,  the  coniniand  of  de- 
partments 10  and  11  were  mtjrged  in  that  of  the  Pa- 

gcioiis,  cnniinandeil  by  Lieut  Davidson,  ami  a  detachment  of  tlie  'Jii  iiif;iiitrv 
tlic  wlidlo  ill  charge  of  Capt.  Natiiuniel  Lyon.  Daviiljou  liavjng  fa. led  of 
reaching  tiie  Indians  the  previou.s  year,  hy  rca.son  of  their  taking  rtfiii-o  on 
an  island  in  Clear  lake,  wagons  aeconipauied  tlie  tnuips,  carrying  hoats  in  lie 
usuil  in  pursuit.  This  unexpected  niovenient  surprised  and  aianiuil  tlie 
Indians,  wlio  from  being  defiant  became  tcrritied.  Tliey  showcre.l  tiieir 
arrows  inellectually  upon  the  troojis,  who  first  drove  tliem  from  tlicir  cnn- 
cualniunt  witli  a  howitzer,  and  afterward  shot  them  down  with  their  uiuikcts, 
until  (iO  out  of  400  were  killed,  after  which  tiieir  ranciieria  was  dcatruynl. 
The  command  then  proceeded  to  Russian  river,  where  two  settlers,  Stoue 
and  Kelley,  had  been  atrociously  nmrdered,  and  surrounding  the  Indiau.siii 
a  jungle,  shiughtered  'not  less  than  75  of  them.'  In  these  two  engagciinnts 
the  oidy  damage  received  was  two  men  wounded.  Sending  the  linr.ses  to 
Benicia  to  l)c  rested,  tho  troop  then  marcheil  to  the  Goose  lake  country  to 
Beareii  for  Warner's  bones  and  ])unish  his  murderers. 

Wliile  these  events  were  taking  place,  (Jen.  Smith  was  making  atmir  of 
in.spection  in  the  south.  Finding  at  San  Diego  that  persons  arri\  Iml;  iinm 
thc(iila  complained  that  a  gang  of  thirteen  lawless  men  had  e.stal)lislit.l  a 
ferry  over  the  C'ulorado,  in  competition  with  the  young  Indian.s,  ainl  wire 
extorting  enormous  prices  from  travellers,  besides  committing  roblicrics  ami 
murders,  and  l)eing  besought  to  send  a  command  to  drive  tiiem  away,  luMif- 
fered,  if  a  writ  could  be  i.ssued  for  their  arrest,  to  assist  the  civil  (illitLrs  in 
the  execution  of  tlicir  duty.  But  nothing  wiis  attempted  to  be  done  \>y  the 
authorities,  ami  the  gang  continued  to  rob  and  kill,  charging  their  ci  inie.s 
ui)on  the  Yumas.  They  killed  an  Irishman  who  hiul  set  up  an  o]iii(i>iUoii 
ferry,  and  destroyed  tlie  Imats  of  the  Indians.  The  Yumas  rctali.itid  !iy 
killing  eleven  of  tlie  men,  including  the  leaders,  for  which  noboily  \\a.s.s<irr}, 
althi.iigji  Major-general  IVaii  of  the  4th  t'al.  divi.<ion  of  militia  einIraMniMl 
to  raise  a  company  to  punish  the  Indians  for  the  nmRler  of  the  white  imii, 
but  failed.  The  ferry  was  soon  reestablished,  and  in  order  to  pri  vmt  the 
recurrence  of  such  trouble,  ami  to  ])rotect  the  immigration,  flen.  Siiiitli  nr- 
dered  !Ma  jor  Heintzelman  to  proceeil  as  soon  as  possilile  to  the  mouth  of  the 
(iila  to  eslabli.sh  there  €a  military  post.  This  action  was  rendered  pnssililc  liy 
the  arrival  at  San  Diego  in  the  spring  of  a  body  of  troops  under  liiut  col. 
J.  B.  Magruder,  wlio  occu]iied  that  stati(m  in  tho  absence  of  Ilcintzelnian. 
On  tho  'JTtii  of  Xovember,  1850,  two  coiiiiianies  of  the  '2nd  infantry  e.-tal)- 
lished  Camp  linlependence  at  tlio  crossing  of  the  Colorado,  which  was  trans- 
ferred to  tlie  former  site  of  a  mission,  iu  March  1851,  and  was  tiienccfditli 
called  Fort  Yuma.  So  little  were  the  Indians  in  the  vicinity  feared  that 
the  fort  was  soon  left  in  charge  of  Lieut  L.  ^V.  Sweeney  and  ten  iiicu.  Tlicy 
soon,  however,  began  murdering  immigrant.s,  and  attacked  the  fort,  w  hicli 
on  account  of  tho  difliculty  of  obtaining  supplies  was  al>andoncd  in  I'tc., 
after  being  reinforced  by  Lieut  Davidson.  It  was  not  ag.ain  occupit  d  until 
in  February  1852,  when  Ileint/.elman  returned  to  make  a  permaueiit  estab- 
lishment at  this  point,  which  for  many  years  retained  its  importance. 

The  adjournment  of  the  boundary  commission  on  the  Rio  (irainlc,  iu 
February,  to  meet  at  Kl  I'aso  in  November,  left  a  company  of  iiiiaiitry  lunlt; 
Lieut  Coults,  di.sposablo  for  garrison  duty,  in  addition  to  which  was  a  cmii- 
pany  organized  from  detachmenta  that  had  marched  across  tlie  country  on 
the  Gila  route,  under  Maj.  E.  Fitzgerald.  From  these  companies,  too  .-iiiall 
to  take  distant  or  expo.sed  posts,  (ien.  Smith  organiy.ed  three  garrisons  ;tj,- 
tinning  Fitzgerald  at  the  rancho  El  Chino,  in  San  Bernardino  valley,  tlic  re- 
niaiuder  of  tho  infantry  at  tho  Cajou  pass,  and  the  dragoons  at  San  Luis  lay. 


MOVEMENT  OF  TROOPS. 


459 


ciilc  division,  Brevet  Brigadier  General  Ethan  A. 
Hit(lu()<k  Ijeing  placed  in  coniuiand,  with  hcadquar- 
ttrs  at  Sonoma.  The  departure  of  the  '2d  dragroons 
about  this  time,  and  the  withdrawal  from  Oregon  of 

Litut  I'lrliy  wa3  sent  by  (Jen.  Riley  to  open  a  wagon-roa<l  from  mission 
Sail  MigUL-l  ti)  tlie  niiues  on  tlie  Mariposa  river;  from  all  .jf  which  it  ajipears 
tliat  the  Loiiiuiauilers  used  tlieir  best  endeavors  to  make  the  military  of  use 
ti.  tlic  country.  Keiuarking  ujiou  the  extent  of  the  territory  and  the  nature 
of  tl<e  service,  (ieu.  Smith  in  his  report  says:  'To  comply  with  our  treaty 
oliligatii'iis  with  Mexico  will  require  0(J0  cavalry  and  400  infantry  on  the 
liiiu  o[  the  <iila,  ami  eastward  to  the  Kio  (.irande,  hesidi^s  those  now  on  the 
two  cvtreiiiities  of  that  line.  The  cavalry  must  be  pract.i.ed  dragotms,  not 
raw  rc'iTuits  that  cannot  ride.  This  country  is  the  best  couiitiy  for  dragoons 
in  the  L'.  .S.'  He  might  well  say  that,  when  he  had  himself  just  ridden  840  miles 
friiiu  S;in  l>iego  to  Sonoma.  Few  changes  or  improvements  were  made  at 
any  cf  the  posts  on  account  of  the  extraordinary  cost  of  labor  and  material. 
Fmiii  the  report  of  Maj.  D.  H.  Vinton,  quartermaster,  1  learn  that  at  the 
pii>t  on  Bear  creek,  in  what  is  now  Yuba  county,  to  which  Maj.  Kiiig.sbury 
was  transferred,  and  which  was  maintained  until  18.52,  the  troops  were  re- 
quired to  'c>>ver  theatselves  by  their  own  labor,  with  material  to  Ihj  found 
in  tlii-ir  vicinity,'  and  that  at  a  post  established  on  Clear  lake  the  same  was 
reijuired.  For  the  station  on  the  San  Joaquin,  iron  liou.ses  were  recom- 
niiiiilLil,  while  at  San  L)iego  Ijarracks,  officers  quarters,  guarddiouses,  and 
hn^iiital  were  thought  necessary.  This  was  inileed  for  several  years  the 
must  important  depot  next  to  Benicia,  on  account  of  the  necessity  of  supply- 
ing Flirt  Yuma  from  this  station.  But  the  work  first  umlertaken  was  in 
tlie  viiiiiity  of  San  Francisco,  at  the  presidio,  and  at  Benicia,  to  which  plate 
(ieii.  Smith  designed  to  remove  his  headquarters  in  18iK),  or  as  soon  as  quar- 
ters were  erected. 

The  iiujirovements  made  at  Benicia  in  1849-50  consisted  of  3  buildings  for 
otricers'  ijuarters,  a  Uirrack  for  soldiers,  2  military  store-houses,  3  cottage 
farm  luiildings  for  quarters  for  employe.s,  stables,  blacksmith  shop;  coor.- 
liiinse,  bake-house,  b«>at-hou3e,  stone  corral,  steam  saw-mill;  and  house  ti/f 
emiiloyes,  with  stables  out-houses,  and  enclosures.  The  lundjer  use<l  in 
their  cdustruction  cost$GOO  perM.,  and  the  wages  of  mechanics  not  less  than 
$11  |ur  Any, 

i'y.'m  the  report  of  Gen.  Smith  of  March  1851  it  appears  that  the  ad- 
jutant general  of  the  army  had  desired  to  know  what  reduction  in  the  num- 
ber (if  troops  could  1>6  made  in  C'al.  ami  Oregon,  with  safety  to  the  public  ser- 
viee.  To  tiiis  the  general  replied  that  it  depended  upon  the  choice  the  gov- 
ernment should  make,  l»etween  the  regular  army  and  the  militia,  to  protect 
an  Indian  and  maritime  frontier,  each  over  1,000  miles  in  length,  adding 
sunie  further  remarks  intendcil  not  to  be  complimentary  to  the  militia,  as  to 
ceiiihiet,  or  co.st  of  8er\"ice.  It  is  interesting  to  compare  the  civil  and  military 
views  (if  the  same  subject.  On  the  page  following  the  rather  curt  reply  of 
f^iiuth  to  the  adjutant-general,  is  a  coi'imunication  from  f!ov.  Md'oiigal  to 
I'res.  Filniore.  The  governor  asked  fo.  arms  for  the  militia,  which  was  not 
Vet  enrolled,  but  was  estimated  at  liX).000.  while  the  general  had  just  said 
tiiat  'whatever  arms  are  delivered  to  the  frontier  peojile  here  will  be  lost  to 
the  U.  S.,' meaning  that  they  would  l»e  sold  to  anybody  who  would  buy 
them.  So  well  had  Senator  (Jwin  pleaded  the  cause  of  the  new  state,  how- 
ever, that  the  secretary  of  war  had  anticipated  the  governor's  requisition 
fnr  California's  quota,  and  the  arms  arrived  soon  after  the  requisition  had 
been  luado.  As  if  to  justify  the  opinion  of  the  general  just  quoted,  the 
(|iiarter-master  general  of  the  st.ate,  Josei)h  C.  Moorehead,  on  the  'JOth  of 
.•\pril  jsr)l,  absconded,  having  sold  «>r  taken  with  him  several  hundred  mus- 
kets without  authority  of  law.     Lut  uutwith^taudiug  this  uufortuoatu  ful- 


ii>  a 


'  -Si 

IS 


■' 
i .  1  ■. 


460 


JULTTAEY. 


the  mounted  rifle  regiment,  had  reduced  the  already 
inadequate  force  of  the  division  in  a  considerable  de- 
gree. In  addition  to  the  Indian  troubles  in  California, 
of  which  an  account  has  been  given  in  another  chap- 
ter, a  call  from  Oregon,  now  almost  defenceless,  fur  a 
strong  niilitar\'  post  in  the  south,  occasioned  (jreinral 
Hitchcock  to  recommend  the  establishment  of  siifh  a 
station,  but  from  ignorance  of  the  country  he  ,solev  ted 
Port  Orford  as  a  suitable  point  for  a  fort,  whereas,  it 
was  separated  from  that  portion  of  the  country  threat- 
ened by  the  Coast  range,  a  broken  and  heavily  tim- 
bered region,  nearly  impassable  and  wholly  unex- 
plored. Before  the  secretary  of  war  could  respond, 
a  party  of  men  arriving  at  Port  Orford  by  sea  with 
the  intention  of  settling  there,  were  attacked  and  lialf 
of  them  nmrdered  bv  the  Indians.  The  incident  do- 
cided  the  question  of  troops  at  this  point,  and  a  de- 
tachment of  135  men,  50  of  whom  were  to  be  mount- 
ed, the  whole  commanded  bv  Colonel  Silas  Casev, 
proceeded  by  steamer  to  Port  Orford,  with  sup])li(s 
and  horses.  Beyond  furnishing  protection  to  a  small 
and  isolated  settlement,  which  had  no  reason  at  that 
period  for  existing,  the  post  was  of  no  use  to  the 
country,  and  was  a  heavy  expense  to  the  government. 
To  fill  up  the  skeletf)n  companies  in  California,  jOO 
recruits  from  the  Atlantic  states  arrived  in  Februaiy 
1852,  of  whom  101  deserted  b}'^  the  1st  of  July.  Sev- 
eral new  posts  were  established  this  year,  the  whole 
number  in  California  and  Oregon,  of  all  classes,  bein*; 
17.  In  August  the  4th  infantry  regiment  arrived  hx 
the   Isthmus  route.     It  had  suffered  severely  fn'm 


filment  of  an  unfrienflly  prophecy,  the  militia  took  an  active  part  in  tlie 
suppression  of  In<lian  hostilities  in  1851.  'Certain  persons,  saiil  (Jcii. 
Smith,  'have  tletermine<l  that  there  shall  he  a  war.'  '  Tlie  state  of  C'.il..' 
said  Major  McKinstry,  acting  as  qnarter-master  at  San  Diego,  'ha-'  lii'on 
involved  in  a  lieavy  debt,  for  the  payment  of  which  she  is  unpreparcl.  ''V 
our  failure  to  cstahlish  a  few  military  posts,  the  maintenance  of  which 
would  have  been  expensive,  but  Ijeneficial  beyond  calculation. '  Thus  opinions 
diflFered. 

Camp  Mojave,  the  oldest  post  in  Arizona,  was  established  in  18.5S  to  ]iro- 
tect  the  immigration;  al>andone«1  in  May  1861,  and  reoccupied  in  May  l^i."? 
by  2  comp.  of  the  4th  CaL  vuL     The  next  ^loata  seem  to  have  beeu  thu^su  juat 


WESTERN  POSTS. 


4GI 


disease  contracted  in  equatorial  heat  and  miasma,  and 
was  practically  incapacitated  for  immediate  service. 
This  regiment  was  distributed  to  the  northern  posts  :  to 
Fort  Humboldt  on  Humboldt  bay  two  companies, 
Lieutiiiant-colonel  R.  C.  Buchanan ;  one  company, 
Caj'tain  B.  R.  Aldcn,  to  Fort  Jones  in  Scott  valley ; 
one  company,  Colonel  George  Wright,  to  Fort  Read- 
iii'^  on  the  upper  Sacramento  river;  two  companies, 
Major  C.  H.  Lamed,  to  Fort  Steilacoom,Puget  Sound; 
t\V(t  couipanies.  Major  E.  J.  Rains,  to  Fort  Dalles, 
Columbia  river;  and  two  companies  to  Fort  Van- 
couver, the  headquarters  of  the  regiment,  under  eom- 
inaiid  of  Lieutenant-colonel  B.  L.  E.  ]^onncville.  In 
the  spring  of  1853  the  Indians  on  the  Colorado  com- 
ptlh'd  the  evacuation  of  Fort  Yuma.  While  captahis 
Swecnev  and  Davidson  were  retreating  to  San  Diejro, 
they  were  joined  by  Colonel  Craig's  expedition  com- 
ing; overland,  which  escorted  them  to  that  place.  On 
his  return  the  following  February,  Craig  was  shot  and 
killed  by  two  deserting  soldiers  whom  he  was  at- 
tempting to  persuade  to  return  to  their  duty. 

In  spite  of  the  presence  of  a  greater  number  of 
troops  in  the  country,  Indian  hostilities  were  increased, 
and  a  number  of  valuable  citizens'  lives  lost,  in  addi- 
tiiiii  to  the  destruction  of  immigrant  life  and  property, 
a  state  of  affairs  which  continued  for  many  years 
thereafter,  as  has  been  shown  in  the  narrative  of 
Indian  wars  in  California  and  Oregon.     In  the  sum- 

mentione<i.  Breckenridge  and  Buchanan.  estaMished  about  ISGO.  Camp 
Verde  was  erected  l>y  Arizona  volunteers,  mostly  Mexican,  in  18(il,  to  pro- 
tect I'rescott  CO.  It  was  occupied  by  regular  troops  in  1860,  and  site  cliangcd 
ill  H71.  Fort  Bowie  was  establislicd  to  protect  the  road  between  Tucsou 
an.l  Mcsilla  valley,  in  1862,  by  conip.  O,  5th  Cal.  vol.  It  was  rebuilt  in 
ISOs.  Fort  Whipple,  24  miles  east  of  Prescott,  was  crectcil  in  1803,  but 
chaiit'ed  to  its  present  site  in  1804,  and  became  headquarters  of  the  district. 
(.■aiii|i  Lowell  was  estaVdished  during  tiie  rebellion,  7  miles  east  of  Tucson,  in 
tlic  San  Catarina  mts.  Site  changed  to  present  location.  Camp  McDowell  was 
established  in  18f).'5  by  5  comp.  of  Cal.  vols.  Camp  Apache,  first  called 
Gondxvin,  then  Ord,  then  MogoHon,  then  Thomas,  ancl  last  Apache,  was  es- 
tablished in  1870  by  Major  John  Green  with  2  comp.  1st  U.  S.  cavalrv. 
Caiiiji  Crant,  2  miles  from  Mount  Graham  in  the  Sierra  Bonita,  was  estab- 
lisliid  in  1873.  Most  of  these  posts  were  occupied  until  within  the  last 
decade,  and  several  are  still  garrisoned. 


i 


f\ 


[    - 


462 


MILITARY. 


mni^ 


if, 


mer  of  1853  Fort  Lane  wag  established  in  Koiruo 
River  valley,  Oregon,  by  Major  G.  W.  Patten." 
On   the  9th  of  January  1854  Major-general  Jolm 

E.  Wool  was  assigned  to  the  Pacific  departnu  nt,  and 
relieved  General  Hitchcock  in  February  followln.ji'. 
Previous  to  the  arrival  of  Wool  military  matters  in 
California  had  been  ably  conducted  in  the  n)ain, 
though  with  something  of  the  dolce  far  nieide  of  the 
country,  but  if  no  great  amount  of  activity  had  been 
displayed,  there  had  been  few  collisions  between  the 
military  themselves,  or  between  them  and  civilians. 
But  when  General  Wool  took  the  command  a  ditler- 
ent  state  of  affairs  prevailed.  Before  he  left  tlie 
Atlantic  coast  he  had  made  several  suggestions  to 
the  secretary  of  war,  which  that  official  had  seen  fit 
to  ignore  without  comment;  but  when  Wool  pro- 
ceeded to  act  as  if  they  were  doubtless  to  be  adopted, 
the  secretary  ruthlessly  demolished  such  expectations 
in  toto.  Wool's  correspondence,  though  somewhat 
voluminous,  furnishes  very  entertaining  reading^. 
His  quarrels  with  the  civil  authorities  on  the  Pa- 
cific coast  were  continuous,  and  often  on  both  sides 
acrimonious.  The  secretary  more  frequently  took 
sides  against  him  than  with  him.  As  to  his  inten- 
tions, I  have  no  doubt  of  their  honesty,  though  to 
some  his  measures  appeared  at  times  to  be  arbitrary 
and  ill-advised.'* 

**An  entire  reorganization  of  the  military  departments  of  the  Tnited 
States  took  place  in  October  1853,  the  coiintry  west  of  the  Rocky  niMuitairs. 
excepting  Utah  and  the  department  of  New  lilexico  constituting  tlie  dtisit- 
rieut  of  tlie  Pacitic,  Gen.  Hitchcock  in  command,  with  headquarters  at  t^. 

F.  This  year  the  2(1  inf.  reg.  was  broken  up  and  assigned  to  different  crni- 
panies,  the  officers  being  ordered  east  to  recruit.  Jefferson  I)avis  lad 
Buccoedetl  C.  M.  Conrad  as  sec.  of  war.  To  him  Gen.  Scott  rej'dlid  tliat 
another  regiment  of  infantry  was  needed  on  the  Pacific  coast,  as  well  a?  an 
additional  regiment  of  cavalry  in  the  department  of  the  west,  to  giiard  the 
routes  of  travel  to  the  coast.  Accordingly  the  third  art.  reg.,  tl  e  'gay  and 
gallant  third,' as  it  was  called  in  the  Mexican  war,  commanded  by  Lie  .*- 
col  J.  M.  Washington  and  Maj  E.  S.  Merchant  was  placed  under  ndirs  to 
proceed  by  sea  to  Cal.  It  left  Gov.  I.,  N.  Y.  harbor,  in  Dec.  and  in  Jm. 
returned  in  a  distressed  condition  to  N.  Y.,  the  San  Francisco,  on  vliich  t 
sailed  having  been  shipwrecked.  It  was  not  until  midsummer  that  the  sev- 
eral companiea  of  the  regiment  arrived,  and  were  distributed  to  the  difforeL, 
posts. 

"  At  the  time  of  this  appointment  to  the  command  of  the  department,  the 


riLIBUSTKHINrx  EXPEDITIONS. 


4G3 


At  tlio  period  of  the  oommoncoincnt  of  liostilitu'S 
Ity  tlic  soutli  tlic  only  fortifications  on  tlio  coast  of 
California  and  Oregon  were  Alcatraz  and  Fort  Point. 
At  tlio  former  there  were  130  troops  under  Captain 


lililiii/itoring  expedition  of  William  Walker  was  in  progress.  Wool  had 
askeil  for  siiccial  instructions  from  tho  president,  empowering  him  to  intcr- 
fiTo  T'ith  the  recruiting  of  such  expeditions,  as  violations  of  tho  neutrality 
laws;  and  further,  to  enable  him  to  check  these  operations,  tliat  two  compa- 
iiiiM  tlioii  at  Fort  Il.amilton  might  bo  ordered  to  accompany  him  to  S.  F. 
XiMtlicr  request  was  granted,  and  when  in  his  report  to  tho  secretary  he  re- 
lated tlic  stops  taken  by  him  to  arrest  persons  recruiting  for  Lower  Cal.  and 
Simiira,  and  liis  efforts  to  place  tlio  harl)or  of  .S.  F.  in  a  defensible  condition, 
wlieii  according  to  the  secretary  of  war  ho  should  have  been  attending  to 
the  supiircssion  of  hostilities  in  his  department  as  his  first  duty,  he  was  told 
that  hi;  'manifested  a  want  of  definite  purpose,'  and  'devoted  an  uiiduo 
portion  of  his  time  to  other  than  tlie  proper  duties  of  his  command.'  As  to 
tlie  harbor  defenses,  in  May  185-t  Gen.  Wool  directed  Capt  Stone  of  tho 
onlnance  department  of  tho  service  to  mount  on  Alcatraz  island  six  8-inch 
gim-i,  and  six  .S'2-pound  guns;  also  ten  32-pound  guns  near  Fort  point,  com- 
iiuuiiliiig  the  entrance  to  tlic  harbor;  and  that  10  24-pound  guns  should  bo 
broiiirht  from  Monterey  to  be  mounted  on  seige-carriages.  'Iho  reason  given 
for  thii  order  was  stated  in  tho  correspondence  of  the  commanding  general 
to  lie  'in  consequence  of  the  conviction  of  the  Mexican  consul,  tho  threats 
of  the  French  consul,  he  having  lowered  the  French  flag,  and  tho  expecta- 
tiou  of  several  French  ships-of-war  in  the  harbor  of  .San  Francisco,  and 
other  causes.'  But  the  secretary  thought,  inasmuch  as  fortifications  were 
in  jiroj.'res8  at  the  place  named,  and  the  batteries  would  require  to  be  re- 
moimtid,  the  extra  expense  of  the  temporary  armament  waa  unnecessary. 
'Tlie  propriety  of  erecting  the  temporary  batteries  to  which  you  refer, '  he 
said,  'depends  upon  the  necessity.' 

The  senior  engineer  in  charge  of  the  fortifications  at  Fort  Point  Wivs  Lieut- 
col  Mason,  an  eminent  officer,  who  arrived  at  his  post  in  185."?,  laboring 
miller  ilisoase  contracted  on  the  Isthmus.  Anxious  for  tlie  prosecution  of  tlio 
work  entrusted  to  him,  he  failed  to  take  sufficient  time  for  recovery,  and 
liecoiiiiiiii;  again  prostrated  soon  died.  The  officer  who  was  sent  to  succeed 
liiiii  was  Maj.  J.  G.  Barnard.  The  old  Spanish  fort  at  tho  Point  was  taken 
down,  and  some  of  the  material  used  in  the  new  works.  The  final  surveys 
of  Alcatraz  i.  were  not  made  until  1854,  when,  temporary  buildings  and  a 
wharf  liaving  been  erected,  the  work  upon  the  batteries  and  excavation  of 
the  ditches  was  completed.  The  remaining  works  were  forced  to  wait  for 
aii]irnpriations.  Fort  Alcatraz  not  being  completed  until  1858,  nor  Fort  Point 
until  a  year  later.  The  authorities  at  Washington,  believing  that  tho  re- 
moval of  headquarters  to  Benicia  would  be  an  economical  measure,  ordered 
the  transfer;  but  so  far  from  acquiescing,  the  department  commander  gave 
irrefragable  reasons  for  remaining  at  S.  F.,  and,  moreover,  proposed  to  have 
coiistriicted  a  plank  road  from  Fort  point  to  the  city  via  the  presidio.  To 
liave  abandoned  the  military  reservation  at  that  period  woubl  have  been  to 
have  jiad  a  scpiatter  war  over  its  possessiim,  for  which  cause  if  no  other  it 
was  urged  by  tho  oflScers  stationed  hero  that  tho  presidio  should  not  bo  va- 
catcil.  And  so  the  official  war  continued.  Wool  grimly  effecting  his  purpose 
and  ox])laining  afterwards. 

Ill  tho  summer  of  1855,  two  companies  of  the  3d  artillery  and  85  dragoon 
recruits  left  Fort  Leavenworth  under  the  command  ol  Brevet  Lieutenant- 
colonel  E.  J.  Steptoe,  for  the  Pacific  coast.  It  wintered  at  Salt  Lake,  and 
arrived  in  the  department  in  July  185G,  the  artillerymen  at  Benicia,  and  the 
dragoons  at  forts  Lane  and  Tejon.  Later  in  the  season  Steptoe  marched  for 
Fort  Vancouver  via  Fort  Lane,  arriving  in  Oregon  juat  in  time  to  take  part 


■I 


m 


1 


'im 


4M 


MILITARY 


Stowart.     Fort  Point  was  not  ooouplcd  until  F<l)iuan' 
15,    18G1,   wlicii,   by   order  of  (jrouoral  Scott,  it  \va.s 


Orouon  and  Washington, 
liai  tactic3,  arnietl  with 
of  five  miles  an  hour. 


^iirrisoniid  by  two  C()in[)auit;!i  <jf  tho  3dartilloi\ ,  iium- 
bcrinix    IGO    men,   ofticcrod  by    lieutenants    Killor.r 

in  tho  Yiikima  Indian  war,  which  l)roko  out  in  Octnher,  which  sovcnil  times 
called  Wool  to  Ore^^on,  and  waa  the  cause  of  much  anjjry  eorru-siMniilcntc 
between  hij^h  ollieials,  aij  I  liavo  related  ianiy  histories  of  '  »rcgon  itinl  Waslj. 
ington.  ^^  ool  liad  more  than  once  insisted  upon  the  need  of  iucnasin^f  tlie 
army  to  meet  tho  demands  of  the  extended  frontier  to  ho  defemltcl,  ainl  in 
IS.'),")  two  regiments  of  infantry  were  added,  the  9th  and  lOtli,  tiuj  Ummr 
1)eing  intended  for  the  Paeilio  department,  and  particularly  for  Hurviif  in 

"  '' It  numbered  811  men,  drilleil  in  llardie's    .sliaiii,'- 

minio  rifles,  ami  trained  to  travel  all  day  at  tin'  laU: 
It  embarked  at  Fortress  Monroe  about  the  lu'tli  of 
December,  IS'io,  and  arrived  at  San  Francisco  and  Fort  \'ancouver  in  .laiiuary, 
by  steamers  (iirdt  licpuhlic  and  Oreijon.  Tho  commanding  otiiciT  nl  tliis  niii- 
nient  waa  Colonel  Ocorgo  Wriglit,  afterwards  so  thoroughly  identili<.ii  witli 
the  Pacific  coast.  The  other  commissioned  oHiccrs  were  Alaj.  R.  S.  (iariiutt, 
captains  H.  M.  Black,  G.  E.  Pickett,  and  D.  Woodruff,  and  liciits  1).  B. 
McKibbin,  Churchill,  Hodgea,  and  tJentry.  They  served  in  tho  Yiikima  war, 
with  various  fortunes,  and  were  stationed  at  Vancouver,  Fort  Bi  llinL;li,iin, 
Fort  Townsend  near  Port  Townsend,  on  the  Muckelshoot  prairie  nc;ir  Scattl.', 
at  forts  Simcoe,  Walla  Walla,  and  Dalles.  They  acted  an  important  jiart  in 
the  development  of  the  country,  and  with  their  high-hearted  coiiimuiiilir 
should  bo  remembered  with  esteem  by  those  who  have  fallen  heirs  to  the 
benefits  conferred.  The  prosecution  of  Indian  wars  with  foot  troojis  ln-iiij; 
found  generally  impracticable,  seven  companies  of  the  1st  dragoons  wuru 
ordered  from  Fort  Union,  on  the  RioGranue,  to  the  Pacific  division,  arrivinj; 
late  in  1856  at  their  several  posts;  four  companies,  commanded  by  M:ij.  J. 
H.  Carleton  and  captains  Davidson,  Northrop,  and  Ewell,  all  under  Muj.  E. 
Steen,  took  post  at  Tucson;  one  company,  Capt.  Radford  (detaclicil),  uiicIlt 
Lieut  Mercer,  was  posted  at  8an  Diego;  and  two  companies,  M:ij.  \V.  H. 
Grier  and  Captain  Whittlesey,  under  Maj.  G.  A.  H.  Blake,  at  Focf  'J'cjdii. 
To  this  command  were  attached  lieuts  Ogle,  adjutant,  Magruder,  qiiartcrnias- 
tor,  and  CJregg,  Williams,  and  Pender. 

The  vigilance  committee  episode  in  California  history,  involved  in  an  un- 
expected manner  the  reputation  of  Wool  and  an  officer  then  ofiF  tin:  U.  S. 
army  list  of  which  he  is  now  the  head,  W.  T.  Sherman.  Sherman  had  re- 
turned to  S.  F.,  after  an  absence  of  three  years,  and  having  resigiud  and 
turned  civilian  and  banker,  had  accepted  a  few  days  previous  to  tlic  nuinler 
of  James  King  of  William,  the  position  of  maj.  gen.  of  the  2iid  divisinu  of 
militia,  embracing  S.  F.  The  action  of  the  committee  being  in  a  legal  sense 
unlawful.  Gov.  Johnson  could  not  do  less  than  endeavor  to  prevent  the 
hanging  of  the  murderer  who  had  been  taken  from  the  hands  of  the  consti- 
tuted authorities.  He  therefore  issued  his  proclamation,  and  while  assum- 
ing to  be  performing  his  duty  as  a  defender  of  the  peace,  made  his  arrange- 
ments for  the  spilling  of  a  good  deal  of  blood,  Sherman  entering  hot-licailodly 
into  the  plan,  and  Wool  seeming  to  encourage  it.  There  hivs  always  bcfii  a 
controversy  over  Wool's  share  in  it,'  Sherman  asseverating  that  he  g"^ "  ''j* 
promise  to  furnish  assistance,  and  Wool  denying  it.  My  own  •oj)inioa  is 
that  Wool's  first  impulse  was  toward  suppression  of  the  committee,  hut  he 
knew  he  had  not  the  authority  to  issue  arms  and  ammunition  to  the  state 
without  the  order  of  the  pres't  of  the  U.  S.,  and  although  so  far  from  the 
seat  of  government  that  he  did  not  know  but  a  general  of  division  iniglit 
venture  to  do  it,  he  could  not  but  remembei  the  manner  in  which  the  secre- 
tary of  war  ha<l  rebuked  his  forwardness  in  the  matter  of  the  Walker  exiie- 
ditiou,  and  beaidea  the  Oregon  legialature  had  aaked  lor  hia  removaL    There 


THE  VTCILAXCK  COMMnTKK. 


405 


Kl]),  find  Shiiiu,  aiul  (jil)soii  (|uartonnastor.  At  the 
saiiu'  timo  10,000  stand  of  arms  and  150,000  car- 
tri(!.;»'^  wore  liroui^ht  down  from  Jicnicia  andston-d  at 
All  uiiJi/i      At  the  presidio,  under  Colonel  C.  S.  !Mer- 

H  iin  (l(.ul>t  l>\it  tliat  hv  mislcil  Shonnan  nml  tlio  j!;i)vcrmir  at  tliii  first,  l>y  nn 
iiii|il,i  il  11  M'liiit'ss  to  t'uniisli  arms  to  the  (.iiriillcil  iiiilitia,  fnun  wliicli  iioni- 
ti(iji  lie  iilti  luaril  wiiliilri  \v.  SliiTiiiaii's  iilaii,  as  urraii^cil  liy  liiiiistlf,  is 
jrivfii  III  lii-i  M'liii'ir'',  ill  \\liiol\  lie  says:  'I  liuil  agriM'il  tiiat  if  Wiml  would 
^'ivu  iH  arms  and  uiiiiiiuiiitiuu  out  «if  the  U.  S.  arsenal  iit  IScnicia,  and  if 
Ci.iii.  F;iir.i;^ut,  of  tiic  navy,  ooinnianding  tho  navy  yanl  on  Man;  island, 
vvniil.l  ^'ivo  lis  a  ship,  1  MduM  I'all  out  volunteers,  and  when  a  Kiiflicjc/it  iti-ni- 
ln  r  liiul  ri:siioiideil,  I  wouhl  have  the  ttriiia  come  down  from  Jk'iiie.a  in  the 
flc'[i,  .iiiii  my  nun,  take  possession  of  a  .'il'-iiound  gun  liattt^ry  at  tin  marine 
Ii(i~|iii.'d  ou  Jiiiicoii  ]ioiut,  thence  command  a  dispersion  of  the  unla«fiilly 
iiniiiil  lUri-'e  of  vigdanee  eonnnittco,  and  arrest  Mome  of  the  leaders."  Appli- 
eitiiHi  «:is  made  liy  Slierman  to  Farragut,  wlio  very  sensilily  di."couragt'd 
'taking  l>art  in  tivil  hroils,'  and  coiisentid  only  to  allow  the  sloop  Julm 
/l'/.i/((.<  to  diDi)  down  ahreast  of  the  city,  '.for  moral  eti'eet.'  Siierman  then 
(luti  riiiiiii'il  to  seize  a  iiiiil  steamer  to  luiiig  <lowii  the  army;  .state  Quar. 
(it'll.  KiMiie  opened  an  ol.ieo  in  tlie  eity  to  enroll  eompanii's,  and  the  sup- 
jiii'ssidU  of  the  vig.  com.,  was  lirnilj'  deeideil  upon.  In  vain  the  vigilanti 
reiiKiiistrati'd,  assuring  him  there  would  he  a  collision,  w  itli  terrihle  results; 
Ills  ri'|ily  was:  '  Remove  y<'"r  fort;  eease  your  midnight  eouneiis;  and  pre- 
viiit  \iiir  armed  hodie.s  from  patrolling  the  streets.'  I'raetieally  this  was 
,111  iinlcr  to  restore  tho  reign  of  tho  roughs,  who  now  sided  w  itli  the  governor 
ami  Ml:  iiiiaii,  and  gloried  in  tho  name  and  style  of  the  Maw  and  order  jwirty' 
-  iMiiif  pii'iiiily,  the  iiew.sji.ijiers  said,  'law-and-mnrder  jiarty."  Committees 
(if  tliu  liest  eiti/ens  expostulated  to  no  purpose;  Johnson,  Slieriuan,  and 
(.'liio;-jiistite  'J'lrry,  who  sat  with  liis  hat  on,  di'awn  over  lii.s  eyes,  ;»n<l  with 
his  liLt,  oil  a  tahle,  while  tho  'damned  pork,  nierehants, '  made  a  prepared 
siii'ocli,  eiiiliraiiug  a  elear  and  fair  .statement  of  the  condition  of  things  in 
S.  v.,  coiuluding  with  the  a.ssertion  of  the  willingness  of  the  eoinniittee  to 
(li>liaiiil  and  suhiuit  to  tri.il  after  a  eertiiin  date  not  very  remote.  Finding 
tliat  WOol  had  entirely  withdrawn  from  his  real  or  suj)po.sed  first  intention, 
mill  tliat  no  arms  would  he  furnished  hy  him,  Sherman  resigned  his  eomniis- 
.siiui,  aiiil  N'ohio}'  K.  Howard  was  apjiointed  in  his  place.  The  history  of 
tlif  vi;.;ihiiicfi  eomniittee  heing  fully  given  elsewhere,  need  not  he  rejwated 
luT.'.  Wiiors  caution  in  the  matter  caused  the  governor's  party  to  charge 
liimwith  falsehood  and  deceit,  and  there  ensued  one  oftlio.se  controver.>-ies 
oil  paper  for  which  he  was  famous.  That  the  jiresideut  sustained  Ins  policy 
of  niin-interferenco  was  apparent  by  the  uninterrupted  success  of  the  com- 
mit tee. 

But  there  was  a  nimnr  of  his  recall  as  early  as  .Septenilier,  although  it 
dill  not  take  j.lace  until  Fel).  18.">7.  On  the  '2()tli  of  March  he  left  t'al.  to 
take  the  command  of  the  department  of  the  cast,  and  the  command  of  the 
Pai'ilir  department  devolved  upon  t'ol  Tli(>mas  T.  Fauntleroy  until  the  ar- 
rival of  (Jen.  Newman  S.  Clarke,  col  (jth  inf.  (!en.  Clarke  fojind  him.self 
eiiilirinassed  not  only  hy  the  insutlicieuey  of  force,  hut  hy  the  policy  of  liis 
jirc'ilueessor.  He  arrived  at  Fort  Vancouver,  the  military  lieadipiarters  for 
tlie  (.'iihiuihia  region,  about  the  last  of  June,  and  without  attempting  to  en- 
ffirco  a  [loaeeable  condition  of  the  Indians  in  the  up{)er  country,  contented 
himself  with  excluding  the  white  men  who  had  commenced  its  settlement, 
and  leaving  the  troops  in  garrison.  Under  these  conditions  there  was  no 
war,  hilt  neither  was  there  any  peace  deserving  the  name. 

Ill  .May  liS.")8,  Colonel  Steptoc,   feeling  that  there  shouhl   be  something 
dmio  to  impress  the  Indians,  who  were  growing  insr  lent  and  troublesome 
about  the  fort,  with  the  power  of  the  U.  S.,  set  out  to  make  a  reconnaisancd 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  VH.    30 


i      R 


5l 


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4GC 


MILITARY. 


chant,  was  one  nrtillcry  company,  Captain  Laiidinaii, 
and  Lieutenants  Chandler  and  ILainilton,  \\\\]\  r, . 
cruits,  etc.,  hi  all  llf)  men.  At  l^i'iiieia.  Colonel 
Andrews  connnanding,  the  infarrisfm  consisted  of  ((nn. 
panics  G.  and  K.,  Gth  infantry,  102  men,  liiutciiaiitH 
C()rl(>y,  Sawtello,  and  Moore.  The  arsenal  wus  in 
charge  of  Lieutenant  "McAllister  with  41.  men  of  tl.c 

of  the  country  to  Fort  Colville,  with  a  command  of  1.'9  mon  and  a  supply 
train.  He  was  attacked  soon  after  crossing  the  Snako  river  liy  ii  ('(1111111111,11 
force  of  several  tribes,  and  forced  to  fall  liack,  after  a  hard  liattlc.  in  wliicli 
he  lost  two  dragoon  ottieers,  t'lipt.  l\.  P.  Tayhir  and  Lieut  Willi:iiii  (i:i>tiiii, 
and  a  nunil)er  of  men.  This  aflkir  opened  tlio  eyes  of  (ienoral  Clarke  tii  tliu 
disposition  of  these  trihe.s,  and  he  (leterniiiifd  to  suhdiio  thcin.  To  acidin. 
jilish  this  he  wa.s  forced  to  bring  togetluT  troops  from  tlio  most  distant  |iiistv, 
even  from  Ynma  and  Sun  Diego,  viicnce  were  drawn  .'{  coiniJaaies  .if  tiic  li,l 
artillery,  under  Capt.  Keyes,  and  oflicored  hy  1st  lieiit.s  Koliert  O.  'i'ylcr, 
.fames  L.  White,  Dunbar  R.  Ransom,  and  'id  jieuts  Hylaso  IJ.  Lyon,  (IcdrL'i: 
B.  F.  Dandy,  and  Lawrence  Kip.  From  Ump(iua  anotl-.er  eoni]iiiny  ot  tlii< 
regiment  was  taken,  (jommanded  by  Lieutenant  George  P.  Ihriu  and  .1  iiius 
Howard,  making  with  ti\ose  at  the  Columliia  river  posts  six  conipaiiic^),  ii 
larger  number  of  tliis  company  tlian  had  been  together  since  it  \\  as  « ivckiil 
on  the  Sin  Frnwitm  live  years  lieforo.  (Jencral  Clarke  accoiriiianicil  tlio 
troops  to  Vancouver,  wliere  Steptoe  and  Wright  were  summoned  for  Cdiisul- 
tiition.  It  was  not  imtil  August  that  all  things  were  in  readiness,  wlun  a 
large  force,  consisting  of  dragoons,  artillery  {serving  as  infantry),  hnwit/cr 
and  riHe  companies,  with  a  largo  train  and  guards,  moved  north  of  Snake 
river  over  the  route  pursued  by  Steptoe  the  previous  year.  On  the  jst  ef 
Sept.,  being  at  Four  Lakes  in  the  Spokane  country,  the  Indians  attaeked, 


and  a  battle  ensued  in  which  they  sutfered  severely  Proceeding  onwani  ti; 
the  C(eur  de  Alene  territory,  laying  waste  the  native  villages,  and  ea|ltm■in^' 
and  killing  the  Indian  horses,  great  loss  was  intlicted,  the  several  trilies  en- 
gaged in  the  battle  of  Steptoe 's  butte,  a  point  near  the  present  town  ol  Cul- 
fax,  being  utterly  subjugated  and  comjielled  to  sue  for  peace.  The  ^'akillla■l 
also  were  pnni.shed,  and  a  numbe  of  the  chiefs  hangc(l.  Tlie  operatidii-i  df 
tliis  summer,  known  as  'Clark(  ind  Wright's  campaign,'  were  in  diroct 
opposition  to  the  policy  of  Gen.  W'  ool,  and  won  for  these  odicers  tlie  aii!ilaii>o 
of  the  inhabitants  of  Oregon  and  Washington.  But  before  tlie  iiiteiitidii  of 
Clarke  to  open  the  country  for  settlement  had  been  made  known,  the  deiiart- 
ment  of  the  Pacific  was  divided  into  the  departments  of  Cal.  and  Orejioii,  and 
Gen.  William  S.  Harney  placed  in  command  of  Oregon,  his  first  act  lieiiig  to 
issue  a  proclamation  removing  the  inhiiiition  against  the  settlement  of  the 
eastern  part  of  the  territories  of  Oregon  and  W^ashington.  For  this  Ik;  re- 
ceived the  thanks  of  the  legislature  and  the  applause  due  to  Clarke's  design. 
The  department  of  Oregon  was  of  brief  duration.  Harney,  for  liis  mid- 
dling with  civil  affairs,  and  his  patriotic  zeal  in  the  San  Juan  iiiibrdglid, 
creating  some  anxiety  at  Washington,  being  summoned  thither  in  ISOO  updii 
the  pretense  that  his  evidence  was  required  in  estimating  the  Oregon  war 
debt,  and  after  some  gentle  reproof  placed  in  command  of  the  dcparttueiit 
of  the  west,  relieving  Gen.  E.  V.  Sumner.  The  two  departments  en  the 
Pacific  were  so(m  after  consolidated  under  Clark.  Meantime  the  (itli  infan- 
try regiment  had  arrived  in  Cal.  from  Utah  in  1858  anrl  been  distribut( d  to 
the  different  posts.  It  was  strengthened  in  Dec.  1860,  together  witli  the  Ut 
dragoons  hy  200  recruits  from  the  cast  who  arrived  by  sea  under  the  odiu- 
mand  of  Lieut-col  C.  S.  Merchant  of  the  3d  artillery,  commanding  at  tlio 
presidio  of  S.  F.     The  territory  of  Arizona,  unorganized,  belonged  to  the 


WAR  FOR  TITK  UNION. 


M7 


ordiuinro  rorpa,  in  all  alwmt  500  troops  in  tlie  vicinity. 
Ill  the  <l('})artiiieiit  were  ^.050,  of  'svlioni  l.TlT)  wt-ro 
st.itii'nifl  in  Califoriiiii,  and  1,925  in  Ori'i^on  and 
Wusl\in;4ton. 

On  the  lOth  of  April,  (Jcncral  Johnston  rosij^ucd 
his  coininaiul.  and  on  tlic  24tli  arrived,  unannouncrd, 
t(i  sur('('('(l  jiini,  l-Jrijjjadicr-gcnoral  Edwin  V.  Sunnier, 
of  Mnssacliusetts  birth,  and  sec-md  only  helow  Gene- 
ral Sfott  in  army  rank.  On  the  followini,'  day  tli'^ 
sententious  order  was  issui'd:  "In  conipliance  with 
spieial  order  No.  80,  war  departnieJit,  adjutaiit- 
cciieral's  office,  Washinirton,  March  23, 180] ,  f  herobv 
assume  command  of  this  department.  All  con-  orncd 
\\\]\  govern  tliemsclves accordingly."  Tim  nio''al  etl'ect 
(iftliis  brief  warning  was  to  lift  a  load  of  ^  i  spenr-o  and 
apjtrelientsion  oft' the  minds  of  loyal  citizens. 

I'^iritlr  (l(j)artnicnt,  and  on  acconntof  the  ceaseless  hostilities  if  the  Apaches 
nml  iitlicr  trille^,  ntoo(l  in  need  (if  a  eoiisidcralik!  army;  liiit,  it  1m<I,  iti  fact, 
i\  11  ]lo.■^t^^,  forts  ]5rcc'k('iiriiljj;u  ami  Hiuliaiiaii,  each  nlidut  (iO  mill'-?  fmiu 
Tiio-inii,  ill  tlitUireiit  (lirec'tioiis,  anil  a  third,  Camp  Mnjavo,  on  tiio  east 
Iiiiiik  (if  the  Colorado,  none  of  which  could  mudi  more  than  hold  their  <i\vu 
ii\  till'  Indian  country.  Had  it  not  heeii  for  them  and  the  <  'alifornia  militia, 
iiiiMiii.'ration  )nust  have  ceased.  In  IS.jS,  Edward  0.  Smitli,  a  citizen, 
iisiucil  I'JO  persons  from  starvation  at  the  Mojave  crossing  of  tiio  Colorado 
vlicic  the  Indians  had  attacked  tliein  and  jireventcd  thcni  moving.  The 
hiliati  war  in  tiiis  (piarter  in  IN.")!)  eniidoycd  volunteers  as  well  as  regulars. 
It  was  espcctcd  tliat  .sixteen  companies  from  Texas  would  occupy  Ar  zona 
iukUt  l.icut-col  I'itcairn  Morrison,  and  Reeve;  Imt  only  four  arrived  in  tho 
territory  Ixfore  events  so  shaped  themselves  that  the  remainder  were  called 
in  aniitluT  direction. 

I.atc  in  IS.")!)  Major-gen.  Scott  arrived  in  California,  whence  after  a  hrief 
st.iy  li('  repaired  ,Si  Puget  sound  to  assert  the  rights  of  tlie  United  States  in 
thi^  Sail  .hian  disjmte  with  Creat  IJritain.  He  returned  lunno  inNovemlicr. 
Ill  Oitiilirr  ISdO  (leneral  Clarke  dii'd,  and  fur  a  few  montlis  succeeding  Col 
(IciirLTc  Wright  commanded  the  dcpt  of  the  Pacific,  to  which  ahout  the  first 
(if  tlic  following  year  Hrevct  Brigadier  Oencral  Alhert  Sidney  Johnston  M-as 
il•si^'lu.■d.  .Tolinston  was  an  accomplished  oflicer  and  gentleman,  ahout 
vliii-c  otlierwise  spotless  fame  there  nnist  ever  hang  tlic  suspicion,  amount- 
ing ahuost  to  certainty,  tliat  he  accepted  tlie  command  of  tlie  I'acilic  depart- 
iniiit  witli  the  intent  to  deliver  the  forts  into  the  liands  of  rehel  consjiirators. 
lit)  resigned  his  Utah  command  ahout  the  time  of  tlie  .secession  of  ."South 
Ciiroliiia,  and  although  in  sytnpatliy  with  the  rehellious  .states,  which  should 
l::ivo  prevented  him  from  accepting  another  command  under  the  U.  .S., 
allnMcd  himself  to  be  sent  where  he  linew  he  would  he  recjuirud  hy  tlie  south. 
Ill  a  certain  case  to  act  as  a  traitor.  That  he  was  saved  from  tlie  cumpletiun 
of  tlic  scheme  waa  due  to  the  watchfulness  of  both  sides,  one  discovering 
tlie  plot  and  appointing  his  successor,  and  the  ot'.>'!r  warning  him  of  the  dia- 
ciivcry,  so  that  he  could  resign  before  he  was  suptisfded.  He  served  in  the 
conteilerate  army,  and  died  on  the  field  of  Shiioli.  Of  this  i  have  spoken 
elsewhere. 


'    ''i  li 


Irl 


K« 


468 


MILITARY. 


i 


Ifc  was  undcrslv)od  that  in  the  event  of  a  war,  tlio 
regular  troops  would  be  needed  at  the  east,  and  not 
only  they,  but  volunteers  also.  The  First  lle«;iinent 
California  Infantry  was  a  spontaneous  orjjjanizatioii, 
springing  into  life  upon  the  arrival  of  the  news  of  tiic 
fall  of  Fort  Sunipter.  It  was  however  drilled  l)v 
regular  tacticians,  and  its  field  officers  selected  from 
the  ami}'.  Captain  H.  W.  Halleck,  being  appointed 
major  general  of  the  2d  division  of  state  militia,  in 
May  called  on  all  j^ood  citizens  in  the  counties  (if  tliis 
division  to  ft)rm  themselves  into  companies,  battalions, 
and  regiments,  promising  arms  should  there  be  call  for 
their  services.  Lieutenant  John  Hamilton,  3d  ar- 
tiller}",  was  made  the  military  instructor  of  the  'Jd 
division  of  California  militia,  and  the  military  si)irit 
ran  high.  The  volunteers  hoped  to  be  allowed  to 
serve  in  the  east,  the  ambition  to  distinguish  tlieni- 
selvcs  upon  the  battlefield  being  the  great  hicentive  to 
enlistment.  But  in  this  they  were  to  be  disappoint* d. 
and  the  1st  infantry  was  even  deprived  of  its  jMoper 
place  on  the  roster  by  the  professional  jealousy  of  its 
officers,  who  refused  to  be  superseded  by  a  regular 
officer." 


"  Major  Carleton  of  the  army  licing  orderc<1  to  march  with  this  rrgimcnt 
into  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  and  finding  it  in  a  rebellious  tenijior,  istili- 
lisht'd  a  ri'cruiting  camp  named  after  the  adjutant-general  of  Sunnun-'s  ^talf 
Richard  (.'.  Dunn,  and  with  a  part  of  the  original  1st  infantry  and  s.ioli 
others  as  flocked  to  his  standard  hatl  an  expedition  in  the  field  in  the  autuniii, 
of  which  the  1st  infantry,  as  raised  l>y  him,  was  an  important  p;irt.  He 
was  promoted  in  April  ISO'i  to  he  brig.-gcn.  of  vol..  and  Joseph  K.  We-^t 
was  promoted  to  the  colonelcy  first,  and  Kdwin  A.  Rigg  second.  His  army 
consisted  hesides  the  1st  of  the  5th  (,al.  inf.,  Col  George  W.  Bowie,  tlie  1st 
battalion.  L'al.  cav.,  Lieut-col  E.  E.  Eyre,  one  company  of  the  2d  C"al.  cav., 
(.'apt.  .John  C.  Cremony,  and  one  battery  of  the  3d  U.  S.  artd  ,  Lieut  .Iulm 
B.  Shinn — in  all  about  2,r)00  men.  The  column  marched  from  San  VcAm  U 
the  Rio  (irande,  and  performed  well  the  part  assigned  to  it  of  liglitiiii;  In- 
dians, and  driving  back  rebels  from  the  frontiers  of  New  Mexico  and  ChId- 
rado.  When  the  1st  and  5th  inf.  regimonts  had  been  three  years  in  the 
fiehl,  the  1st  veteran  inf.  regiment  was  formed  by  a  transfer  of  trooji-i  friiii 
those  two,  in  the  department  of  New  Mexico,  and  was  commanded  by  1, nut- 
col  E.  A.  Rigg.  It  performed  important  service  on  the  line  operated  mi  1/ 
the  Cal.  column. 

Perhaps  the  most  conspicuous  regiment  of  the  Cal.  vols  in  the  sorvii  o  of 
the  U.  S.  on  the  Pacific  coast  was  tlie  2d  cav.,  commanded  at  first  by  tlie 
experienced  cavalry  officer  A.  J.  Smith,  with  whom  the  reader  is  familiar  as 
captain,  but  who  became  a  brigadier-general  a  few  months  after  the  war  If- 


CIIANfJES  AND  ENGAGEMENTS. 


can,  wlieu  Columlms  Sims  became  col  of  the  rogiment,  holding;  the  position 
tiir  iitileovcroiie  yoar.  (ioorgo  S.  l^vuiis  was  tlieii  i>rciinotO(l  to  tlie  eoluiu'loy. 
liut  iL-ii'iiL'cl  ill  M:i.y  1803  ami  Mas  MU'coedoil  lirst  l>y  William  Joiios,  and 
jiccoii'l  l>y  Kihvaril  Aldiarry.  Joucss  iDiiiinissinu  was  ruvoked  in  18(J4.  Tlie 
'vc"!iuL'iit  luarchod  tliousauds  of  iiiilos,  and  skiriuislied  with  Indians  from 
Nrw  Mexico  to  Oregon.  Col  Evans  foiiylit  a  liatlle  near  Camp  Indciiundunce 
in  ()u  III  river  valley  in  the  spring  of  ISo'i  for  wIiIlIi  ho  reveived  particular 
I'liiiiimiulatiou  from  his)  superiors.  On  the  *J'.)tli  of  .Ian.  ISCi.S,  companies  A 
JI  K,  pud  M.,  -d  cavalry,  under  Maj.  Edward  Mctlarry,  and  K  company 
<if'tlie  .'!d  Cal.  inf.,  all  under  command  of  Col  P.  E.  Conner,  fought  tlie 
Silo.  liKius,  under  I  liief  I'ocatello,  -who  liad  killed  many  immigrants  on  the 
roud  to  <'al.,  Ichilio,  and  .Montana,  making  a  great  slaugliter. 

The  .'id  infauti-y  regiment  of  Cal.  vol's,  numliering  1,(>:U  mcmhers,  vhose 
col  was  l'atri<'k  E.  Connor,  renowned  for  his  tighting  (pialities,  was  or;;anized 
at  Stockton  ami  Uenicia,  and  was  employed  in  protecting  the  Central  over- 
liud  roule  from  Nevada,  eastward,  liaving  a  rough,  ungrateful  service, 
(oiiuor  was  ])romoted  brig.  gen.  March 'J'.*,  1  St)."?,  when  Kohcrt  I'ollock  be- 
came col.  Oil  the  expiration  of  the  term  of  the  original  mciiihers  of  the  regi- 
iiiL'iit,  (irgani/ed  into  a  battalion  under  Lieut-col  William  M.  Johns,  and  ti- 
iiallv  mil  tered  out  in  July  ISliti.  It  was  known  as  the  od  bat.  of  inf.  The 
•Jd  iiif.  rcg.,  consisting  of  1,980  men,  Mhieh  should  have  been  the  1st,  was 
(.i!;aiii/od  at  Camp  8umner  in  Sept.  IStil,  and  employed  in  defending  the 
fioiititr  of  California,  \Vasliiugtt>n,  and  Idaho,  about  half  the  reg.  being  scut 
to  tlie  north,  and  inarching  from  i'uget  Sound  to  Eort  Hoise,  w  lacli  tiicy  e^- 
t;ililishcd,  and  from  Fort  Walla  Walla  to  Fort  Colville.  The  remainder 
(ccivcd  in  the  Humboldt  country  against  the  Indians,  until  the  expiration  of 
tlio  term  of  enlistment  of  most  of  the  men,  when  in  IStU  they  were  re-or- 
LMi  i.^e  I  by  col  T.  F.  Wright,  and  ordered  to  Arizona  by  ilcl)oweil  in  ISO."). 
Tiiu  ot'icr  volunteer  organizations  of  ISOl  were  the  1st  cav.,  ami  'M,  4th  and 
;■  II  iiif.  regiments.  The  1st  Cavalry  organization  was  cllcctcd  by  Lieut-col 
K  V.  Davis  of  the  regular  army,  who  was  killed  at(iravclly  Ford.  It  coii- 
i-istcd  until  1S03  of  but  live  companies,  whose  lirst  rendezvous  was  at  Camp 
Mercliaiit,  in  Oakland.  It  went  by  steamer  to  Los  Angeles,  and  marched 
tliciice  to  San  Bernardino,  where  it  was  mounted.  l>avis  being  ordered  to 
join  his  regiment  in  the  east  in  Nov.,  the  command  devidved  u[ion  Maj.  E. 
E.  F.vio.  In  Feb.  1802  the  battalion  was  ordered  to  Fort  Yuma,  on  its  way 
to  the  Uio  tlrande  to  relieve  Canby,  and  to  join  the  column  from  Cal.  in 
Now  .Mexico.  A  second  liattalion  of  seven  companies  was  raised  in  ISO;} 
and  sent  to  join  the  regiment,  of  which  Ltavid  Ferguson  was  commissioned 
col,  Eyre  having  resigned  in  Nov.  ISO'i.  Ferguson  was  dismissed  for  leav- 
ing liis  ]iost,  and  Oscar  M.  Brown  succeeded  him.  The  regiment  took  part 
ill  tiie  campaign  against  the  Navajoes,  who  were  subdued,  and  placed  on  the 
re^crviitioii  at  Fort  Sumner.  A  part  of  the  reg.  also  fonght  the  Comanches, 
and  had  altogether  perhaps  one  humlred  engagements  with  Indians  during 
the  several  years  it  occupied  New  Mexico  and  Texas.  William  McCleave 
liccame  col  in  1806,  and  the  regiment  was  mustered  out  at  the  end  of  that 
year,  at  the  presidio  of  S.  F.  This  regiment  numbered  l.SoO  members.  The 
4tli  iuiantry  regiment  was  organized  in  Sep.  ISOl  by  Col  Henry  M.  Judali,  of 
the  regular  army,  who  resigneil  in  Nov.  and  was  succeeded  l>y  Ferris  Fore- 
man wlio  commanded  until  August  ISO'2,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  James 
K.  I'lutis.  The  reg.  served  in  si.utiiern  Cd\.  ami  Arizona.  On  the  expira- 
tion 111  the  term  of  service  of  tlie  earlier  members  it  was  re-organized  with 
live  companies  under  Lieut  Col  E.  W.  HiUiyer,  and  was  used  to  garrison 
jiiists  until  18()r>,  when  it  was  micstered  out.  Tlie  men  of  this  rog.  volr.n- 
teered  in  Plaeerville,  Shasta,  Auburn,  Sac.,  and  San  Diego,  and  numbered 
\fi',V.)  exclusive  of  (me  company,  wliich  preserved  no  register.  The  .")th  inf. 
rog.  was  ahf)  drawn  from  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  and  comjiosed  of 
yimiig  and  vigorous  men.  It  was  organized  at  Camp  Union,  two  miles  be- 
low Sac,  by  Col  John  Kellogg  of  the  regular  army,  who  resignccl  to  iro  east 
ill  October,  where  George  \\  ,  Bowie  accepted  the  comiuiasiuu  tuudered  him 


i 


470 


MILITARY. 


i 


r 


by  the  governor,  and  commanded  until  the  expiration  of  term.  The  rogl. 
meiit,  nuinliuriiig  nearly  1,000  men,  was  ordered  to  Bouthern  t'al.  iu  tlio 
spring  of  1802,  and  a  part  accompanied  Carleton's  column  to  Ari/ona.  C'nl 
Buwie  held  the  remamder  at  Fort  Yuma  until  ordered  hy  Ueu.  W'lijjlit  to 
return  to  take  the  command  atDrum  Barracks,  to  prevent  threatened  tnmhlu 
here.  In  ISOIJ  these  troops  marched  to  New  Mexico  and  El  Paso,  a  ccjuiinuuim 
march  of  l,Or)0.  luKov.  l>S(J4aUthe  meuof  Company  A,  whose  term  of  Minico 
had  not  expired,  \. ere  transferred  to  the  lat  veteran  inf.,  and  tiio  rtgiijiciit 
was  mustered  out  in  the  following  Jan.  The  Cth  inf.  reg.,  numhering  I,'J13 
men,  was  orgiuiized  at  Benicia  iu  1803  by  Col  Henry  M.  Black  of  the  n^guliir 
army,  and  was  .stationed  chieHy  at  that  place,  although  several  eoiiipanits 
engaged  in  Indian  fightinij.  It  was  a  line  regiment,  and  was  niustcii il  out 
in  Oct.,  1S05.  The  7th  inf.  was  iu)t  organized  until  1804  by  Col  Cliarlfs  11. 
Lewis.  It  served  in  Arizona,  and  participated  in  the  battle  of  Chiiiiiilmi 
mountains.  It  was  mustered  out  in  1800.  The  8th  inf.  was  the  last  Cal. 
regiment  raised  under  the  congressional  act  of  July,  1804,  and  consistid  of 
ten  companies  of  a  total  inembership  of  900.  Company  A.  was  staLioiud  at 
Fort  Pohit  mitil  Feb.,  18(i5,  when  it  was  transferred  to  "Wash.  Tir.  until 
October.  Co.  B,  was  sent  to  Fort  Stevens,  Oregon,  about  the  same  tnuc. 
The  other  companies  wero  stationed  at  Fort  I'oint,  Alcatraz,  Angel  I.,  and 
Benicia  barracks.  The  col  of  the  regiment  was  A.  L.  Anilorsnn.  It  vas 
nmstered  out  Oct.  24,  1805.  In  May,  1803,  Lieut-col  S.  C  Wliipplo  orgiui- 
ized  the  1st  bat.  of  Mountaineers  in  Humboldt  county,  its  purpose  b.iing  to 
fight  the  Indians  of  southern  Or.  and  northern  Cal.,  who  took  advantage  of 
the  civil  war  to  get  iu  some  hard  blow.s  against  x\merican  settlers.  Tlie  hat. 
was  mounted,  and  ctmsisted  of  six  companies  and  continued  in  the  SLivice 
to  the  close  of  the  rebellion,  their  commander  having  been  brevettedcnlmnl. 
Another  organization  was  the  1st  bat.  of  native  cav.,  etl'ected  in  INOI!  Ijy 
Maj.  Salvador  Vallejo,  Andreas  I'lco  having  declined  the  connnissiou.  Val- 
le.jo  resigned  in  180.'),  and  Mas  succeeded  by  John  C.  Cremony.  The  hat, 
was  composed  chiefly  of  young  natives,  and  numl)ercd  470  members,  uni- 
formed like  the  U.  S.  cavalry,  well  mounted,  and  good  riilers. 

All  of  the  above  named  regiments  and  parts  of  regiments  served  out  tlioir 
perio<ls  of  enlistment  on  the  I'acitic  coast,  or  at  least  west  of  the  rebel  I'rontitr. 
riieir  patriotism  was  of  that  superior  sort  which  enabled  them,  while  luirii- 
ing  with  ardor  to  light  on  the  more  glorious,  if  fratricidal,  lields  of  the  civil 
war,  to  suppress  their  ambition  and  serve  on  tho  outposts  of  civilizatinn,  if 
the  government  rec^uired  such  service.  But  their  duty  was  by  no  means  iu- 
sigiiilieant.  They  were  charged  with  the  safe-keeping  of  all  the  vvi-tirii 
slope  of  the  continent  within  United  States  limits,  and  with  keeping  cli'-til 
the  higbwaj's  against  the  agents  of  secession  from  the  Texas  line  to  San 
Diego.  There  were,  however,  some  who  could  not  forego  the  gratilieatiou  of 
their  zeal,  bntM'ho  must  light  for  country  and  glory.  Of  these  was  tlieCalih'i'- 
nia  llm\ilred,  a,  .select  body  of  young  ami  ex[iert  e<niestrians,  organized  in  ."^aii 
Francisco  in  bSO'J  by  Lieut-col  Ringgold  of  the  regular  army.  Their  eaii;a;u 
was  J.  Sewell  Reed,  promoted  major,  and  succeeded  by  Lieut  Arilnl'alil 
McKendry,  also  promoted  major  and  colonel.  Reed  was  killed  in  a'timi 
With  Moseby's  (iuerillas  at  Drainsville,  Virginia,  ui  1804.  The  Cal.  Hun- 
dred paid  its  expenses  from  tlie  date  of  the  organizailou  of  the  eom[iany  un- 
til accepted  into  service  in  the  east.  It  fought  iu  23  general  engafiinii iits, 
and  lost  many  of  its  number  killed,  mortally  wounded,  and  missing.  It 
was  nmstered  out  at  Fairfax  C(mrt  House  July  20,  180."),  its  last  engagcni.nt 
being  at  Cedar  Creek  imder  lieneral  Sheridan.  The  banner  carried  by  lliu 
company  was  presented  by  Daniel  Norcross,  and  was  a  Bear  Flag.  l-)''i' 
arriving  in  Massachusetts  the  American  Hag  was  presented  to  the  eonniany 
by  Miss  Abby  A.  Lord  of  Charlestown,  but  it  was  never  borne  in  the  lii  lil. 
Both  tlags  are  preserved  in  the  state  archives.  Following  shortly  after  tlie 
hundreil  was  the  Cal.  bat.  of  400  men  M'hieh  went  to  olh"-  its  services  to  tlio 
government  early  in  1803.  They  were  assigned  to  duty  in  tho  2d  Massacliu- 
setts  eav.,  of  which  regiment  the  hundred  also  formed  ajiart  of  the  first  hat. 
The  Cal.  bat.  aud  Cal.  Hundred  met  iu  July,  1803,   at  Centreville,  \.,  ;in«l 


SERVICES  RENDERED. 


471 


gcnfil  together  thereafter.  They  were  terribly  earnest  fighters,  and  won 
aiiiikmse  Inmi  the  enemy  who  inaile  havoc  in  tlioir  rankd.  Of  tlio  500  Cali- 
f.iini.uii  of  tiic  Ma.s!iachu»ett»  rugiiuent  only  162  remained  to  be  mustered 
(lilt,  at  tljo  clip.se  of  the  war.  The  major  of  tlie  Imt.  waa  JJeWitt  (J.  Thomp- 
son, <iriu  of  the  founders  of  the  California  guard  of  1849. 

llu;  wliolo  number  of  troops  raised  in  Cal.  during  the  war  waa  10,231,  or 
iiioro  tiiau  the  wliole  of  the  U.  .S.  army  at  its  comnienceuient,  and  far  in 
ex.fsH  of  tlie  Htate's  quota.  To  the  instructions  given  by  the  regular  otlicers 
liy  «li<wo  (exertions  tiio  several  rugimenta  were  raised,  and  for  a  time  coni- 
iiiaiiiloii,  the  excellence  of  the  service  was  largely  due.  From  it  the  militia 
(if  till)  state  caught  a  valuable  e.ijirit  du  cor]>ii  which  has  descended  to  the 
iiio^iiit.  From  the  volunteer  army  list  in  Cul.  a  number  of  appointments 
viio  iiiadu  to  the  regular  army,  notably  Stephen  G,  Wliij)ple,  Tliomas  F. 
A\  rii^lit,  Robert  I'ollock,  and  Ambrose  ii.  Hooker  to  be  1st  lieuts;  Samuel 
Siiiirii,  A.  .^taiT,  t.M  lieuts. 

On  llie  mustering  out  of  the  troops  in  the  service  of  the  general  govem- 
iiieiit.  .SS  iiiiUtia  companies  under  various  names  formed  to  serve,  if  required, 
ill  tlit'ir  rcsjicftivc  localities,  or  to  respond  to  a  call  from  the  governor,  were 
(liOiaiidcil,  and  tlio  legislature  of  ISGO  passed  an  act  declaring  that  the  or- 
g;iiii/.fd  uiiiionued  troops  of  the  state  should  be  designated  as  the  national 
guard  of  the  state  of  California,  not  to  exceed  in  all  80  companies,  G4  being 
ol  iiitaiitry,  I-'  of  cavalry,  and  4  of  artillery,  located  witli  regard  to  the  mil- 
it:ir}  uaiit.s  of  the  state,  and  means  of  concentration.  The  luitional  guard 
WM  (liviik'd  into  six  brigades,  and  the  tactics  j)rescribed  for  the  regular 
army  vas  made  the  practise  <if  tlioCiuard.  The  numl>er  of  companies  was 
riiliurd  by  tlie  next  legislature  to  CO,  and  a  few  changes  made,  but  tin: 
111(11  ilo  of  the  militia  remains  excellent  to  this  time. 

'i  liat  ( 'abfornia  enjoyed  peace  wlien  men  were  conspiring  to  erect  a  Paoitic 
ciniiiro  was  due,  if  not  lirst,  still  in  a  great  measure,  to  the  prudence  and 
liniiiH'ss  (if  generals  Sunmer  and  Wriglit,  who  while  the  government  was 
vithili  awing  the  regular  troops,  one  regiment  after  another,  raised  up  others 
frnm  the  p('o[iK!,  trained  them,  and  set  tliem  to  guard  half  of  the  pulilic 
(liiiiiaiii,  with  the  inhal)itanta  thereof.  Sumner  was  called  east  in  Oct.  18(jl, 
ami  Writsht  placed  temporarily  in  command  of  the  department,  with  the 
ixpoctation  that(ien.  J.  \V.  Denver  would  be  ordered  to  Cal.,  an  expecta- 
tinu  wliicli  was  not  fullillcd,  owing  to  some  opposition  from  Californians. 
Iii-tcad,  Wriglit  was  commissioned  lirig.-gcn.,  and  placed  permanently  in 
ciiiiiiiiauil.  lie  was  superseded  in  .luno  1804  by  Major-gen.  Irwin  McDowell, 
wliii.-e  soldierly  qualities  could  not  overcome  the  regret  witli  which  Califor- 
iii.ius  Millcred  tlie  exchange,  ell'cctcd,  it  was  believed,  \ty  private  enmity.  In 
a  i'liiL'w (11  letter  addressed  to  the  ]icople,  Wright  hinted  at  the  cause  t»f  tlie 
traiisiiT:  '  Had  I  for  a  moment  yielded  to  the  insane  demands  of  a  radical 
I'ros  and  its  co-laborers,  I  should  have  filled  my  forts  with  political  prisoners 
to  i.'ialii'y  personal  hatred,  causing  such  an  outburst  <it  indignation  at  such  a 
(,'iim-c  as  to  render  it  calmost  certain  that  civil  war  and  bloodshed  would  have 
fi'llowcd.'  But  to  escape  the  condemnation  of  some  in  such  troublous  times 
■\va.-(  proliably  impossilile.  He  was  assigned  to  the  coinmand  of  the  depart- 
iHi  lit  of  Oregon  in  lS(j,"),  and  peridicd  by  the  wreck  of  the  steamer  lirallur 
J:'ii'Ul„tn  on  his  way  to  his  post,  having  served  on  the  I'acilic  coast  for  twelve 
ji.iis.  (icn.  McDowell  remained  in  Cal.  until  the  close  of  the  war,  com- 
iiK  iiiiiiii;  himself  to  the  people,  as.^ii  !inerand\Vriglit  had  done,  by  the  purest 
lalrioti.-iii. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  ollicers  commanding  the  department  of 
('alii'iiniia  without  interruption  to  the  present:  On  the  'l',\A  <A  Fcli.,  184!(,  the 
tlMil  .,r  racific  division  was  estalilislu-d  by  the  war  dejit,  including  the  tenth 
and  (l,\ciith  military  departm'.'iits,  Brev.  Maj.-geii.  I'ersifer  F.  Smith,  col 
laoinitcd  rillos,  assuming  command,  with  head(iuarti^rs  at  S.  F.,  wliich  were 
ti'.iM^fcned  to  Sonoma  in  June.  (len.  Smith  was  relieved  by  Maj.  A\  ashiiig- 
tnii  Siawtdl,  i2d  infantry,  assuming  command  April  'l'^,  ISol,  which  •  >mmand 
he  rdained  until  July  Uth,  when  Brcv.  Brig. -gen.  Kthan  A.  Hitchcock,  iJd 


X  m 


478 


MILITARY. 


m 

mi 


inf.,  relieved  him,  and  transferred  headquarters  to  Benicia  in  the  fullnwinff 
Oct.  The  name  of  the  connnand  was  changed  to  department  of  the  i'.uniic 
in  Oct.  1853,  and  on  the  17th  of  Feh.,  1S54,  Maj.-gcn.  John  E.  Wool  a-smiieil 
command,  with  headquarters  at  Benicia.  He  commanded  until  the  I'.ltliuf 
Feb.,  1857,  when  he  was  relieved  hy  Col  Thomas  T.  Fauntleroy,  1st  dni^Miina 
who  was  relieved  April  29th  by  Brev.  Brig. -gen.  Newman  S.  Clarke,  ilth  inf., 
who  established  headquarters  at  S.  F.,  where  they  have  since  remained.  Tlia 
designation  of  the  command  wa.s  changed  to  that  of  the  department  of  Cal. 
in  October  1858.  Oen.  Clarke  died  at  S.  F.  Oct.  17,  1800,  Mhen  Licut-iol 
Benjamin  L.  lieall,  1st  dragoons,  succeeded  to  the  command  from  that  tiino 
until  Jan.  14,  1861,  when  he  was  relieved  by  Col  and  Brev.  Brig. -gen.  Allure 
.S.  Johnston,  '2d  cav.,  wlio  announced  that  his  command  wa.s  to  bo  lalliil  ilio 
department  of  the  Paciiic.  On  the  25th  of  the  following  April  liu  %v;n  re- 
lieved i)y  Brig. -gen.  Edwin  V.  Sumner,  who  was  succeeded  Oct.  17th  liy 
Brig.-gen.  of  volunteers  George  Wright,  who  commanded  until  July  I,  ls(U, 
when  he  was  relieved  by  Maj.-gen.  of  voLs  Irwin  McDowell.  Agaiti,  M,ij.. 
(^en.  Henry  W.  Halleck  being  assigned  to  the  command  of  tlie  militiuy  divi- 
sion of  the  Pacific  on  the  30tli  of  Augu.st,  bSOo,  retained  it  until  Juno  1,  iM)!!, 
when  it  was  taken  by  Maj.-gen.  (teorge  H.  Thomas,  who  died  March  '2s, 
1870,  when  Maj.-gen.  George  M.  Scholield  was  as.'^igned  to  tiie  coiinnunil, 
which  he  held  until  July  1,  187(>,  at  which  time  (Jen.  Alcl)nwcll  wasa.-.o((inil 
time  assigned  to  the  command  of  this  division,  which  comprised  al>ii  tlie  do- 
partment  of  the  Columbia,  coumianded  by  Brig.-gen.  O.  O.  Howaril,  and  tlio 
dept  of  Arizona,  commanded  by  Col  O.  B.  Wdlco.v,  I'Jtlj  inf.,  and  the  dt'pt 
of  Alaska,  created  in  March  18(58.  In  June  1875,  so  much  of  the  trrritury  of 
Idalio  as  lay  east  of  the  extension  of  the  western  boundary  of  I'tah,  and 
embracing  Fort  Hall,  was  detached  from  the  dept  of  Cal.  and  added  to  tiie 
dept  of  tlie  Platte.  On  the  15th  of  Oft.,  I>.v2,  (Jen.  Scholield  relie\i'd  (ion. 
McDowell,  and  was  liimself  relieved  Nov.  IV),  1883.  by  Maj.-gen.  John  Pi'po, 
who  retained  the  connnand  until  March  10,  1886,  when  he  retired,  and  Maj.- 
gen.  Howard  was  assigneil  to  this  division. 

The  coast  defenses  of  the  state  are  not  numerous.  At  S.  F.  the  ]irincipal 
fortificatior  is  at  Fort  Point  projection  of  the  Presidio  reservation  wliicli 
forms  one  sule  of  the  entrance  to  the  harbor.  It  is  situated  upon  tiio  south- 
ern sitle  of  the  channel,  and  consists  of  large  casemated  works,  and  exten- 
sive exterior  earthen  batteries  tn  IxtrbetU;  for  the  largest  si/e  of  guns  and 
mortars.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  channel  is  Lime  Pfiint,  wlieri'  ntlicr 
detached  batteries  are  placed.  Lying  north  of  S.  F.,  and  alnuist  dinctly 
facing  Golden  Gate  is  Fort  Alcatraz,  on  a  small  rocky  island,  which  is  cuni- 
l)lotely  covered  with  fortifications  of  open  barliette  batteries.  Tiiis  is  al.-o 
the  military  prison.  Angel  island,  north  of  Alcatr.az,  and  Point  San  .lose 
north  of  Point  Lamb,  were  fortified  in  a  temporary  manner  during  the  civil 
war,  but  wore  allowed  to  decay,  and  have  now  to  l)e  rcconstructeil.  Tlio 
great  improvement  in  ordnance  within  a  few  years  has  rendered  it  necessary 
for  the  government  to  make  an  appropriation  of  several  millions  for  strcULitli- 
ening  its  fortifications  and  providing  new  gtins  of  more  modern  sv/v  ami 
capacity.  The  only  other  harbor  furnished  with  fortifications  is  tliat  of  .San 
Diego,  where  a  small  amount  has  l>een  expended  by  the  gov.  foreartliwork.^. 

The  naval  arm  of  defence  has  been  smiilarly  neglected,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  Mare  Island  Navy  Yard  which  from  first  to  last  has  cost  the  govern- 
ment large  sums  of  money,  and  is,  perliaps,  the  most  commodious  work  of  its 
kind  in  the  worbl.  But  the  decline  of  tlic  merchant  marine  service,  and  the 
small  need  lieretofore  of  an  armed  squadron  in  the  Pacific,  has  ma<le  it  of 
comparatively  little  use  in  proportion  to  its  co>t.  Several  old  povernii'pnt 
vessels  lie  rotting  in  the  gradually  increasing  deposit  of  river  silt,  and  min- 
ing dol>ris  which  is  lessening  the  depth  of  water  Iwth  in  the  channel  aud 
upon  the  side-flats.  There  has  been  some  thought  of  removing  the  navy 
yard  and  allowing  the  Central  Pacific  railroad  company  to  acquire  the  i-land 
for  the  establishment  of  foundries,  M-orkshops,  depots,  ami  ship-yards,  hut 
no  such  transfer  of  a  magnificent  projH'rty  has  yet  taken  place,  and  the  gov- 
ernment surveyors  and  engineers  report  annually  very  slight  changes. 


COAST  DEFENCES. 


473 


Miuh  fs  said  of  the  defenceless  condition  of  the  city,  the  navy  yard,  and 
the  l'»  nieia  arseniil.  Congress  withstood  all  such  criticisms  for  jH-ars,  Imt 
ill  l"'"''  an  ajiprojiriatioii  tif  ^i,()00,000  was  agreed  to  liy  tiie  senate  for  the 
rfii:i:r  nt  tortitieatious,  hut  rejected  hy  tiic  house,  whicii  left  the  state  in  its 
fnrnu T  ci'iidition  of  practical  defeucelessness.  Wlietlier  tlie  iiredictcd  nils- 
fortune  will  follow  is  for  the  future  to  determine;  hut  uotliiiig  can  alter  the 
fact  tliat  vast  sums  have  Ijeen  saved  hy  the  neglect,  for  sucli  has  heeii  the 
iiiipn'Veiiient  in  war  vessels  and  heavy  ordnance  that  expensive  changes 
luu-t  have  l>een  made  every  few  years.  At  the  chise  of  the  late  war  the  »ea- 
ci>,T-t  fort'.tications  of  the  United  States,  and  tiie  American  navy  were 
(luite  ••■jiial  to  those  of  other  countries.  In  the  two  decades  lust  past, 
mIuIc  Eurojic  has  nuule  great  progress,  this  country  has  apparently  remained 
iiiihii'Tciit.  Only  very  recently  was  California  permitted  to  have  a  steel 
cnii-er,  t!:e  contract  for  which  was  let  to  a  S.  F.  linn.  Floating  hatteries 
will  hercatter  take  a  foremost  rank  in  the  defences  of  S.  F.,  the  long  range 
(if  the  guns  now  in  tise  on  ships  ot  war  eiial>ling  them  to  throw  shells  <|uite 
over  the  shore  l«tteries,  and  from  a,  distance  which  would  place  them  out  of 
reach  of  the  latter.  In  the  meantime,  the  inventive  genius  of  the  country  is 
not  diminishing,  and  our  neighhors  are  at  peace  with  us. 

Tlie  United  States  naval  force  in  the  Pacitic  is  insignificant,  there  being 
fiw  iiarlxTs,  no  detaehetl  territory,  and  a  small  merchant  marine  to  l>e  pro- 
tected even  in  the  event  of  war.  In  IStVJ  there  was  a  pn 'position  made  t<» 
tstalili-h  a  naval  acailemy  at  San  Francisco,  vhicli,  however,  was  not  carried 
(.lit.  In  l5>74  an  act  was  passed  hy  the  legislature  estahlishing  and  maintain- 
ing a  training  ship  to  instruct  hoys  in  seuman.ship  and  the  nuclianio  arts 
cmiiieoted  with  it,  an  appropriation  Ixiiig  made  for  that  purpose  hy  the  ci^y 
aiiil  cv'Uiity  of  San  Fratcisco,  and  a  ves.sel  furnished  hy  the  navy  depart- 
iih  lit.  15y  the  provisions  of  this  act  "any  male  person  under  eighteen  years 
of  a^'c  who  >hall  lie  conWcted  of  any  misdemeanor"  might  he  seiiteiued  to 
sirvc  his  tenn  of  imprisonment  on  hoard  of  the  training  ship.  In  1S7(5  tlie 
l;i\v  was  aniendol  to  exclude  convicts  from  serving  out  their  terms  on  this 
ship  ;  and  was  still  further  amended  in  187S  hy  receiving  hoys  from  any 
ciiuiities  to  the  numlieT  of  100,  the  .state  paying  their  expenses.  The  In  ys 
traineil  for  seamen  were  placed  on  hoard  merchant  vessels  when  fitted  for 
tint' ,  a  goiMl  dispfisition  to  lie  made  of  had  hoys.  But  the  change  of  cousti- 
trtinu  in  1>79  rendereil  it  illegal  for  the  state  to  appropriate  money  for  the 
IMirpiisc,  and  the  training  school  was  ahandonecl.  Military  tactics  anil  drill 
arc  taiiirht  at  several  preparatory  schools  in  the  state.  The  hi-;torv  of  our 
iu<ti".ntii'ns,  however,  lea>!s  to  the  crmclusion  that  cxcejit  wlieiive  have  some 
great  ohject  in  view  we  thuik  little  ahout  lighting  and  the  glories  of  war. 


I-  i 

I; 

if 


•i;  M 


!"■■ 


m 


CHAPTEK  XVIII. 


Ul 


EXTERMINATION   OF  THE  INDIANS. 

1S49-1SS7. 

Beattn'o  rp  TiiE  Oame — Treatment  r.r  Mexicans  and  Amekicavs— Shme 
So-called  Fii;htin<;— Cosi;i;essmsal  Aititike  and  ArrioN— On- 
ka(;ks  and  KfrrALiATiox.-*— United  States  Law  uk  (.'omi'en.sation  — 
End  of  Inulvs  Affaie-s  and  End  of  the  Indians. 

That  pai-t  of  tlie  early  intercourse  between  abo- 
riginal Anitrif-ans  and  Europeans  wliicli  properly  be- 
longs to  history  may  be  briefly  given.  For  sliort 
work  was  made  of  it  in  California.  The  savages 
were  ni  the  wav;  the  miners  and  settlers  were  arm- 
gant  and  impatient;  there  were  no  missionari  s  or 
others  present  with  even  the  poor  pretense  of  soul- 
saving  or  civilizing.  It  was  one  of  tlie  last  human 
hunts  of  civilization,  and  the  basest  and  most  brutal 
of  them  all. 

We  do  not  know  whv  the  Diojger  Indians  of  Cali- 
fornia  were  so  shabbily  treated  bv  nature;  iviiv  with 
such  fiiir  surroundings  they  were  ma<.le  so  much  lowir 
in  the  scale  of  intelliirence  than  their  neiohbors  ;  but  In- 
ing  low,  and  un.sophi.sticated,  in  a  measure  harniUss 
until  trodden  u|x>n.  surely  it  was  not  a  mark  of  lii^h 
merit  on  the  part  of  the  new  comers  to  exierminato 
them  so  quickly.  They  were  without  houses  or  dress, 
with  hardly  any  knowledge  of  agriculture,  and 
almost  devoid  of  reli«;i<ius  ideas,  roaming  throu'jli 
forest  aufl  plain  in  search  of  roots  and  berries,  small 
game    and   fish,   improvident  and   dependent  wholly 

(474) 


THE  EARLY  MISSIONAEIES. 


475 


on  tiio  products  of  the  seasons.  Split  into  petty 
baiuls,  the}'  were  kept  apart  by  a  contusing  multipli- 
city of  toii.L,mes/ 

Tlio  professed  aim  of  the  early  missionaries,  to 
surcjid  civilization,  would  appear  to  have  discovered  a 
jiniliHc  field;  but  indolent  hi  mind  as  well  as  body, 
the  nativi-S  offered  no  encouragement,  and  the  fathers 
soon  adoi>ted  the  plan  of  extending  the  pupillage  sys- 
tem of  Mexico  into  actual  serfdom  on  this  remote 
front  ill'.  Gathered  partly  by  force  from  their  hunt- 
iii'ir-titlds  and  haunts,  with  their  nomadic  allurements, 
thi'  Indians  were  set  to  toil  on  plantations ;  not  se- 
vi-nly,  for  friar  rule  was  tempered  by  religion  ;  but 
without  any  incentives  or  hopes  beyond  those  of  a 
slave,  and  maintained  in  a  politic  condition  of  ignorance 
and  abjection.  The  sale  and  decay  of  the  missions 
IjDUght  further  hardships  to  the  fold  A  few  had  ac- 
quired sufficient  knowledge  of  settled  customs  to  re- 
main either  as  hangers-on  of  the  colonists  or  to 
inanago  a  field  or  cattle  range  of  their  own.  The  rest 
drifted  back  among  their  roaming  kindred  to  revel  in 
savage  freedom,  with  many  a  fresh  vice  to  ])oison  the 
'food  nature  of  an  abasing  indifference.  Iml)ue<l  with 
a  certain  taste  for  the  comforts  of  their  former  life, 
iiMtably  for  meat,  they  found  additional  incentive  for 
liorsi'  and  cattle  stealing,  partly  in  retaliation  for  the 
I >vtrl tearing  manners  and  harsh  treatment  so  often cx- 
jierienred  from  their  Mexican  masters.  This  feeling 
had  in  many  directions  grown  bitter,  and  during  the 
oiMKjUest  by  the  United  States  it  ?ed  to  a  more  men- 
acing attitude,  maj'ked  by  atrocities.* 

In  the  southern  half  of  the  state  the  wild  Indians 
were  practically  restricted  to  the  Coast  lango  and 
valKys  eastward.     On  the  lower   San  Joaipiin  and 

'  Trilial  distinctions  were  especially  numerous  among  the  dcj^railccl  centra' 
honles.  kiiowii  as  (ligger.-J.  For  a,  list  of  trilies,  with  liouiula.ii'.s,  etc.,  1  refer 
to  my  Xiifiiv  /?((CM,  i.,  iii.,  v.  passim 

■Siuh  as  the  massacio  of  a  number  of  Hispano-Califoi-aians.  Sec  my 
//'■>'.  '•"/.,  V.  noT,  etc. 


I 


>  i- 


i  .1 


■\§ 


I  j 


ni 


i    ■  ■  »■ 

■  }■[ 


476 


EXTERMINATION  OF  THE  INDIANS. 


'ii. 


f 


I  ■^  ■ 


Pi- 


It's 


l)eyond,  the  influence  of  the  missions  faded  into  a  still 
faintiT  impress  left  by  occasional  contact  with  sctthd 
outi)()sts,  and  with  kidna})})ers  from  missions  aiid 
pueblos  The  gt)ld  discovery  brought  them  a  si laiv 
of  atliuence,'  but  the  increased  intercourse  with  w  hlte 
adventurers  led  to  degrading  habits,  particulailv 
drunkenness  and  prostitution,  which  accjuiretl  fuiil.t  r 
virulence  from  the  fostereil  taste  for  iinerv,  and  the 
disposition  to  linger  round  mining  camps  to  }n(  k  u|) 
cast-olf  clothing  and  refuse.*  The  attendant  train  dt 
disease  produced  sadder  havoc  in  their  ranks  tliaa 
sword  or  famine. 

The  most  prominent  feature  of  their  contact  with 
the  gold-seekers  was  abuse  on  the  part  of  white  men, 
and  conse(|uent  retaliation.  A  hatred  for  Iii(!iaiis 
was  accpiired  on  the  plains,  from  which  the  milder 
tribes  of  California  had  to  suffer.  Then  followed  the 
rush  of  miners  into  regions  hitherto  claimed  as  triiial 
ranges,  with  consequent  encounters,  and  the  slaugliti  r 
or  re[)ulse  of  less  strong  intruders,"  many  of  wlieiii 
found  to  their  cost  that  the  confidence  inspired  by  the 
milder  natives  of  the  lower  Sacramento  was  misjihued 
when  applied  to  the  fiercer  clans  of  the  north  and  ef 
the  hills.  The  old  practice  of  kidnapping  contimud 
in  force,  partly  owing  to  the  high  price  of  labor,  partly 
for  innnoral  purposes. 

llace  antagonism,  for  nmch  of  which  the  ^lexicaiis 
were  res})onsiblc,  brought  on  many  evil  complications; 
later  came  maletreatment  bv  agents,  with  end)ezzlo- 
ment  of  presents  and  property  pertaining  to  the  wards, 

'Partly  in  working  for  the  white  men,  partly  for  themaelvcs,  the  woinoa 
Leinii  f,'i'iiei-.!.lly  set  to  dig  for  tlio  men.  Bnr.it<w ■■<  Stat.,  MS.,  ii. 

^Tlu"''  never  learned  to  duly  appreciate  the  value  of  money.  Tr:iil<r-< 
coulil  readily  cheat  them.  Becvl;<  and  tlaming  colors  took  tlieir  ianc,\ ,  an  1 
liipior  their  brains.  (7riiii,iJi(iir's  ^'in-r.,  !MS.,  44-S;  /'n/'s  Slat.,  MS..  I"'  17; 
Ctxttr,  Ciwii/t,  MS.,  17.  Though  women  M-ere  re.idily  sold,  yet  Ini^liainls 
proved  occasionally  strict,  (hrrlantl,  xii.  "i;  Litlli'g  Slat.,  MS.,  7;  Milihni: 
soii'ii  Cat  Af..  MS.,  4-7;  Cm/unr'n  L'lrli/  D<ii/n,  :MS.,  .V4:  J),I,ii>o's  /./••■.  MK 
etK';/.;  C'll'.  C"i(r!n;  Aug  17,  2:?,  'M,  ISoO,  Fel..  lit-iM,  Marcli  •_".»,  lN"'l:  /' -. 
A'(  "•-•.,  Aug.  '2'^,  'J(i,  Oct.  1. 

•'In  IStS  the  Trinity  River  Indians  drove  back  prospectors,  roused  asthiv 
were  against  early  trappers. 


lit 


INFAMOUS  AGENTS. 


477 


and  disregarded  treaties  and  criminal  neglect  by  the 
^'ovoniDient."  The  inditt'erence  and  errors  of  tlie  lat- 
ter were  a  main  cause  f(»r  the  many  wanton  outrages. 

Thus  it  is  that  the  California  valley  cannot  grace 
lur  aiuials  with  a  single  Indian  war  bordering  on  re- 
spectability. It  can  boast,  however,  a  hundred  or 
two  of  as  brutal  butcherings,  on  the  part  of  our  hon- 
est miners  and  brave  pioneers,  as  any  area  of  equal 
extent  in  our  republic.  Tlie  poor  natives  of  Califor- 
nia had  neither  the  strength  nor  the  intelligence  to 
unite  in  any  formidable  numbers;  hence,  when  now 
and  tlien  one  of  them  plucked  up  courage  to  defend 
Ills  wife  and  little  ones,  or  to  retaliate  on  one  of  the 
many  outrages  that  were  constantly  being  perpe- 
trated ujion  them  by  white  persons,  sufficient  excuse 
was  offered  for  the  miners  and  settlers  to  band  and 
slioot  ilown  any  Indians  they  met,  old  or  young,  hi- 
noeent  or  guilty,  friendly  or  hostile,  until  their  appe- 
tite for  l)lood  was  appeased. 

The  United  States  authorities  began  in  1847  to  in- 
terest themselves  in  behalf  of  their  wards  by  appoint- 
ing agents,'  and  recommended  the  people  to  aid  the 
priests  in  promoting  industry  among  the  Indians 
in  tlie  southern  coast  counties,  without  interfering  in 
tlieir  internal  government  under  elected  alcaldes,' 
Tlio  legislature  passed  a  special  law  April  22,  1850, 
for  their  government  and  care,  which  confirmed  them 
in  possession  of  their  villaijes,  altliou<j;h  owners  of  the 
hud  were  at  liberty  to  arrange  with  them  for  occupying 

'diru'ial  swindlers  have  been  the  rule  ratlier  than  the  exception.  Ifnyrs' 
h'lliUif,  V.  '2'2'i;  i.  7t)  Sf).  Encroachments  on  reser\-ation.s  forined  later  a  frc- 
i|iiont  cause  for  ill-feeling.  Alia  CdL,  Oct.  (J,  IS.")];  U.S.  G<iv.  Dik:,  cong.  34, 
8ess.  S,  JL  Ex.  Dor.  Ki,  p.  l-JT-.'JO. 

'  Valli'jo.  as  suh-agent  for  the  Sonoma  region,  extending  to  Cle.ar  lake; 
Sutter  for  Sac.  and  San  Joaqxun,  each  with  .'?750  salary,  and  .1. 1).  Hunter  as 
agent  for  tlie  south,  with  lieadquarters  at  San  Luia  Hey.  They  had  power 
iinrily  to  adnioni.sh  and  watch  over  their  charges.  Kearney  in  184!)  placed 
tlie  suli-agents  to  act  till  the  regular  appointees  should  arrive,  Riley  rccom- 
nieiidini,'  three  for  San  Juaquiu  and  S.icramento  valleys.  Prv-i'l  McKKiuje, 
colli:.  ;?S,  sess.  1.  i.  171. 

'T.  .S.  Gov.  Dor.,  cong.  .11,  sess.  1.  //.  Er.  Dnr.,  17,  p.  701.  Halleck'g 
eireulur  in  Anlii,  Doc.  6.  This  applied  particularly  to  mission  Indians. 
Tlie  property  reserved  for  churches  and  priests  should  bo  respected. 


m 


M 


478 


KXTERMIXATION  OF  TIIK  INDIANS. 


^: 


ill- 


:* 


ll 


1^'' 
l»^'= 


some  sporial  sortion  of  it.  A  confinod  teimnov  at  the 
most,  for  neither  laiulcd  ritijlits  nor  citizin  juiviliMr^s 
were  accorded.  Tlicy  might  be  liircd  to  work  uuili  r 
contract,  and  by  a  sjX'cial  i>rovislon  tliis  was  niudr  to 
some  extent  compulsory  by  enabling  tlic  local  autliuii- 
ties  to  arrest  all  whom  they  chose  to  denoniinatt'  as 
vat^abonds  and  beggars, and  turn  them  over  to  the  liiili- 
est  bidder  for  not  exceeding  f'ourmonths.  Any  sur[iiiis 
wages,  after  providing  the  victim  with  clothes,  was  as- 
signed to  a  mysterious  Indian  fund,  unless  relativi  s 
claimed  the  money.  In  cases  of  crime  juries  mini  it  he 
demanded  by  either  race,  but  white  men  couM  imt  lie 
convicted  on  Itidian  testimony.*  These  formal  w- 
strictions  availed  little  for  the  inti'nded  i)urpose,  since 
they  left  only  the  same  loop-holes  as  formerly  fdi- 
hoodwinking  justice,  and  aflbrded  moreover  a  \v>j;i\\ 
cover  for  enslaving  and  oppressing  the  natives.  It 
was  easy  to  charge  any  one  with  vagabondage,  es- 
pecial I3'  by  enlisting  the  potent  aid  of  liquor,  and 
obtain  his  condemnation  to  forced  labor.  The  iin- 
pressuient  generally  occurred  toward  harvest  time; 
and  this  over,  the  poor  wretches  were  cast  adrift  to 
starve,  for  their  own  harvest  season  was  by  this  time 
lost  to  them.  Bondage  was  also  insured  or  proloni;eil 
by  inducing  the  workers  to  spend  their  small  allow- 
ance on  vile  drink,  in  open  violation  of  the  law,'"  and 
then  locking  them  up  as  irresponsible. 

•The  justicoa  of  tlie  peace,  who  liatl  jurisilietion  in  Iiulian  cases,  wi-re 
given  (lisorotioiiary  power,  however.  Cat.  St<itfiiici>(j<,  18.")1,  ami  Oil.  Ltiir.<, 
185t)-3,  8".2'2-5.  For  later  projects  in  behalf  of  the  natives,  ace  ('■//.  Jmii: 
Sen.,  ISriO,  p.  1209,  1851,  p.  1820.  1852,  p.  702;  I/,n/r.^'  /miinns,  i.  i:!. 

'''Supt  Beale  reports  in  1852  that  Indians  were  caught  like  cattle  !i<v  tlie 
work  season  near  the  largo  towns.  Out  of  one  band  turncil  adrift  iiiicr  the 
season  18  died  of  starvation.  It  Wiis  also  common  to  kidnap  childnn  iiinl 
enslave  them.  IT.  S.  Gmt  Doc.,  cong.  32,  se.ss.  2.,  Sin.  Dw.,  57,  vii.  S  !l, 
cong.  31;  se^s.  1,  H.  Ex.  Doc,  5,  i.  106,  170.  Indian  peons  at  Los  An^'tks 
would  spend  their  wages  in  a  debauch  on  Sunday  .and  be  driven  to  a  o  rial 
by  an  Indian  foreman.  On  Monday  they  were  exposed  for  sale  at  frnin  si 
to  $3  for  the  week.  Beir><  Remin.,  MS.,  9-10.  Staple,  Slnt.,  MS.,  20.  claims 
like  Sutter,  to  liave  employed  Indians  largely  without  trouble  or  force.  He 
treated  with  the  chiefs  and  held  them  responsible.  Hot/t'-t'  IniHiiii'<,  v.  IT). 
The  officials  used  freely  to  infringe  the  liquor  law.  Unlioinxt  Dix".. '-•'•^  *J' 
A  later  temper.xnce  society  set  a  watch  upon  such  oflFenders.  Sar.  riiion.  A\h 
7,  1855.    A  humorous  article  iu  Trinity  co.  Monifor,  Feb.  1,  I&j5,  on  the 


MASS^At'RE  OF  INDIANS. 


470 


111  tlio  more  sottlod  or  orciqiied  districts,  the  strenjj;tli 
(if  tlif  white  iiR'ii  toiuk-d  to  repress  inurinurs  ji^aiust 
i!iji)stl('(\  but  clsi'wliore  tlio  asju'ct  cliant^ed,  in  |)artu'- 
ul;»r  aloiii,'  tlio  slopes  of  the  Sierra,  where  a  more 
iiidrlHiuieiit  mountain  spirit  l)revalled,  and  where 
trilit  s  could  count  upon  numbers  further  swelled  by 
occasional  alliances.  Housed  by  personal  liijurus 
from  the  encroachlnjj;  minors,  who  looked  upon  them  as 
fair  prey,  and  rendered  apinehenslvo  by  reports  of 
outraijjes  in  other  directions,  the  Indians  wouUl  rise, 
prinuuily  to  reju'l  intruders,  not  Infrequently  to  retal- 
iate, according  to  their  custom,  U]K)n  individuals  and 
small  i)artles,  and  gradually  to  yield  to  their  desire 
for  bluod  and  plunder.  In  the  si)ring  of  1848,  some 
thirty  murders  b}-  them  were  reported  in  difl'er- 
ciit  (llrections,  and  parties  set  out  in  pursuit,  notably 
one  of  three  score  men  toward  Coloma,  which  came 
up  with  flying  Indians,  killing  a  number  of  them,  and 
recovering  some  pro]>erty.  Soon  after  several  who 
were  suspcctt>d  were  brought  in  to  Ct)loma,  and  tried, 
the  result  being  fl'c  slaughter  of  thirty."  A  pursuit 
toward  the  Cosumne  was  marked  by  the  indiscrimi- 
nate massacre  of  a  band  on  more  suspicion." 


market  rate  and  tlemantl  for  women  was  Lased  on  actual  traffic.  '  fJood 
miildling'  could  lie  had  for  rive  oxen,  seven  deer,  and  five  pair  of  Idankets. 
C'lj-Aii.  Triiiifi/,  1'27.  Furtiier  accounts  of  trcatnient  in  Kip'x  C<il.  Sh'tc/i<'K, 
4">;  Jlni.'iliitir'.i  Aw«A<,  MS.,  '2.  hidians  were  chastised  so  severely  as  to  cause 
ileatli.  Siii:  Union,  July  "JS,  185;"). 

".»>('■.  Tnuixrripf,  June  '2*X  1850.  Ryan,  P<rs.  A'lv.,  ii.  .*?()0-l,  relates 
tliiit  McKay "s  party  attacked  a  rancheria  of  20  luita,  killing  about  !U)  of  the 
'MO  inmates,  and  capturing  7  men  and  40  women.  Butl'uni,  Six  Mux,  UK), 
sinaks  in  this  connection  of  CJreenwood's  party  killing  '20  men  at  a  ^Veaver 
creek  rancheria,  and  capturing  SO,  of  M-hom  G  were  sentonccil  to  ho  shot. 
TliL"  coudennied  were  allowed  a  chance  to  run,  but  5  fell.  On  J)ry  creek 
tliree  murderers  were  captured  and  hanged.  Pliircr  Tinivn,  May  I'J,  1840. 
The  niitable  murders  embraced,  on  the  American  Fork  7  out  of  a  party  of  0, 
5  (lilt  of  8,  and  2  out  of  S.  I,L,  Apr.  28,  1849.  Little,  Sm.,  MS.,  7,  had  a 
narrow  escape.  He  blames  the  men  of  Stevenson's  regiment  for  <lrunken 
outrai;cs  and  cold-blooded  killing. 

'-  Tiie  lessons  alreadj'  given  proved  salutary,  however;  the  berry  har^•cst 
occupioil  the  Indians,  and  gold-picking  the  white  men,  so  that  the  summer 
and  autumn  proved  quiet.  Then  came  a  renewal  of  trouble,  outrages  and 
murder  on  one  side,  and  robl)ery  and  nuirder  on  the  other.  They  were  fol- 
lowed by  expeditions  along  the  different  tributaries  of  the  Sacramento,  from 
the  American  fork  to  Feather  river,  and  especially  on  the  Yid)a,  where 
seven  white  men  and  teu  tiuieu  that  number  of  redskina  had  fallen  by  the 


m 


U-  IS 

1! 


480 


KXTKltMIXATION  OF  TlIK  INDIANS. 


t'l 


r' 


^! 


'•il 


Tlio  upper  valley  of  tlm  San  Joaijuln  liad  lui'  vtars 
bci'ii  ii<)t('<l  as  till!  uIxkIc!  of  IiidiaiiH  wlioHt*  iiKlciKinlcut 
Kpirit  (li'liijjlitcd  in  inroads  uixni  tlic  adjoininw-  must 
districts;''  and  Nvlion,  in  tin;  spring  of  IS41)  Linld- 
sci'kcrs  Ix'i^an  to  enter  tlio  country,  tliose  of  Kin.r 
rivtT  aniontr  otlica's  nianifcsti'd  tluir  oUjectiou  l)v 
several  atrocities.  '     Troops  were  dispatched  toncoii- 

niicMIoof  Aiiril  IS.'iO.  Tlioliittcirpxliiliitcd  onnsidt-ralilccfmrafic  uiul  trn.iiitv, 
ns-iuiiiiii^  at  tiiiii's  tlio  dtl'i'iiMivo  against  largo  limlius,  even  laving  siege  (o  en- 
treneliiiuiits,  and  enipliiying  taelies  wliieli  led  to  tlie  lieliet'  in  Kiiii.|ie,ui 
eoiin-rllnr-i.  'I  lie  fllicieiit  inoveMient  (if  tnxiiis,  linwcver,  assisted  ly  till' 
iiiiliti.i  under  (leneral  (ireen,  and  liy  niiincrous  volnnteer  eoriis,  dliliged  tin; 
leading  tiilies  of  tlie  ^'iilia  legimi  ti>  aeei'iit  Jieacc  on  May  L'.'itli,  :ilter  wluili 
I'oniimiativc  »eeiirity  vas  Keeuii.'d  for  the  Minilner.  I5nt  order  cinild  not  ImiK 
jiri'vail  Willi  ko  many  ineentives  for  onfrage.s  in  tlio  form  of  la/y,  vieious.  ami 
<lriinken  vagalmnds  at  tlio  cainps,  mIio  took  jileasuro  in  almsing  the  natives, 
cspoeially  in  regard  to  wonieii,  or  where  the  Indians  jiresiiined  to  liiid  a  de- 
wirahle  gold  elaim.  Aiipeals  for  redress  lieing  as  usual  ilisreganled,  tlieip 
was  no  resouret!  save  retaliation,  in  murders  and  iiluuder.  Altliniij;li  mm 
regular  <'o!nl(iiiation  among  tho  trili(!swas  iirohaMi',  yet  with  Oetoher  IS,"iO 
raids  and  attaeks  heeamo  general,  from  tho  head  of  JSaeramento  valley  dnw  n- 
ward.  '1  he  alarm  wpreatl,  and  the  government,  while  helioviiig  it  he-t  tn  Kt 
oaeli  district  ilefeiid  itself,  deomeil  it  neeessary  to  order  Sherilt' Knyei'*,  ot  \'.\ 
Dorado,  to  eall  out  'JOO  men  for  .supjiressing  the  Kavages  along  the  Ir.nlin;,' 
immigrant  route.  The  forei;,  with  Rogers  as  eleeted  colonel,  divided  intn 
Boveral  parties  to  jiursue  the  marauilers.  Tho  Indians  geniTally  ti  iitteieil 
heforo  tliem  into  retreats  dillicult  of  aeeess  to  tho  less  active  while  iikii,  vim 
were,  moreover,  hampered  hy  baggage,  and  little  inclined  for  diiiihiiig  and 
other  exhausting  tasks.  The  ardor  of  tho  latter  was  further  cheeked  ly 
finding  that  wlieii  gathered  in  force  the  Indians  fought  desperately,  ami  de- 
fended themselves  against  rifles  with  glass-tijiped  arrows,  wliieli  Mere  sn 
cfl'ectively  shot  as  to  cause  more  than  one  repulso  of  the  militia.  Indeeil, 
their  exploits  were  far  from  lirilli.'int,  and  were  mostly  restricted  to  d<Ntrny- 
ing  ahandoneil  raiiclierfiis,  with  their  stores  of  lierries  and  other  pniveinler, 
a  mea.siiro  which  could  only  drive  tho  Indian.s  to  other  desperate  means  er 
starvation.  Kciiorts  indicating  that  tho  Kl  Dorado  region  had  Keen  i  liaml 
of  tho  enemy,  tho  governor  ordered  a  reduction,  and  Boon  after  a  ilihaml- 
ment  of  the  troops.  At  once  rose  the  cry  of  renewed  raids,  started  hy  in- 
terested traders  and  their  shiftless  customers,  whose  appetite  had  heeii 
whetted  for  the  state's  money.  The  legislature,  indeed,  was  so  inijires.-eil 
by  the  magnitude  of  the  danger  as  to  authori/.o  the  governor  to  raise  "(K) 
men.  Tho  governor  fortunately  looked  more  closely  into  the  alfair  liefure 
encroaching  f  irther  upon  tho  state's  wai  fund  of  half  a  million,  an<lt]ie  war 
party  was  gn  vtly  disappointed.  The  movements  hero  during  the  sjiriiig  ef 
ISol  aecordiii  ly  fell  to  small  proportions,  to  bo  overshadowed  by  more  im- 
portant event    'daewhere. 

'•'  Those  ot       e  Merced  and  Tulare  wero  expected  by  the  .authorities  of 

most  troublesome.     In  Jan.,  1849,   tlie  settlers  of  S.  .hian 

"d  for  relief  against  them.      If.  S.  Oov.  Doc,  cong.  HI,  sess. 

■|  p.  (588-1),  907.     Nagleo  had  in  1849  pursued  stock  loMiers 

YiiZi'nrra/l,  4. 

iiig  victims  alive.  Tliis  fate  is  applied  to  CJarner  in  1840, 
an.,  1851.  Sac.  TrmiMrript,  Feb.  '28,  ISol  ;  5.  Jom' I'wiic'r, 
In  Rlay,  1849,   the  raclieco  party  was  attacked  by  lilJO  lu- 


1849  to  be  t. 
Bantista  petiti' 
1,  //.  Ej:  Dor., 
into  Mariposa. 

»«Such  asfla 
and  to  Wood  iiv 
Nov.  17,  1877. 
dious  aud  G  killed.     Unbound  Doc,  308-10, 


IN  TIIK  SOUTH. 


481 


nnltrt\  and  voluntciirs  scoured  over  the  country,  but 
\\i\\\  so  littlo  ciYcA't  ns  to  render tlio  enemy  bolder  than 
ever.  Jainea  Savujjjo,  who  owned  two  tnuUni;  posts 
on  the  Fresno  and  AIarii)osa,  and  possessed  ^reat  in- 
IhitiK't)  over  the  tribes,  took  some  of  tlic  chiefs  to 
S:iii  Francisco  to  receive  a  salutary  impression  of  pale- 
face, strenj^th,  but  without  avail.  The  plundijrin^  of 
isolitt'd  men  and  small  parties  was  too  temptinj^  to  bo 
rosistcd. 

The  southern  counties  had  been  exposed  not  alone  to 
raiils  from  the  Tulare  region,  ]>ut  from  the  many  bands 
roaming  in  the  deserts  east  of  the  San  Bernardino 
raiJi^e.  In  the  sunnner  f  1841)  the  Yumas  bei^an  to 
harass  iinmi<^rants  and  to  rob  settlers,  but  an  exptsdi- 
tioii  follov.  od  by  a  treaty  brought  them  to  terms  for 
the  tiiui!.  In  the  following  April  they  were  roused 
by  the  outrageous  conduct  of  some  Americans  who 
owned  a  ferry  on  the  Colorado,  and  in  a  night  des- 
cent eleven  of  the  offenders  were  slain.  San  Diego 
and  Los  Angeles  took  alarm  and  the  governor  was 
induced  to  order  out  a  liundred  of  the  militia  to  exact 
punishment  and  protect  the  immigrant  route.  The 
ux|)Mliti()n  reached  the  river  in  September,  under 
command  of  Morehcad,  but  finding  everything  quiet 
(li.sl)an(ltHl  after  remaining  a  few  weeks  in  obs<'rva- 
tioii.'*     Soon  after  a  military   post  was  established 

'•''  With  tho  avowed  intention  of  driving  out  tlio  whito  men  tlicy  extended 
tlioir  raids  so  far  a.s  to  dustroy,  in  Docoiiilter,  IS.'M),  also  tho  Fresno  wtation  of 
till'  friiMully  Sava^je.  Their  action  aooinud  preconcerted,  for  at  tho  same  time 
triiics  were  ravaging  ahing  tho  Stanishius  and  Tuohinme,  within  a  few  miles 
<if  Stockton,  along  tho  Merced  and  striiama  soutliward,  driving  the  miners 
fnmi  tlio  lioadwaterd  of  tho  San  Joafpiin  and  slauglitering  a  large  party  at 
l{;»ttli!snako  creek.  Further  down  settlements  and  cattle  stations  were  at- 
tJicked  and  demolished,  particularly  on  Kaweah  and  Kern  rivers  and  toward 
Owfu'a  Lake,  attended  by  inassacro  and  pillage.  Again  a  nundxjr  of  volun- 
teer companies  took  the  field,  to  meet  with  occasional  advantages,  such  aa 
tile  destruction  of  a  dnserted  ranchoria  and  the  killing  of  a  few  warriors, 
which  wore  magnified  into  victories ;  but  also  to  encounter  repulses  ao  the 
liaiiiU  of  the  sturdy  trilies  in  ambuscade  or  in  good  position,  strengtliened  by 
cai)tured  or  purchased  arms ;  or,  more  gencr.illy,  to  ])e  tired  out  by  fruitless 
pursuit.  The  regular  troops  did  not  distinguish  themselves  any  more  than 
the  bodies  called  out  by  tho  governor,  whereof  200  men  wore  to  be  raised  by 
the  sheriff  of  Mariposa. 

""The  order  for  raising  troops  was  issued  in  June,  to  Gen.  Bean  of 
the  4th  div.   of  militia,   who  entrusted  the  formation   and   command  of 

Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  Vir.   81 


' » 


.' 


i  '11 

•In 


■  ■SI 


I'  i 


482 


EXTERMINATION  OP  THE  INDIANS. 


i 


ii  i 

U 

III 

III: 


'l^- 


r  »---j-   :ir  ' 

■    HJI 

■-• 

^  ■^■n  t' 

'    fej 

, 

r''r^-r 

;,  H 

♦^^^-^f - 

;:i;y 

; 

r^^" '  ' 

■  ■•;*'  T 

rl 

/■  ?'^ 

1 1 

'•^iH^ » 

1 

'-■3! 

i^ 

here  by  the  federul  government.  The  Indian  war 
whicli  was  afflicting  the  great  valley  at  the  close  of 
1850,  made  itself  felt  also  in  tliis  direction,  at  first 
by  incursions  from  the  Tularcs,  so  that  the  govmior 
autliorized  Bean  to  raise  a  company.'' 

The  hostilities  of  1849  served  to  impress  upon 
congress  the  necessity  for  some  arrangement  bv  wliich 
to  apjieaso  the  aboriginal  holders  of  the  soil,  and  so 
render  more  secure  the  rising  settlements.  In  Octo- 
ber 1850,  accordingly,  the  president  appointed  Kcdick 
McKce,  G.  W.  Barbour,  and  O.  M.  Wozencraft  In- 
dian agents  to  figure  for  a  time  as  peace  commission- 
ers, with  ill-defined  instructions  to  act  for  the  best  in 

the  party  to  Morehead,  a  lawyer  formerly  licut  in  Stevenson's  rcg't, 
member  of  legislature  in  1850,  and  now  styled  quarter-mastor-general.  ilu 
was  prcparii.^  in  July  and  August,  but  as  the  alarm  liad  subsiduil.  tlio  citi- 
zens objected  to  furnish  supplies  for  his  scrip,  'whereupon  he  seizuil  by  furce 
what  was  recjuired.  With  levies  from  emigrant  parties  he  obtained  1  io  iiini. 
Although  quiet  prevailed  he  managed  to  provoke  a  quarrel,  the  ri'uilt  of 
which  was  a  skirmish  wherein  a  score  of  Indians  fell.  In  Sept.  the  gmerii- 
ment  ordered  a  disbandment,  whicli  had  to  bo  repeated  before  it  was  dlwycil. 
Cat.  Sen.  Jour.,  1851,  lG-17,  G07-9,  734,  1045-7,  etc.  Moreheads  bill 
amounted  to  §70,588.  Concerning  claims  of  citizens  for  seized  property,  see 
Hayes  Awjdes,  i.  42.  etc;  Alta  CaL  Jan.  14;  18,  1851.  /(/.  Imliiui.<,  i.,  lli::- 
205. 

*'This  precaution  proved  of  value,  but  in  the  middle  of  the  followiiiijyoar 
disaffection  spread  to  the  Yunjas  and  San  Luis  Key  Indians,  the  Littor  in- 
censed at  the  enforcement  of  taxes  from  which  they  had  so  far  been  cxiiniit. 
In  November  the  Yumas  signalized  themselves  by  attacking  a  j)arty  of 
sheep  drovers,  and  obliging  the  troops  stationed  on  the  Colorado  to  witii- 
draw.  At  tlie  same  time  the  San  I.uis  Rey  chief,  Antonio  Garra,  a  turlnileiit 
and  treaeheroua  fellow,  declared  war,  boasting  that  some  3,000  wairidra 
awaited  his  signal  to  descend  ii])on  the  settlements.  Consternation  spread; 
martial  law  was  proclaimed  at  San  Diego,  and  every  man  impressed;  volun- 
teers mustered  at  Los  Angeles,  and  appeals  for  aid  went  rorthward.  In  re- 
sponse a  company  of  troops  departed  from  Benicia,  Gen.  Bean  was  ordcixil 
to  raise  two  companies  in  the  south,  and  volunteers  started  from  San  Fran- 
cisco. These  movements  and  the  revelation  of  the  plot  served  to  frigliten 
many  a  vacillating  tribe,  and  Juan  Antonio,  chief  of  the  powerful  Caiinillos, 
whose  attitude  at  one  time  appeared  suspicious,  hastened  to  proclaim  his 
loyalty  by  entrapping  Garra  and  several  of  his  adherents,  and  surrendering 
them  to  the  authorities.  The  chief  was  promptly  tried  and  exjcutod.  to- 
gether with  several  accomplices,  including  an  American  and  a  Californian. 
A  portion  of  liis  trilje  which  had  meanwhile  taken  the  field  was  promjitly  de- 
feated at  Los  Coyotes,  and  so  ended  with  a  few  raids  an  uprising  whicli  for 
a  while  alarmed  the  entire  state.  Major  Heintzelman,  who  had  taken  a 
leading  share  in  these  operations,  now  marched  to  the  Colorado.  Tlio  'N'liinas 
proveif  more  stubborn,  allied  as  they  were  with  Arizona  tribes  and  well 
armed,  and  the  troons  were  kept  busy  throughout  the  spring  and  summer. 
In  August,  however,  a  decisive  advantage  was  gained,  followed  by  the  cap- 
ture and  execution  of  the  chief,  whereupon  comparative  order  wai  re- 
stored. 


GOVERNMENT  COMMISSIONER 


483 


conciliating  the  natives  and  bind  them  by  written 
treaties,  reporting  upon  their  customs  and  condition. 
TIh'V  arrived  in  California  in  January  1851,  and  as 
the  <4overnor  liad  ordered  out  200  men  to  operate 
auainst  the  Indians  of  ^Mariposa  region,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  United  States  troops,  under  Captain  Keyes, 
it  was  resolved  that  the  commissioners  should  proceed 
to  tliis  quarter  and  seek  to  effect  a  jieaccful  arrange- 
iiieiit,  the  troops  awaiting  the  issue.  Their  conclu- 
sion was  that  the  aborigines  had  been  driven  by  the 
adviincini;  miners  and  settlers  from  the  fishintj  and 
fruit  grounds  into  the  less  hospitable  mountain  dis- 
tricts, and  were  consequently  forced,  greatly  by  neces- 
sity, to  prey  upon  the  flocks  and  other  possessions  of 
tlic  white  men.  The  only  preventive  seemed  to  be 
their  restoration  to  certain  unoccupied  portions  of 
the  plain,  with  allowances  of  beef,  blankets,  and  other 
hotly  comfort^;  as  compensation  for  encroachments 
upon  their  hunting  ranges,  and  for  keeping  them  con- 
tented and  under  control. 

Tliis  campaign  with  flour  in  lieu  of  powder  proved 
oftective,  for  a  number  of  treaties  were  formed  with 
tlie  Indians  throughout  the  San  Joaquin  valley,  from 
the  Stanislaus  to  Tejon,'*'  setting  aside  a  limited  sec- 

■''On  March  10,  1851,  a  t-eaty  was  formed  with  six  tribes  from  the  head- 
■\vatcrs  (if  tl>o  Tuohimne,  Merced,  and  Mariposa.  On  April  'J'Jth  a  treaty 
witli  ni  trihes  lietween  the  Mariposa  and  King  rivers,  nuinlioring  "J, 000  or 
,",(•00,  wlin  agreed  to  occupy  a  strip  along  tlie  lower  foothills  about  15  miles 
viilc  liy  i"iO  in  length.  On  May  lIUli,  a  treaty  was  signed  with  I'J  of  the 
vailike  tribes  of  tho  country  'letween  King  and  Kaweah  rivers,  though 
raiigiiis,'  a.s  far  south  a.s  Kern  river,  and  numbering  4, 1'JO  (.ouh,  to  occupy 
a  small  district  in  this  region-  May  SOtli,  the  treaty  witli  7  tribes,  allies  of 
]iriii'(ling,  between  the  Kaweah  and  Tulire  rivi>r;<;  June  3d,  with  4  tribes, 
1.700  strong,  on  the  Tulare,  whicli  were  allotted  a  section  of  the  range; 
.liiiiu  10th  Mith  II  trilws,  in  the  southern  extrejne  of  the  valley,  round  Kerii 
lake.  'I  he  Indian:)  soutliward.  ii'  Los  Angeles  and  San  I)iego,  being  friendly, 
no  arrangomenta  were  then  nuuk  wHh  them.  All  treaties  in  the  San  Joa- 
iliiiu  valley  after  April  were  arranged  by  Barbour  alone.  For  names  of 
aliove  tribes  and  other  data,  see  U.  S.  Onr.  Dnr.,  spec.  sess.  1853;  Sm.  I)nr., 
4,  ])  SI,  03,  207-10,  252-8,  etc.;  I>l..  cong.  32.  .sess.  1,  H.  Ex.  Doc,  2,  ii.  pt 
in  4S4,  ,507-12,  etc.;  AlUt.  Cat,  May-luly,  1851.  The  commi.ssioners  as- 
cril It'll  nineteen-twentieths  of  all  trouble  to  white  aggression  or  broken 
pmiiiises.  It  was  cheaper  to  feed  the  Indians  for  a  year  than  to  fight  them 
fur  a  week.  Accounts  follow  of  similar  arrangements  with  the  Stanislaus, 
giving  them  a  section  8  miles  by  12;  in  F'  Dorado  10  miles  by  25  were  set 
aiiart,  iuciudiug  some  good  vallcya,  but  mostly  poor  soil;  the  placer  gold  would 


I  I 


n 


i 


_iaas 


484 


EXTERMINATION  OF  THE  INDIANS. 


tion  of  land  within  the  range  of  each  contract! n<T 
group,  thus  forming  a  dozen  reservations,  with  su'i- 
gestions  for  more,  and  offering  to  all  who  would 
settle  therein  a  certain  amount  of  rations  and  pres- 
ents, for  1851-2,  till  more  definite  arrangements  could 
be  made.  A  large  proportion  of  the  tribes  recognized 
the  futility  of  resisting  terms  offered  at  the  point  of 
the  bayonet,  and  accepted  the  restricted  occupation 
with  the  sugar-coating  of  provisions. 

Only  the  first  treaties  wore  arranged  by  the  com- 
missioners jointly.  By  April  they  tired  of  the  mutual 
supervision  prompted  by  a  natural  jealousy.     Each 


¥i4 


soon  be  washetl  out;  between  Yuba  and  Bear  rivers  a  piece  12  miles  square 
was  selected;  in  Colusa  3  miles  by  15  along  the  east  bank  of  the  SacraiiiLiiti,, 
on  tlie  Sutter  claim;  l)y  the  Cliico  treaty  a  reservation  in  the  footliills  nortli 
of  Feather  river,  G  miles  by  20;  by  the  Cottonwood  treaty,  35  miles  sijuaro 
at  the  liead  of  the  Sacramento  valley,  between  Shasta,  Nevada,  and  Cia.st 
ranges.  The  Sacramento  valley  treaties  were  arranged  by  Wo/eiiLTaft. 
By  June  1851,  Agent  Johnston  reported  about  1,000  Indians  on  tiie  rcsuiva- 
tif)n  between  the  Stanislaus  and  Tuolumne;  800  on  the  Tuohunne  and  .Mcrnii; 
1,800  or  2,000  on  the  Chowchilla-Kaweah.  Trading  licenses  were  graiitui 
within  these  reservations,  on  the  Stanislaus,  to  Dent  &  Co.  for$l,Ul)0;  nu 
the  Tuolumne,  to  Cr.  Belt  for  §1,000;  on  the  Chowchilla,  to  Savage  &  Co.  for 
?^1,200.  On  the  Sacramento  reservation  three  were  issued  by  Wozeiicralt. 
See  Sen.  Doc,  4,  2;i0,  as  above.  Agent  Johnston  undertook  to  award  Stmii; 
and  Marks  §!|2,000  damages  for  dispossessing  them  of  their  hotel,  firry, 
land,  and  trading  post  on  the  Merced;  but  the  chief  agent,  McKee,  v.hu  was 
one  of  the  few  honest  agents  of  the  government,  reported  against  it.  /'/.,  WJ- 
11.  He  had  set  out  for  his  northern  allotment  in  Aug.,  escorted  by  .sonic  IJG 
men  under  Wessells,  and  witli  a  drove  of  cattle  for  vanquishing  Indian  ii\)\K- 
tite  and  obstinacy.  Numerous  attendants  for  the  pack  trains,  etc.,  were  also 
engaged  at  heavy  wages.  Marching  through  Sonom.a  he  reached  Cluar  laku 
and  there  eflected  a  treaty  Aug.  20th,  with  eight  triliesof  about  1,(K)0  smil.s, 
setting  aside  the  lake  valley  as  a  reservation.  To  the  same  reservation  were 
assigned  four  Russian  river  tribes,  numbering  somewhat  over  1,000  smils, 
witli  whom  a  treaty  was  signed  Aug.  22d.  He  passed  through  the  Coast 
regior,.,  which  from  Fort  Ross  to  Mud  river  was  estimated  to  contain  1,700 
souls,  whom  he  proposed  to  settle  at  the  mouti>  if  Eel  river,  and  on  Oct.  (itli 
and  12th,  made  a  treaty  with  the  Indians  of  lo\ver  Klamath  and  Trinity 
rivers,  for  whom  a  reservation  was  proposed  near  the  junction  of  those 
rivers.  On  Nov.  4th,  the  Scott  valley  treaty  was  concluded  with  the  upiior 
Klamath,  Shasta,  and  Scott  River  natives,  numbering  3,000  souls  in  24,  1'.) 
and  7  rancherias,  respectively;  to  these  were  added  1,000  Upper  Trinity 
River  Indians,  the  whole  4,000  to  bo  assigned  to  Scott's  valley.  For  names 
of  tribes  and  chiefs,  varying  estimates  of  number  and  other  details,  .see 
McKee's  reports  in  U".  S.  Gov.  Doc.,  spec.  sess.  J 854,  Sm.  Doc.,  4,  13G-22S, 
239;  M,  cong.  34,  sess.  1,  H.  Ex.  Doc,  2,  ii.  pt  iii.,  498  et  seq. ;  Id.,  cong. 
34,  sess.  3,  doc.  76,  ii.  59-68;  S.  F.  Momiit;/  Post,  Sep.  1,  1851.  F\irtlier 
record  of  commissioners' movements  in  WozencroJ't,  1  etseq.;  Hayes  IwHnw, 
ii.  118,  iv.  1.3-14,  v.  94-7;  Sac.  Tmnsci-ipt,  Feb. -Apr.,  1851;  Pm.  Nem,  Jaii.- 
Ap.,  1851;  Col.  Coitrinr,  id.;  AllnCal.,  Jan. -July,  Sep,  9,  13,  Dec.  29,  ISJl, 
etc.;  Placer  Tiinea  and  Ti-amcript,  Nov.  15,  1851,  etc, 


DRIVEX  TO  DESrERATION. 


480 


longed  to  figure  by  liimsrlf  as  arbitrator  over  tlic 
destiny  of  peoples,  attended  by  an  imposing  escort  of 
soldiers,  and  with  a  no  mean  power  among  settlers  in 
ollrring  protection,  disposing  of  lands  and  dispensing 
coiitrac^ts.  In  the  latter  lay  a  golden  means  of  en- 
ricliincnt  that  could  not  well  be  gained  in  company. 
And  so  on  the  1st  of  May  the  commissioners  agreed 
to  aet  separately,  Barbour  retaining  by  lot  San  Joa- 
quin valley,  with  southern  California  added,  Wozen- 
craft  taking  the  Sacramento  valley,  and  IMcKeo  all 
north  of  this  and  west  of  the  Coast  range  above 
latitude  40°.'* 
The  Indians  could  not  be  blamed  for  bccomincr  res- 

1         •  •       •  • 

tive  under  the  cumulative  injuries  now  openly  fostered 
by  the  government  itself  in  the  mismanagement  and 


"No  sooner  had  tlioj  turned  tlioir  faces  to  tlic  respective  allotments  than 
each  I'litoreil  into  licav)  ooutracts  for  tlic  supply  <<i  provisions,  mostly  lieef, 
in  wliit'h  (litl'erent  collusions  wore  made  for  dividing  cijualily  tlieir  oeiielit 
liutwi'uii  the  government  and  the  Indians,  cominissioners  and  distriliuting 
agiMits.  In  one  instance  it  was  proved  that  only  two  thirds  of  a  contrai/t 
hail  lieen  delivered;  in  another,  that  choice  lots  were  sold  at  high  rates  to 
till'  ininors.  Similar  prices  were  exacted  from  tlie  Indians  in  diH'erent  direc- 
tiiiiis,  for  the  supposeil  presents  and  rationsof  a  paternal  government;  spoiled 
lluur  was  utilized,  and  as  thick  or  double  hlankets  must  interfere  with  tlio 
fnc  iiiovcnieiits  of  the  natives  when  sent  to  hunt  their  rations  in  the  forest, 
tliimicr  material  was  consitleratdy  provided  for  them,  or  the  agent  applied 
his  shears  with  such  calculations  as  to  turn  most  of  the  fabric  to  lietter  ad- 
vantage  in  other  ipiarters.  The  tact  and  skill  with  which  these  managers 
cmild  make  availaldc  one  moans  for  several  purposes  sliono  e<pially  resi)Ieiid- 
cnt  ill  demonstrating  their  own  disinterestetlness  in  these  transactions.  'J  ho 
govcniiiieiit,  however,  could  not  lie  made  to  reconcile  figures  with  purity  of 
iiintive-!;  and  in  accordance  with  an  act  creating  a  superintendent  of  Intlian 
aff.iir-i  for  California,  E.  F.  Beale  was,  in  the  spring  of  1852,  entrusted  with 
the  nianagemcnt. 

lie  endorsed  the  policy  so  far  pursued  with  assignment  of  reservations 
anil  [irovisions,  Imt  condemned  the  wasteful  and  gross  niismanagcmcnt  under 
whiili  an  indebtedness  of  nearly  .^SOO,  WO  had  been  formed  within  little  more 
than  a  year.  One  result  was  the  resignation  or  suspensifm  of  the  agents  and 
the  revision  of  their  contracts,  involving  reduced  and  deferred  payments. 
It  was  <leelared  unwise  to  reject  th  ^  tri^aties,  for  this  would  undoubtedly 
lead  to  bloody  and  ruinous  wars.  Un'ortunatcly  the  selection  of  reservations 
was  ill  itself  injudicious,  scattered  as  they  were  in  so  many  localities,  fre- 
f|iU'ntly  cutting  into  the  midst  of  mineral  belts,  and  occupying  much  valuable 
land  coveted  by  settlers.  .Strong  objections  wore  accordingly  made  bi'forc 
congress  under  legislative  auspices,  anil  the  treaties  were  rejected,  chiefly  on 
thr  gnmiid  that  under  the  acquisition  of  California  from  Mexico  the  natives 
hail  nil  right  to  the  soil,  and  cimsequently  no  claims  upon  the  United  States 
giivirniiient.  Nevertheless,  an  appropriation  of  8100,000  was  made  for  pre- 
scTviiii,'  peace  with  dispossessed  ludiaus  till  other  pcruiaueiit  arrangenicuta 
cuuld  bu  uiuJc. 


iff;' 

! 

^■ 


f 


m 


1 


StS 


!^ 


486 


EXTERMIXATIOX  OF  THE  INDIANS. 


neglect  of  agents,  and  in  broken  proniisscs  and  di.src- 
gai'dod  treaties,  witli  consecjuent  tlireateniiig  s|)(ilia- 
tion.  Even  tlie  usuallygentle  aboriginals  of  soutli-WH  st 
California  appeared  un<|uiet,  and  Los  Angeles  ouuiity 
was  startled  by  raids  from  adjoining  districts.  Tlictse 
did  not  prove  serious,  however,  owing  to  the  jtresiiice 
of  several  military  companies  near  Bai(ju  i>ass,  Saii 
Luis  Iley,  Vallecitas,  linked  with  those  at  Four  crc(  ks, 
King  river,  and  Fort  Yuma.  In  the  desert  region 
eastward,  with  its  less  forbearing  Yumas  and  ^lojavos, 
the  Pintos  and  other  roainiuL""  tribes  of  Nevada  were 
tempted  to  repeated  attacks  on  emigrant  trains,  checkid 
only  occasionally  by  some  garrisoned  detachment  nr 
passing  volunteer  corps.  The  opening  through  Ari- 
zona of  the  ovei'land  road  in  1858-9  was  attended  hy 
more  formidable  inovements,  and  the  despatch  of  a 
sjjccial  body  of  troops  to  establish  a  crcssing  on  tlie 
Colorado.  The  peace  now  forced  upon  the  IMojavis 
prevented  any  further  serious  tnjuble  in  this  quaittr; 
but  northward  the  influx  of  miners  and  stock-raisurs 
stirred  the  hitherto  quiet  Owen's  river  natives.  Driven 
into  tlie  mountains  or  more  sterile  tracts,  tluy  were 
compelled  by  hunger  to  raid  upon  the  vast  herds  of 
cattle,  and  toconnnit  attendant  outrages,  until  in  1862 
the  settlers  oi)ened  a  regular  campaign.  This  served 
only  as  a  momentary  check,  and  after  two  more 
seasons  of  endurance  the  exasperated  settlers  resolved 
upon  a  severe  retaliation.  They  marched  forth,  and 
in  January,  18G5,  massacred  over  two  score  of  per- 
sons at  one  village,  and  a  month  later  over  100  were 
driven  into  the  corroding  waters  of  a  lake,  there  to 
meet  a  terrible  death.  The  lesson  proved  efi'ectivr, 
especially  so  far  as  those  *hat  were  killed  were  con- 
cerned, if  it  did  not  serve  to  thoroughly  restrain  na- 
tives to  whom  UKJuntain  fastnesses  and  deserts  piv- 
sented  so  inviting  an  impunity. 


It 


'^  The  efforts  of  tlie  tribes  in  the  lower  part  of  San  Joaquin  valley  to  asi-iort 
their  rights  against  the  atlvancing  settlers  ciihninateil  in  the  Keru  river  «  ir 
of  1850.     N  >rth\varil  in  the  valley  the   white  population  spread  too  rapiuly 


NORTHERN  TRIBES. 


4S7 


Tlie  most  troublcsouic  Indians  of  California  were 
those  of  the  extreme  north,  from  the  headwaters  of 
the  Saeramento  to  the  Oregon  border,  and  t<»ward 
the  citast.  They  liad  shown  their  hostihty  to  the 
oarlv  tra[)pers  antl  immigrants,  and  were  more  relent- 
K  -s  after  every  contact  with  the  inimical  ( )regonians, 
who  traversed  their  country  en  route  for  the  goUl 
lit  his.  Many  an  early  prospector  suffered  for  his 
t(  UK  rity,  and  when  the  miners  subsequently  entered 
in  force  they  fought  their  way  with  little  scruple,  ex- 
aiting  terrible  vengeance  for  every  outrage.  Beyond 
Feather  river  the  Cottonwood  bands  were  amoni;  the 
{ir>t  noted  ho.stile  savages  to  suffer,  and  westward 
tho^:^•  of  Humboldt  county  became  ex})osed  to  a  dou- 
Itie  fire,  for  miners  were  entering  in  larije  numbei-s 
alsi)  by  sea.  The  coast  Indians  gave  just  cause  for 
an^er  by  their  thie  ishness,  which  in  a  measure  justi- 
fied the  destruction  of  villages  and  lives  that  followed." 

anl  ovinvhelniinizly  to  permit  the  less  spiritcil  natives  to  exliiltit  any  marked 
discontent.  Cattle  stealiii<:  .aiul  pilforiiig  would  occur,  however,  in  olicdience 
to  till-  jircvailing  l*i;^ger  iu»tLnct,  aurl  lead  at  intervals  tii  armed  comliinations 
of  till-  furnur-'  anil  miners.  Tlie  last  notalilc  uprising  took  place  durino  the 
winter  of  1!Sj7-J>,  anil  l>etore  it  was  over  there  were  still  fewer  savaj^es  to 
sulli  r  liiini;er  and  eke  out  existence  <iu  the  reiluced  acorn  crop. 

-'Their  retaliative  att.ack.*  led  to  the  Klamath  war  of  lS.")l-2,  marked  by 
several  Jie-tty  exjieditions,  and  t>y  the  participation  of  trfiops  which  estal>- 
li.-!ieil  a  po-t  at  Hunilwldt.  Forts  had  already  heen  erected  at  Heading 
anil  Sii.tt  valley  for  raid.^  upon  .-upply  trains,  and  .small  parties  were  hy 
tiu>  time  in-i|uent  throughout  t!io  nortliern  counties.  During  the  sum- 
iiiiT  of  I'^-'d  the  Ori'gon  iM.rder  region  \\as  ahla/e  with  the  Shasta  war.  which 
(lespite  tn-atie.s,eiintinHed  to  hreak  out  in  occasional  hostilities  and  gave  oc- 
casion for  such  atrocities  as  the  uiasisaere  hy  lien  Wright  of  two  score  Mo- 
iloc<  'I'-iriiig  a  jieace  conference. 

Tlie  latter  were  umlouhteilly  guilty  of  murderous  raids,  hut  the  manner 
of  retali.itioa  Las  K-en  condemned.  In  18."i.'J  the  widespread  .Shasta  tnix;s 
jiiiiii'l  anew  in  the  Rogue  river  war.  Their  operations  did  not  tlien  assume 
any  magnitude,  i>artly  from  the  recent  inerea.se  of  military  posts;  hut  the 
iiini[)ar.itive  inaction  of  tlie  settlers  eiicouruged  the  natives  to  relieve  the 
WiiMts  createil  hy  .severe  winter  s>ea>.  lis.  Tlie  conscjuent  ilepredations, 
ciiielly  u[Min  cattle,  attended  hy  a  few  murders,  provoked  hrief  avenging 
.'inin^  rimiKiigns  in  1S.">4  and  IS.")5,  the  latter  directed  ciiielly  again.-t  the 
lower  Klaniath.s.  whose  rising  during  the  winter  created  general  alarm  in 
liuiiihotdt  county.  Desultory  niovenient<!  continued  throughout  the  year 
aloiiL,  the  Oregon  line,  in  connection  with  tlie  Rogue  river  war,  wherein  tiie 
Slii-tas  took  a  leading  part.  The  cliversion  of  tlie  regular  troops  for  that 
campaign,  ami  the  seeming  security  of  the  mountanis,  tempted  to  fiesii  out- 
I'liik--  al  ng  the  Klamath  to  the  horder,  oMiging  the  governor  to  send  assist- 
ance anil  call  out  volunteeri.  Jirst  for  lliimhnldt  county.  ■'H'd  in  the  summer 
fur  Mfk'.yuu.     In  ilic  former  rc^iuua  two  cuuipduies  uf  suttlerd  insisted  to  iu- 


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i) 


'I 


488 


EXTERMINATION  OF  THE  INDIANS. 


Tlie  incidents  of  the  several  wars  lay  recorded  in 
difllbrent  sections  in  l(jn<5  enduring  signs  of  devasta- 
tion, and  in  the  now  harrowing,  now  boastful,  narra- 
tives of  victims  and  participants,  refreshed  by  pro- 
tracted appeals  for  indemnity  from  the  governnK ut, 
and  for  reimbursement  b}'  the  federation  of  the  cam- 
paign expenses  of  the  state.  Even  more  imprt  s?;ive 
was  the  sad  spectacle  of  the  miserable  remnants  of 
the  abused  race.  fa.st  sniking  under  the  withering  in- 
fluence and  disea.ses  of  European  civilization,  under 
ever  diminishing  resources  and  changed  and  con- 
strained modes  of  life." 

flict  so  snmmary  a  chastisenient  npon  the  lower  Klamaths  that  they  qnietly 
accepted  the  reser*-ation  assigue<l  to  them,  and  gave  little  cause  for  furtlier 
anxiety.  In  Siskiyou  the  campaign  extended  till  Octoher,  before  peace 
could  l»e  airangeil.  The  trouble  afflicting  San  Joaquin  valley  in  18.'>7-'J  ex- 
tcnik'd  in  more  virulent  form  throughout  the  northern  counties,  ni.twitii- 
standing  the  conciliator}-  establishment  of  reservations  with  attendant  (itTira 
of  rations  and  other  jiresents.  Tlie  advance  of  settlement  v«  everywiKre 
marked  by  a  more  or  less  revolting  treatment  of  the  natives.  In  the  cnntaet 
of  antagonistic  races,  one  side  was  incited  by  a. spirit  of  maintenance  of 
^  osses.sory  right.*,  and  f>ften  by  hunger,  as  was  we!l  instanced  in  the  dcciipa- 
tion  of  Honey  Lake  valley;  the  other  side  was  imi>elled  by  tlie  demfni  i.f  un- 
just and  arbitrary  domination.  Aggravating  circumstances  existed  in  the 
prospensity  «f  the  natives  for  pilfering,  which  readily  expanded  into  nMory 
and  raids,  while  among  the  miners  especially  a  large  proportion  consi-^tcil  of 
reckless  niffians,  8timulate<l  by  \-iciou8  j>assion  and  innate  cruelty,  an.l  at 
times  by  a  desire  to  rake  up  cause  for  obtaining  government  aid  tiiwanl  a 
formal  expedition  against  marauders.  The  campaign  of  1858-9  in  the  nnrth 
was  sustained  by  tlie  enrriUetl  state  forces  un<ler  Gen.  ^vibbe,  whicli  oiierated 
between  OctolK-r  and  March  on  l>oth  sides  of  the  Coast  Range,  killing  more 
than  a  hundred  natives  and  capturing  several  hundred  for  tlie  rescrvaticiu. 
The  settlers  swelled  the  former  figure  by  spasmodic  ilescents  and  exjx'ditiiin<, 
and  fanned  the  incipient  movements  on  Mad  and  Eel  rivers  into  fomiiilaMc 
ravages,  marked  on  one  siile  by  slaying  of  cattle,  and  on  the  other  liy  kid- 
napping of  women  and  children,  and  crowned  by  several  sickening  iiia.ssa- 
cres,  involving  fully  200  l>ein?s  of  1>oth  sexes  and  all  ages,  which  calkil  icrth 
formal  condemnation  of  the  grand  jury  of  the  county.  Tlie  only  cfiective 
stand  in  this  quarter  was  made  bj-  the  Hoopas,  who,  after  a  five  years  ik^r.l- 
tory  struggle,  had  in  August  1SG4  to  l>e  propitiated  by  a  treaty  whereby  tlie 
lower  Trinity  valley  was  assigne<l  to  them  as  a  sjiecial  resen-ation.  Sinml- 
tancously  the  settlers  in  and  round  Butte  swept  that  region  of  natives  for 
transmission  tn  reservations.  Then  followed  a  comparative  lull,  until  the 
Pitt  river  savages  ojiene<l  the  campaign  of  1867.  In  this  Oen.  Crook  t'"'k 
the  lead,  and  enforce<l  peace  the  following  year.  The  Modoc  war  of  1»>73 
marks  the  end  of  serious  Indian  troubles  in  California;  and  this  doiriMe 
condition  of  affairs  has  I>een  ff>stere<l  by  an  improved  management  of  re-er- 
vations,  and  a  more  considerate  attitude  toward  outside  natives.  Tlie 
growth  of  settlements  temls  naturally  to  awe  them  into  goo<l  Ijehavior,  v'u'a-: 
yielding  greater  jnri.«'liction  to  judicial  and  political  authorities,  sustained 
by  the  more  humane  sentiments  of  a  cultivated  public  opiu'on. 

--  Kstiinates  of  the  Indian  population  vary  from  10,000  to  .10.000,  the 
l&ttcr,  aa  a  rule,  hy  ludiau  agent^  who  bad  obvious  reasuua  for  uut  |>Uciiig 


ATTITUDE  OF  THE  GOVERNMENT. 


While  refusing  to  admit  any  claim  on  the  part  of 
the  California  Indians  for  their  land,  the  United 
States  government  recognized  that  in  dispossessing 
thcni  from  their  hunting  and  berrying  grounds  some 
compensation  must  be  made,  if  only  out  of  considera- 
tion for  the  safety  of  the  intruding  settlers.  Super- 
intendent Beale  received  instructions  accordingly. 
He  approved  the  reservation  plan  of  the  agents  and 
commissioners  of  1851-2,  yet  with  improvements. 
Impressed  by  the  success  of  the  early  missions,  he 
proposed  a  system  of  discipline  and  instruction  under 
resident  agents  and  the  protecting  care  of  military 
posts,  together  with  communal  farming  to  promote 
self-support.  This  received  the  approval  of  congress, 
V  hich  appropriated  $250,000  toward  the  formation  of 
five  military  reservations.  Beale  proceeded  energeti- 
cally to  his  task,  although  reporting  it  difficult  to 
persuade  the  Indians  to  leave  their  old  homes  and 
hunting  grounds  for  the  restraining  limits  of  an  un- 
contfenial  reservation  or  to  convince  the  citizens  of  the 
necessity   for  keeping   his  wards   wdthin   the   state 

them  too  low.  Tlie  smaller  figures  are  due  to  early  travellers  and  residents, 
gniiie  of  whom  evidently  went  to  an  extreme  in  the  other  direction.  The 
mission  padres  could  not  be  expected  to  lower  the  results  of  their  labors 
ammig  converti,,  so  that  the  17,000  or  20,000  neophytes  reported  by  them 
during  the  first  decades  of  the  century  may  be  excessive,  and  include  a  large 
numlier  of  relapsed  fugitives.  Nevertheless  their  reports  indicate  that  in 
t!ie  snutliem  half  of  California  alone  the  natives  must  have  numbered  more 
than  ir),000,  perhaps  double,  while  a  still  larger  total  is  generally  allowed  for 
the  north.  But  it  is  also  known  that  a  large  proportion,  sometimes  entire 
tribes,  were  swept  away  by  small-pox  at  difl'orent  times.  Chest  dis-eases  and 
fevers  carried  off  thousands,  and  a  more  insidious  malady  undermined  in 
a  shiwcr  Init  equally  eflFectual  manner,  far  more  so  than  wars,  w  hiskey,  and 
other  less  defined  concomitants  of  foreign  civilization.  One  result  was  a 
startling  excess  of  deaths  over  births  in  Alexican  times.  It  is  not  surpris- 
ing, tlierefore,  that  the  census  of  18.52  reported  only  about  .Si.OOO  'domes- 
ticated' Indians,  and  thivt  of  1860  reduces  the  number  to  less  than  18,000. 
But  those  figures  evidently  neglect  the  tribes  of  tlic  north,  and  those  roam- 
ing in  the  mountains,  not  to  mention  the  bands  driven  into  the  adjoining 
territories  l>efore  the  advancing  and  aggressive  white  men.  The  census  of 
1S70  raises  the  total  to  .S1,000;  yet  by  1880  it  is  again  lowered  to  a  little 
more  tlian  16,000,  and  this  with  a  detailed  enumeration  that  appears  coneb: 
sivf.  The  diminution  since  1848  is  due  not  alone  to  wars,  diseases  anii 
famine,  but  to  the  retreat  of  bands  into  adjoining  territories  before  tlie  ad- 
Taiioe  of  the  aggressive  settlers.  The  more  humane  policy  lately  in  vogue, 
witli  greater  medical  care  and  attention  to  bodily  comforts,  will  no  rbiubt 
rr< '  (lit  any  rapid  decline,  and  the  growing  settled  condition,  with  gradual 
al  ii'tatinii  to  new  circumstances,  favoring  the  rearing  of  female  as  well  as 
male  children,  cannot  fail  to  have  a  beneficial  efiiectt 


t  i 


I 


If- A 


f 


-.'4 


i« 


490 


EXTERMINATION  OF  THE  INDIANS. 


or  to  obtain  the  necessary  extent  of  land  witliout  In- 
curring  great  expense  in  purchasing  existing  claiius. 
These   obstacles  must  have  sorely  perplexed  JjtaK', 
for  ho   lost  sight  of  the  vast  nortliern  half  of  the 
state,  with  its  unclaimed  tracts  and  its  more  prcssin'r 
need  i'or   departmental  interference  under  the  gi(  at 
influx  of  miners,  and  turned  his  entire  attention  and 
funds  toward  establishing  one  solitary  reservatinu  in 
the  southern  extreme  of  San  Joaquin  valley,  at  Tejou 
pass.     His  zeal  led  him,  moreover,  to  make  disburse- 
ments and  estimates  for  2,500  swarthy  wards,  altli(iu;j;li 
unable  to  encounter  more  than  about  700  fit  (tbjccts 
for  his  benevolence.      A  distant  government  failed  to 
understand    the    difficulties   with   which    he   had  to 
gra[)ple,  and  sent  Colonel  T.  J.    Henley  to  roj)lafc 
him.     He  took  a  different  course  in  manipulating  the 
liberal  allowances  of  the  treasury.     Instead  of  pour- 
ing the  entire  revenue  through  one  glaringly  conspic- 
uous channel,  he  diverted  it  into  several,  and  dazzled 
his  superiors  by  establishing,  in  addition  to  El  Tejon, 
threj  res^jrvations :  Nome  Lacke,  on  Stony  creek,  in 
Colusa,  which  for  its  central  position  and  fertility  as- 
sumed the  lead  for  a  time  ;  Mendocino,  on  the  ocean, 
below  the  cape  of  that  name,  which  became  tlie  Ikuuo 
of  700  Indians,  sustained  by  fishing  and  jtotato  grow- 
ing ;  and  the  Klamath,  along  both  sides  of  this  strc  am, 
which  received  some  2,000  natives,  chiefiy  devoted  to 
salmon  fishing  and  berrying,  for  the  scanty  soil  afforded 
little  range  for   cultivation.       Even   these    selections 
roused  condemnation   from  different  quarters  as  too 
gi)od  for  Indians  ;  and  eager  to  please,  especially  ineu 
whose   watchful  eyes  were  upon  him,  Henley  early 
suggested  the  planting  of  a  large  reservation  east  of 
the    Sierra,   but  failed  to  gain  the  approval  of  his 
superiors. 

Henley  was  a  man  of  broad  views  and  varied  ex- 
pediences ;  and  not  intent  merely  on  personal  gains, 
he  devised  other  means  whereby  the  obnoxious  }>res- 
ence  of  his  wards  might  be  turned  to  some  benefit  t'er 


AGENTS   AND  OFFICE-SEEKERS. 


491 


tlnirNvliito  masters.  There  was  a  number  of  office-stek- 
cis  wliose  persevering  })iitieuce  under  frecjuent  rebuff 
li;i(l  t(»uclied  bis  sympathies.  Tlie  position  of  agents 
find  rinployes  u[)()n  the  reservations  was  not  brilliant, 
hut  it  presented  the  allurements  of  a  quiet  life,  and 
{)jt|)(irtunities  for  diverting  the  rations  providiul  by 
fovcrnnient  into  better  cjumnels  than  wasting  them 
uiKiii  savages.  For  these  a  bountiful  nature  had  pro- 
vide il  acorns  and  roots  in  abundance.  It  was  also 
umlii'stood  that  as  the  agent  could  not  well  control 
iiion^  than  a  portion  of  the  Indians  under  his  charge, 
tlic  employes  might  foster  discipline  and  industry 
among  the  rest  by  using  their  labor  for  private  under- 
takings. As  these  manifold  attractions  became  ap- 
parent the  denmnd  for  })ositions  grew  a|)ace,  so  that 
lb  niey  found  additional  inducements  for  increasing 
the  number  of  reservations.  His  instructions  limited 
tlKiii  to  five,  but  any  nundjcr  could  be  established 
under  the  designation  of  farms  and  branches.  A 
short  distance  west  of  Nome  Lacke,  he  accordingly, 
ill  IS  of),  selected  a  tributary  to  it  in  Nome  Cult,  or 
liound  valley,  on  the  upper  Eel  river,  wliich  in  due 
tiiiio  l)ecame  the  chief  reservation  in  the  state,  \vitli 
ahoiit  1,000  occupants,  who,  at  times,  raised  crops 
exceeding  20,000  bushels.  In  San  Joaquin  valley 
ho  (i]»ened  ftirms  successively  at  Fresno,  King  river, 
and  Tule  river,  for  his  humane  and  economic  in- 
stincts revolted  at  the  cruelty  and  cost  of  removing 
the  Indians  too  far  from  their  ancient  haunts.  These 
farms  were  leased,  so  that  hei'o  a  double  benefit  was 
conferred  by  providhig  deserving  citizens  with  a  hand- 
somo  rental  from  comparatively  useless  property, 
wliilo  improving  it  with  Indian  labor  and  govern- 
niont  funds  in  the  shape  of  fences,  buildings,  and  irri- 
Lration  ditches.  Others,  who  had  not  vet  obtained 
farms,  lie  allowed  to  select  choice  slices  from  the 
(litlerent  reservations.  And  what  more  commendable 
aid  to  progress  than  to  permit  untilled  land  to  be  con- 
verted into  fields  and  irardens  ?     So  secure  a  foothold 


i 


SI: 

I 

\ 

J 

111 
■1 


if  ,' 


i^ri 


ifj 


402 


EXTERMINATIOX  OF  THE  INDIANS. 


did  those  f?quattcrs  obtain  as  to  speedily  convince  tlie 
govcrninont  that  it  would  be  advisable  to  rcliiuiuish 
possession  of  the  small  section  left  to  the  Indians," 

'■"  In  the  first  spasm  of  enterprise  Henley  hail  planted  large  areas  in  fjrain, 
particularly  at  El  I'ejon,  supplied  by  long  irrigation  ditches,  Imt  tliu  eiuTva- 
ting  heat  prevented  hi»  agentti  from  straining  their  attention  beydiid  ;oi) 
acres,  and  even  the  crops  from  this  reduced  tract,  although  ever  jiKniiisin.r 
■well  far  into  the  sunnner,  usually  fell  to  little  or  nothing.  In  one  case  a 
flood  was  credited  with  the  disappearance,  but  usually  drouths  Imie  tiie 
brunt,  although,  singularly  enough,  the  fields  cultivated  by  Indians  fcir  vii- 
vate  account  yielded  well.  Similar  reverses  overtook  Fresno.  Aiidtliir 
peculiarity  was  tliat  the  population  at  tiie  different  reservations  ajiiicand 
much  larger  to  the  overtasked  agents  than  to  visitors.  Unable  to  cmniiri- 
heud  tlicso  vagaries  of  a  strange  climate,  the  government  stooped  to  li>t(ii 
to  the  insinuations  of  army  ofHeers  that  the  Indian  management  had  fallc  u 
into  the  hands  of  a  ring  which  manipulated  it  to  their  own  advantajjc.  Ono 
result  was  the  dispatch  of  Ci.  Bailey  as  special  agent  to  examine  into  tlu- 
matter.  Disregarding  the  experience  of  agents  accustomeil  to  the  iniintry, 
and  unconvinced  by  their  demonstrations,  supported  by  long  arraj-  of  ti>.niiTv, 
he  preferred  to  take  the  unsupported  ev'lence  of  liis  own  eyes,  and  ditlurnl 
the  reservations  to  bo  mere  almshouses,  wherein  a  small  proportion  of  the 
natives  were  scantily  fed  at  great  cost.  The  pay  and  rations  of  tlie  em- 
ployes consumed  about  !?100,000,  a  sum  sufficient  tosustjvin  more  than  all  the 
actual  reservation  Indians.  A  still  larger  sum  was  annually  grantitl  f..r 
clothing  and  provisions,  and  another  allowance  aimed  to  provide  the  scvinil 
government  farms  with  live  stock,  implements,  and  other  improvements; 
yet  this  large  expenditure,  M'hicli  so  far  exceeded  $!l, 170,000,  had  served  to 
produce  but  a  scanty  crop,  valued  at  less  tluan  one-fourth  of  the  .«alaiin 
alone.  Such  was  tlic  net  result  of  the.se  proposed  self-sustaining  estalihsh- 
ments,  for  the  gain  in  civilization  lay  almost  wholly  in  forcing  dista-teful 
lessons  in  agriculture  upon  a  handful,  and  this  was  fully  counterbalaneni 
by  tlie  demoralizing  influence  of  soldiers,  servants,  and  settlers  upnn  ban. I--, 
which,  if  left  to  their  own  wild  haunts,  would  have  long  remaineil  purer  aiul 
happier. 

The  commissioner  at  Washington  came  to  the  conclusion  that  there  were 
too  many  reservations,  partly  in  unsuitable  locations,  and  too  many  men  td 
work  for  the  Indians,  instead  of  training  them  to  work  for  themselves,  lie>ii!eH 
lack  of  system,  ability,  and  integrity  on  the  part  of  tlie  managers.  Tlie  tii>t 
step  was  to  appoint  a  new  superintendent,  Jame.s  Y.  McDuflic,  with  an 
appropriation  so  pitifully  reduced  as  in  itself  to  compel  a  sweeping  dismissal 
of  servants  and  the  consequent  neglect  of  the  reservations,  upon  wliieli  tie 
dismissed  statT  and  the  surrounding  settlers  combined  in  a  raid  of  seizure  and 
spoliation.  Tlie  knowledge  that  further  changes  were  pending  in  odiij/ress 
did  not  encourage  the  new  officials  to  interpose  a  saving  liaml.  Umlir  an 
act  of  June  19,  ISCO,  California  was  divided  into  two  Indian  districts,  the 
nortliern  and  southern,  each  under  a  supervising  agent,  assisted  at  eni  h  res- 
ervation by  a  supervisor  and  four  laborers  to  teach  husbandry.  Indians  re- 
quiring supervision  were  either  to  be  brought  to  the  reservation  to  earn  their 
living  if  possible,  or  situations  were  to  be  sought  for  tliem  among  farmers. 

As  a  check  on  the  new  regime,  an  agent  was  sent  to  a.scertaiu  the  number 
and  disposition  of  the  tribes  to  be  taken  under  guardianship. 

The  reservations  having  by  this  time  fallen  into  utter  dilapidatii'U,  the 
new  officials  found  it  almost  a  matter  of  necessity  to  enter  into  the  new  cen- 
noiiiic  spirit  by  recommending  the  abamlonment  of  several,  and  to  coneeiitrato 
their  wards.  But  while  the  northern  superintendent  gained  approval  of  h:s 
plan  for  selling  Nome  Lacke,  Mendocino,  and  Klamath,  as  either  unsuitaMe 
or  wortliless,  he  was  not  content  with  the  spacious  fertile  and  soiluded 
Round  valley,  but  undertook  upou  his  own  responsibility  to  remove  some 


MISSION  INDIANS. 


403 


2,000  nnrtlirrn  Indians  to  Smith  river,  in  Pel  Norto,  nncl  rent  farming 
laii'l  .It  tlif  r.xorliitaut  rate  of  ^  an  aorc,  whilu  Htrongly  urging  the  ]iiircha»u 
( f  till'  tiitirt;  valley.  In  the  south,  Fresno  and  King  river  farms  vere  alian- 
(lotuii,  Slid  in  |.S«»;{  El  Tejon,  under  the  cumulative  diNadvantagcs  of  droughts 
»iiil  rentals.  Tule  farm  hecamo  the  headijuarters  for  a  Lsmall  iirojiortion  of 
till'  lULilccted  San  .Toa(|uin  trihes.  Tiio  fact  M-as  that  thene  Indian.s  liad  he- 
come  siilliciently  quiet  and  well-hehaved  to  in.spire  no  furtiier  fears,  and  no 
tiny  wiTu  OMt  adrift  to  starve.  They  might  have  taken  a  lesson  from  their 
liri'thrtii  of  the  Klamatli  region,  who,  l>y  pursuing  the  different  eourse  of 
riwugiiig,  Imniing,  and  killing  among  the  settlers,  \^'ere  in  )H()4,  under  the 
Trinity  war  treaty,  rewarded  with  the  special  Hoopa  valley  reservation, 
lioinrlit  fiir  them  at  a  considereablc  sum. 

Till' al "surdity  of  keeping  two  superintendeneies  for  the  diminished  gov- 
crnniiiit  farms  of  the  state  led  in  1803  to  their  consolidation,  and  shortly 
after  tin'  eonimissioner  awoke  to  the  expediency  of  estahlishing  schools  for 
his  wards.  He  residved,  moreover,  to  try  the  effects  of  missionary  lahor  as 
an  ci'oiiunii/ing  factor,  and  in  teaching  the  Indians  the  sootliing  virtues  of 
niei'knt'ss  under  the  purifying  ordeal  of  land  spoliation  and  neglect  to  which 
their  I'liristiau  fathers  at  NVashington  were  submitting  them.  Not  with* 
standing  all  efforts  to  curtail  expenses,  the  estimates  continued  to  grow,  as 
iliil  tlie  iiuinher  of  pensioners — in  the  reports — till  the  government,  in  despair 
over  tlie  general  dishonesty  and  inetficiency  among  its  agents,  in  KSO!)  made 
a  -iwreiiin^  change,  and  intrusted  the  management  of  the  northern  and  cen- 
tral Imlians  of  the  United  States  to  the  Society  of  Friends,  and  the  rest  to 
army  othjers.  Hon.  Mcintosh  accordingly  took  control  in  California.  But 
ooiiijn'ss  ol)jecting  to  such  employment  for  army  men,  and  as  the  Friends 
lia.i  iiroved  a  success,  the  president  in  the  following  year  invited  other  reli- 
gioii-i  denominations  to  assume  the  charge.  The  methodists  were  allowed  to 
recmumend  agents  for  the  three  reservations  now  left  in  the  state,  Hooim  and 
IxDund  valleys  and  Tule  river,  and  they  in  due  time  reported  direct  to  NVash- 
ingtoii,  the  superintendent  Iwing  dispensed  with.  The  religious  domination 
was  not  entirely  a  success,  yet  since  then  the  administration  has  been  more 
satisfactory,  although  only  a  small  proportion  of  the  natives  enjoy  the  hene- 
tits  of  the  reservations.  In  San  Joatjuin  valley  the  Tule  farm  was  abandoned 
fir  a  sterile  expanse  of  wooded  mountain  country  on  the  south  fork  of  the 
Tule,  with  not  over  250  arable  acres,  selected  in  1873,  upon  which  less  than 
one  fourth  of  the  agency  population  could  manage  to  hold  out.  The  rest,  in 
tiii-i  and  other  parts  of  California,  had  to  support  themselves  elsewhere  as 
Iji'^t  they  were  al)le,  with  occasional  aid  from  the  lieadquarters,  or  with  mere 
a  Ivice  from  special  agents,  who  undertook  to  procure  them  work  and  fair 
treatment  among  the  settlers.  The  most  glaring  of  the  general  injustice  and 
neglect  fell  to  the  lot  of  the  mission  Indians,  those  who  had  once  occupied 
the  missions,  and  assisted  with  their  labor  to  transform  the  southern  region 
from  a  wilderness  into  a  flourishing  colony,  with  fields  and  orchards  and 
stately  temples.  The  secularization  of  the  missions  in  the  thirties  was  a 
premature  act  which  opened  the  door  for  despoiling  these,  the  real  owners, 
of  their  interest  in  the  mission  lands  and  improvements;  and  heedless  of  their 
rights,  the  Mexican  otlicials  transferred  .all  in  vast  grants  to  strangers,  in- 
clu'liiij,'  the  very  ground  on  which  they  had  reared  their  humble  cabins.  The 
United  States  courts  confirmed  the  titles,  at  least  without  a  thought  for  the 
natives.  For  a  long  time  the  federal  government  regarded  them  vaguely  as 
citizens,  and  many  were  such  under  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidiugo,  yet 
the  advantages  of  citizenship  were  ■withheld,  notably  at  the  land  and  regis- 
tration ottiees.  It  required  the  fear  of  a  bread  riot  in  1857  to  gain  attention 
for  tlieni.  Soon  af^cc  they  were  in  a  measure  recognized  as  wards  by  the 
ap|iointment  of  agents  to  assist  them  with  seed,  implements,  and  a  weak  so- 
h'.tion  of  advice,  and  in  1870  were  assigned  to  them  the  valleys  of  Pala  and 
>>an  Pascual  as  a  reservation.  This  tardy  act  of  partial  justice  roused  the 
hatred  of  the  surrounding  settlers.  A  rush  was  made  for  these  hitherto 
negleuted  tracts;  the  natives  were  threatened  with  dire  calamities  if  they 


494 


KXTKUMINATION  OF  THE  INDIANS. 


J' 


Si  -1    !: 

■    •■'1    i 


shniild  (lar(^  to  accept  the  gift,  and  their  conseciuent  rchictnncc  assisted  m 
M'cll  till)  up|>eal  to  ciinuruMH  that  thu  ^riuit  wiiit  annulliul.  KiUMuiniKi'il  liy 
tiiuir  8Uccu!ti4,  hiiid-grahliers  hugiiu  to  oust  tlio  Indiana,  even  fi'mn  tlicir  hniia-- 
HtcacU,  ocfupifd  hy  tiiciii  for  jjuiieratioiiM,  l>ut  for  Mliioli  iUvy  liad  l.nliil,  :n 
iioii-oiti/i-ns,  or  tliroii^h  ignorance,  to  olitaiii  prut'iiiptioii  or  oilier  titii'  ilifil, 
(iraiitdiolih'rM  al^o  Joined  in  cjcetiii^  tiiciii,  and  in  runioving  aiu-iciit  laiirlu'- 
rias  to  «iiiiut  titles  ami  Hull  tlio  land.  Kvcn  their  xoanty  iiersonal  |iiH|ii.ity 
was  Hold  to  cover  the  cost  of  HUch  iliii|uitoUM  jiulgiiielits.  TliiH  n.itire  cm  jui- 
tiee  .soothed  the  government  for  another  decado  liefore  it  was  rouseii  tn  soiiie 
Honso  of  its  oliligations,  and  consented  to  net  aside  for  them  a  jmrtidii  of  the 
conijiaratively  wortldess  tracts  unoeeui)ied  hy  land-grahhers,  ehii^lly  in  Sail 
IMego,  and  to  give  aid  towanl  cstahlishing  schools.  !51nsliiiig  at  (liw  ^tii!iii;i 
upon  the  nation,  upon  humanity,  certain  fair-minded  men  uiulertdnk  to 
ciianipion  tlio  cause  of  tlie  oppressed.  They  clamored  at  the  doors  nt  jll^ti(^' 
for  three  decaihis  hcfore  a  hearing  was  accorded  them,  and  tiieii  cuiu'  a  >iii;ill 
concession  to  the  mission  Indians,  some  refuse  land  t>n  thu  outskiits  «ii  tiio 
valleys  wliich  their  fathers  had  transformed  into  ganlens;  the  rest,  iioiIhiij;, 
'Ihey  might  have  taken  lessons  from  iiioro  savage  trihes,  wliidi  ^'liiuil 
prompt  and  favorahlo  attention  hy  ravaging  tlie  homesteads  of  wliitc  imii, 
and  slaughtering  their  wives  and  chihh'eii,  after  tlio  nianiier  of  tlicHliito 
men  in  their  outrages  ujion  Indians.  Tlie  projircss  lately  exhihitcd  liy  iliilir- 
cut  t'aliforuia  trihus,  onco  among  the  lowest  lU  the  scale  of  cidtiire,  alliinl.s 
the  most  flattering  hojies  for  the  future,  and  our  duty  and  interest  to  :i>siiri' 
tiicir  rc.'ili/ation  are  the  more  concerned  when  wo  consider  the  iiitiiirnn'  of 
soil  and  climate  toward  a  pruhahlu  liuul  prcduiaiuaaco  of  thu  aburigiuul  typu 
among  dwellurs  ill  America. 


W^ 


CHAPTER  XIX. 


INCEPTION   OF  IIAILWAY   ItOUTES 
ISSJ-KSCU. 

K.vni.V  THANfPONTTNFN'TAT,  ExrF.DITIONS— \VA(!ON-IiOAn  ProJECI'S—  FiHHT 
IvAII.KOAliS  IN  AmK.KH'A-  AiillAlloNS  AMI  PltoJll'IS  HUS  AN  OVKK- 
IVM)    UaII-WAY-    ("AliVEK,     Pu.MIlK,     WlHTNK.V,   WlI.IvKS,    AM>    OlIIKKS 

Tin:  Si'AifN  MoviNd     Mkki'Incs  anh  (  "onvkn  iions     'I'iik  (^M  r.siiov 
IN  ('()N(iUKss     Pacikic  Raii,iioai>  Hii.i.s-  Tiik  Act  ok  180i'. 


n 


"Rkfoue  tho  avera<.ije  Ainoricnii  statoRinan  bojjfnn 
siiiiiusly  to  consider  that  i)r()})o.sitioii  in  our  juditics 
callttl  the  Monroo  iloctrine,  there  were  a  few  sasjja- 
cious  men  who  foresaw  the  Americanization  of  tiio 
coiitiiunt,  and  discussed  it,  chief  among  whom  was 
Tlumias  Jefferson.  The  question  which  ])resented 
itself  to  liis  mind  most  strongly  after  obtaining  an 
accoptahle  treaty  with  England  giving  us  a  bountlarv 
to  the  Pacific,  was  how  to  bind  the  west  coast  of 
America  to  the  territories  stretching  to  the  Atlantic 
on  tlie  east.  Such  a  navy  as  ours  could  not  hold  it 
anal  1 1st  the  other  navies  of  the  world  ;  nor  could  iso- 
latt  (I  military  stations,  such  as  Si)ain  had  used  to 
friuliten  away  sea-rovers,  prevent  other  nations  from 
erecting  forts  and  disputing  with  us  our  claim.  If 
we  were  to  be  a  homogeneous  people  from  the  Pacific 
to  the  Atlantic,  we  must  have  free  communication; 
but  how  ? 

This  question  led  to  the  explorations  of  Lewis  and 
Clarke  hi  1804-6,  proving  that  nature  had  interjiosed 
no  insurmountable  obstacles  to  the  establishment  of 
a  roatl  to  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  river,  whence 
tlu>  enthusiastic  traveller  could  almost  scent  the 
breezes  of  far-famed  Cathay. 

(496) 


l-J 


fl 


496 


INCEPTION  OF  RAILWAY  ROUTES. 


At  I 

h 


To  the  establishment  of  a  highway  of  such  lenj^th 
and  importance  much  thought  must  be  given,  and 
^'     best  routes  sought  out.     This  led  to  other  expe- 


le 


tl 

ditions '  to  and  through  the  mountain  ranges  which 
ran  trauversely  to  the  general  direction  of  such  a 
road.  The  early  surveys  of  Lewis  and  Clark,  Pike, 
and  Long  did  not  contemplate  a  scheme  for  a  conti- 
nent-spanning railroad;  for  railroads,  it  is  unneces- 
sary to  remark,  did  not  come  into  use  until  many 
years  after  these  surveys  were  in  progress.^  When 
Jefferson  thought  of  a  route  to  the  mouth  of  tlie 
Columbia  he  contemplated  a  wagon-road  only,  and 
the  route  to  be  selected  had  reference  to  climate, 
grass,  water,  fuel,  and  safety  from  Indian  hostilities. 
It  is  one  of  the  peculiarities  of  our  institutions  that 
while  congress  debates  upon  the  propriety  of  an  un- 
dertaking, the  people  get  so  far  along  in  the  prosecu- 
tion of  it  that  the  government  feels  forced  to  lend  its 
aid.  The  wagon-road  to  the  Columbia,  which  was  to 
give  us  "  the  most  direct  route  to  the  Indies,"  was 
established  by  the  people.  American  fur  companies 
not  only  opened  a  track  to  and  beyond  the  Stuitli 
pass,  but  by  their  reports  to  the  government,  tluy 

The  early  expeditiona  ordered  by  congress  have  all  been  treated  of  in 
other  volumes,  and  the  wliole  subject  of  congressional  action  in  couiicction 
with  the  Oregon  question  and  a  route  to  the  Cohunlna  has  been  cimsiilcn'il 
in  n»y  Ow/ou  /,  and  Xorthtoest  Codst  II.  Some  other  aurveyswill  be  rcftrit<l 
to  in  their  proper  places. 

■■'The  first  railroad  in  America  was  the  Quincy,  Mass.,  railroad  built  in 
1825-6,  4  miles  in  length,  used  for  carrying  qnarried  stone.  Theseoond  \\m 
the  Mauch  Chunk  and  Lehigh,  l.S  miles  long.  The  first  locomotives  wire 
imported  from  England  where  Stephenson  was  experimenting,  and  uned  liy 
the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal  company  in  running  from  Housedale  tn  tlie 
tenuinu.-!  of  tlieir  canal.  In  1827  the  Marylaml  legislature  chartered  the 
tii'.st  railroad  company  in  America,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $500,000.  The 
use  of  locomotives  was  not  contemplated,  but  horse  power  was  used,  rel.iys 
of  horses  being  kept  at  the  stations  on  the  road.  Hence  the  name  of  l\rl:iy 
House  at  the  junction  of  the  main  line  with  the  Washington  braiuli, 
which  is  still  retained.  In  18.30  Peter  Cooper,  sinco  of  New  York,  built  at 
Baltimore  a  locomotive  weighing  one  ton  or  thereabouts,  with  whidi  he 
drew  an  open  car  filled  with  the  directors  of  the  road  and  their  friends,  at 
tlie  rate  of  18  miles  an  hour.  This  was  the  first  locomotive  for  railroad  pur- 
poses ever  built  in  the  U.  S.  From  this  time  improvements  in  railroad  oun- 
struction  vere  rapid,  and  passenger  transportation  M'as  carried  on  in  several 
of  the  states  previous  to  1840.  In  1844  there  were  2,278  miles  of  railroads 
in  the  U.  S. 


EAliLY  SURVEYS. 


407 


tutll 
tiny 

nf  in 

u'l'tion 
iiliiri'il 
cfcrred 

milt  in 

wire 
tied  liy 
to  tlie 
;.l  tlie 
The 
rcliys 
liilny 
raiu'li, 
iiilt  at 
ih  he 
uls,  at 
,1  jiiir- 
1  con- 
evtral 
liouds 


gorvpfl  as  explorers  aiul  survoyors.  The  agitation  of 
tlio  Oregon  question  in  congress  for  years  produced 
11(1  (itlier  result  than  tliat  of  prompting  tlie  peo[)le  of 
tilt'  western  and  south-western  states  to  emigrate; 
and  thev  finished  out  the  road  to  the  Columbia  and 
the  Sacramento  valley,  begun  by  the  fur-traders. 
Their  road,  and  the  emigration  over  it,  settled  the 
(jiustiop  of  how  to  make  manifest  the  claim  of  the 
I'liited  States  to  a  frontage  on  the  Pacific.  The 
povtrninent  had  not  a  mile  of  road  west  of  Fort 
Ijeavcnwoi-th  in  1841),  at  which  date  there  were 
150, UOO  Americans  in  California  and  Oreo-on. 

Previous  to  the  conquest  t)f  California  and  the  sct- 
thineiit  of  the  Oregon  boundary,  the  war  department 
kt'|»t  some  small  expeditions  traverL^ing  tiio  country 
west  of  the  Mississippi  and  along  the  Hanks  of  the 
Rocky  mountains  and  beyond;  but  for  manifest 
reasons  proceeded  economically  and  quietly  with  these 
oxjilorations.  Following  the  conquest  and  the  gold 
discovery  considerable  activity  was  displayed,  the  ex- 
|ih)ration  of  the  western  half  of  the  continent  alford- 
iiiL'  oin])loyment  for  the  army,  whose  forts  furnished 
points  of  rendezvous  or  departure  at  convenient  dis- 
tances, besides  offering  protection  to  engineers  in  the 
field. 

The  gold-hunters  of  1849  again  relievea  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  obliijation  of  constructiuij  a  road  and 
discovering  a  route  to  the  Pacific,  by  finding  passes 
for  themselves,  as  good  as  any  wliich  liave  ever  been 
discovei'ed.*  Havinij  no  funh<  r  call  to  consider  the 
suhjcct  of  wagon-roads,  tiie  war  department  began 
ahout  this  time  to  order  survevs  of  si-ctions  of  routes 
toward  the  Pacific,  reports  of  which  were  laid  before 
congress  to  be  studied  by  the  advocates  of  a  couti- 

'  I.asson's  ai  ■  .•  Truckeo  roiitea  were  opened  by  immigrant  companies 
in  lS4(i  anil  1848.  Companies  also  came  into  Cal.  hy  tlie  San  Ikrnanlino  and 
Warmr  passes  and  Frtrt  Vunia.  Tlie  railroads  can  do  no  better  N>-dr.y. 
Triickt;o  is  also  a  very  important  point  on  the  Central  I'aeitie  on  account  of 
tliu  luriiljcr  and  timber  supplies  to  the  construction  of  the  roud. 

Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  vn.    Si 


498 


INCEPTION  OF  RAILWAY  ROUTES." 


lv-5 


nental  railway.*  The  greater  part  of  the  surveys 
were  upon  Hues  west  from  the  rice  and  cotton  statts. 

The  first  person  'Lo  propose  a  railway  for  any  j»or- 
tion  v.f  the  Pacific  coast  was  Hartwell  Carver  of 
Rochester,  New  York,  who  advocated  the  construc- 
tion of  a  track  across  the  continent,  whose  western 
terminus  should  be  on  the  Columbia  river,  California 
not  having  come  into  our  possession  at  this  period. 
Considering  that  the  first  passenger  railway  hi  tlie 
United  States  had  been  put  in  operation  only  two 
years  previous,  it  was  remarkable  that  Carver,  wlio, 
by  the  way,  was  a  grandson  of  the  explorer,  Joiiatliaii 
Carver,  should  have  thought  of  this  means  of  grasp- 
ing the  commerce  of  Asia  and  the  eastern  isles.  He 
published  articles  in  the  Now  York  Courier  and  In- 
quirer in  1832,  and  memorialized  congress  on  the  sub- 
ject from  1835  to  1839.  For  a  while  Asa  Whitney 
gave  him  support,  but  finding  much  opposition  in  cer- 
tain quarters,  abandoned  him,  and  Carver  continued 
to  petition  for  a  charter  for  fifteen  years  more,  spend- 
ing forty  years  of  his  life  and  $23,000  of  his  own 
money  in  endeavoring  to  float  the  project.  He  liad 
for  his  reward  in  1869  a  free  pass  over  a  railway  to 
the  Pacific  1 

Carver's  plan  was  that  congress  should  give  liim 
and  his  associates  an  exclusive  and  perpetual  charter 
for  a  railroad  and  telegraph  line  from  Lake  Micliiij^an 
to  the  South  pass,  with  branches  to  San  Francisco 
bay  and  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  river,  with  a  l)elt 
of  land  the  whole  distance,  and  stone,  iron,  and  lead 
from  the  public  quarries  and  mines,  and  the  privih  ^e 
of  purchasing  8,000,000  acres  of  selected  lands  at  a 
dollar  and  a  quarter  an  acre,  which  was  to  be  }iaid 
for  with  the  stock  of  the  company  as  the  road  became 

« V.  S.  Sfii.Ex.  Dor.  64,  31  c.ng.,  1  sess.,  Id.,  56-7;  U.  8.  Sen.  Ex  Dor.  $, 
Svfi:  Sess.,  March,  1851;  Orenon,  ii.  81-3;  U.  S.  H.  Er.  Dor.  1.  ol  conj{., '.'  sess.; 
BnidHt:>,  Camlry,  126-7;  if.  S.  H.  Ex.  Doc.  5,  pt  i.,  18'2,  185-6,  188;  U.  S.H. 
Ex.  Dor.  51,  31  cong.,  1  sess.;  U.  8.  Sen.  Doc.  81,  31  cong.,  1  sess.;  ('.'r-'/i  < 
Eiirhj  /{erolL,  MS  50;  U.  S.  Sen.  Doc  54  32  cong.,  1  boss.;  Pac  It  H- 
Rejit,  zL 


TLUMBE'S  IDEAS. 


499 


finished.  The  answer  of  the  people  in  conventions  to 
this  proposition  was  that  cojigross  had  no  constitu- 
tional ri<^ht  to  enter  into  any  stock  jobbing  operations 
witli  their  means.  Carver  liad  good  ideas  ot"  railroad 
hiiiMing  and  equipment  for  those  times.  His  road 
was  to  be  laid  upon  stone  foundations;  the  time  from 
San  Francisco  to  New  York  was  to  be  five  days  ;  pal- 
ace sleeping  cars  sixteen  feet  long,  with  saloon  and 
(lining  cars,  were  to  be  attached.  Certainly  we  have 
niilv  .succeeded  in  elaborating  his  plans. 

(/arver   was   not   v/ithout    rivals.     John  Plumbe, 

aft<  rward  a  resident  of  Sacramento  county,  Califor- 

tia,  hut  at  the  period  referred  to  residing  in  Dubu- 

:■',  Iowa,  advocated  the  construction  of  a  railroad 
1  oni  Lake  Michigan  to  Oregon,  as  early  as  1830,  and 
a  |)iil)lic  meetinc^  was  held  in  Dubuque  March  26,  1 838, 
for  the  purpose  of  considering  how  this  object  was  to 
be  accomplished.  On  the  anniversary  of  that  meeting, 
nine  years  afterward,  another  railroad  meeting  was 
lit  Id  at  Dubuque,  which  Plumbe  addressed,  and  at 
wliicli  it  was  resolved,  "  That  this  meetinij  rc<xard 
John  Plumbe,  Es(|.,  our  fellow-townsman,  as  the  (»rig- 
iiial  projector,  (aSout  ten  years  ago,)  of  the  great 
Oregon  railroad."*  And  such  he  publich^  claimed  to 
be.  wliile  elating  that  the  project  was  regarded  by 
ino>t  prs*  ns  as  "visionary  and  absurd."  At  the 
I)ul>U(;i'ii  C(!.,viiition  of  1838  a  memorial  to  congress 
wjiA  'r.  ftA'«i.  Plumbe  being  chairman  of  the  coni- 
mittrv  ''  p'-ayiag  for  nn  ap})ropriation  to  <lt.'fray  the 
expense  v.f  'i  .survey  and  location  of  the  first  link  in 
the  great  Atlantic  and  Pacific  railroad,  namely  from 
t!ie  lakes  to  the  Mississippi."  Their  ap|)lication  was 
favorably  received,  an  ap|)ropriatioM  being  made  the 
same  year,  which  was  expended  under  the  direction 
of  the  secretary  of  war,  the  report  being  of  a  very 
fiivor;  ble  character, 


^ /'I'fc /;..'.'■       T-nioMl  Aii<iiuxt  Mr  Ami  Whilnry's  Railrooul  Scheme.     Pamph- 
let, 47  Yii..  i'l;  //in  Ntw.t,  Maroli  24,  18;«. 


500 


INCEPTION  OF  RAILWAY  ROUTES. 


M' 


At  the  session  of  the  Wisconsin  legislature  of 
1839-40  Plumbe  was  present,  and  drafted  a  nienioTial 
to  congress  urging  the  importance  of  continuing  the 
work,  which  he  carried  to  Washington,  where  he 
used  his  best  endeavors  to  secure  attention  to  its  pe- 
tition; but  the  government  being  absorbed  in  otlur 
subjects,  especially  the  condition  of  the  treasury,  did 
not  again  respond.  He  next  visited  New  England, 
circulating  memorials  to  congress  praying  for  a  fur- 
ther appropriation,  all  of  which  was  of  no  effect. 

Plumbe's  plan  for  securing  means  to  construct  tlie 
road,  was  v"  '^t  i  sufficient  appropriation  of  the  public 
lands  shoulu  >ade,  in  alternate  sections,  on  each 

side  of  the  lii..  ,f  route;  that  the  company  to  lie 
chartered  should  consist  of  all  who  chose  to  partici- 
pate; that  the  stock  should  be  divided  into  twenty  niil- 
lion  shares,  valued  at  five  dollars  a  share  ;  that  twenty- 
five  cents  a  share  be  paid  in  as  the  first  installment, 
producing  five  millions  with  which  to  commence  the 
work ;  that  when  this  was  expended  the  sale  of  the 
lands  should  produce  the  next  five  millions,  and  soon 
to  the  end.  The  local  business  of  the  road  would,  it 
was  said,  support  it  as  fa.st  as  completed.  But  this 
plan  contemplated  the  building  of  not  more  than  a 
liundred  miles  of  road  per  annum,  taking  ten  years  to 
complete  the  first  thousand  miles,  or  twenty  years 
from  the  Missouri  to  the  Pacific.  This  memorial  was 
accompanied  by  a  bill,  which  was  defeated  in  congress 
by  the  southern  members,  who  liked  not  that  the 
road  should  go  so  far  north.* 

These  were  not  the  only  pretenders  to  the  distinc- 
tion of  having   projected  a  transcontinental  railroad.' 


•Or.  Arrhives,  MS.,  p.  197. 

'  I  ewis  (i  ay  lord  Clarke,  in  the  Kiiirlerfinrler  Magazine,  in  1836,  claimed  to 
have  originated  the  idea.  Lillmrn  W.  Bf)gg!«,  or.v.-e  governor  of  Mi.ssimri, 
since  a  resident  of  Napa,  Cal.,  wrote  an  article  in  1843  on  the  siilijcit  of 
a  PaciHc  railroad  eatiniating  tiie  cost  intended,  for  the  St  Loiiin  l\'i}iiiltlii'>i'i. 
but  which,  for  some  reason,  was  never  |iuliii:<hed.  It  is  in  the  po.s.sussidii  nf 
his  son,  AV.  M.  B«>ggs,  of  Mapa.  Benton  al-o  predicted  in  a  speech  in  St 
Loui^  in  1844,  that  men  full  grown  at  that  time  would  yet  see  Asiatic  com- 
merce crossing  tks  IWky  mimataius  I>y  raiL 


ASA  WHITNEY'S  PLAN. 


501 


Tlie  most  conspicuous  for  a  time  was  Asa  Whitney^ 
of  Xc'W  York.  He  liad  passed  many  years  in  China, 
and  was  tliorouglily  imbued  with  a  conviction  of  the 
advantages  to  accrue  to  the  United  States  by  becom- 
in„'  the  carriers  of  the  great  oriental  traffic  with  Eu- 
r.>[K'.  Whitney's  plan  was  to  comiect  Lake  Michigan 
bv  mil,  with  Puget  Sound  or  the  Columbia  ri\er,  or 
liotli.  He  made  an  extensive  exjJoration  in  1845.  of 
tin  region  between  the  Mississippi  and  ^lissouri 
rivers,  tindintif  no  obstacle  to  railroad  buikling  in  500 
miles  of  the  route  west.  But  he  demanded  of  con- 
gress a  strip  of  land  'xty  miles  wide,  along  the  whole 
luiith  i>f  the  road,  or  92,100,000  acres,  with  their 
agricultural,  mineral,  and  lumlicr  products.  AVitli  no 
ether  capital  he  offered  to  build  a  road,  selling  the 
land  to  raise  the  means,  but  retainiuij:  ft)r  himself  and 
Ills  heirs  all  that  remained  unsold  after  its  completion. 
As  to  a  tariff,  he  offered,  if  the  government  would 
allow  him  to  charge  one-half  cent  per  ton  per  mile  on 
er<!iiiarv  freii^ht  for  all  distances  over  200  miles ,  tt) 
carry  the  same  any  shorter  distances  for  one-half 
the  price  charged  on  the  j)rinci[)al  railrttads  in  the 
United  States,  to  transport  Indian  C(»rn  across  the 
continent  for  twenty  cents  a  bushel,  flour  for  §1.25 
per  ban-el,  and  passengers  for  half  the  usual  price, 
duriii-r  the  fir.st  twenty  years  after  its  completion. 
Hf  al>o  offered  to  carry  the  public  mails,  troops,  and 
nmiiititms  of  war  free  of  charge  for  the  same  period, 
and  after  that  tlatc  c<»ngress  might  make  any  altera- 
tion in  the  tolls  which  was  deemed  expeditnt. 

Whitney's  project  occaiit)ned  nmch  discussion  and 
j'artism.ship,  there  being  able  writers  among  its 
trie  lids  and  foes.*  Some  argued  a'j^ainst  it  as  threat- 
ening a  monopoly  imperial  in  wealth  and  resources, 
and  a  .standiu'j:  menace  to  the  o-overnment,  with 
power  at  least  to  influence  congress  in  the  election  or 
n  presentatives,  if  not  to  divide  the  country  into  sec- 

'Ameriam  Rnkw,  L  424-4K;  Nikii  Rt<j.,  bcix.  105;  Or.  SjKcUitor,  Fcl..  18, 


s 


1  { 


ll 


If:'    - 


pi- 
V  < 


^     i 


502 


IXCEITION'  OF  RAILWAY  ROUTES. 


tions  b\'  a  i»riiiciiKility  tlirough  its  ceiitro.  Otlurs 
ari^ucd  in  favor  of  a  national  railroad,  oontrollod  l»v 
the  i^overninent ;  while  otliers  still  declared  it  would 
impoverish  the  public  treasury  to  build  the  road. 

Meanwhile  another  pr<»ject  was  started  in  1S45  by 
Gef>rgc  Wilkes,  which  differed  from  Whitney's  in  rli.s- 
p(;nsing  with  a  land  grant,  and  requiring  the  govcni- 
liient  to  construct  the  road.  He  held  that  the  nitre 
fact  of  an  official  survey  would  so  enhance  the  value 
of  the  public  lands  that  capitalists  would  hasten  t<>  in- 
vest money  in  the  enterprise,  sup[)lying  the  means  fitr 
M'orking  expen.se.s.  The  friends  of  a  national  railniud 
supported  Wilkes'  scheme,  Whitney's  memorial  was 
presented  to  the  hou.se  of  representatives  in  January 
1845,  and  Wilkes'  in  December  of  the  same  viar 
The  puulic  journals  of  the  country  discussed  the  sub- 
jcct  in  all  its  Ijcaring.s,  and  according  to  their  lights. 
There  vas  n' -ntioin-'d  in  the  yew  York  Sim  in  lS4'i.  a 
project  by  a  Canadian  company  to  build  a  line  of  roil  - 
road  froiu  Halifax  to  Quelx^c,  with  a  view  to  its  ulti- 
mate  exten.sion  to  the  Colund>ia  river.  The  Canadian 
plan  contemplat<-'<l  a  free  grant  of  all  uidocated  cmwn 
lands  through  which  the  r<  »ad  should  pas.s,  togetlur  with 
the  [)rivilege  of  using  timber  and  other  material  ncf.s- 
sary  to  thecon.struction  of  the  work;  a  preemptive  right 
to  the  .sharehoKhrs  tf>  purcha.se  lands  in  certain  situa- 
tions upon  certain  favorable  terms  ;  and  a  jdedge  from 
the  provincial  govi-rnmcnt,  guaranteeing  five  per  cent 
interest  on  all  moneys  invested," 

S<n)n  after  the  j»resentation  of  Whitney's  mtiiio- 
rial  to  congress,  public  mcethigs  begnn  to  be  held  in 
different  |)arts  f»f  the  union,  to  approve  or  condtiiuj 
the  various  motlnKls  projM>sed. '"  Congress  was  di>- 
posed   to  con.sider    the    [»ro[x>sition   of   Whitney;  at 

'Or.  Sff-f"!  'r,  .Sept. .%  lS4fi.  AfU^r  the  cdm-lusion  of  tlie  iMiumlary  tn-aty 
of  .June  !.'>,  15>4»5,  nothing  furtlicr  wa<  lioanl  of  tlic  Canadian  proji'i-t.  tli'iugli 
a  hook  wa.-*  pulilisheil  in  Loniloii,  at  a  later  date,  advocating  a  Pacific  U.  H. 
Sar.  Tnin^irril'l,  {Ertr.  El.\  Mardi  ]4.  1S.")1. 

'•See  account  of  a  laiye  jiuhhc  meeting  at  Canton,  Ohio,  Feb.  4,  1^40. 
Ofiio  J{>-po>sit'jr>f,  (Uautouj.  Feh.  I  "J,  lS4<i. 


THE  I^X'UBUS  SLAVLRY. 


5o:i 


1(  ast  it  found  favor  with  the  senate  comniittee  of 
l-4i>,  which  brought  hi  a  bill ;  but  the  friends  of  a 
iiutioual  road  met  it  at  every  point  and  prevented  its 
iiassaj^e.  The  opening  of  the  following  year  witnessed 
a  still  greater  agitation  on  the  subject,  as  evidenced 
l»v  the  railroad  conventions  in  the  large  cities  and 
.smaller  towns."  The  acquisition  of  a  vast  amount  of 
land  stretching  to,  and  along,  the  Pacific  to  the  4Dth 
[laralltl,  much  of  which  lay  in  a  hne  with  the  slave 
states,  and  was  adapted  to  slave  labor,  gave  to  the 
(juestion  a  new  signiiicancc,  and  aroused  the  caution 
of  .-.((utliurn  politicians.  It  was  not  so  nmch  now, 
wlirtlier  the  road  should  be  built  with  the  people's 
lands,"  to  enrich  private  corporations,  or  how  much 
tiniu  would  be  consumed  in  building  it,"  as  it  would 

"llailrnad  meetings  were  lield  at  T.alena,  111.,  April  2;  at  lilooniington, 
Iii'l..  April  7;  ami  at  liurlingtim,  Iowa,  April  9,  1S47.  I'luiiibca  Alcmoriat 
A,;-''ii.-(  Jsii  W/iif III !/'■■<  IiiiilriKul  Sr/ifiiit',  28. 

'-  W  ilkos,  in  a  letter  to  a  I'liairiiiaii  of  a  committee  of  conpresa,  cnunicra- 
t<<\  tlif  uiaiix  points  of  his  proj)(is<il  as  follows:  1st,  that  the  nuvil  be  hiiilt 
a:.  1  <p«Tucl  liy  the  goveriiiiiuiit;  'JikI,  tliat  its  constnictiou  ami  control  l)c 
cmiliiluil  to  sworn  coiiimissioiiers  to  Ihj  appointed  I>y  the  state  legislatures,  or 
ikxticl  hy  tlie  people  of  the  various  states;  'M,  that  it  start  from  tiie  line  (.if 
tile  Mi.ssciuri  in  tiie  vicinity  of  the  parallel  which  strikes  the  .Soiith  jta.ss,  and 
tlii'iice  mil  westwardly  over  territories  untler  the  juri.s<liction  of  the  general 
L'oviriiimnt;  4th,  that  its  revenues  l>e  conlined  strictly  to  tlie  mea.--ure  of 
It-  I  \|iiii>es  of  attendance  ami  repairs,  and  tliat  it  he  open  to  forcigiiei-s  and 
tin  ir  nitrciiandi.se  on  the  same  terms  as  to  our  own  citizens— the  latter  to  ho 
M. iirid  liy  regulations  of  delienture,  returning  all  ciistonis  charges  on  sucli 
mh  I'l'lMiiiU.se  on  its  rcshipment.  liiistly,  tliat  it  he  huilt  out  of  the  puliliu 
tr.-,i.-ury,  witliout  any  allotment  of  tlie  (luhlic  lands  for  sale  for  that  purpose. 
'I  Iklicve  tiiat  any  measure  that  wouM  suhject  the  puhlic  lands  to  the  rcacli 
aiiij  appnipriatioii  of  .speculators,  or  indeed  tiiat  would  dispose  of  tliem  to 
any  Imt  actual  settlers,  would  he  highly  unpopular,  ainl  would  excite  a  wiilu 
aiil  ilctermiiicd  o]ip<>sition  throughout  the  country.  I  think,  therefore,  that 
tiie  most  just  as  well  as  most  satisfactory  dispo.sal  of  the.se  lauds  would  lie 
til  insert  in  the  hill  recommending  the  road — if  such  siiould  he  the  decision  of 
tlie  eiiiiimittee — securing  to  each  lahorer  or  meciianic  wiio  sliall  have  worked 
uiMiii  it  for  one  year,  100  acres  of  land  along,  or  contiguous  to  the  line.  This 
rcu'iii.'itioii,  instead  of  making  a  few  rich  men  richer,  would  make  priis]icrous 
liiati-linlilurs  of  the  most  deserving  poor,  and  while  it  conferred  a  priceless 
pHpulation  on  the  west,  would  perform  the  highest  achievement  of  repuhli- 
caii  iiiiilantlirophy,  hy  elevating  lahor  to  its  true  im|iortance  in  the  social 
."cal'.'  SjH'ir/i  of  WilUaiii  M.  Hull,  oj'N.  Y.,  infi'iriroj'llie  Satiuwil  linilrniid 
Uj  (III-  /'iirijir,  at  t/if  (iirot  ( 'liintijo  Cniirndi'iii  o/J>i/i/  7,  IS.}?. 

''A  committee  of  Boston  men,  consisting  of  William  Inualls,  K.  II. 
I'erhy,  I.  C.  Dunn,  P.  P.  F.  Degraml.  and  O.  D.  Ashley,  in  KS4'.».  pro|..,imdcd 
tiii^  cjuestion  to  the  N.  Y.  chamlier  of  commerce:  A.ssuining  that  \\'hitney 
wi.iil.l  huild  ten  miles  of  roail  this  year,  take  another  year  to  sell  tlie  land, 
an!  tiiree  years  more  to  get  the  money,  heing  thus  at  the  end  of  live  jcars 
pKparuii  tu  build  the  ucjit  teu  miluii,  uud  ou  uu,  wuuld  it  uut  tuku  ium  SJO 


m 


jM 


I! 


Hi 


(11 


•  I. 

I  : 


S(M 


INCEPTION  OP  RAILWAY  ROUTES. 


be  laid  out  on  a  route  far  enough  south  to  enhance 
the  value  of  lands  south  of  the  Missouri  comproinisc 
line,  and  prevent  the  preponderance  of  settknunt 
north  of  it. 

Through  this  anxiety  of  the  south  it  was  that  tlie 
army  engineers  were  so  industriously  employed  in 
exploring  the  territory  between  the  Arkansas  and  tlie 
Colorado  rivers  during  the  administration  of  President 
Polk.  Meanwhile,  discussion  '*  revealed  the  difficul- 
ties as  well  as  the  advantages  attending  the  construe- 
tion  of  a  Pacific  railroad,  chief  among  the  fornur 
being  the  obtainment  of  capital  '*  and  labor.  To  jtro- 
cure  the  latter,  it  was  proposed  to  organize  a  vast 
system  of  immigration  from  the  eastern  states  and 
Europe,  the  workmen  to  be  part  paid  in  land,  and  a 
corps  to  be  detailed  to  prepare  a  part  of  each  farm  for 
cultivation,  so  that  when  the  laborers  of  the  second 
year  should  go  forward,  they  would  leave  behind  tlicm 
those  of  the  first  as  farmers  and  guardsmen  of  tlic 
road.  By  this  process  "  many  millions"  of  poor  and 
oppressed  people  would  be  raised  to  the  dignity  of  froc- 
holdhig  American  citizens.  This  charitable  scluine 
in  all  its  simplicity  fell  through  along  with  the  rest. 
The  discovery  of  gold  following  the  conquest  of  Cali- 

years  to  make  1700  miles  of  road?  or  if 'by  a  stretch  of  iniagii.atioii,"  lie 
should  build  ten  miles  of  road,  sell  liis  land,  and  get  his  pay  all  in  <iiio  vt.ir, 
would  it  not  even  then  take  him  170  years  to  liuild  1700  niiica  !  Tiiis  ,^>\^■e^ 
tion,  remarks  I'lumbc,  should  be  sutlicieut  to  condemn  Mr  Whitney's  sclicine. 
Plmnlf's  Mcmnrinl,  .3 

"In  an  article  in  the  MrrrfnintH'  Maiinzim  for  Oct.  1847,  vol.  xvii.,  p.  ^^^, 
the  editor  presents  a  letter  of  Zadock  j'ratt,  of  IVattsvillc,  endor^iiij;  W'liit- 
iiey's  jilan,  and  remarks  that  he — tlie  editor — in  the  latter  part  of  l^■^4  ]pre- 
dicted  that  't'lose  persons  are  now  living  who  will  see  a  railroad  conin'tliiig 
New  Vork  witli  the  Pacific.'  Here  is  another  person  who  claims  \«  li,i\e 
iittereil  tliis  prophecy  in  nearly  tlie  identical  MTirds  of  Benton  in  his  ISt  Lmiis 
speech  on  tlie  railroad  to  the  Pacific. 

'^An  article  in  Dc  Bntr.^  ImhiM.  Rex.,  409  .'tOO.  makes  an  estimate,  pl.uiiig 
the  cost  of  grading,  bridging,  etc.,  west  from  I-ake  Micliigan  at  .Sr>,(MI()  jk  r  mile 
for  '2,<),S0  niilus,  .'?i:i,iriO,000;  abridge  across  the  Mississippi,  .*,S()(»,(M)0:  sii|Kr- 
structure,  single  track,  depots,  turn-out,  etc.,  for  2,730,  at  .?10,r)()()  ]"r  in'lc, 
S:'JS,()r)r),000;  locomotives,  ears,  etc.,  .?10,'27().r.OO;  contingencies,  i?L'.00().(:iHl: 
repairs  upon  road  until  comph'tion,  and  before  earning  its  own  sii|iiinrt, 
Sli'),(M)0.000,  or  a  total  of  3(in,891,fiOO.  Tlie  figures  in  l»e  Bows  arti.K  iirc 
not  quite  the  same  as  mine,  an  error  in  computing  making  liis  figures  finit  iqi 
.sstin.StH^fKM).  Less  sauguiue  calculators  estimated  the  entire  co.-<t  at 
?100,000,000. 


BEFORE  CONGRESS. 


505 


fornla  imparted  fresh  interest  to  the  suhjoot.  In 
IstS,  resolutions  began  to  pour  in  to  congress  from 
the  legislatures  of  the  different  states,"  approving  of 
Whitney's  plan,  and  the  grant  of  nearly  100,000,000 
acres  of  the  public  lands  for  the  purpose  of  carrying 
it  out.  Mr  McClelland,  from  the  select  committee 
of  the  house  of  representatives  appointed  to  consider 
the  various  memorials  concerning  the  proposed  rail- 
road, reported  a  bill,  Ma}''  3d,  to  set  apart  and  sell  to 
Wliitney  a  portion  of  the  public  lands  to  enable  him 
to  connnence  the  construction  of  it,  which  was  referred 
to  the  committee  of  the  whole  on  the  state  of  tl\e 
union,  and  ordered  printed.  On  the  23d  of  June,  ^Ir 
Pollock  fn^m  the  same  committee  made  a  re[)ort  to 
accompany  the  bill,  which  was  laid  on  the  table.  This 
bill  was  the  first  favorable  official  act  by  this  l)ranch 
of  the  government. 

In  the  senate,  June  2Gth,  Mr  Borland,  from  the 
committee  on  public  lands,  on  the  memorial  of  Whit- 
ney relative  to  a  railroad  to  the  Pacific,  reported  a 
joint  resolution,  providing  for  a  survey  and  explora- 
tion of  one  or  more  routes  from  the  Mississippi  river, 
below  the  falls  of  St  Anthony,  to  the  Pacific,  under 
the  direction  of  the  secretary  of  war."     From  this 

•"Tennessee  and  New  Jersey  set  the  example  in  1848  of  sustaiuin.L;  Wliit- 
nc)-,  wliiL'h  was  followed  by  Indiana,  Illinois,  New  York.  Couneoticut,  Maine, 
New  llanipsliire,  Vermont,  Rhode  Island,  (Jeorgia,  Maryland,  Alaliama, 
Ohio,  Kentucky,  Pennsylvania,  and  the  senate  of  Michigan;  in  11  of  the 
fafcates  almost  unanimously. 

''  On  tiie  27th  of  ,Iune,  Mr  Niles  obtained  the  unanimous  consent  of  the 
senatu  to  introduce  a  hill  to  set  apart  ami  sell  to  Whitney  a  portion  of  tlie 
pulilif  lands  to  enable  him  to  build  a  railroad  from  Lake  Michigan  to  the  I'a- 
oilio.  The  bill  was  referred  to  a  select  committee  consisting  of  senators 
Nilfs.  I'orwin,  Lewis,  Dix,  and  F(-lch.  Cow/.  Ohln',  1847-8,  903.  On  tlie  'J'.tth 
of  .Inly,  Niles  moved  to  take  up  the  bill  granting  Wliitney  a  tract  of  tlie 
public  land,  when  senators  Hale  and  Benton  spoke  strongly  against  the  mo- 
tion, tlie  latter  moving  to  lay  Niles'  motion  on  the  table,  whici  motion  w;u 
carried  by  a  vote  of  27  to  21.  On  the8tli  of  xVug.,  Niles  made  aa  attempt  to 
Itiiiig  forwjird  the  Whitney  bill  by  inserting  it  as  an  amenclmeiit  to  a  bill 
granting  right  of  way  and  a  donation  of  land  for  b-,iilding  a  railroad  from 
Moliili!  to  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  river,  but  v.as  subse(|ucutly  induced  to 
witlidiaw  his  amendment.  Con;/.  GIoIh;  1847  8,  jip.  101 1,  lOol.  On  the  L'Oth 
of  .Ian.,  1849,  Niles  again  moved  to  take  up  Jthe  Whitney  bill,  urging  the 
pefiliar  interests  existing  in  Cal.  Jit  that  time,  and  the  need  there  was  of 
ipiii-k  communication  through  territory  of  our  own.  Borland  ojiposed  Niles' 
iiMti.iii,  and  stated  that  he  was  directed  by  tlie  committee  on  jniblic  lands  to 
urge  a  joint  resolution  adverae  to  Whitney,  and  merely  authorizing  the  sec. 


V  A 


U 


50C 


INCEPTION  OF  RAILWAY  ROUTES. 


^ 


V 


pi 

m 

f  i 

i 


time  forward  tlie  subject  was  continually  before  con- 
gress. 

Benton,  who  had  formerly  been  so  stronjjf  an  a<Ivo- 
cate  of  the  route  to  the  Colunihia  via  the  Soutli  puss, 
had  changed  his  views,  a('c«)rding  to  re[)orts  from  ]ii,s 
son-in-law,  Fremont,  and  on  the  7th  of  Fehruarv, 
1841),  introduced  a  bill  to  provide  for  a  central 
national  road,  from  St  Louis  to  the  Pa<'ific  ocean  at 
San  Francisco,  with  a  branch  to  the  Columbia.  li(! 
advocated  a  national  road  because  it  was  imi)olitic  and 
illegal  for  private  citizens  to  treat  with  the  Indians 
for  the  extinguishment  of  their  title,  and  impossiMo 
for  them  to  protect  the  road  after  it  should  be  built; 
and  because  he  questioned  the  propriety  of  allowing 
individuals  to  become  proprietors  of  such  a  road;  ;iiid 
denounced  all  the  schemes  presented  as  stock-johhiiig 
machines  for  the  markets  of  Europe  and  AnuriLa.'* 

of  war  t(i  direct  surveys  to  1)0  made  to  tlie  Pacific  to  dotcrinine  the  liutter 
route,  wliicli  could  never  I)o  known  cxci-pt  liy  tlie  coniiiarisou  «if  .suvfr.il. 
Finally,  however,  Nile.s'  motion  was  agreed  to,  and  the  hill  taken  \\\>,  w  lnii 
Senator  Foote  olFered  to  amend  as  follows:  That  after  the  cn>ssinj,'  of  tiie 
Missouri  the  road  should  he  huilt  in  a  soutiiwost  direction  as  far  as  tiie  fiMt- 
ures  of  the  country  wouM  jiermit,  and  jiass  tlie  Rocky  mountains  at  .smiie 
point  south  of  the  Sotitli  j)ass,  the  terminus  heing  at  Monterey;  hut  if  no 
praetieahle  route  should  Ite  fouml  in  that  direction,  then  the  road  should  niii 
to  the  Paso  del  Norte,  and  thenec  to  .San  I'iego,  keeping  within  U.  S.  tcrii- 
tory.  After  this  road  was  completed,  Whitney  should  have  power  to  lnulil 
a  branch  to  the  Coluinl)ia,  or  north  of  it,  .and  should  have  the  same  giiiiit  uf 
tliirty  miles  on  eacli  side  of  the  road  that  he  would  have  f<ir  the  main  liiir. 
Borlanil  followed  hy  a  second  amendment  to  strike  out  all  of  the  origiiiul  lull 
after  the  laiaeting  clauses,  and  insert  a  direction  to  the  secretary  of  w.ir  to 
employ  the  topographical  corps  to  explore  such  routes  from  the  lakrs,  or 
from  tlie  Mississippi  helow  the  falls  of  St  Anthony,  to  the  I'acilic  as  iinyiit 
he  deemed  fitting,  and  to  report  to  congress  the  result  of  tlieir  exploralimis 
at  an  early  date.   Con;/.  Glohe,  1848-0,  vol.  'M,  p.  .3S1-2. 

"*  His  hill  appropriiited  a  sum  of  money  to  enahle  the  prcsi<lcnt  to  comil- 
iate  the  Indians,  and  extinguish  title  ti>  as  much  land  as  might  he  rii|ir,ir(l 
for  the  purposes  of  the  roail;  and  proposed  that  75  i>cr  cent  of  the  pi-oiccils 
of  all  puhlic  lands  in  Oregon  and  Cal.,  aiul  50  percent  of  the  proceeds  of  the 
sale  of  puhlic  lands  in  tlie  states,  should  he  set  a^iart  to  defray  the  expends 
of  the  contemplated  railroad.  Tiio  hill  reserved  a  strip  of  land  one  iiiiK'  in 
breadth  for  the  whole  length  of  the  railway,  for  the  purpose  of  niaiiitaiiiiiii; 
all  manner  of  roads.  'I  propose  to  reserve  ground  for  all  sorts  of  roaiji - 
railway,  plank,  macadamized;  more  than  that,  room  f<n'  a  track  by  nia<,'iii:lic 
power,  according  to  the  idea  started,  I  believe,  by  Prof.  l?eur}%  and,  to  ii.c, 
plausilily  pursued  by  Prof.  Page,  of  tlie  patent  office,  if  that  idea  ripens  into 
practicability — and  who  can  undertiike  to  say  that  any  idea  will  not  hcLuiiie 
practicable  in  the  present  age?  Rut,  Mr  President,  the  bill  contains  u'lotluT 
l)rovision,  that  tliere  shall  be  a  margin  reserved  out  of  this  breadth  f  ir  .i  jilam 
old  English  road,  such  as  we  have  beeu  accustomed  to  all  our  lives— a  road 


POLITICAL  ASrKCTS. 


807 


On  tlio  I7th  of  February,  1849,  Borland  prosontcd 
a  iH'tition  to  tlic  sciuito  from  citizens  of  Arkansas, 
askiii.:  for  aid  for  tlie  < onstruction  of  a  railmad  fn  ni 
^li  iiipliis  to  the  Pacilie,  wliicli  was  laid  on  the  taMe; 
and  eu  the  same  day  Houston  asked  and  ohtaimd 
leave  tt)  introduce  a  bill  authorizing  the  Galveston 
ami  Ited  river  railroad  conntany  to  construct  a  rail- 
way to  the  PaciHe  ocean  in  California,  which  was  re- 
fernd  to  the  committee  on  territories. 

Ill  May,  Whitney  published,  in  pam})hlet  form,  an 
clal»(»rate  ar<;ument  against  all  the  other  various 
scluines,  and  in  support  of  his  own,  among  whith  he 
imluded  the  impn^bability  of  an  approjaiation  ttf 
111(1111  y  for  such  a  work,  the  time  it  would  take  to 
coiii[tl(te  surveys  under  the  government,  and  the  diffi- 
culty, if  not  impossibility,  of  fixing  upon  a  route, 
kcause  it  would  be  made  a  sectional  question  betvct  n 
the  north  and  south,  whicli  years  of  legislation  could 
not  adjust;  but  allowing  that  this  question  should  be 
settled,  and  the  work  commenced,  it  would  soon  be- 
coine  a  powerful  J^arty  engine  to  agitate  the  whole 
country;  in  fact,  it  could  only  be  commenced  by  a 
party  vote,  and  if  conimcnc  ed  at  all,  would  draw  the 
means  from  one  section  of  the  union  to  be  squandered 

nil  wliirh  tlie  fanner  in  his  wagon  or  carriage,  on  horse  or  on  foot,  n.ay 
travil,  witliiiut  fuar  ami  withmit  tax,  witii  nuno  to  run  over  liini  or  n.ake 
liim  jiiiiii)  "Ut  of  t!iL'  w:iy.  I  look  forward  to  tlic  time  wlicn  thin  Mhole  cun- 
tiuciit  is  to  l>o  settlo<l  from  one  end  to  tlic  other,  when  tlicre  are  towns  and 
villagis  upon  it,  wlien  neiglihors  will  want  a  convenient  road.  Tliey  may 
thuiv  tind  a  spaee  for  tliem  in  wliieh  tliey  oliall  not  give  way  to  the  ears  or 
anytliing  else — a  road  not  to  bo  interfered  with.'  ('otiij.  Ci'lolte,  1848- i),  47l)-4; 
!>•  Ji  ,ir'.<  licliist.  7,'(.<.,  ii.  4!tS.  What  romantic  dreams,  what  freaks  of  fancy, 
wliat  Initililfs  of  iina'^ination  our  great  men  indult'etl  in  only  forty  years  ago! 
The  lirainof  the  world  was  teeming  with  ill-digested  idi'as.  New  discoveries 
in  Miciice,  hew  lields  of  enterprise  and  thought  marked  the  period  as  an  ex- 
t.-annliuary  one,  and  men,  while  half  understanding  whither  they  wert-  '  i'lg 
taniril.  Were  unappalleil  hy  the  most  giant  undertakings.  In  the  ;i,"M  'if 
tlii-t',  Senator  IV^nton  could  stop  to  rhapsodize  over  the  grant  of  u  -.  '^'n 
rii.id  whiih  Could  he  of  use  only  to  those  following  the  line  of  the  railroad 
friiin  e  ut  to  west,  Mhile  the  continent  on  either  .side  of  it  was  as  trackless  as 
I'viT.  One  thousand  feet  of  ground  in  hreadth  should  ho  reserved  in  hke 
iiianner  along  the  line  of  the  hraneh  to  the  Columl'ia;  military  posts  were  to 
ho  iriited  at  certain  intervals,  and  a,  telegrajih  line  Btrctehed  from  ocean 
til  iHiaii.  It  was  easy  to  pee  that  Benton  was  still  largely  under  the  intlu- 
t'lKv  (if  his  early  Oregon  .symjiathies,  somewhat  warpc^d  and  turned  aside  hy 
siiutiurn  views,  and  perhaps  looking  to  the  future  of  kid  ditughtw  a  liuabauiL 


i 


Il 


m 
la 


i; 


5!1 


li  I 


cos 


INCEmON  OF  RAILWAY  ROUTES. 


in  nnoilicr  upon  tlio  hirelings  of  aspirants  .o  dfHoo, 
boroin'uig  fifty  tiinos  more  potent  and  obnoxious  tkui 
a  United  States  bank,  or  any  other  question  tliut  luul 
ever  excited  tlie  people.  The  business  {»f  a  tiior(»UL,'li- 
fare  so  innuense  would  absorb  and  control  the  < miio 
legislation  of  the  country.  This,  and  more,  said  Mr 
Whitney  against  a  national  road,  and  he  clinchi d  his 
arguments  with  estimates  of  cost  and  comjuirisdu  nf 
routes  which  were  to  the  majority  of  northern  rtiuh  rs 
conclusive."  He  was  sustained,  too,  bv  sucji  author- 
ity  as  Captain  Ciiarles  Wilkes,  whose  opininn  Imil 
weight  from  the  knowledge  possessed  by  him  of  \vr:t 
coast  topograpliy,  although  that  had  little  to  do  witli 
the  political  view  of  the  subject."*  Another  n;iv;il 
otHcer,  Lieutenant  M.  F.  Maury,  took  a  dillrit  i,t 
view.  While  conceding  that  an  interoceanic  raihoad 
was  of  the  highest  im[)ortance,  he  took  the  position 
that  geographically  ^rt)nterey  was  the  point  in  Cali- 
fornia most  central  to  the  conunerce  of  th'^  world,  and 
therefore  the  proper  point  for  the  eas*  terminus 
was  at  Memphis.'' 

The  people  of  St  Louis  held  a  preliminary  nu^ctini; 
in  the  spring  of  1849,  at  which  it  was  resolved  that 
a  national  convention,  consisting  of  delegates  fnmi 
every  state  in  the  union,  should  be  invited  to  assoinl)le 
in  that  city  on  the  IGth  of  October,  to  give  e.\])n  s- 
sion  to  the  will  of  the  American  P'^ople.  Only  tour- 
teen  states  accepted  the  invitation,  the  only  southtin 
delegates  present  being  from  Louisiana,  unless  \  ir- 
ginia,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee  be  classed  as  south- 
ern. It  will  be  noticed  that  in  none  of  the  juihlic 
discussions  of  Pacific  railroad  matters  did  the  Caio- 
linas  take  any  part,  and  seldom  the  New  Eugland 
states.  This  was  partly  from  sectional  apathy,  and 
partly,  also,  from  political  prejudices.  The  835  dde- 
gates  present  at  St  Louis  in  October  were  chiifly 

"  A  Prnjertfnr  a  RnHrnml  to  the  Puri/ir,  by  Asa  Whitney,  New  York,  iS-tO; 
Hunt's  Merrhiiiitji'  Mmiinini',  xxi.  7-  0. 

■^"Wixtfi-n  Ainn-ir<i,  l)y  Tliarles  Wilkes,  Phil,  1849. 
''^JIuid'D  Merch.  M<vj.,  xviii.  502-001. 


ST.   LOUIS  COXVENTION. 


800 


from  tlio  central  and  western  states.  As  mij^lit  liavo 
1ki  II  iiiiti('ll)ated,  Senator  Benton  was  a  prominent 
H-fUit'  at  this  convention.  He  attenii>te(l  to  deseriUo 
ii  routi' across  the  Kocky  mountains  for  wliieh  Fre- 
mont had  been  looking  when  he  became  loot  in  tiio 
siiow,  hut  which  he  had  never  seen,  and  only  took  for 
grunted  because  Frduiont's  guide  had  told  him  of  the 
cxistrMcc  of  a  pass  between  the  parallels  of  38°  and 
IVf.  A  railroad  does  now  indeed  traverse  a  pass  in 
tliis  latitude,  but  the  route  through  tlio  canon  of  tho 
Arkansas  river  was  not  one  to  be  recommen«led  for  a 
•.Meat  national  highway,  especially  if  a  wagon-road 
wrre  to  accompany  it,  as  Benton  proposed.  Unfor- 
tunately for  his  prepossessions,  a  committee  appointed 
at  tlio  mass-meeting  in  the  si)ring  to  collect  facts  had 
hroui^lit  in  a  report  of  fifty  or  more  printed  pages,  in 
favor  of  the  South  pass,''  which  he  was  compelled  to 
present  to  the  convention.  "The  South  pass,"  said 
the  senator,  "though  good  in  itself,  has  never  met 
tlie  approbation  of  Mr  Fremont  for  the  road  to  Cali- 
fornia, It  is  too  far  north.  He  wanted  a  road  three 
or  four  degrees  further  south,  and  has  found  it,  and 
gives  the  country  the  benefit  of  it."  But  John 
Laughborough,  of  Missouri,  would  not  accept  it,  and 
prefseiited  his  views  so  convincingly  that  he  carried 
tlie  convention  with  him,  and  was  thanked  by  ri.'solu- 
tlon.  The  meeting  was  adjourned  to  convene  at 
Philadeli.hia  in  April  1850." 

"  Printed  in  the  St  Louis  WcHirn  Jourmrl,  a  periodical  of  that  city. 

"With  regard  to  the  Freinoiit-Koutou  route,  known  as  tlie  central,  Fre- 
mont w;is  doeeivod  hy  the  representations  of  Maxwell,  St  V rain,  lieaultien, 
anil  W'iMitten,  all  of  whom  had  large  grants  of  land  on  the  eastern  .slope  of 
the  grt'iit  range,  in  the  latitude  to  which  Fremont,  upon  their  description, 
gave  liis  endorsement.  Tho  Sinita  Fi'  Oitaile,  Oct.  8,  1853,  remarks  u)>on 
this  siihjoet,  that  Benton's  route  was  not  practicahle,  and  a  railroad  through 
the  jiasscs  indicated  l)y  him  not  possiMe.  'Among  the  gentlemen  from  whom 
wc  obtained  this  information  was  C'apt.  St  Vrain.  He  stated  to  us  and 
others  during  last  spring,  that  tho  idea  of  locating  a  railroad  through  tho 
Country  mentioned  in  Leronx's  letter  to  Col  Benton  was  ridiculous  and 
alisurd,'  etc.  Yet  St  Vrain  had  been  president  of  a  imblie  meeting  in  Taos, 
at  which  .lames  H.  Quinn  had  said  of  Fremont's  route,  'Our  fellow  citizen, 
Kichini^s  L.  Wootten,  has  just  returned  from  an  expedition  to  California,  on 
the  continuation  of  the  route  that  Fremont  was  following.  He  declares 
that  the  rcute  ia  most  excellent,  etc.     Bobidoux,  he  said,  left  the  Arkansas 


i 

11 


510 


INCErnON  OF  RAILWAY  llOUTES. 


ii!-i 


m 


!  :   ■  i 


Tlic  next  oonvontion  occurred  nt  IMeinpliis  in  (Vtn- 
bor  1S40,  at  wliicli  the  flowcrvaiid  ficrv  ailv(»(at(s  «,f 
till'  soutlicru  route  presented  tlieir  ar»^uinents."  X.w 
Orleans  and  liostou  liad  also  their  railroad  niasis- 
iiieetin<'S  and  conventions  in  1S41). 

The  Hoston  }»lan  was  to  seeuro  means  l»y  a  Lr"v- 
ernment  loan,  and  to  entrust  the  construction  \i>  a 
company.  The  author  of  this  plan  Avas  1*.  J*.  T. 
])eL?raiKl,  who  oiU'rud  to  huild  from  St  Louis  to  San 
Francisco"'  in  four  years,  I»v  einplovint'  two  sets  df 
laborers  relieving  each  other  day  and  night,  and  at 
the  most  difficult  points  a  third  party. 

with  MUL'ims  in  IS40,  fur  C'al.,  1>ut  \vSt  tlu-m  ;it  tlie  r,-iiicliotci]ia  ]i,iss,  on 
auciniiit  of  the  (lilliciilty  of  I'uttiiig  nut  the  tinihi-r,  vliii'h  woiiM  lie  nf  grciit 
ailv;iiil:ij;c  to  thi'  railroad.    /Ar*/' -' 'V'V'J'-'*,  -S""  I'njx,  ii.   I--. 

•'Till' (h'lcgatcs  of  vesti'm  'Icxus  pri'sciiti'il  an  ailih'f.-<s  in  Inlialf  of  a 
route  through  the  San  Saha  valley  from  Mt^uiiiliis  to  Sail  l>iego.  Aiiii'iirc- 
seutiiig  the  faets  of  •.li.^'ii'iee,  eliniate  and  tojiograpliy,  tlity  .-ay.  *' W  itliin 
lialf  a  eeiitury  we  will  have  a  ])oiiuIatiou  of  'J.'i,(KI(l.(MM)  on  tlie  I  ;u  ill.'  >li  [c. 
Tliat  slci|ie  is  now  sejiarateii  from  us  hy  tiie  almost  imiias.^ahle  liannixdt  a 
mountain  anil  a  desert.  This  mountain  must  he  made  ^mooth-  tlii- iloiTt 
must  he  made  to  hiossoin  as  the  rose.  Tills  people,  i)loiid  of  our  I'loinl.  Ilol; 
of  our  (lesii.  must  lie  hmuj^iit  to  our  doors.  Sneiiil  ri'asoiis  in g;-  it.  pnhtioal 
reasons  rei|uirc  it,  eommereial  reasons  iinjteratively  demand  it.  Tlie  la-t, 
tlie  gorgeous  east,  will  he  opened  to  our  oommereo  without  a  nv.il.  a  omn- 
iietitor.  Tiie  ea-st,  not  iiioru  eelehrated  in  .song  for  its  jierfuinelMMriiisj 
hree/es  and  lialiny  elime,  for  its  saered  legends  and  mystie  hii,  t'.m  in 
more  staid  and  solier  history  for  the  sjilendor  of  its  empires,  the  goiL'iMin 
magnilieenee  of  its  ]ialaee.s  and  teinjiles,  tlie  magnituih^  ot  its  ri\  i-.  ilio 
griiideiir  o'  its  inoiiiitains,  the  fi'rtility  of  its  plains,  the  ahuiiil.iiu  r  i.f  \U 
gold  and  silver,  and  its  precious  stones,  its  gums,  its  teas,  and  its  spins,  tlie 
heaiity  ami  eostliiiess  of  its  maiiufaeture.s,  the  untold  variety  of  its  |iri'iliio- 
tioiis,  and  for  the  e.xtent  and '•icjniess  of  its  eoiiiiueree— a  enmiiiene  vliiih 
lias  heeii  sou;'lit  liy  all  nations  m  lio  imve  risen  to  commenial  greatiie-s  i-  l.-ir 
liaek  as  history  reaehes  into  tlit^  past,  and  «hieh  has  always  nwaid-'l  tlio 
seareh  witli  eouiitless  wealth  and  iiiirivalled  s]ilt'iiilor.  A  eoiiiim  rn' "liuli 
111  aneient  times  eaiised  the  eities  of  Tyre  and  Sidoii,  and  liallue  ;iiid  l',dii;\in, 
and  Alexandria,  each  in  sueeessioii,  to  rise  to  sueh  a  height  of  gi  lural  it... 
perit}',  eoiiiini'n-ial  greatness,  and  reliiieiiient  in  the  art.s  as  to  exiite.  rvni 
to  this  day,  the  wonder  and  admiratinn  of  the  world.  A  eommeree  \\\\w\\ 
in  more  modern  times  eaiised  t'oiistaiitinople,  and  Veiiiee,  and  (ieiio.i.  aiul 
Lishon,  and  Amsterdam,  eaeli  in  their  turn  to  attain  ^the  very  piiiii.ii  !■■  "i 
coniiiiereial  g:  eatiu^ss,  and  eaii.sed  thciu,  single  a.s  they  w. 're,  each  tn  i  vr.l 
in  the  splendor  of  its  aeliieveineiits  in  art.s  and  in  amis,  .ill  the  kiiiL' li'im 
and  empires  then  ujion  the  earth.  A  cnmnipree  which  has  caused  liiit.iiii 
to  '  wrest  the  very  trident  from  Nojitiine  himself, '  and  onahled  her  ti>  utter 
the  ]>rouii  hoast  of  'mistresi  of  ihe  seas.'  This  eomnierce  with  all.  .ill  its 
untehl  wealth,  ai<d  its  liniitloss  future  increase,  may  ho  our —will  I'c  .'iiri 
M-ithoiit  the  fear  of  a  competitor,  if  we  only  rfiaoli  forth  our  liainN  .iiiil 
cluteh  it."  Signed  hy  .James  W.  Allen,  T.  \\.  Hardeman,  M.  Krskim'.  1. 
Connelly.  Win  K.  Jones,  and  K.  Bellencer.  in  hchalf  of  tlio  (Jmizali"  con- 
vention, Oct.  10,  1841),  in  Itiiilntm/  miil  Sfiiiiii,i/irfM,  doc.  viii. 

■^^ '  I  jiropose  that  a  eompany,  composed  of  men  in  wliosc  intetrrity  .ind 
8tcadiuu:)!i  uf  purpuac  couliUeucu  cau  hu  rupused  by  thu  uatiuu,  he  chui  >  itl 


PLiVyS  AND  TROrOSALS. 


511 


Tlio  proposition  to  iako  a  jjjovcrninont  loan  removed 
a  dilHculty  as  to  the  constitutional  power  of  coiin'iess 
to  furnish  funds  for  the  construction  of  a  national 
roaa  ;  there  coukl  be  no  Joubt  of  its  right  to  loan  tlio 
pulilic  ("redit  for  the  purposes  of  providing  for  the  na- 
tion d  defences,  trans[torting  the  public  mail,  etc.  There 
scenu'd,  hideed,  in  a  bu'^iness  [toint  of  view,  more 
roiiuiioii  sense  in  the  Boston  |)lan  than  any  of  those 
|iioj)i),s('d ;  but,  alas  I  Dogranil  adopt'-d  Benton's  and 
Fremont's  still  undiscovered  route,  which  could  not 
coiuix'te  for  public  favor  with  the  South  i)ass  or  a 
more  southern  line.'" 

After  so  nuich  discussion  of  r*nites  it  appeared  that 
three  roads  at  least  wouhl  sometime  be  demanded. 
Of  the  most  prominent  were  tlui  Memphis  and  San 
Die'j,o,  the  St.  Louis  road  proposed  by  Benton,  and 
till'  South  pass  and  Colund)ia  river  road  pro[><)sed  by 
Whitney.  In  the  midst  of  all  this  talk,  the  people 
rusliing  to  the  gold  mines  in  1840  pointed  out  the 
way  from  the  !Mis.souri  river  to  the  bay  of  San  Fran- 
cisco. I  find  it  called  tlie  "new  route"  in  Lough- 
borough's nionogra[»h  on  the  l*aci{ic  telegra[>h  and 
railway  of  DeciMuber,  18-11).  It  started  from  St. 
Louis  and  followed  the  route  to  Independence,  nearly 
in  the  track  of  the  early  emigration  to  Oregon,  thence 
north  westwardly  to  Big  and  Little  Blue  rivers  and 

liy  iniiL;n'-is  to  construct  a  railro,T,<l  f;-oni  St  Lo'iis  to  S.  F.,  with  a  oaitital  of 
s|(li»,(liH),()()(),  ami  that  this  ooiiiiiany.  after  liavmj,' jKii.l  in  S'_',(M)(>,OiHt,  shall 
iiiM  tlif  i-i;^ht  to  horrow  I'liitcil  Statc-i  t>  jicr  cent  .stock  to  such  iiii  amount. 
iMt  1  \,ciMlinif  S",)S,(H)(>,(KH),  as  may  he  suUii-iciit  to  lini^li  tlic  roail  and  carry 
it  ml. I  lull  operation  with  a  doiiMc  track.  1  iiro[iii>('  that  conjjn-ss  yivc  to 
tiiN  rniiiiiiiny  a  strip  of  the  juihlic  laii<ls,  10  luih-!  w  iilc  on  flu-  north  siih"  of 
till'  r  i.nl,  ami  tlio  lanil  for  the  l>cil  of  tiic  roail.  anil  lor  depots,  and  the  ri^ht 
If  t  iki'  from  the  ]>ul>lio  l.inds  wood,  j»r;  vd,  stone,  iron,  and  otiicr  initcriala 
Mivi-s;iry  to  constrnct  the  ro;id.'  A'/ilrif^i  f"  f/ia  I'riipl,'  of  t/ie  Uiiilnl  StiidM  in 
Ivi'drxi'l.^  mill  Sti'itiiiKlii]n,  doe.   xiii. 

'Tiic  associates  of  l)ej;rand  were  William  i:ii,'all-i,  K.  H.  ner'iv,  S.  .'«!. 
l.ittlih^ilo,  James  (V  Dunn.  ItolnM-t  P".  Fisk.  O.  IV  Ashley.  H.iy.ird  ,V  Co. 
.iN'i  priipo  :"d  to  congrc-is  to  I  mild  . a  railway  fron  ,st.  Louis  to  S.  V.  in  S 
.V  aix,  aloiii;  tlie  3Sth  iwrallel  or  near  it.  They  oHVred  to  deposit  .S'l.lHtil.lMX) 
ill  tlic  U.  S.  treasury  as  securitv  for  tlicir  fidelity  to  tr."ir  engagements  :  hut 
till'  ii'iicctions  to  this  were  the  lack  of  authority  in  congress  to  create  cor- 
]"ir.itiiiiH  ;  the  cost  of  a  railway  tliroui»h  the  mountains  south  of  the  Smith 
IM-^-.  .ind  the  necessity  involved  in  this  jilaii  of  making  the  roail  u/irn  divi- 
(Icuils  fur  its  stuukholdurs,    itailrwda  wui  Stodmslupn,    Doc  Lx.,  p,  2C, 


it 


ill 


',-| 


!    'til 


K"; 


lir 


612 


INCEPTION  OF  RAILWAY  ROUTES 


i  ! 


ii''?^ 


the  riatte  ;  keeping  on  tlic  soutli  side  of  the  lattor 
stivani  to  i\\3  Soutli  fork,  which  it  crossed,  and  iv^im 
followed  the  emigrant  route  to  Laramie  and  the  South 
pass.  From  tlie  South  [)ass  it  still  kept  on  tlu'  Hik' 
of  the  travelled  road,  via  Sublette's  cut-olF  to  Btar 
river,  thence  to  the  Humboldt  valley,  and  thr()u^'ll 
the  Truckee  pass  into  the  valley  of  the  Sacranunto." 
Two  other  passes  through  the  Sierra  Nevada  wrro 
mentioiu'd ;  one  leading  into  the  Sao'amento  valley 
by  following  Carson  river  to  its  source,  and  descriKl- 
ing  the  American  fork  of  the  Sacramento  river ;  and 
another  proceeding  from  the  sink  of  the  Humhiildt 
soutli  into  the  valley  of  the  San  Joaquin.  Amoii^ 
30,000  nu'ii  there  were  enough  with  clear  vision  and 
strong  w  ill-albcit  they  required  also  toughened  mustles 
— to  spy  out  and  lay  open  passes  to  the  gold  niinos. 
After  pointing  out  the  adwiutages  of  the  Platte 
and  Humhohlt  route,  the  pamphluteer  makes  thisret'ir- 
ence  to  a  difficulty  "  lying  in  the  way  of  any  road  at 

'^"  W.  It.  Singleton,  who  had  travcUoil  the  Humbolrlt  route  to  C.il.,  fur- 
nislietl  the  itinerary  of  the  route  to  J^ouahliorough  in  1841).  IkforL'  giviiij;  it, 
he  says,  'Isiiall  iirojiosc  €1  rnuto,  the  last  portion  of  which,  from  tli.  Suit 
L;ikL'  to  the  l>ay,  was  diseovercil  by  .Mr  I'eter  Ogtlen,  a  fur  traili.'r  in  tlir  cni- 
ploy  of  the  Ihiilsou'.s  Hay  company,  as  far  hack  as  1811 — which  lias  hctii  if- 
peateilly  followed  since  hy  intelligent  li'>dies  of  triiders — l>y  whicli  a  ii:irty 
of  men  under  the  orders  of  ('apt.  IJouneville  proceeded  to  S.  F.  Imy, 
which  has  heeii  traversed  by  and  ilescrihe<l  by  Bryant,  IJidwidl,  andotlur 
travellers  ;  which  has  been  surveyed  by  Col  Fremont,  and  over  wliicli  ciiii- 
grants  with  families  and  wagons  have  repeatedly  passed,  and  more  than  ll(l,(HiO 
men  witli  (').(MM)  wagons  and  1(H), (KH)  head  of  stocK  are  now  passiiig."  /'.(.;>/> 
T'l'jrii]>!i  iiii'l  li'iihrnif,  2'J      The  author  is  a  little  out  in  his  dates  wlun  lio 

i)laees  the  iliscovery  of  theiiund)ohlt  by  Ogdeu  in  1811.  Maj.  ('arUlmi  in 
84!)  itresented  the  IntilU/i iiorfAul  the  Aimrimii  QiKirt.  Reij,  of  .Iidy.  lN.">it, 
witli  a  tabular  account  oif  distauces,  streams,  and  resources  in  the  \v;i\'  nt 
wooil  and  grass  on  the  tsvo  great  routes  leading  from  Fort  Leavenwortli  "est- 
waril,  viz. :  from  Leavenworth  to  El  Taso,  via  Santa  Fe,  and  from  henviii- 
wortli  to  Fort  Laramie,  via  Fort  Kearney  ;  to  El  I'aso  1104  miles;  to  Lar- 
amie (iOl  miles  ;  from  Fort  Fierre  en  the  Missouri  to  Ijaramie  ll'-Mi  niih  s. 

-"  '  It  is  the  ojiinion  that  congresis  has  no  constitutional  authority  to  I'liii- 
struct  Work  i  of  this  character  withii>  the  bounds  of  sovereign  states.  (In 
overcome  this  objection  the  legislature  of  Mo.  jiassed  an  act  >larch  1-,  1^1''. 
to  incorporate  t!ie  I'aciho  railroad,  and  a  company  was  organized  under  tin' 
act  in  .Ian.,  IS.'iO,  which  petitioned  congress  for  a  grant  of  land  to  buil'l  it.J 
Wii  'tlier  tiie  opinion  be  right  or  wrong,  just  or  fallacious,  well  or  illy  '"'ti- 
tled liy  authority,  can  make  no  ditl'erence  so  far  as  we  are  concern.  .1.  it  h 
a  lixed  f:ict  that  it  has  always  e.xiste<l,  (the  right?)  and  has  been  actcil  M|nii 
by  a  large  number  of  our  public  men  in  their  otHcial  capacity,  and  tli  it  a 
very  lanje  portion  of  the  American  people,  p<-rhapsevcn  aniajority,  saiiiliuii 
its  validity.     If  the  friends  of  a  racilic  railway  ore  wiso  auJ  Uisciuct  they 


PHILADELrHIA  CONVENTION. 


Bin 


all  ;iiul  remarks :  "We  are  willinj^  to  take  advan- 
t;i.;v  <>r  the  existence  of  the  constitutional  ditticult}' 
aln  ady  alluded  to,  to  make  a  suggestion,  which,  if 
u(( .  (ltd  to,  will  unite  every  friend  of  a  Pacific  rail- 
wav  upon  one  distinct  and  clear  s^'stem,  and  enable 
tin  111  to  compel  congress  to  <'onsummate  tlie  work  at 
once.  This  suggestion  is  that  the  general  govern- 
mnit  he  memorialized  to  undertake  the  con.str  iction 
(if  a  railway  from  a  point  at  or  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Kaii>as  river  on  our  western  border  to  the  bay  of  San 
Fiancisco,  with  a  branch  to  the  Colund>ia  river  or 
Pui^ct  sound  ;  and  that  congress  be  further  memorial- 
ized to  donate  to  the  states  so  much  of  the  public 
lands  within  their  borders  as  may  be  needful  to  aid 
thciii  in  the  construction  of  three  branches  of  the 
Pacific  railway  from  the  mouth  of  the  Kansas  river 
to  tlie  Mississippi  river;  the  first  branch  to  be  taken 
to  St.  Louis,  the  second  to  Memphis,  and  the  third 
to  such  point  on  the  upper  Mississippi  as  will  most 
favorably  connect  with  the  great  lakts  and  the  lines 
of  railway  along  their  southern  shores  to  eastern 
cities. 

Jjoughborough's  pamphlet,  witli  other  i>ropositions, 
had  Imx'II  placed  before  the  St.  Louis  and  iMrinphis 
couv(>nti<»ns,  and  had  been  digested  by  the  country 
Icfore  the  meethigof  the  convention  of  Aj)ril  1,  1850, 
at  riiiladelphia,  which  was  presided  over  temporaiily 
hv  .rosei)h  K.  Ingersoll,  member  of  conijress  from 
rciiiisylvania;  and  which  elected  William  B.  Ogdcn 
of  Illinois  president.  Among  the  letters  received 
from  public  men  not  j»resent  was  t)nc  from  Thomas  J. 
liusk  of  Texas,  Sai«l  he;  "  Let  this  road  be  con- 
structed, and  there  will  bo  no  north  and  no  south,  no 

viU  t:iko  ailviiiitiigo  of  the  exi.stt'iioo  of  tiiis  Djiiiiion  to  I'oine  to  a  f;iir  xinder- 
stamliiii;  instcail  of  iteriiiitting  it  to  liiin>;  as  a  iiiillstoiio  a)>out  tlic  neck  of 
tlu'  ]iiiv|ci't  ;  and  wo  nay  to  tiicin  tliat  nothing  is  easier  to  <lo  than  tliin,  if 
tlicy  will  only  ilivcst  tlieinsilvos  of  sei'tional  aiul  jiersoiial  iiiotivi's,  and  re- 
S'llvf  to  ai't  in  ij;oo(l  faith  for  tlie  advanirnu'iit  of  the  cause.  Three  important 
elijocts  should  he  kept  steadily  in  view  in  lixinjj  upon  the  route  uiid  the  de- 
taiN  uf  the  work.  The  lirst  ohject  is  tliat  of  empire  ;  the  second  that  of 
ii;itii>tiality;  and  tho  third  a  revolution  in  the  couiuuTce  of  the  civilizetl 
wurld.' 

HlHT.  Cal.,  Vou.  VU.    .S3 


n 


I 


Mh 


^^ 


'  i'  • 


614 


INCEPTION'  OF  KAILWAY  ROUTES. 


east  and  no  west,  but  our  country  will  be  every  win  to. 
and  every  spot  of  earth  on  which  our  hardy  ytoiiuni 
tread  will  be  their  home  and  the  home  of  their  lurtli- 
ren.  All  the  angry  passions  which  have  of  latr  n'^j. 
tatedthe  public  mind,  breathing  forth  the  unlialloucl 

name  of  disunion,   threatening  the  very  existent f 

our  free  institutions,  and  cau.sing  the  heart  of  ivciv 
patriot  to  beat  quick  with  dread  when  he  reflects  i.n 
the  bare  pos -nihility  of  such  a  result,  will  pass  awny."  ' 

Letters  wer(3  received  froin   Benton,  Orin   Fdwler, 

John  Robl)ins   Jr,  Job   Maim,  Samuel   R,  Thurston, 

Joseph    R.    Chandler,    Thomas    Ewing,    Charles    K. 

Clarke,  Jam^s  \I.  Porter,  John  Cessna  of  the  Poim- 

sylvania  legislature,   and  W.   Milnor  Roberts.      Kiv- 

moiit  also  sent  a  letter  to  the  ccmvention,  aceonijia- 

nie  1  by  a  mip  which  was  a  delineation  of  the  l^eiit  )n- 

From  )nt  route,  running  from  St  Louis  to  IiulepeiKl- 

enco,  aloiijf   the   Kansas  river  to  Bent    Fort  on  the 

Arkansas,  thenco  through  the  great  mountam  <liain. 

not  by  the  grand  canon  of  the  Arkansas,  but  sniitli 

of  it  wh  M*e  no  pass  exists,  and  in  a  general  north  wrst 

cours<3  to  White  riv«'r,  up  the  I'intah  river,  and  ovor 

tlio  dividing  ridgo  separating  the  waters  of  tin-  ]*a»itic 

from  those   of  the   great   basin,  to  the  foot  of  (Ireat 

Salt   Lake;  thenre   in   a  northwest   course   to  Pilut 

knob  at  the  head  of  Huml)oldt  vallev,  and  tK)Wii  it, 

tlirough  the  Truckec^  pass  into  the  Sacramento  valky. 

As  compared  with  the  South  pass  route,  it  was  one 

full  of  difl[iculti<^s,  and,  as  the  nuip  presented  to  tlio 

convention  shows,  was  one  with  wliich  its  author  was 

not  personally  acquainted,  and  for  which  he  had  ii<> 

oth(^r  authority  than  hearsiy.     It  was  an   etlort  tn 

establish  a  line  as  nearly  direct  as  jiossible  between 

St    Louis    and    San    Francisco;    and,    perchance,   to 

make  political  capital  thereby. 

All  the  plans  ever  broached  were  reconsidt  icil. 
Stevens,  delegate  from  that  state,  presented  th.e  plaii 

*  ProrcfifiniiK  of  thf  Cnnifnlion  in  f'>ir<or  fif  n  yirdnnnl  ffnllninl  to  thf  P  '■•ill' 
Ocean  throwjh  the  'ferritQi-ks  o/  (Ac  UiuUd  S'tuki,    Tlula,  l:^,  U, 


PlllLADELrillA   ( ONVKXTIOX. 


olo 


of  IilM^-de  Island  as  agreed  upon  at  a  iiieetinur  held 
M;ir  )i  "JOtli  at  l*i<ivi<Kii(e.  Jacul)  Dewees,  of  IN-nii- 
svlvaiiia,  <»ff  n-d  a  project  which  included  a  Msteui  of 
r;i!!r"nd>  from  the  several  Atlantic  ports  to  converge 
at  St  Louis  as  the  eastern  terminus  of  J?acific  rail- 
Av;iv.  Dcligatc  Kohiiison  of  Indiana  spoke  in  favor 
..f  Whitney's  prop<)sition.  Joel  B.  Sutherlaml  argutd 
in  favor  of  a  national  road.  ''Xo  man  livin'j:,"  siu«l 
li--  '•"U^ht  to  have  the  power  of  huilding  this  road 
V. -ttd  in  him  and  his  heirs — nor  should  anv  eomnanv 
hav.  that  grant  made  to  it ;"  and  he  gave  his  reasons, 
wlii.h  do  not  i>articularlv  concern  us  at  this  dav. 

The  cftnnnittee  on  resolutions  resolved  that  it  was 
th<  duty  of  congress  "  in  some  way  to  apply  the  encr- 
'_n.^  of  our  country,"  so  as  to  secure  the  earliest  ]m>s- 
>i!.|.-  completion  of  a  Pacific  railroad  ;  that  the  work 
was  national  and  should  he  constructed  bv  national 
iii>  in-; ;  hut  to  avoid  state  and  local  prejudices,  the 
Lr-ivt-rnnient  should  conHiie  its  operations  to  the  coun- 
try h.  yond  the  limits  of  the  organized  states,  leaving 
ti"  I'l-anchcs  to  he  constructed  hy  those  states:  that 
li'i-  ral  appropriations  of  the  public  lands  should  he 
nia.l.  to  aid  s;iid  states  ;  and  that  congn-ss  he  nicmo- 
liia'iz.'d  on  the  subject  of  a  survey  by  comjieteiit 
engineers  of  all  the  routes  considered  practicable. 

Morrison  of  Peimsvlvania  siioke  aLiain.st  the  reso- 
kitions.  He  fiivored  Whitney's  plan,  as  it  interestetl 
tli>  working  classes.  John  Biddle.  of  Michigan,  and 
S.  1*.  Curtis.  t>f  Iowa,  sustained  the  resolutions,  fa- 
V'>riiig  a  notional  road,  and  its  im.nediate  commence- 
i!i'  lit.  The  rcs«>lutions  were  finally  adopted.  Elder 
"f  Pennsvlvania  otl'ered  a  resolution,  which  was  lost. 
tliat  the  president  of  the  convention  appoint  one 
(!,  1.  .rate  from  each  of  the  states  present,  to  present  a 
r-jx.rt  on  the  most  feasible  route.  Solomon  \V. 
1I"Im  rts  moved  that  the  committee  recommend  to  tlie 
Aiixrican  people,  in  every  part  of  the  country,  to 
ur^e  u|x>n  congress,  by  numerous  petitions,  to  make 
an  early  and  ample  appropriation  for  surveys  of  the 


I! 


i 


It 


ii 
ii 

'■I 


M 


h^! 


!^ti 


Hi; 


in 


SIO 


IXCEITIOX  OF  RAILWAY   IlOL'TES;. 


most  fi-asihl«»  routes  for  the  construrtit)n  of  a  railnxid 
to  California  aiul  Onj^on,  from  the  valley  «»f  the 
Mississipi»i ;  which  was  ad«n>tetl. 

Camp,  rif  Xcw  York,  ottered  a  resolution  that  tl;« 
electors  of  the  United  States  should  be  recomnu  ndod 
to  vote  for  no  man  at  the  ensuin*^  election  for  inoni- 
bers  of  r«»nirress  who  opposed  the  construction  of  a 
Pacific  railroad.  This  motion  provintj  ijiadmisslMt. 
even  when  amended  by  T.  B.  Florence  to  the  ct};  ct 
that  '*  the  |MM>p]e  in  their  primary  assen)l)lics"  sIh.uM 
pass  resolutions  in  favor  of  the  railroad,  it  was  tal)l((l. 
There  was  dan;j;er  enouj^li  of  the  matter  «j^ettinj;  into 
politi-'s  without  resolving  it  there.  I'resident  ()l:<I(ii. 
in  an  interestin;^  s|)eech.  tj;ave  his  views  of  the  nati«iu  ^ 
ability  to  build  the  road.** 

A  memorial  to  congress  was  adopted,  ])rescntiiig 
the  proceedinirs  of  the  convention,  and  calling  atten- 
tion to  the  subject,  but,  leaving  all  definite  i)laiis  t'> 
the  wis<]om  of  that  hotly. 

The  subject  of  an  inter  oceanic  railroad  might  !>•■ 
now  said  to  be  l»efore  the  jx'ople  and  congress  in  nil 
its  bearings.  So  far  as  the  public  were  concerntil.  its 
individual  writt^'rs  and  s]>eakers  exhibited  a  coniinniil- 
able  deixree  of  interest;^'  but  the  inertia  of  jjireat  l)o<J- 
ies  has  [»assed  into  a  prol)leni. 

Explorations  liad  l)een  ordered  for  militar}'  posts 
and  routes,  with  the  incitlental  view  of  learning  iii'Mv 
about  the  country  Wonging  to  us,  through  whidi  mv 
might  sometime  desire  to  travel  in  comfort  in  railway 

'•Oiir  war  with  Mexico  ami  tlie  purchase  of  Cahfornia  Iiatl  c'>-t  u« 
$70,0UO.0UO.  Weowttl  more  than  tliat  froiii  ITiH)  to  1MJ<),  wht-ii  we  wi-r.-.  a« 
a  nation,  very  j<«>or.  aiiil  ntniil>er<'il  in  |ici|iulatiiin  mi  more  than  luiir  i>r  live 
millions.  In  1>1<»  our  national  ileht  was  8I'J7,tHK),00(),  anil  our  i>iijiiil;»t'.i>n 
less  than  O.iJiW.OOO;  hut  in  \s'Mi  this  ilelit  waa  extinguislicil  iiml  vo  lia'l 
§40.00i\00l>  suri)luii  in  tlie  treasury  soon  after,  which  conifross  di-<ti  !'Ut<<l 
aiiioni;  tlie  states  for  want  of  some  ohject  to  apjily  it  to.  How  trilhuu'  tlnn 
wouM  Ih?  a  »lebt  of  *I70.<NK».000  now,  wlien  M-e  liad  a  j)oi>ulatii'ii  I't 
L'lJ.t^lO.'NlO  in  an  uncxanii>le<l  ft.ato  of  j>ros{)erity,  even  if  tlie  outlay  \\>  n-  to 
return  ns  nothing.  But  jmlging  hy  the  husiness  of  the  Erie  canal,  wliii-h 
ha<l  l>een  scr.ffetl  at  in  its  inception,  it  wouhl  greatly  increase  the  wealtli  <>f 
the  conntrv,  ami  that  verv  rjiptiUv. 

'^  //Miit't  MTt-h.  .V*/.."xxiii.  li.»:r4:  M.,  xxii.  149;  Ainfr.  Qwtrt.  H-i.  iv- 
.590-6:  R'-r.  I'ulrin  '' 4V  r-e  Lrrtun  on  tJif  H'tllnxut  to  Uie  Pacifir,  .\u!r.  1"J.  In'""; 
New  York,  iSoU.  CoL  Pott  and  PtxxiU,  192. 


XOUTII   AND   SOUTH. 


517 


cdailics.  What  more,  iiukod,  could  have  been  rca- 
..oiialilv  oxiH'ctecl  before  the  gold  discoveries  caused 
t!ir  uii]trceedented  migratiou  of  1841).  In  his  messages 
of  l>4'Jaiid  1850,  tlic  president  made  some  sugges- 
tions to  congress  concerning  overland  communication  ; 
;iii(l  in  the  debates  of  that  body  upon  the  several  pro- 
jects heforo  it,  th:;  majority  leaned  toward  Whitney's 
[il.in.  althougli  Plumbe  still  urged  his  scheme,  and 
l^iiiton  his  route.*'  Several  bills  were  introduced 
wliich  did  not  change  the  outlook  for  any.  De  J^ow's 
SnHtlicm  Iicriciu  for  ])ecember  1841),  commenting  ou 
the  reports  of  tlio  committees  of  both  houses  of  coii- 
._qvss,  said:  "  Altliough  we  luive  always  been  disposed 
t't  juiss  a  more  southern  route  than  that  proposed  by 
Mr  Whitney,  for  a  railroad  to  the  Pa<MHc  ocean,  we 
liiive  never  once  doubted  of  the  practicability  and 
|j;rtat  commercial  value  of  his,  and  that  in  its  j>lan  and 
(Irtails  it  eml)races  the  oidy  constitutional  mode  of  ef- 
tlctinj:  tlie  Lireat  work,  whether  through  the  a-j-encv 
of  that  gentleman  or  through  any  one  else."  The 
wiitt  r,  after  presi'nting  a  favorable  argument,  consid- 
iit'd  nationally,  for  Wiiitney's  scheme  presented  the 
southern  view  of  the  case  upon  two  |)ropositions  : 
1st.  the  rimte  proposed  was  all  on  free  soil;  2nd,  the 
building  of  the  road  would  greatly  accelerate  the 
settlement  of  the  entire  line  to  the  Pacific,  and  it 
was  feared  such  a  result  would  be  prejudicial  to  the 
-><)Utli  by  increasing  a  populatioji  liostile  to  its  insti- 
tutions. The  question,  it  was  declai-ed,  nmst  bo  set- 
tled at  the  ct)ming  session  t>f  c»>n<>re.ss,  as  after  that 
period  the  land  reformi'is  of  the  north  who  wt're 
giving  away  the  public  lands  to  make  capital  against 


''  T!  i-hirnfthi'  ro'prtri.*  nfroyhtrVM  romwiitiv  (m  R.  /?.,  irilh  >•(  marls /rfim  /><■ 
B  ■■:•'.  ^■■ii>l(t  rii  Ifrriiii',  !)('i',  IS.'iO,  ///  H'lllriiiiil-^  hh'I  Sliiiiii.<liif)i,  I)ii('.  i;  S}»f/i  ,,f' 
Jr;,<  li.  Ji  iirlhi,  of  M".,  \V;i.sll.,  IS-'K);  .Vi.  }  in  S;<.r,-//r>  f '10/7. ;  Uuvicw  lif 
imiic.  iiilvaiitiigi's,  ri's(mri'e>i,  I'o.xt.  ftc.  in  U.  >>.  Ili>ii.ir  h'<fi.,  4.17,  iii.   .'iii  |i|i., 

•II    iiint:.,    I   sc^s..    U,    S.   II.    Hi:     Dor.,    i.,    J).     ;!0.     :n     cinij'.,  'Jscss:    Hri'imtil'-i 

/-•r./to  fierli.inl  iiiul  otlicrs  of  tlit;  Mi-^^issippi  |{.  U.   I'lmvoiitinii,    i>ii   tliu 
fiMtuivs  aaid  aJvoiitagc:!  of  his  nmto;  Anni.  (Ju'u:  J'cj.,  iv.  55S-C1, 


H 


,1 


Mi 


518 


IXCEmON  OF  PwMLWAY  ROUTES. 


tlic  south  for  the  i)resulein\v,  would  have  left  notliiiiir 
Nvitli  wliicli  to  isatisty  Whitney's  i)ropos(_'(l  contiiK  t.' 


Thi'  pivs.s  of  California  was  urgent  for  (|uicktr  ( 


>iiii. 


numicatiou  with  tlio  east.  Fremont,  the  first  seiiaiur 
eloctetl  hy  the  letijislature  of  the  independent,  self-con- 
stituted first  state  on  the  l*acific  coa.st,  }»resenli  d  in 
one  day  eighti'en  bills  for  the  benefit  of  California, 
but  among  them  was  no  bill  for  a  transoontiin  utal 
railroad,  although  he  was  charged  with  the  joint  reso- 
lutions of  the  legislature,  urging  congress  to  construct 


a    national    roac 


1, 


tl 


le 


earliest   possible   niouunt 


Gwin  in  his  Memoirs  more  than  hints  that  he  was  llic 
author  of  the  eightc^en  bills  ])resented  by  Fremont  on 
the  l.'Jth  of  September,  hi  wliicli  case  lie  was  also  iv- 
S[)onsible  for  the  absence  of  a  railroad  bill,  and  for  tlio 
failure  to  present  the  joint  resolution  of  the  legisla- 
ture, which  was  not  brought  to  the  attention  of  con. 


gress  ui 


itil  the  last  of  Di'cember,  when,  Fremont  1 


tf- 


iiig  absent  during  the  entire  si'ssion,  (iwin  apologi/i d 
for  the  delav  in  in-esentiiiir  them,  by  saviiii*"  that  liis 
colleanue  must  liave  forootten  them.  It  would  sccin 
ditHcult,  in  the  midst  of  all  the  railroad  tli.scusslon  of 
that  yi'ar  to  forgi't  that  California  had  instructed  liini 
to  uru'o  immediati!  action  on  this  subject.  Not  that 
her  demand  would  be  comi»lied  with  in  pri'fereiicc  to 
others,'  l)ut  that  the  apparent  neglect  to  inakothc  de- 
mand made  weight  f  »rthe  enemies  of  the  road.  ( J\\  ins 
svmpathies  being  always  with  the  south,  ho  couM  n.t 


^^TliU  referred,  of  course,  to  tliafc  portion  of  tlic  route   liet 


l„ 


Mieliij,Mii  ami  .Missouri;  iiiiil  the  allusion  to  tlie  (U.-posal  of  the  jiuMie  l.iii'ls 


jv  conirress  was  u\ 


lule  in  refereiiee  to  soldiers'  lioimts"  lancl  la\ 


Th 


>lut 


loll  reails: 


1st,   lie  it  resolved  liy  tlie  senate  and  assciuhiy 


of  the  state  of  California,  that  our  senators  lie  in>trncted,  and  our  rci'ii 
tatives  rei|uested,  to  urj^e  u|ioii  eon^ress  the  ini]iortaneo  of  authnri/iii;;  ;is 
foon  a-i  ])ossilile,  the  eoii4nu'tion  of  a  national  railroad  from  the  I'acili.'  t(i 
the  Mississi[i]ii  river.  'Jnd,  Kesolved,  tliat  they  he  ftirther  instruetid  and 
re(|uesteil  to  ur;;e  iijion  tiu;  national  government,  with  a  view  to  farilitato 
tiu!  aeeomplishment  of  tht?  great  Mork  contemplated  in  the  lirst  resolii'.iuii, 
the  immediate  organization  of  an  etlii'ient  engineer  corps,  to  maki'  coinpl  te 


Mirvevs  am 


1  expl 


orations  i 


if  tl 


veral  routes  which  havelieen  rd'onniiciiili  cl 


to  puiilic  notict^  as  jiraetical'le  f'lr  the  line  of  said  road.  '\A,  Ilcsolveil.  lliat 
lii-  exi-ellency  the  governor,  he  reijUested  to  forward  to  each  of  our  senators 
niid  representatives  in  congress,  a  certilicd  copv  of  the  fongoing  joint  reso- 
lutions.' Cil.  Sf:i/ii/r.t  1S.")0,  p.  4!;.">,  C.  S  Sni.  'Mi.<r.,  Doe.  4.  'M  cong,  '2  .sess. 
fil.  Jour.  Li  J.,  l«.">lt,  p.  ■-■0-',  •_")'.;  Vmj.  CmU-  IS'.o  I,  vol.  'J.".,  i:!'-'. 


EFFECT  OF  L0XG11E>.SI0NAL  ACilTATIOX 


519 


ruriliiilly  urge  the  construction  of  a  central  or  nortli- 
iiii  I'lu  ifio  railway  out  of  tlie  national  treasury  ;  but 
]i;i\  iivj;  liacl  tinio  to  grasp  tiu'  subject,  as  it  was  undor- 
,st(»o(l  hy  politicians  in  Washington,  he  perceived  tliat 
the  srcond  resolution  which  asked  for  a  survey  of  tin; 
(lilH  rent  routes,  nullilied,  for  the  time  being,  the  first, 
and  thus  made  the  whole  hmocuous  to  the  south.  He 
jiailiculaily  urged  the  survey.  As  the  artful  senator 
liiiii>elf  exjdaiiis,  when  giN  ing  an  account  (»f  his  iiistru- 
iiiciitality  in  laying  the  foundation  of  the  magnificent 
system  of  surveys  across  the  continent  of  America, 
tliat  "'it  brought  about  the  exact  result  wliicli  !Mr 
(Iwiii  liad  [»iedicted — that  no  one  route  could  be 
agreed  upon." 

The  history  of  the  Pacific  railroad  in  congress  for 
several  years  is  a  rep«'tition  and  an  elaboration  of  the 
aigumeiits.  estimates,  opinions,  and  })lans  which  had 
hi  (II  ]»nt  forth  by  individuals  and  conventions  ever 
since  1832,  and  esi>ccially  since  1847,  and  wt)u]d  fill 
viiluiiies."  It  had  the  efl'eet  to  stimulate  railroad 
huildiiig  in  all  the  states,  and  to  cause  a  demand  for 
congressional  aid'"  by  public  land  giants;  to  increase 
]i!ihlic  inti'lligeiice  on  the  subject  of  railroads  to  the 
i'acilic,'"  and   to  make  more   hoi)eless  tlian  ever  the 

'To//,/,  (11iiIh\  IS'iO'l,  fi,  olJ;  Simite  Jour.,  377;  31st  con^'.,  '_M  .si:s.s. ;  U.  S. 
IF.  .1  II,:'.  (iU-J.  (•.(;•_».  1471,  .'U.st  con;;..  lM  scsh.  K<'iM.rt  of  U.  S.  Iloisc  Ccmi. 
(Ill  W  liitiu\  s  jii'DJuct,  iirgiiig  tlie  attoiitiou  of  coiiL'n'ss  to  it.  U.  S.  !l.  Com. 
Uyl,  101,  :V_M  colli;.,  l.st  Mvss.;  T"//;/.  i!lnl„,  LS."]  ■_'.  p,  itJl.  Hill  to  .st  t  ai>iirt 
aihl  sill  to  Asa  \\liitiii'Vof  New  Voik  a  jx-rtionof  tin-  jmlilic  l:\iiils,  t<  ciialilc 
luiii  to  construct  a  railroad  from  Lake  Micliif;aii  or  tlic  .M  ississi|>).i  to  t'.:.; 
I'l'illc  ;  liill  to  ])roviilo  foi'  tin-  location  anil  coii-triiction  of  a  centra!  .lational 
riilrnail,  from  the  Missi.ssipjii  river  to  the  racitic;  Mil  i;rantiiu^  Ihc  I'^ht  of 
Hiiv.  ami  making'  a  grant  of  land  to  aid  in  the  con.stnictiiiii  ot  a  riiiiroad  from 
Like  -Mielii^'an  to  the  Mississi|i]pi.  /./..  ■_'ir>r>.  ]'rol)o.^itiolls  for  two  railroads 
teii.riMcet  tlic  Mississijipi  witli  the  I'aeitic. 

■'I'liii'l.  (,'IiiIm',  ]S7>]-'2.  15l11  ainl  amendments  tliereto,  making;  j;rauts  of 
l.iiid  to  several  states,  to  aid  in  the  con>trnction  of  railroads  and  for  other 
I'lirposes,  jij..  l.Vtt;,  l.-iC.'J,  l."!»,  I.".!*."),  ICIf-',  Ilil'J,  ICdi;,  Kl'.U.  IC.Cli.  Hills 
j.'i;iiitiiii;  laml  to  construct  railroads,  \  i/..  for  the  consiriictioii  of  the  Virginia 
aucj  'renncs.sci!  railroail;  fi'oui  tliccojiiier  mines  on  tlie  shore  of  Lake  Superior 
to  Chicago;  from  St  Louis  to  St  Taiil;  from  .MaiictoWoc  to  the  Mis>issi|ipi; 
fieiM  the  Waliash  to  the  Missouri;  to  tlic  Siiiiliury  and  Krie  railroail  company 
ef  i'a  to  aid  in  tho  construction  of  their  vork^;  ]n'o]iosjtion  for  a  grant  of 
liiiil  111  tlie  South  Carolina  and  Teiuie.--ee  railroad;  hills  L'raiiting  lands  to 
tlie  states  of  .Me,  Mass,  I'a.  Ohio.  Iiid.,  Mo.,  la,  111.,  .Mis.s./La,  Teiin.,  Wis., 
Ark.,  Ala,  Minn.,  Fla,  .Mich..  Ky. 

^•See  n7'/;>;i'''.<  l,'<iif,  ill  /'"•  /'.  A",  /^;l^  xi  7<".,  A/.,  vols  iii  ,  iv. ;  Fi>- 
vioiil'.s  /iijit,  in  ('.  S.  Sdi.  J/i'.v,  Dm:,  07,  .Slid  cong.,  Istsess. ;  /'cj/c'.s  Jt't-i'l,  in 


\i' 


i' 
;    . 


;«■ 


1,1 


11' "  i 

15  !• 


m 


520 


INCEPTION  OF  RAILWAY  ROUTES. 


prospect  of  any  sinj^lc  road.  At  the  session  of  1 852  3 
it  was  proposed  by  Senator  Brodhcad  of  PeMiisvK  aula 
to  amend  tlie  appropriation  bill  so  as  to  autlimizr  the 
secretary  of  war,  undtT  the  direction  of  tlie  }»icsi(|(  nt, 
to  employ  such  portion  of  the  corps  of  toi)(»<;i;ij»liiiiil 
en<^inecrs  and  others  as  mi<;ht  be  advisable  to  use  ir- 
tain  the  most  economical  and  practicable  route  for  a 
railroad  to  the  Pacific  from  the  ;Mississij)pi,  and  tliat 
$1. 50, 000  bo  appropriated  to  defray  the  expciisi  s  of 
such  explorations.  The  eiiLjiruH'r.s  employed  wciv  ti 
be  or^•anized  into  as  many  distinct  cor[>s  as  there  wtio 
routes  to  be  surveyed,  and  their  several  reports  laid 
before  congress  on  or  l)i'f()re  the  first  IMonday  in  Jan- 
uary ISr)4.  To  this  motion  (Jwin  added:  "And  he  it 
further  enacted,  that  in  makin^^  such  explorations  and 
surveys  the  eiiijfineers  and  other  i>ersons  eniiilovid 
may  bo  directed  to  act  m  concert  with  any  en;4iiH  is 
or  other  persons  employed  by  any  individual  or  indi- 
viduals, association  or  associations,  for  the  sain  • 
general  object,  and  the  secretary  of  war  is  hen  l>\ 
authorized  and  required  to  receive  i)roposals  finm  in- 
dividuals or  associations  for  the  construction  of  u  rail- 
road between  the  valley  of  the  Mississip[>i  and  tlie 
Pacific  ocean,  and  to  lay  the  same  before  c«»nure<s  at 
the  next  session,"  and  jiresented  the  whole  to  tlio 
senate,^"  Congress  adopte<l  the  amendment  Maidi 
3d,  and  the  surveys  were  begun  in  the  spring  of  Is.kJ. 


U.  S.  If.  Kr.  Dnr.,  129,  xviii.,  pt  2.  .indponsr.,  1st  sess.;  Pac  It.  /,'.  /!]>'.  ii.; 
I'dii-f'/i  Ilifit  J)n.,  Guiiitiinn  dint  lii  fkirilli'.-t  ll']>l-<,  Jlilil  in  Vol.  xi.,  T,\-i'r.  Wil- 
Unn\.ion.i  Ncjit,  ill  U.  S.  Si^ii.  /)•»:,  52.  vol.  viii.,  I?:M  cong.,  1st  sess.;  ('.  S.  II. 
Ex.  Doc.,  4G,  ij.  99-118,  vol.  viii.,  3:kl  wii^'.,  1st  scss.;  hi.  />-«•.,  1  •_'!»,  \nl. 
xviii.;  S'dl'iiminn  Amu:  Join:  Si'inirf,  ISoM,  vol.  2o,  'M'l;  Stciyn.'i'  H'yl,  in 
Smlt.lwvii<in  livpt,  1854,  80-2;  LI.,  80-7. 

""'I  fuel  iiiysolf  constriiiiicd,' says  this  iliploinatist,  'to  liriiit;  forwaiil  this 
proposition,  ami  I  <lo  it  with  j^ieat  distrust,  (iiidir  the  bLliof  that  injury  may 
result  from  it.  1  am  not  at  all  satisKud  that  we  ever  can  get  a  natioiiul  i:iil- 
roa<l,  or  any  particular  route  to  ho  dosignati'd  hy  congress,  liei'ause  thu  e 
tioctions  of  tlie  country  that  are  rejected  in  the  report  tiiat  may  he  iiia.lr  to 
congress  will,  by  comhining,  jirovent  the  estahlishment  of  any.'  On-in.  M- 
vioir^,  MS.,  101-3;  Comj.  GIoIk;  1S52-3,  815-40;  Kehate  by  .-\daiiis  it.  11, 
Borland.  Bright,  Butler,  Cass,  Chase,  Douglas,  Cwin,  Hale,  Ifunter.  N;a- .n, 
Pratt,  Rusk,  Underwood,  and  Walker.  Ar<nitiiriii<  >,/  tli<  It >ii.  IIV.Y/'f.  '/. 
Owhi  oil  /lir  .•<iil;)n/ 11/'  ,1.  /^,1,-ii!,-  riiilro  III  ill  IS''i  "ml  IS'-S:  S-jxi  rh  »f  (lun.  11.  il'''- 
briiljt  o/ y\m  York  in  the  huunc  of  Hipr^^uiMiix^,  Juu«  13,  1S54. 


SURVEYS  ORDERED. 


521 


Tlir  »urvcys  occupiod  a  nuinbor  of  years,  aiul  wore 
continued  under  acts  of  coMijjress  of  ^IMy  'M  and  Au- 
.rust  f).  1S54."  "Tliev  had,"  savs  (Jwin,  "the  oxact 
ivsult  wliieh  I  predicted,  that  no  one  route  0(»uld  ho 
au'i' cd  upon."  Ho  avoids  sayintjf  that  tlie  south 
wmild  not  permit  tlic  nortli  to  liavo  a  road,  hst  a 
iKnthern  jiopulation  should  flow  out  and  ahsori)  the 
|puMic  lands;  and  the  north  would  not  permit  the 
SiUitli  to  have  it  ft)r  fear  the  iron  rails  would  hind 
the  territory  acquired  from  Mexico,  including  C.ili- 
fiiriiia,  to  the  slave -holding  states. 


/,'/.'.  ii.; 
;!  r,:   II  ,/■ 

r..s'. ;/. 

l-Jll,    \ul. 

/.'■;■',   ill 


^Tlii'  nortliom    rnnto   .ili>nj»   tlio  Missouri  was  cx])l(ircil  1>y   f!i>v.   I.    I. 


S,  ■vi'tii  II 


f  W:.sli.  T. 


'1  (  iliit.  (Ic'di-'i!  il.  N[i'Cli^ll.ui  (if  tlio  i'n;'iiuiT  i 


>rji! 


■I. 


■:ir  tlie  4i.;t  Jiiiil  4'_iiil  iiurallcls  was  txiilofiil  ]>y  < 'apt.  J.  C  Vrv- 
.('apt.  II.  Staiislnny,  tup.  eii:,''rs,  and  J.ii'ut  E.  (i.  Jici^kwitli,  'M  rt  u't 
■i-v.     Tlu'  routi-  lu'ur  tlit^  .'iStli  ami  .'V.Uli  parullcli    uas  ixploriil  l>y  (  apt. 


\>'.  <  linin..s(iii,  t  i>.  i'ii.;'r-i,  iiport  hy  l.init  1',.  (J.   15 


Tl 


K'  route 


11.  ar  t'.if  r.."ill>  jianilu'I  u,is  t'xlind  liy  Lout  \.  W.  \Vliip])lc,  tii[i.  •ng'rs. 
'Ill'  r.iitc  near  the  .".J.l  panill-l  vas  cxiilunil  liy  ('apt.  .luliii  I'cipc,  1  ieut 
J.liiH..  I'a:'; ',  aiul  ?  !:ij  ^r  AVl'.raiu  !I.  ]',ii>(ii-y,  tup.  <'!r,''i'i.      Exaiiiinatinii  uf 


111  of  ll  i<  roll  o  f.Miii  tlu)  iiioutli  of  tlio  (iila  to  Saii   Fran 


ci-co  wa.s 


Miut'  ly  L'.L'iit  R.  .S.  \V.iliaiiisoii,  top,  i^ng'iM.     Tlio  n 'port  <,  wliicli  till— with 


.t  .si; 


•ipii 


■lit  < 


;i  ( ill  ( 'alil'orii.a,  On.'L'oii, 


M 


ixico,  an 


th. 


I'.ii-ilic  coii't  goiuT.iily,  ainl  w  liic'i  iii('lu(lool);jcrvaii"ns  mion  tlic  niiiit'raloi»y, 
1'  itaiiy,  fore.-itiy,  and  fauna  of  t'li;  coast  ami  Imlian  fliaiai'tciistii's  ami  ous- 
t'lia  — >ovr!i  i|".  irto  voluiiii's,  arc  a:  icni;^  t'lO  most  intcriv-^ting  (lociinii  nts  t  vit 
]ii'.l  slu'il  liy  tlie  goVLTiiiiU'iit.  Vol.  1.  il  ilivoted  to  a  ivjiort  of  .li'tliTsoii 
l)avi<,  hoe.  of  w.ir,  i'oihU'IisimI  from  llu-  .Kcvi'ial  rrjioi't-s  of  tliu  dill'ti'i  iit  cxpi- 
i!  .■•<i\  M'i'.li  a  talmlatcil  statciiK'iit  of  tlio  distances,  altituik's,  o^timatnl 
etc.,  of  tlie  v.iriou.s  liiui  .'surveyed.      I  take  from  tlii.s  idaliorati'  taMt-  a 


fAili 


ar.- 


lie  III 


pr'ihcni  routi',  from  St  I'aiil  to  Vancouver,  \va!j  e.-Mmated 


tulieiiia   .-itriiiilit  line    1,11.") 
II'  l-*,  .-irii    of   ascents  and  lU 


Ii'a,    liy  tlio   ]>roposed    railroad  route  ),8(>i 
nts    IS,  KM)  feet,   cost  Si:!(».7S1.000 ;   route 


lit  and   !-.M 


•allel  i,  fi'oiii  Ciiiimil  l?luirs  to  Uiiiieia,  dist.-inee  ill  a 


liu'lit  line  1,410  miles,  liy  tlie  jiroposeil  route  'i.OIl'J  miles,  sum  of  ascents 


111  descents  •_•!». |-_'0  feet,  cost  Si  l(i.O<,t."i,()()i); 


ite  near  the  .'iSth  ai.d  'X  th 


piiallels,  from  \\  estpoit  to  .S.  F.  by  the  t'oelutopa  and  'I  aheacliaypah  passes. 
il:-t  nice  ill  a  straiiilit  lino  1,740  miles,  hy  the  proposed  route  'J,OM)  miles. 
.--uni  iif  ascents  and  desiciits  4'.(.'.IS()  hot,  cost  '  ^■o  great  that  the  road  is  iiii- 
practiiaMe; "  routi-  from  and  to  the  same  points  hy  the  Coehetoiia  and  Mad- 
ehuc  passes,  disUmee  10  miles  greater,  and  sum  of  ascents  and  descents 
."•I.."dt  feet,  cost  same  as  aliove;  route  near  the  J^.'ith  ]iarallel,  from  P'or'; 
."^niitli  to  ."sail  I'edro.  distance  in  ii  straight  lin;  l,l!t'>0  miles,  liy  the  proposed 
la.  l.si,l-_>  miles,  .sum  of  accents  and  de^cents  4S,,SlL'  feet,  cost  .SIt>!t.'Jlti.l'li.'>; 
hr nil  h  load  Iroiii  the  Mojave  river  to  S.  I".,  distance  400  miles,  .sum  of  as- 
1.!  descents  7,. "ilH)  feet,  cost  .*il'.t.".t:{'i.O0():  mute  near  the  IWd  jiarallid, 

the 


CI  iu>  ai 


fi'iiiu   Fulton   to  San  I'edro,  distance   1,400  miles   in  a  .straight    line. 


pri'pii-ed  route  l,<)IS  miles,  sum  of  ascents  and  descents  ;V_*.7>>4  feet,  cost 
f'ti^.'.'TO.OOO;  exteiKsioii  to  .S.  F.,  distance  440  miles,  sum  of  ascents  and  d  ;- 
scents  10,  l.'iO  feet,  cost  .■?-V),  |(M),(HM).  On  none  of  these  routes  were  there 
I'li.re  tli.iii  (i70  miles  of  cultivaMe  land  reported;  on  some  not  more  than!{74. 
J'''-  /.'.  /,'.  /,']•/,  i.  31;  BoA-hj,  in  lioijal  U(.0'j,  Sue.  Procccdiiiji,  ISGO,  IGo. 


,'f 


I 


l'!« 


•i:  I 
I,!'' 
Ml 


«■■ 


I 


■I  <   >  < 

Iti: 


i{\    ■  s : 


65W  INCEITION  OF  RAILWAY  IIOUTKS. 

In  ilu^  lueiiiitliiK*  a  lt)M;jj  ju'ojoctrd  railroad  finiu 
orcjMi  t<»  ocean  at  tlu;  istlmuis  (»f  I'anani.l  was  Im  Ihm 
const lui-ird.  It  was  undcrtakfn  Ky  tlio  New  \'iiik 
conipaiiy,  consistinj^  of  William  II.  As[>inwall,  JmIiu 
L.  Strj»licns.  and  Henry  Ciiauncey.  wlioliad  Ihej^ov- 
tjrnnicnt   eontiact    for   carryin;^    the    I'nitcd    St; 

lil    in  stcanisliins  from   New    VoiU  to  tlic  I'acili 


irs 


in: 


coast,  liy  a  fortunate  coint'idenre  this  .servict;  !»<  ■j^^an 
at  tln^  very  time  when  i^'old  was  dis»'ovei'ed  in  Cali- 
foi'nia.  the  fii'st  mail  steamers  carryinij;  all  the  \k\s- 
senii^i'rs  that  could  l>o  acconunodated,  and  who  nm  i,. 
coinpeljed  to  cross  the  Isthmus  hy  hoatsu))  the  Chalets 
river,  and  hv  mules  across  the  mountains,  a  tr\  iir' 
and  even  perilous  jouiiiey. 

Innnediately  u[>on  assuming  the  oblii^ations  oftl...i' 


contra«'t  tl 


le 


acihc 


^lail 


company   rec(»ninze( 


1   th 


im[>ei'ati\e  lu'cessity,  in  their  (twn  intei'est,  of  iniprev- 
in;j;  tlie  route  acros.s  the  Isthnnis.  The  governnii  iit, 
too,  after  the  ac(|uisition  of  (Ailifornia,  i-ompreheiidliij; 
the  im[>ortanee  ef  a  free  anil  uninterru|>ted  |>assaiit  ;it 
all  times  and  forever  across  the  Isthmus  of  Pananui, 
had  negotiated  a  treaty  with  tlu>  govornnu'iit  of  Nc\\- 
(iranada,  i)y  which  the  Ignited  States  undertooV  in 
<'onsideration  »»f  such  a  free  and  unintvrru[>ted  ri^iu 
of  way,  to  guarantee  to  the  puhlic  the  neutrality  ef 
tlu!  Isthnnis,  iUv  authority  of  (Jranada  over  it,  and 
its  protection  from  invasion  hy  foreign  powers.*" 

*"A-i  I'arly  as  tlio  ITtli  century  a  comjiaiiy  was  foniKMl  in  Sidtlatnl.  I'V.i- 
joi-tcil  liy  \N  illiam  I'attiTsoii,  to  iinpnivt'  tlio  ailvaiitani's  utl'i'i-i'il  liy  lln: 
I8II111111S  <.f  I  lai  ii'ii  and  I'aiiuiiia  for  Irailc  in  tlio  raoitic;  Imt  tlio  Kast  IikIm 
coiniiany  ronionstratini,'.  the  imijoct  '.tas  ilisouuntonanooil,  and  tiio  ontiriuir 
susjii'ndod.  I'attiM'siin.  Imwovor,  liavinj^  raisi'd  .i'7(K(,(HK)  and  l.'J(K)  nun 
saiird  til  \('W  (iranada  to  found  a  tolony;  luit  the  local  i,'ovoriiiia'nt  ili 
nouiu-oil  liiiii,  and  tlio  Sjianish  soldiery  altatkod  iiini,  wliilo  disea.so  dni- 
nritod  his  oniony,  so  that  tlio  eutorpriso  had  to  ho  ahandonod.  Jn  l">ll 
Spain  rovivod  tlio  iirojoot  of  Isthmus  conMnnnioation  with  the  J'acitic,  1  iit 
foroijrn  and  doinostii-  trouhl(>s  rondorod  hor  incapaMo  of  carrying  out  tlioilr- 
iiijn.  Bolivar  in  ISi'T  a)>])ointnl  a  ooinniissionor  to  asoortain  hy  actual  mu- 
voy  the  hest  lino.  citlior1)y  railroad  or  canal,  hotwoon  tho  two  soas.  'I'in! 
report  was  in  favor  of  the  latter,  hut  tho  death  of  Bolivar  put  an  end  to  tho 
prosoontion  of  tho  sohenio.  In  IM'J  tho  Moxioan  govorninont  under  Sania 
Ana  oonl'oi'rod  \ipon  .lose  tie  (oirax  a  grant  oni]iowering  liim  to  open  a  rMin- 
niunieation  liy  steam  across  the  utlnmis  of 'relniantepoc  Thisgraiit  pK-Ji'l 
tile  h;;uor  and  t'ailh  of  the  iiatiou  to  niaiutuiii  llie  projector,  CJuray,  u.s  \m  11 


taxamX  railroad. 


Tlu'  report  of  tin*  s«>cn'tarv  of  war  on  tlic  scviial 
surveys  iiuulc  under  his  dinctioii,  Iiaviiii^  l>etii  laid 
Ixtoro  coM«j;rc.ss  in  F«l>ruary  IHjf),  the  interest  ia  a 
Piicitie  railroad  was  if  possihlc  au^nni-nted,  tiii»ut;h 
iiothiim  delinite  was  "o  he  learned  fi'oni  it;  n«>r  was 
tlnr.'  aiiyLhinu;  in  it  to  allay  sectional  jealousirs  or 
(juii't.  fre(!-s()il  a^fitation. 

Thi'  sultjoet  of  overi.ind  eonnnunieation  in  the 
soiiate  was  n^ferred  to  a  scleet  eonimittee,  whieh  im- 
ported a  hill  providing  tiiat  there  should  he  granted 


;n  ,uiy  jiriv'to  iiiiliviilual  or  coiiijinny  8UfOP(Mlin>{  liiin,  citluT  native  or  fiir 


eiijii.  Ill 


till'  iiiiilistui'lii'il  eiijoyiiu'iit  of  all  tlu^  I'oi 


vliicli  w.i-i  all  till)  vacaii 


It:  In 


r: 


Ills  graiiti 


|.i 


rt  of 


each  siili!  of  tlu;  liiii' of  ciiiiiiiimuratiuii   In 


tivri'ii  tin'  two  MCin.  Ill  1S4H  ti'ar.iy  was  (tlacuil  in  jiosscssiou  ip|  tlu-c  lamU 
liV  Nirliol.is  lirivo,  tlicii  prosiiU'iit  of  tliu  rciiuliln',  who  ili  rlanil  all  |.iii<U 
•iiviiiihIv  (irauti'il  ti>  iiativiM  or  foroigncM,  hut  which  I'l'tiiaiin'il  iiiiiiii|iro\ci|, 
lio  i;oui;i;s-<ioii  to  (iaray.     'I'ho  Htirvcy  was  comluiliil  m  OiIoIht, 


l)ri 


Iml.'.l 


J 


ISC!,  ail  1  the  provincial  governors  wore  onlcri'il  to  furni-.h  iiinvic'ts  to  1 
riii|iloycil  iipoii  tho  work,  'riic  tiino  allottc<l  for  construct mj;  the  rnail  wa.i 
t'Mrii'leil  in  IHU  aii<l  other  privilei^ei  iiiMeil,  Uevohitiun  at  this  {iinetiii'ti 
ovi'riliii'W  the  i^overnnieiit,  which  was  channeil  from  a  central  to  a  feilerateil 
liT  Salas,  who  ai;aiii   extomloil   IIk;  time   of  coiii|th'iin<;   the  work  to 


US,     llv  th 


V  the  terms  of  tho  contract  (Iaray  was  authori/i 


.1  t. 


his  l':^ht. 


riiis  lie  ili<l  ill  |S(li  aii<l  IHt7  to  Manning  ami  Mackintosh,  Kii^'lish  sulijectn 
riMi.liiii,' ill  M!\i(!o,  whiuh  transfur  was  ajiproveil  hy  the  Mcxiiaii  honciu. 
iiii'iit.  In  IS17  Pro.siileiit  Polk,  when  ne>;otiatinn,  tliroii;ili  Mr  Fii>t,  tic; 
trc ity  of  (iii:iilaloii|H)  ifiila^o,  tendurecl  S'l"',t>tH),(MK»  to  Mexico  fur  the  riv'ht 
III  way  III  favor  of  tho  U.  S.  across  the  isthmus  of  Tehaiiiitejiec  ;  hut  was 
I  -iiirl  th  it  no  tnvity  c.nilil  ho  hail  on  that  snhject  hccaiise  the  nuht  was 
ali'c.nly  iransfcrrcil.  In  tho  nicantimo  1*.  A.  llartjoioH  of  I'a.  hail  ]iiiicha^ecl 
tlio  5,'i';mt  111  M  inning  an.l  iMackintosli,  ami  fornieil  a  company  in  New  Or- 
Icuutocirrv  on  till!  work;  hut  licforo  commenciiij;  it,  ami  \\hilc  .siirvi  viiij^ 
tlie  route  ill  IHol,  tho  Mexican  congress  (Icclarcil  voiil  the  ilccree  umlcr 
L'li  li.u'ay  ohtaimtil  aii  extension  of  time.     This  piece  of  [innic  laiih  was 


attriliiitei]  to   iealoiisv  of   the  U.  S.;   hut  the  U. 


government  while   in.-ist- 


iui;  oil  the  right  of  (Jaray  ami  his    wuocossors  was  met  hy  the  au.iwcr  that  it 
was  entirely   a   matter  of   Mexican  law;   which  was   the  truth,  the  Mexican 


),'iiv.  ii'ser/ing  to  itsiilf  tlie  right  to  ahrogatc  as  well  as  to  uiaiit   privilege.' 


•riii 


M 


s  i{()v.    ni 


l,s.-.:{ 


-1' 


il 


propi 


from 


a     niixeil   company. 


ill  1> 


I'XliMllS 


cxooi)t  the    princi[ial,    A.  <!.    Slon,  to  coii>tiiict  a    plank-roail  an 


.1 


mils.      It  proposeil,  also,  to  the  U.  S.  to  i^nter  into  a 

ew  ( iranaila 


railiMul  across  tho  Isth 

treaty  to  protect   this   highway,    similar  tu  the   treaty   with   N 

N'otiiiiig  eame.  however,  of  the  Teliuante]iec  pioiect.     'I'lie   Nicaragua  loiito 

was  siirvoyeil  liy  Bailey  in  I.'s;i7-t>,  umlcr  authnrity    of  the  Nicaraiiuaii   gov. 

lie  estiiii.iteil    the  cost  of  a  I'aiiiil  connect  iig  lake   Nicaragua    with   the  I'a- 

cilio   at  .-'IJK.OOO.tMMt.      The    cinal    was    never    attemiitud.       Steamers    have 

.•isceiidc'l  the  San  Juan  river  from   the  gulf  nf  Mexico,   and    navigateil  the 

like;  hut  tho  laml  travel  was  un|iopiilar,  ami   the  loute  not  much  p-itiMni/cil. 


Tile  I 


iiiaina  railroail  was  commenceil  in  |S,')(lanil  ran  its   lirst  tra:ii  hit 


Weell 
IHI.IHM). 


A<|piii\vall  and  Panama  in  |.So:{.      It   is  47'.  miles  huig.  and   cost  .'^7 
l!''iliii:uLiiitil  Sli'iiiimliqu.      lit.    I>'u\    xv.;   //nll'x  sjxd'/i    in  /'imr  nj  n   S'llimKil 
l'iin,\iivl,  -ni'l  /,'<  riciv  i^/' Uw  Ti/iittiiitt pec  route;  UumCg  Mnixltnida'  M'j.,   lS4y. 


Vol, 


.'li'.} 


1  „ 


524 


INCEITION  07  RAILWAY   ROUTES. 


fl  i 


to  any  individual  or  company,  or  corporation  chartered 
for  tlic  purpose  by  any  state,  whicli  might  coiitnict 
witli  the  United  States  for  tlie  work,  every  alternate 
section  of  land  designated  by  odd  numbers  witliin 
twenty  miles  of  each  side  of  the  route,  and  appropii- 
ating  a  sum  not  exceeding  $000  a  mile  for  carrviii«<- 
the  mail  daily  on  the  road  for  a  period  of  not  more 
than  thirty  years;  the  road  to  be  commenced  witliiii 
three  ve.nrs  from  the  date  of  the  contract,  and  com- 
plcted  within  seven  years,  one  seventh  to  be  finislicd 
cacli  year.  The  party  bidding  lowest  for  canviiiLi 
the  mail  and  complying  with  the  other  stipulations 
would  be  awarded  the  contract. 

On  the  15th  of  February  Gwin  offered  a  substitute 
for  this  bill.  It  called  for  three  roads  to  Califoniia, 
one  commencing  on  the  western  border  of  Texas. 
another  on  the  border  of  Missouri  or  Iowa,  and  a 
third  at  Wisconsin,  to  be  called  the  S(»utlu'rn,  Cen- 
tral, and  Northern  Pacific  railroads.  A  telegiapli 
line  was  to  accomi)any  each  road.  There  should  lie 
set  apart  for  the  construction  of  these  roads  a  «iiian- 
tity  of  the  public  land  equal  to  the  odd-numliecd 
sections  for  the  space  of  twelve  miles  on  each  side  of 
the  roads  for  their  whole  length,  and  where  the  lands 
were  occupied  a  selection  of  lien  lands  might  be  made 
from  any  uiiaiipropriated  lands  within  thirty  miles  of 
the  road,  exci  pt  in  California,  where  the  selection 
might  be  made  within  fifty  miles,  mineral  lands  ex- 
cepted. Inunediately  on  the  enactment  of  the  I  till. 
the  secretary  of  war,  the  secretary  of  the  inteiior. 
and  the  postmaster-general  were  to  cause  advertise- 
ments to  be  published  inviting  proposals  for  the  (•  in- 
struction of  a  railroad  and  telegraph  lino,  each  pro;  n. 
sitioi\  to  state  t]\o  general  route  selected,  the  time  to 
be  consumed  in  the  completion  of  the  work,  thet»  :iiis 
on  which  the  United  States  mail  would  be  cani(  d 
daily  each  way,  and  the  charge  that  would  be  iuad(> 
for  carrying  troo[)s,  military  and  naval  stores,  muni- 
tions of  war  a   d  government   freio-ht  of  everv  kind. 


m 


BEFORE  CONGRESS. 


625 


stitute 
foniia, 
Texas, 
and  a 
I,  Ci'ii- 

uld  lie 
(juan- 

'l)fC'tl 

\v  of 
jaiitls 
inado 

(■S   of 

.'('tion 
s  «x- 
l.ill. 

'Vtisc- 

Cull- 


Tlii^  contractor  whose  proposal  sliould  bo  accc[>teJ, 
should  deposit  $500,000  with  the  secretary  of  the 
tn  usury,  either  hi  money  or  United  States  or  state 
bonds,  which  could  be  drawn  out  $5,000  at  a  time 
oidv  on  showing  this  amount  had  been  expended. 
TIk'  road  was  to  be  divided  hito  sections  of  100  mile«, 
and  no  land  should  be  conveyed  until  one  of  the  sec- 
tions should  l)e  completed  and  in  operation,  when 
till  re  would  be  conveyed  by  patent  of  the  United 
Statt  s  three-fourths  of  the  land  pertaining  to  that 
section,  and  so  on  lo  the  end,  when  the  residue  of 
the  whole  subsidy  v.'ould  be  conveyed  to  the  con- 
tra('t(»rs.  On  the  com[»letion  of  tlie  first  hundred 
miles  of  road,  and  when  it  should  be  in  ^ull  operation 
in  the  territories  of  the  United  States,  the  contractors 
sliould  be  entitled  to  receive  an  advance  of  $"J, 500,000 
in  <j;overnment  bonds,  redeemable  at  fo  certain  period, 
and  i)earing  interest  at  six  per  centum  per  annum, 
payable  semi-annually;  and  the  f  .me  for  every  hun- 
dred V  des  of  road  completed.  The  bonds  so  ad- 
vanced were  to  be  repaid  to  the  United  States  within 
fifteen  years  after  the  completion  of  the  road,  the 
government  to  have  lien  on  the  road  and  its  equip- 
ments until  the  loan  should  be  fully  re|)aid,  which 
should  not  exceed  $1 5,000,000.  Should  the  first  con- 
tractors fail  the  work  might  be  relet.  As  soon  as 
till!  general  route  should  have  been  selected  the  public 
lands  on  either  side  for  forty  miles  should  be  surveyed, 
tlic  Indian  title  extinguished,  and  the  preemption 
laws  extended  to  the  even-numbered  sections;  but 
the  lands  reserved  to  the  government  within  ten  miles 
(if  the  road  should  not  be  sold  for  less  than  double 
the  minimum  price  of  the  public  lands;  and  those  re- 
ceiviu''  txrants  under  the  bill  were  to  sell  and  convey 
unconditionallv,  within  five  vears  after  receivin«j:  their 
patents,  one  half  of  thi'ir  grant;  all  that  N\as  left  un- 
sold at  the  end  of  ten  vears  to  revert  to  the  Ignited 
States.  The  road  when  fully  conipleted  was  to  be 
surrendered  to  the  government,  free  of  cost,  for  the 


52G 


IXCETTION  OF  RAILWAY  llOL'TES. 


i 


H^ 


'I 


In 


purpose  of  being  again  surrendered  to  the  is(>\t'ial 
states  then  organized,  or  to  be  organized,  within 
wliosc  limits  it  should  be  located,  when  it  bicanie 
with  their  assent,  the  property  of  such  states,  suhjcct 
to  tlie  use  of  the  United  States  for  postal,  militarv, 
and  all  other  government  service,  and  subject  als(»  to 
such  regulations  as  congress  might  prescribe  restrict- 
ing the  charges  for  such  service. 

The  absurdity  of  Clwin's  proposition  was  evidrnt, 
vet  the  froindsof  .a  Pacific  railroad  who  had  committed 
themselves  to  its  support  could  do  no  h'ss  than  vnti" 
for  it.  Kvcn  Seward,  for  wliose  bill  it  was  sulisti- 
tuted,  was  compelled  to  do  so.*'  It  was  this  or  noth- 
ing, and  ho  meant  that  a  bill  should  j>ass.  l*<r]iiu>s 
he  knew,  also,  that  the  bill  of  the  California  scnat  )r 
was  but  an  artifice  to  draw  attenti(m  away  from  liis 
purpose  to  defeat  aii\'  scheme  for  a  nortlu-rn  road; 
but  he  was  at  least  as  good  a  diplomatist  as  (Jwin, 
and  concealed  his  cognizance  of  the  intentiim.  Tht 
substitute  passed  the  senate  by  a  vote  of  24  to  2!.  on 
the  r.)th  of  February.  It  went  to  the  lower  house, 
which  took  no  notice  of  it.  A  bill  altogether  similar 
was  before  that  body, 'but  failed  to  pass. 

At  the  next  session  a  number  of  Pacific  railroad 
bills  were  introiluced,  which  were  referred  to  the  same 
committee,*'  a  connnittee  a  majority  of  whom  were 
oppos(Hl  to  the  passage  of  any  of  those  introiluced," 
but  which  allowed  Weller  of  California  to  rej)ort  ;i 
bill  similar  to  that  of  the  last  session,  except  that  it 
called  for  but  one  road,  and  left  the  selection  of  tho 
route  to  the  contractors.  This  bill  was  laid  on  tho 
table.  In  the  lower  liouse,  the  hostility  of  the  south- 
ern mem'  ers  to  any  Pacific  railroad  legislation  was 
undisguised  and  aggressive.  For  several  successive 
sessions, and  through  all  the  political  excitement  which 

♦'  Sfic  ScwanVs  remiirks  in  Conij.  Oloftf,  18.'>4-fl,  808-9. 

"TI.e  f(>Ilit\vin(<  setiatora  (MiiKtitutfd  tlie  cuimiittec:  Husk  of  Tex..  >  1i  lir- 
man,  Dmi^las  of  Ml.,  Holl  of  IViin.,  S«wai-.l  of  N.  V.,  Ucyor  of  Mo.,  L\iUi 
of  S.  ('.,  Kriil  of  N.  ('.,  F<K>t  of  Vt.  aii.l  Wc-lltT  of  <'al. 

"  Sou  dcliate  ill  Cowj.  Ulobe,  1655-0,  pt  ii.,  i>.  17'Jtt, 


STIMULUS   OF  SECESSION. 


837 


prcf'oded  'he  civil  war,  tlio  Pacific  railroad  question 
Nv;is  ]»i(sented  over  and  over,  in  every  form  and  with 
(iiif  itNult,  until  the  si'ssion  of  1800-1,  when  the  house 
ji.isscd  a  hill  i)roviding  fi)r  two  roads,  since  it  could 
not  'j;vt  one,  but  the  senate  amending  it  so  as  to  re- 
(julre  three,  in  which  form  it  ])asr  1.  To  this  the 
house  would  not  consent,  and  it  aij;a...  failed," 

Tlie  secession  ahout  this  time  of  the  southern  dcle- 
'jjiititnis,  with  the  events  which  ft»llowcd,  gave  a  new 
.  hanu'ter  to  legislation.  ( )i>i)osition  to  one  road  was 
with  !. awn,  and  its  innnediate  construction  was  im- 
jKiativcly  demanded,  not  only  as  a  connmrcial  hut  a 
(It  t'ciisive  measure.  During  all  the  years  wasted  in 
f'niitlt'ss  <liscussion  of  a  transcontinental  railroad,  the 
nuhlic  lands  had  been  developing  into  territorief]  and 
fitiitcs.  California,  Oregon,  A[innesota,  and  Kansas 
jiatl  assumed  statehood  ;  ITtah,  New  Mexico,  Colo- 
irdo,  ]\rontana,  and  Dakota  were  yet  in  leading 
stfiiigs,  hut  w<^uld  soon  come  to  maturity.  Congress 
iia\iiig  long  since  granted  the  right  of  way  ovei'  the 
pul)H('  lands,  capitalists  had  availed  themselves  of  the 
privilege  to  build  roads  in  all  directitHis  where  the  pop- 
ul;<ti()U  would  sustain  them,  soon  discovering  that 
|to]iiilation  always  followed  a  railroad,  and  that  it  was 
sate  to  build  anywhere,  provided  the  country  would 
!supi»ort  a  settlement.'^ 

"tlwiii  says,  in  his  MfinmrK,  MS.,  104,  tliiit  ihovo  was  n,  lurjjn  nuijority 
in  till' sciiato  ill  favor,  ami  tliat  'tlu-ri'  was  an  '.'iiually  largr  majority  in  its 
iavcir  in  tlir  lioiise,  l>iit  tlie  inajorify  of  that  lioily  (U'tiTinillcd  to  di'fcat  its 
]i:t<-;ii.'f  tin  11  ill  orilcr  to  jjivt-  tlic  crcilit  of  in:ui>;uratini;  tliis  j^roat  syst^'in  of 
tr.'iiiM'niitiiit'iital  railroails  to  Mic  inooiiiin^  ailiniiii-itratioii  of  Mr  Kiiicolii.' 

''I'lic  systoiii  of  laiiil  grants  to  aiil  in  tlic  constriictioii  of  railroads  licji^an 
in  llliiiiiis  l>y  a  grant  from  i-oniircss  of  an  area  oijual  to  4,0."i."»  s(|.  miles,  or 
'.•..■)!t.'i.(MH>  aiTPs.  This  was  till!  cornor  stone  of  the  gnat  system  of  internal 
triiilr  aii.l  travel.  The  grant  was  niaile  to  the  state  ot  every  alternate  see- 
tiiiii  f.ir  six  miles  on  eaeii  side  of  the  road  witli  its  lirainln'-i.  with  indemnity 
will  re  till'  seetions  were  not  found  of  other  land  within  l.'i  miles  of  th<'  route. 
Till  whole  line  of  over  4.'i<)  miles  was  under  eontraet  in  J.s.VJ,  from  <;alena  on 
till' imrth  to  Cairo  on  the  south,  Mitli  a  luaiieh  to  ('liiea;.'o,  and  ia.(MM>  men 
wi'i-i'  iiii|iloyed  upon  it,  atan  annual  eost  of  S;t,7()lt.<KK).  It  was  fully  e<|ui|i|)ed 
ill  isid.  with  over  lOt)  locomotives,  |(K>  passenger,  oaKJs'a^'e.  and  e\|iress  ears, 
iiiKnver  •J,(KX)  freight  ears.  The  eompany  had  sold  .•!|(i,'J.''>0,(»(H»  worth  of 
tlirii'  liiid.  the  larger  moiety  r<'mainini{  umold,  so  that  tin;  grant  was  esti- 
in;it.  I  as  auiouutiiig  to  §40, 000,000.  L<itlmm'a  Siievfli  in  C'u/ij/.  LUiAh.  ISGI-'J 
p.  -U70. 


II 


528 


IXCEPTIOX  OF  RAILWAY  ROUTES. 


Ill  May  Wt'2,  a  bill  passoil  the  house  of  ropvi'sin- 
tativc'S  "to  aid  in  the  t-oiistruftion  of  a  railroad  aiul 
telegraph  line  fnun  the  ^lissouri  river  to  tho  Pat  itic 
oeuan,  ami  to  si'cure  to  the  government  the  use  of  the 
same  for  postal,  military,  and  other  [tur[»osis."  It 
passed  the  senate  Juno  '20th  by  a  vote  of  ,'{5  to  ."). 
and  beeanie  a  law  July  1st  of  that  year.  It  ehai  trn  il 
a  c<jmpany  consisting  of  men  of  every  northern  stntr. 
atid  of  AEaryland,  Kentucky,  Kansas,  ()rog(»n,  Call 
fornia,  and  the  territories  of  Xehraska,  Colorado,  ami 
Nevada,  a.s.so<'iated  with  five  connni.ssioners,  to  \)v  ap- 
pointed by  the  secretary  of  the  int<>rior. 

The  chief  |H)ints  in  the  a<^t  to  which  I  shall  hercaftt  r 
call  attention  were  first,  the  name  of  Union  l*a(  jHi 
Railroad  Ci>mpany, given,  n«)t  as  might  be  conjectund. 
on  acc<)unt  of  the  union  sentiment  of  the  loyal  statts 
at  that  period,  but  because  it  was  intended  tc  unite 
several  roads  in  forming  a  transcontinental  lini'. 
namely,  the  Pawnee  and  Western  raihoatl  conij>any 
of  Kansas,  which  was  authorized  to  construct  a  i ail- 
road  and  telegraph  line  from  the  mouth  of  the  Kansas 
river  to  the  100th  meridian  of  longitude  west  frnm 
(jlreenwich  in  the  territory  of  Nebra.ska.  At  this 
point,  which  is  aliout  at  Elen  creek,  the  Union  J*a- 
cific  proper  began,  and  contiimed  to  the  eastern  houii- 
dary  of  California,  where  it  would  ct)nnect  with  tli( 
Central  Pacific  of  that  .state. 

The  terms  and  conditions  u|X)n  which  these  com- 
panies were  chartered  were  that  the  capital  stock  of 
the  Union  IVeific  should  c«>nsist  of  100,000  >-har.'s 
of  $1,000  each,  of  which  not  more  than  200  shans 
should  be  held  by  any  one  pers«)n.  No  person  sliouM 
be  a  director  who  was  not  a  bona  fide  (Avner  of  at 
least  five  shares  of  stock.  The  right  of  way  tliroULrli 
the  public  lands  was  granted,  with  the  right  to  taki' 
from  them  earth,  stone,  and  timber,  or  other  matciial 
for  the  construction  of  the  road  and  telegraph.  The 
United  States  should  extinguish  as  rapidly  as  possii»K 
the  Indian  title  along  the  line.;  uud  there  was  grunted 


PASSAOE  OF   BILL. 


to  tho  roinpany  to  aid  in  tlio  construction  of  tlio  mad 
an  1   t-lf.jru|)h,  "and   to  secure  tlie  safe  and  s|H-tdy 


tr;iM-j)  trtation  or  tlio  mails,  troops,  inuiiitioiis  ot  war, 
1  |nUli<!   stores  thereon,  every  alternate  section  of 


an 


}»ul)lic  laud  desij^nated  l»y  odd  nund)ers,  to  tin-  amount 
of  five  ak.'rnato  sections  per  mile  on  each  side  of  the 
h<>;i  I  on  tho  line  thereof,  and  within  the  limits  of 
1 -s  i»n  ea«h  side  of  tho  roatl  not  Siild,  reserved. 


rai 


t<Ml   MM 


.»r  .r!i'  rwiso  <lisposed  of  hy  tho  United  States,  and  to 
whi'li  a  preemption  <»r  homest<^ad  claim  may  imt  have 
atr.i'  h<' I  at  the  tinn;  tho  line  of  said  road  is  drHnit«'ly 
fix  '1;  provi«letl,  that  all  mineral  lands  shall  l>u  excepted 
tVoia  tiic  operations  of  this  act ;  but  where  the  same 
shall   contain   timlx'r,  tho   timl)(>r  therein   is  ]ier«  l>v 


rant-a  to  saul  company 


All  such  lands. 


So  -rran 


ted 


Uv  this  section,  which  shall  not  l»e  sold  or  dis|K»s.-d  of 
i»v  >.»id  company  within  three  years  after  the  entire 
imI  >hall  have  been  comj)leted,  shall  he  snl»ject  to 
vttlemeiit  and  jirecmption  like'  other  lands,  at  a  price 
t   e\ccedii.^    .sl.'Jj    per    acre,   to    be   paid   to  siiid 


ii-» 


roinpany. 

\\  h«  n  forty  consi-cutive  miles  of  road  and  tele-^raph 
-h'Hilil  Ik)  complete*!  and  ready  for  service,  no  otiier 
t!ian  Anjerican  iron  l»ein;jj  used  in  the  rails,  «>r  in  the 
foiisiruction  an<I  etjuipnient  of  the  road,  and  wlt-ji 
three  i-onmiissioners  appointed  hy  the  presidi-nt  sliould 
have  examined  and  accepted  it.  the  secr«'tarv  of  tho 
tr.asury  should  issue  to  the  com[»any  l«»nds  of  tlio 
Iniied  States  of  .^1,000  i'a«"h,  pavahle  thirtv  vears 
uft'T  d.ite.  bearin;4  interest  at  six   per  eentinn.  which 


iiit.-nst 


oUl 


d  1. 


itaul  senn-a;jnuallv  ni  hiwtnl  monrv 


of  the  I'nited  States,  tit  the  amount  of  sixteen  «)f 
those  Ixdhis  per  mile  for  every  mile  of  the  comjileted 
>''<UMn  :  the  delivery  of  s;ud  iionds,  twentv-fiv*'  p<T 
•viit  of  which  Were  retained  until  the  road  sliould  Im; 
<N»in|»h  t«d,  to  constitute.  iii.^i)f(icf(>,ii  first  inort-^.a^e  on 
ih«'  \vlio|,'  line  a!id  teh-j^iaph,  to<j;ether  with  the  roll- 
ing' st«Hk  and  proju-rty  of  every  kind  ap|H'rtainin<;, 
aiitl  Mil  the  refusjd  or  fiilurr-  of  tie  com[»any  to  re- 


HSl»T.  (AL.,  Vol..  VI  i. 


510 


IXCEITIOX   OF   RAILWAY    UOUTES. 


1 

m 

n 

nil' 

1 

\ 

3 

wr 

t 

M: 

[ 

m 

; 

Hw; 

', 

i 

I 

n ' 

1 

Efl 

i 

m-< 


ill 


-J 


clr'Ciii  its  bonds,  <»r  any  part  of  tlu  in,  when  roquii-.d 
by  tlie  st'CTttaiy  of  tin*  treasury  to  tlo  s«),  its  road  and 
|>ro|>erty  niiglit  be  taken  for  the  use  and  benefit  of 
the  government ;  the  grants  biing  made  u[»itn  the 
condition  that  the  company  should  pay  its  bonds  at 
maturitv.  shouhl  keep  its  road  and  telegraph  in  r*  jiair 
an<l  use,  and  at  all  times  ready  for  the  service  of"  tin 
government,  which  should  j>ay  a  fair  and  reasoiial.l. 
comi»ensiition  for  su<h  service,  but  not  more  than 
private  individuals  were  charged,  and  tl.is  ind»ht  d- 
ness  of  the  United  States  might  be  applied  ujxin  the 
biMul  and  interest  dcltt  of  the  company  to  the  Lr<'V- 
ernment,  and  after  the  completion  of  the  roa  1,  at 
least  five  |>«T  centum  of  the  net  earnings  sh<»uM  Iw 
animally  applied  to  the  pa\'ment  thereof.  The  com- 
i»anv  should  file  its  assi-nt  within  ont'  vear  from  tlie 
passjige  of  the  act,  should  designate  its  route  witli'm 
two  years,  and  should  complete  its  railroad  and  t.  ii . 
graph  within  twelve  years.  On  filing  a  maj)  of  its 
r  »ute,  the  lands  along  its  line  would  l)e  withdrawn 
from  market  and  surveved  as  fast  as  necessfirv  forth 
pur|M(s»  s  er.ti-rtained.  The  Kansas  company  sliould 
comphte  lOo  miles  of  its  road  within  two  years  attrr 
filing  its  as.sent :  the  Central  Pacific  company  of 
California  should  complete  50  miles  within  two  yeai>; 
each  road  to  construct  "  i  equal  tlistance  each  vt  ar 
thereafter  until  the  wh(»le  was  completed;  and  after- 
wards might  unite  upon  e(iual  terms  with  the  Uninu 
Pacific  company  to  complete  what  remained  of  tliat 
road.  Soalsotlu'  Haimiltal  and  St  Joseph  rail  load, 
or  the  Pacific  t»f  Missouri,  might  unite  with  the  Kaii- 
Sijs  company,  ami  in  case  the  latter  should  reach  the 
California  bouiulary  biforc  the  Central  Paiitic,  it 
might,  witli  the  consent  of  the  state  continue  on  to  a 
comiection  with  that  road;  or  should  the  Central 
Pacific  first  reach  the  l^mndary  of  the  state,  it  miiht 
continue  on  to  a  meeting  with  the  line  from  the  east. 
Y^*r  l.')0  mih'S  westwardly  from  the  eastern  base  of 
the  Kocky  iiiuuutaius,  uiid  for  the  same  distance  east- 


SrECIFICATIOXS   AND  CONDITIONS. 


6S1 


awn 

th 

duM 

tft<T 

I  if 

rai-; 

y.ar 

ittcr- 
iiiou 
that 

ii'ati. 

Kali- 
llio 

I.-,  it 

t.'U 

Mtral 
ii'ilit 
l-ast. 
l-if  of 

■a?t- 


waidly  fiom  tlio  wcsteni  base  of  tlie  Sierra  Nevada, 
tli.  iiuinliL'r  of  boml.s  per  mile  wliieli  inij^jlit  be  issued 
was  ti  iWlt'  the  amount  granted  for  the  level  seetioiis, 
aini  >h(»\dd  be  due  upon  the  eompletion  of  eaeh  twenty 
unit  >:  and  between  these  two  mountain  divisions  the 
iiuiiil»<r  of  bonds  |)er  miU-  to  be  issued  should  i>e 
(ImiMi'  the  amount  for  tiie  level  seetions,  and  shonld 
i>siir  everv  twenty  miles;  but  no  more  than  50,000 
III  lids  should  be  issued  in  aid  of  the  whole  main  line 
dt"  tilt'  road. 

Tht'  I'nion  Pacific  company  was  authorized  and  re- 
qiiiicd  to  ((Mistruct  a  railroad  and  teK'graiih  line  from 
a  iMiiiit(»n  the  wtstern  boundary  uf  Iowa  to  the  lOOth 
iiuridian,  to  connect  with  the  roads  convcn^ing  to  a 
jMiiiit  to  be  selected  by  the  president  on  that  line  of 
ltiii.titude;  and  was  retjuired  to  build  100  miles  of  this 
rnail  witliiu  two  years,  and  100  miles cacb  year  tlure- 
atur  until  comi)leted.  Whenever  a  railroad  sliould 
be  constructed  through  Minnesotti  or  Iowa  to  Sioux 
city,  the  Union  company  was  recjuired  to  construct  a 
line  to  connect  witli  it  at  that  place.  The  penalty 
fnr  iu»t  complying  with  the  terms  assente«l  to  was 
tliat  congress  should  takt;  possession  and  a(loj)t  meas- 
uit  s  to  have  the  road  completed.  The  government 
aUii  reserved  the  right  to  regulate  fares  after  the  re- 
dijtts  (»f  the  road  should  exceed  ten  per  centum  upon 
its  cost,  exclusive  of  the  five  per  centum  tn  be  paitl 
to  the  United  States. 

Although  the  directors  of  the  Central  i*acific  did 
iH't  hesitate  t(»  aceej)t  the  grant,  they  were  fully 
awaie  that  it  was  entirely  insulheient,  and  that,  with- 
out I'lnther  action  on  the  pait  of  congress,  to  complete 
cvni  the  first  forty  miles  might  be  a  task  beyond  their 
rcsnurct's.  First  of  all  was  the  (hpreciation  in  gov- 
•  riiiiient  bonds  aiul  currency  attendin-'  the  civil  war, 
the  result  of  which  was  then  by  no  means  assured. 
But  a  more  serious  drawback  was  the  provision  of  the 
act  which  mad(!  the  subsi<ly  in  lM)nds  a  first  mortgage 
oil  the  road,  for  under  such  eonditioiis  no  second  mort- 


532 


IXt'KITlON'   OF   IIAII.WAY   ROUTES. 


.1 


Sjjv^o  would  bo  acc'optod  hy  (M])italis;ts,  without  wlioso 
ai<l  the  first  lot  of  suhsidy  bonds  could  iiovcr  he  dli- 
tiiiiK'd.  Motvovor,  tilt'  laud  fjraut  in  Califorui;!  was 
of  little  value,  for  under  the  teruis  of  the  act  less  than 
200, 000  acres  of  aral)le  land  could  be  obtainttl  1-- 
tween  Sacramento  and  the  state  line.  On  tlitsc 
and  other  representations,  on  the  2d  of  .Fuly,  1S(M, 
coiiixress  passed  a  sup[»leinentary  act  enlarmini;  tlic 
suhsidy  jvranti'd  two  years  l)efore,  and  withdiawin^' 
the  more  ohjecti(^nable  features;  Itut  of  this  nientinu 
will  be  made  in  the  following  chapter. 

The  main  causes  which  led  to  the  irrantin!]^  of  ct'v- 
ernment  aid  for  the  construction  of  a  tianscontinrntal 
railroad  may  thus  be  brielly  sunuuari/.ed:  First,  it 
was    a    po 


)litical 


necessity,    partly    to    pi-event    tli 


threatened   withdrawal    from    tlu'   union   of   the    i' 


citic  states. 


necon 


d,  it 


was  a  nulitarv  n«'cessitv,  tnw 


needed    to    ])rovi(le    ajj^ainst    invasion     by    a    iurciifii 
power,  throui^h  the  mon*  rapid  movement  of  ti 


'()iil»S 


and  numitions  of  war.  Third,  it  would  put  an  i  nd  tn 
Imlian  wars.  Fourth,  it  would  furnish  cheaper  ami 
quieUei'  means  of  transportation  for  mails  atid  gov- 
ernment supi)lies.  Fifth,  it  would  aid  to  develop  t]w 
vast  and  then  almost  unpt'oj>led  Vei^Mon  i)etweeii  tin 
IMissouri  riv(^r  and  the  Pacitic  ocean,  a  reijfion  (•ii\ri- 
ini;'  moi-e  tiian  one  half  the  area  of  the  I  nited  Stato/" 

"'  llcl'crf  proc<M!iling  further  with  thf  history  m  railro.ails  in  ("ilii'iiin  i,  I 
uill  hiro  i;ivi'  .sdiiiu  iiocoiiiit  ol  tin;  finimr  rarcrr  of  tlmsc  liy  \vhi>ii>  \vin  or- 
g.inizi'd  iiiid  imtiliL'il  to  ooinitli'tioii  tin-  ('(.'iitnil  ami  S.nithtTii  I'arilii-  .•.ystciiis, 
AlllniMirli  li'it|Ui'Mt  liiulltioli  «)l  thfiii  will  l>o  iiia.ii'  iii  thisu  paj;<'s  In  ((iiiiiii'- 
tiiiii  Willi  riilioad  iiiatttTN,  it  is  also  titlint,'  that  a  hrii'f  recunl  siiuiiM  lie 
givt'ii  of  tlu'ir  i^arlior  life  ami  of  thi'ir  fnnily  aiiti'rtilfiits. 

Ltlaml  Stanford  was  Ixirii  near  AUany,  \.  Y.,  on  tlio  i)th  of  Mirli, 
1S'_M,  till'  foiiilh  of  a  family  of  Mfvcn.  His  father,  who  was  a  lariiior  \<\  m- 
ciipation,  and  whoso  land  adjoim^il  thi>  Inu'  of  thi'  Alliany  ami  S<'h<'n(<'tacly, 
thii  lirst  railioail  limit  in  tin-  I'niti'd  St.itcs.  took  an  active  interest  iii  tin: 
Work  goiii^'  o'l  around  him,  as  diil  also  his  son  Lel.ind,  some  of  wlie.-i' 
leisure  time  was  passed  in  watching  its  j)ro;;ress.  At  the  age  of  '.''•  tlic 
latter  liegan  the  study  of  law,  his  lioyhood  having  heeii  passed  iu  workiiit,' eii 
his  father's  farm  in  summer  and  attemliUj^  sehoid  in  winter.  In  IsJ.'i. 
lii'ini;  then  adiiiitteil  ti>  the  liar,  he  heyan  to  prai-tise  his  profession  at  I'ert 
Washington.  Wi-ieonsin,  where,  Imt  for  an  aceident,  he  might  have  reinainul 
for  his  lifetiiiii',  that  aeeiilent  lieing  the  ilestruetion  l<y  liiv  in  IS.VJ  of  hi>  law 
library  and  mo.sl  oi  his  other  property.     Thereupou  he  dcterniincd  to  reii.ove 


BICHiRArniCAL. 


633 


torilifiirni.i,  wlu're  he  arrivi-il  in  .Inly  cf  tliat  year,  soon  afterward  starting 
ill  liiiMiioi  at  .Mioliig:»ii  hlufl,  in  I'lincr  enmity,  and  in  I85tj  Ix^unining  an  iic- 
tivt'  naiiilior  ill  tilt:  tiiin  nf  Stant'oiit  linitlii'i'.H,  one  of  tliu  nioHt  {iroinnient  in 
Sur.iimitto.  Tliu  liitiT  cireiT  of  Mr  Stanlonl  forms  a  part  of  tiic  history  of 
till-  >tate,  and  liurc  it  rfiiiains  only  to  lie  said  tliiit  in  tiiat  state  no  man  is 
more  lii^^ldy  respei-ted,  not  only  as  a  railroad  artitieur,  but  aa  a  utatusinan,  a 
citiziii,  and  as  a  i)liiIaiitliropist. 

C'ii.irU's  Croeker,  whose  scrviees  as  sni>eriiitendent  of  construetion  were 
iiiv.ihi.il lie.  was  a  native  of  Troy,  N.  V.,  his  liirtliday  l)einx  Sejiteiuher  lli, 
IS--.  W  hen  only  ten  years  of  aye  he  began  to  earn  the  money  with  which, 
.1  few  years  later,  he  helped  his  hither,  then  in  straiiihtened  eirenmstanei's, 
to  luuiliase  a  farm  in  Indiana,  to  whieh  state,  in  IS.'Ui,  the  family  removed. 
Here,  alter  assistinj,'  for  two  years  to  elear  ami  cultivate  the  lanil,  he  found 
I  iii|iliiyineiit  in  a  .saw-mill,  and  afterward  in  a  forge,  where  he  worked  for 
.^11  a  month,  with  hi-j  board,  and  permisHioii  to  attend  the  district  school  in 
winter.  Soon  he  liecame  a  thorough  and  etlieieiit  workman,  whereupon  he 
started  a  forge  of  his  own,  which  lie  eonducteil  with  fair  success.  In  l.S.'iO 
lie  erossed  the  plains  to  California,  and  some  two  years  later,  after  a  brief 
iimiiiiil;  experience,  established  wli.it  soon  became  the  leading  dry -goods  house 
HI  Sarr.imeiito.  Jn  IStlO  he  was  elected  to  the  st.ite  legislature  on  the  repiib- 
1,1-111  ticket,  and  in  ISli'J  gave  up  the  management  of  his  business  to  devote 
ins  tiirtiiiie,  time,  and  abilities  to  the  I'acitie  railroad  enterprise.  His  de- 
tua-se  (K'ciiired  at  Monterey,  on  the  I4tli  of  August,  lt>88. 

Cellis  1'.  Huntington,  who  was  for  ye.irs  the  liiiaiicial  agent  of  the  com- 
[Miiy  ill  New  York,  was  born  Oct.  '2'2,  bSl'l,  at  Harwinton,  Connecticut,  where 
Ins  tutlier  was  a  wool  manufacturer, and  one  of  tiie  most  prominent  citi/.ens. 
At  the  age  of  22  Mr  Huntington  began  business  ,is  a  general  merchant,  in 
iiiiijuiu'tiiin  with  his  eldest  brother,  at  Oiieonta,  N.  V.,  where  he  remained 
liiiui  LSI'.),  when  he  removed  to  California,  and  o|ieiieil  a  mercantile  house  at 
>,irraineiito  in  the  line  of  hardware  and  miners'  supplies.  In  ]8.")5  he  entereil 
.iitn  piirtiiership  with  Mark  Hopkin.s,  with  wlio.se  aid  he  built  up  the  well- 
kiiiuMi  )irm  of  Huntington,  Hopkins  &  Co.  At  their  store  on  K  street  were 
hfld  some  of  the  meetings  at  whieh  the  railroad  associates  discussed  their 
[.iius,  with  the  ways  aiul  means  of  carrying  them  out.  In  I8t)3  he  went  east 
with  a  full  power  of  attorney  to  employ  all  the  means  anil  credit  of  his  col- 
lu.iiiues  in  furtherance  of  the  great  enterprise.  It  was  largely  due  to  his 
.'-kilhil  management  tliat  all  their  obligations  weie  ]iromptly  met,  and  that 
ill'  ir  hoiiils  took  rank  among  the  best  securities  in  the  moneyed  centres  in 
Kurope. 

.Mark  Hopkins,  the  treasurer  of  the  Central  I'aoitic,  was  the  oldest  of  the 
railroad  (|U;irtette,  his  natal  day  being  Sept.  1,  IS|;{,  and  his  native  pl.ioe 
tifiuiersoii,  N.  v.,  whence,  in  1825,  tlie  family  removed  to  St  Clair,  .Mich. 
At  tile  age  of  1(5,  his  father  being  then  deeeaseii,  Mr  Hopkins  began  his 
'•anor  as  a  clerk  in  a  mercantile  firm,  first  in  Niagara  eo..  N.  Y.,  and  after- 
ward at  F.ockport,  where  he  became  the  leading  partinr  in  the  firm  of  Hop- 
kins iV-  lluglies.  In  1837  he  began  the  study  of  law  with  his  brother  Henry, 
■'IK-  of  the  leading  practitioners  of  Loekport,  not  witli  a  view  to  practise,  but 
!'jr  tlie  training  which  it  atiorded.  After  some  further  eh.inges  he  removed 
t"  (.'aliiornia,  landing  in  San  Francisco  Auj;.  5,  iSl'.t.  ,iiid  a  few  months  later 
"pencil  a  store  at  I'lacervirie,  bringing  his  own  goods  by  ox-teani  from  Sac- 
nmeiitii.  In  the  following  year  he  established  a  wholesale  grocery  business, 
la  roii|unction  with  his  friend  and  fellow-pftsscnger,  K.  H.  Nliller,  .Ir,  after- 
ward .'-eeretary  of  the  Central  I'acilic  Co.  The  jiartnirshi|)  which  he  formed 
w.th  C.  1'.  Huntington  in  18.'i.5  continued  until  the  lime  of  his  death  in  March 
1^78.  Mr  Honkins  has  been  aptly  termed  the  Mentor  of  the  railroad  as- 
s'lii.itcs,  for  whenever  ditiicult  problems  aro.se,  he  Mas  consulteil  as  one  who 
I'l-lil  a  cnmpreliensive  grasp  of  the  business  situation,  and  whose  decisions 
«irc  seldom  at  fault. 


lil 


CHAPTER  XX. 

RAILROADS-CKXTltAL  PACIFIC'  SYSTEM. 
185-J  1888. 
Oroamzation  and  Lk  (Islation— KorTi':s  ano  Sirvkvs — Action  (^^  (us 

OKKSS^FlNANCKS    AND    CoNsrilUt-riON — I'KNTK.aI.     1*AI-IKII'     ANI>    L'MhN 

rAciFK'— Stock  Sia-wiurnoN!*  and  Si'i;.sii>it.s— Utiiku  IIoahs. 

The  pioneers  of  the  American  state  of  Cnlifoinia 
were  not  men  who  luul  to  learn  tliat  upon  faeilitii  s  nf 
rapid  transit  ami  transportation  tU  pcndecl  tlie  <!( m  1- 
opment  of  resources,  material,  jiolitical,  and  so*  iiil. 
They  Immj^lit  that  knowledi^o  with  them,  and  wliilc 
cndurinj^  heroically  the  privations  of  a  country  n;ikt  il 
from  the  creation,  planm-d  an  early  dilivi  inncc  tVdiii 
the  inconveniences  of  the  magnificent  distancis  in 
which  the  new  state  abounded. 

Amoniyf  the  first  lejjiislative  proceedings  were  ik  ts 
and  resolutions  in  favor  of  railroads  ;  a  joint  resolu- 
tion hiiing  passed  at  the  first  session  instructinu  tlif 
United  States  senators  thereto  elected  to  uige  u|i(iii 
congress  the  importance  of  proceeding  at  once  to  tin 
constructiim  of  a  national  railroad  from  the  I'adtii 
ocean  to  the  Mississippi  river,  by  ordering  surveys  of 
the  routes  under  discussion  in  congress.  The  s.iiin' 
legislative  body  enacted  a  general  incorporation  law, 
with  a  chapter  on  railroads;  and  the  second  h  ui-l'i- 
ture  passed  an  act  to  provide  for  the  incorporation  o\ 
railroad  companies,  winch  was  amended  fnnn  year  t  j 
year  to  meet  the  requiremeids  or  serve  the  interests 
of  the  conjpanies  chart(>red.  In  ISa'i  an  act  was 
passed   granting    the   right   of  way   to    the    Unitod 

(&S4) 


LOCAL  EFFORTS. 


.V« 


States  "for  tho  purpose  of  (•()nstrurtin;jj  a  railroad 
from  the  Atlantic  to  t Ik !  I'acilic  ocvaii ;"  and  also  a 
joint  resolution  ur!j;in<jj  tlio  California  delegation  in 
congress  to  give  their  attention  to  the  siihject. 

Tlie  legislature  of  IM54  repeated  this  renuest,  and 
resolved  to  nppohit  a  roniniitteo  of  three  from  eaeh 
house  to  collect  information  in  relation  to  routt'S. 
Tilt'  southern  democrats  in  the  legislature  were  united 
in  insisting  upon  a  national  road,  by  which  was  nieant 
(mo  constructed  with  monev  out  of  the  puhlie  ireas- 
ur\'.  and  that  the  route  should  ])e  a  souti  rn  one.  I 
havi'  already  shown  how  these  demands  were  mot  iu 
Con  gross. 

As  might  be  supposed,  much  interest  was  early  ex- 
hibited, not  onlv  in  the  ideal  ^reat  thorou<jhfare  which 
was  to  make  a  pathway  for  all  nations  acro.ss  tin*  con- 
tinent:  but  in  local  railways  as  W(>11.  In  iSoO  the 
prat  licahility  of  a  railway  from  HacranuMito  to  Co- 
ionia  was  discussed  in  the  public  press,  with  the  a«l- 
vanta'e  to  ai  <ruo  to  the  state.  Various  plans  were 
proposed,  and  several  companies  were  fornu'd,  rosult- 
in^  in  nothing  but  surveys  and  rei)orts.'  until  the 
time  had  expired  to  which  the  law  limited  the  pro- 
liminaries.  Every  travi'Uer,  and  particularly  eviry 
one  crossing  the  continent,  felt  called  upon  to  make  a 
stattnunt  of  his  observations  for  the  benefit  of  future 
railroad  builders.*     So  every  local   expedition  to  aid 

'  MrDoucall  of  f'al.  nia<lo  a  good  speech  in  congress  on  tho  need  and 
practu.iliility  of  a  Tacitic  railroad,  May  '2i(,  IS")4;  mt.  M!. 

'  liry'l  of  lioiitt' r.r^tliin-il  j'ritii)  Vribi  ^>  flititilmlilf  riit  r,  niiil  (n  thf  Cmtst  hi 
CI.  J'-iir.  'S'li.  18-'>J.  Aj>]>.',  no.  :<,  \>.  41  1'.  A  petition  l.y  D.  W.  Miiri-hy 
aiiil  others,  praying  for  right  of  way  fur  a  railroad  from  licnieia  to  .Shasta 
city.   C.  S.  S'li.  Join:,  3.VS,  440;  32  oong,  1  sess. 

'Froehel  in  ISo'J  travelleil  hy  the  way  of  tho  Arkansas  valley,  and  the 
CiiM.irron  to  I,a  Joya,  tlienct!  ilown  tho  KioOrande,  via  El  Paso,  to  t'hiliua- 
iiui.  ri'turning  thence  to  the  U.  S.  in  ISo."?.  In  1S.")4  he  ri'iieated  the  journey 
til  ill  I'aso,  travelling  thence  down  to  <Jila,  and  over  the  Coloradn  desert  to 
l,<is  Angeles,  in  Cal.  whence  lie  came  to  San  Francisco.  Fr<»l'l.  Cent. 
Aiiirrii-ii,  24'i-»S;».  (t.  Harris  Heap,  one  tif  the  party  accompanying  K.  F. 
IJi'idc,  tirst  sHp't  of  Ind.  Alf.  in  Cal.  wrote  an  account  of  the  daily  marches 
of  the  comiMiiy.  'Ihey  travelled  Ity  what  was  then  kuowu  aa  the  central 
route,  teruuuatiug  at  Lou  Augvluii,  iJ(;iip,  t\iUral  lioak. 


m 


63(S 


UAILKOADS— CENTIIAF.   I-Al'IFIC  SYSTKM 


(i    i 


iiiimi;4rniitH  »ir  <'Iiastis(>  Indians  was  inadt;  i]\v  sulijcct 
(if  a  i^foi^iapliical  unti  t»'l>«>gra[>lii(al  ii'[>(»it  in  tlic  in- 
tcTtst  of  raili'oads. 

T\\r  first  of  tlu'  HrVcml  loPal  [H'oji'ctrt  to  l)t'  jit- 
ti'Mipti'd,  and  wliicli  finally  suct-ri'drd,  was  a  linr  nf 
r<»ad  tV«»ni  San  I^'rancisco  t»>  San  .losr,  and  tin  ik,. 
east,  its  projectors  hoped,  to  the  Missis!>ii[»|)i  river.  Tlic 
scheme  was  a'^ilattnl  in  IS4'.»  .■)(»,  and  subseri|itiniis 
solicited  in  1S;)0  f)!.  In  Fehruaiy,  is.')!,  tliere  liiul 
heeii  raised  $|(H),!M)0.*  On  the  (ifh  of  Septenihi  r  a 
Company  was  o»'^ani/ed  under  the  name*  of  tl;e  Pa- 
cific and  Atlantic  IJallroad  c(>ni]>any,  and  soon  at'ii  r 
surveying'  was  connnenced.  The  engineer's  ]'e[)(»it 
was  puhlisht.'d  ahout  the  close  of  the  year,  when  ;ni 
elfoit  was  madi'  to  jj;<'t  the  company's  stock  on  the 
market  in  the  two  cities,  hut  without  success.  At- 
ti'ni])ts  were  also  made  to  ne;^t)tiatc  for  suhscri[iti'iii.s 
through  the  ai;t'nt8  of  luinkinv^-houses  in  New  ^^'lk 
and  Knt;land,  but  as  no  portion  of  the  road  Jiad  In  ^  ii 
constructed  the  ellort  fuili'd.  (\>n^i'ess  was  tin  n  ;ip- 
pli'd  to  for  aid  in  the  way  of  land  aiul  bonds,  liut 
althou;j;ii  a  bill  was  passi'd  throUL-h  one  brunch  of  tliu 
national  leulslature,  it  went  no  further. 

The  affairs  of  the  conii)any  remaini>d  in  this  un- 
promisinjjj  state  until  October  110,  isf);},  when  it  was 
reorganized  under  a  ncnv  itjcorporation  law.  The  cap- 
ital stock  was  then  fixed  at  $-J,(M)0,()00,  and  fei  a 
brii'f  perioil  the  prospect.s  of  tlm  r-oad  seemed  j^ood; 
but  the  financial  reverses  of  18a4-5  involving'  its 
friends  in  the  disaster,  no  more  was  heard  of  it  for  a 
perio(ldurini^whichall  railroad  enterprises  lan;j,uis]ir(l/ 
The  misfortunes  attendiiiLj  the  first  two  ori^anizati'ins 
det(>rred  others  from  reviving  the  Pacific  and  Atlantic 
railrtiad  until  1859,  when  a  third  company  was 
formed    and   incorporated    under  the   name   of  Saii 

*Siir  Tmwrrijtt,  (Str.  Ed.)  Fuh.  14,  IS.'Sl.  Aif'lifMn  nf  Cnnmiitfff  ajiixiiiilcd 
at  a  imhlic  iiii'i  ting  of  the  citi/eiiH  of  San  .Tose  in  relation  to  thu  ff.i<iliiliiy  nt 
a  railroail  tietwi-cn  San  Francisco  and  .Si-ii  Jose,  ai1o]itcd  .Tiuu!  '2t),  KSi'il. 

•''I'lii'  K').'islat(ire  of  ISiM  extended  tlio  time  of  tlie  P.  and  A.  II.  It.,  ami 
alao  »i  the  Marysivillu  aud  Buuicia  ^'dtiuu.ll  K.  ii.  CuL  Sua,  1855,  144. 


TX)rAL  F.FFORTS. 


637 


Fuinrisro  and  Sftn  Jose  llailroad  company,  wliicli, 
pii.titiii;^  by  tlio  ox])oru'iic('  of  tho  pioiietT  ioin|ianics, 
wiii;^'ht  to  t'oiisti'uct  at  least  a  |K)rtiou  of  its  road  be- 
j'.Mi!  «)ir('rin|Li  its  stock  abroad.  Tbe  legislature  was 
lirisuadtd  to  enact  a  law  subiiiittiiiL;  to  tbe  peoj'le  ot 
llir  counties  tbrou;^!!  wbicb  tbo  road  would  run  u 
|iiii|i()sition  to  vote  a  stock  subscription  of  ^KOO.OdO. 
]!ut  the  San  Francisco  press  opposed  the  subsidy  a. 
a  tVaud  ujton  tax  j)ayers,  :iihI  so  discoura^'-d  tbe  di- 
recti irs  tliat  tbey  tlissolvid  tln-ir  ('orp()rati(»n  in  .June, 
ISCiD  Tlu'ir  place  was  lillt'd  by  a  fourtb  or;;ani/ation 
ill  .luly,  witb  a  capital  stock  of  {7'J,000,00U  di\  ided 
into  26,000  shares  of  3 1 00  each. 

Tht'  new  company  bad  the  same  obstacles  to  en- 
rouiitcr.  It,  however,  put  tbe  road  und«r  construc- 
tion in  October,  the  contract  beinjjj  let  to  Charles  !Me- 
LiiU'4hlin  and  Alexander  IT.  Houston,  toconi|4ttt' 
accordini;  to  a[)ecifications  within  three  years  for  the 
sum  of  !?-J,000,000,  of  which  $500,000  was  to  be  in 
cMsli.  ,s.')00,000  in  bonils  of  the  counties  tbronuh 
wliich  tlie  road  should  j)ass,  the  legislature  having 
ai^iiiii  come  to  their  aid;  $.300,000  in  mortgagi'  bonds 
(if  tlie  company  payable  in  ten  years,  drawing  «iglit 
jicr'Tiit  interest,  and  $500,000  in  the  capital  stock  of 
tlh'  company.  The  amount  of  indivitlual  subscri|)- 
iiniis  obtained  was  $-285,300,  of  which  only  $100,000 
was  paid,  tlm  remainder  beini;  taken  by  directors  and 
ciiiitractoi's  to  prevent  the  stock  going  on  the  market 
to  he  at  tbe  mercy  of  brokers  a)id  speculators.  The 
load  was  ojiened  to  Maylield,  thirty-five  miles  from 
Sail  l^'rancisco,  in  October,  IS(;.'{,  and  comjileted  to 
San  .b)so  January  Ifi,  1804,  to  the  great  joy  of  the 
tlnvr  counties.  It  was  extended  southward  to  Gil- 
ruv  ill  18GD. 

Tlu^  Sacramento  Valley  liailroad  company,  whicli 
wa-;  aljle  to  eom[»letc  its  road  at  an  earlier  date  than 
tlio  S;m  Francisco  and  San  Jose  company,  began  op*  la- 
tioiis  about  tbe  same  time,  and  was  tbe  first  company  to 


538 


RAILRO^ID.S— CENTRAL  PACIFIC  SYSTE^r. 


make  a  railroad  in  California  an  arroin|)lisli(><l  fact.' 
It  was  proposed  to  run  the  road  from  Sacraiiit  i.to 
alonjjj  tlio  foothills  oast  <»f  the  Anu'rican  river,  aixl  to 
hraneh  north  and  s«)uth,  j)assiniif  throuj^h  IMacer  ami 
Sutter  counties  to  Mountain  city  in  the  county  oi 
Yuha,  a  distance  of  ahout  40  miles.  Ten  per  cent  of 
till'  suhscriptions  was  [>aid  in,  amountint^  to  .^A.oiki, 
when  the  company  re()r!^anized  under  the  railroad  at  t 
of  IS.').*}.'  The  president  proceeded  to  Hoston  aid 
New  York,  whero  he  arranj^ed  with  capitalists  to  fin- 
nish  material  for  constructing  thorond,  and  piocm  d 
a  competi'ut  engineer  to  survey  it —Theodore^  I),  .iu- 
dah,  who  afterwards  projected  the  Central  Pacific 
(Jrading  was  comniejiced  in  Fehruary,  IHST),  and  in 
June  a  vessel  arrived  from  Boston  with  iron  and 
other  material,  so  that  track-laying  began  in  Augu?;^. 
On  the  1 7th  of  that  month  the  first  platforni-t  ar 
were  placed  upon  th-j  rails,  and  on  the  lOth  «»f  \o- 
vemher  a  party  of  excursionists  was  cai-ri'd  ti  ii 
miles  from  Saciameiito  at  one  dollar  th<>  rouid  trip. 
The  formal  opening  of  the  road  to  Folsom.  '22  mils, 
took  [dace  Fidn'uary  22,  185").  The  cost  of  the  I'oad 
was  hut  little  less  than  .$(iO,000  a  mile,  at  which  rate 
it  was  not  po.ssihle  to  huihl  many  or  long  roads  in  a 
new  country."     xVs  the  ca[»ital  stock  of  thi  company 


d  < 
f 

I. 


^4. 


''Thf  diroptors  nndor  tlio  first  organi/ntiou  wcro  (\  J.  iruoliin^nii.  Wil- 
li.iiii  .M.Nultv.  .lam.  ■.  L.  1  I'  WarriMi,  .1.  H.  r.it.li,  Jiilms  \V.t/l.  i.  K.  .1. 
Willis,  .luliii  'l5ij.;l.r.  \N  lUiaiii  U.  WaMmi.  J.  ('.  Zaliri.-ki.-,  L.wis  K.  Muni, 
Tlioiiiis  I',  llohli,  and  T,  M.  Kifoiniiii.  Sur.  \'>il.  h'.  It.  <'".  Aiil'l.^,.i  .1... 
ami  liif-l.dirt. 

'()i»  the  ri'orji.iiii/.ifiiiii,  tlic  (liici'tors  <'lci'tiil  worr  <'.  K.  Wilsnii,  Minry 
E.  l{ol>in.s<>ii,  l\.  V.  .liiliiMDii.  .loliii  KorsluT,  C.  .1.  Mutcluiisini,  KtTri>  I'T- 
ijiaii.  W.  II  Watson,  of  SaiTiiiiieiitd;  ('.  K.  Oarnsoii,  M.  M.  (Jrav.  I.<u 
l'ars(vu-i,  ,)nnu«  .\.  Mr  l>oii){all,  of  Sail  Fraiu'isi'o;  A.  I*.  •. 'atliii.  of  .Mcniiinii 
i'laiid,  and  Haiidi't  Oavis,  of  Nevada  Tlu!  tri'aj^iinT  Wiis 'I'.  W.  Pak.'' ;  !>ii'- 
n-tary,  W.  H.  Watson:  i'n;;Mu'ir,  ^'»'.  H.  Foster;  commit .vi;  of  construi  linii. 
lii'ury  K.  Koliiiisoii  and  Ferris  Foimaii. 

''Uol>insoii,  Soymonr  *  i'n.  wcii-  tin-  coiitrat'tors,  L.  I,.  Holtinsou  liciiis! 
tlie  priiii'i|>al.  Tliey  v.i-rt!  to  tako  .-ii.'i.lMHI  jut  iiiilr,  J,  in  ca-li,  \  m  ImiiuU, 
and  ',  in  stuck  of  the  cnmp.xny.  Savsoiu-  of  the  director-.,  'Th,  \*lioli'  tliiii;i 
WHS  Slink.  I  had  10.000  in  i','  ai..l  wil.l  it  lor  .^l.lHXt.  tinrr'i  thrlif  C'limom'il 
VfHturf.  NIS.  ">.  The  statemi'lit  of  the  i'oin|i.iiiy  in  the  S:ir.  Cninn  of  l*i'''. 
19.  1S.'»|,  was  thnt  the  contractors  were  to  hiiihl  40  iiiih's  of  road,  am'  ♦•>  take 
in  iiayinent  jiStMl.OtM*  in  stock,  .S"KX),000  in  t)ouds,  auJ  ;?."»(IO,0(K)  in  c  .••  ami 
iiutc'^j,  aa  thu  wurk  ^)ri>gi'uadcd. 


LOCAL  oiu;.\NMZ.n;()\s. 


539 


wouUl  cover  no  moro  clistanoo  at  this  rato,  tlio  road 
stii|>|)('.l  at  Folsom,  and  its  laniiiitjjs  wtMit  to  pay 
its  debts.  No  l)lamo  attacliod  to  tlio  «lir«M'tors',  wlioso 
solf  reward  was  the  ijlorv  ot'  iiaviiijr  funiislied  (\ali- 
toiiiia  with  her  first  railroacL  The  husiness  of  the 
niiid  was  Ljood.  Tlu-  toinia;.'"!  of  vessels  of  i-verv  de- 
s(ii|itioii  arrivin*^  at  the  wharv(>8  of  Saoraineiifo  \n 
Ortiiher,  isr)r),  was  ys.M'i?  tons,  the  largest  part  of 
which  was  for  the  mines,  and  made  a  respectahlt  in- 
come for  this  short  railway.  It  drew  to  itself  in 
tiiiif  tw<'nty-one  ditterent  sta^o  lines  at  I  olsom.  It 
declared  in'  lHr.4  a  ])rofit  of  $'.>00,<M)().  The  foliowin-^ 
year  it  was  sold  toCn'orjje  F.  I^rajjfLT.  a<j;«  fit  of  the 
(Viitral  Paeifie  r;ulroad  of  (^ilifoinia,  hy  L.  L.  IJoh- 
iiisoii  and  two  other  stoeklioldi-rs,  I'ioehe  and  Jiav- 
cr([ue. 

.v  nuniher  of  railroad  companies  wen^  (»r;4ani/cd  \\o. 
(well  ISy'Jand  isr.:?.  s«»me  of  which  never  arrived  at 
ilic  di'-nitv  of  an  ac-tual  and  usefnl  existcncf,  whilr  ji 
\W\y  proportion  were  const niett-d  either  wholly  or  in 
pail."  hi  Mai'ch  l.S(w{  tlu-  Fn-eport  IJaili'oad  coiii- 
paiiy,  with  a  capital  «»f  $l.>o,ooo,  was  ortjanized  to 
(••iiisiriicta  hranch  from  the  Sat-ramento  \allry  road, 
at  or  mar  Jirij^hton,  ten  niilr.s,  to  a  point  on  the  Sac- 
r.iiiK  iito  river  at  or  mar  tlu'  Jlussian  tinharcadero, 
tin  ohjcct  heim^to  make  r»  new  landing  helow  Sacia- 
iiH  iito,  and  take  the  l<u.><in.  >s  of  the  old»r  road  away 
tVnin  that  city,  wi*h  which  it  liad  some  quarrel,  in 
wliich  ease   it  was    e\pi'cted  to   form  a  eomhination 

itli   sonu!  other  line.s,  and  to   make   Freeport  the 


w 


w 


•Tlic  ortiop'a  I'loct*'  I  in  the  autiiiiiii  ><f  IWrt  wcro  ('.  K.  rjnrrinon. 


SlnTiiia'i,   vu'»  jiri'^i  t ; 


H    II   vins,   c'iKliicr;  (' 


iS.  U.    I' 

I  i.irrwnn. 


IiroH't; 


;iv»i'll.    HtM 


tv:  .1.   I*.  i!i>liiii.<oii    siiii't 


K  .1. 


W.    I'.  i;..l. 


I. 


P 


iiiiiis,    I.  K.   UoliiiisKii.  'riii'iiiinru  K.  M.»y<.  .1.  K.    ItuKiiiMtiii.  K.    W.   linir,  C'. 
II.  <ii  mIwiii,  aiiil  Iviwar«l  Khiit,  .iir<-.ti>rs. 

'"  in'<t  of  way  gnintf.l  to  tin-  l'.t;iliim:i  11.  11.  I'-il.  St.if..  IStiO.  ).  '.'to. 
K.  U  I'r.. It'll i.HO  Kraiiti'il  to  a  r<>iii|iany  ti>  con^triirt  a  i'<ulr<iaii  l.>  llir  nvtl 
mini'  ill  ( 'iiiitra  Ciwta  c<>.  via  KirkcrV  iiii.'>.<.  to  a  |i(iiiit  on  tint  San  .liiicjuiu 
river  or  •'«iiiHiui  luiy.  <'<;/. sVnA,  |S«i'j,  H7.  .A  fraiit'tii'<i' uraiiti'iHo .!  S.  Kolin 
aiiil  I  looiatcK  to  oonRtnii-t  ainl  ii.uiiitain  a  railroail  from  Corrikl  hollow  iu 
Alamudii  co.  to  a  point  on  tho  ^•^ll  J*Ki(|iim  rivur.  <'ii/.  HM.,  ISOI,  HOl>. 


640 


IIAILUOADS-CFATRAL  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


8]ii[>j)iii;jj  point  of  tlio  upiHT  country.  The  track  was 
luasnd  to  the  Sacranunto  valKy  con»[)any,  whiiji 
Hooii  after  sold  out  as  just  stated,"  togetiicr  witli  llie 
Icasid  road. 

The  first  point  to  %vl»ich  the  niinin<^  population 
flowed  after  Cokjiua,  was  to  PWerville,  at  the  ( on- 
fluenco  of  several  rich  ravines.  Tlie  Mormons  uf 
Carson  valley  found  a  way  across  the  Sierra  to  these 
mines  hy  the  pass  of  the  Carson  river,  which  was 
aftei-wai'd  ex|)lored  hy  agents  of  the  government,  and 
j)ronouneed  superior  to  that  hy  tlie  Truckce  rivir. 
It  was  adopted  by  tiic  immigration  of  1841),  and  e\trv 
year  thereafter  many  pt-rsons  passed  over  it."  On 
the  discovery  cf  the  Comstock  lode  it  became  the 
highway  of  travel  to  Virginia  city. 

As  early  as  1854  a  railroad  meeting  was  called  in 
Placerville,  for  the  purpose  of  connecting  that  jilace 
with  the  Sacramento  valhy  road,  but  tlie  business 
proceeded  no  further  at  that  time.  Soon  afterward 
there  was  a  decline  in  the  mining  interest  whidi 
threatened,  and  indeed  di'stroyed  much  of  the  tiade 
enjoyed  by  the  Placerville  merchants,  and  a  discour- 
aging dullness  prevailed  until  the  Washoe  excitement 
rcvivtMl  the  spirit  of  the  town.  Wagon  roads  wcio 
opened    through    the  mountains   by    other    passes" 

*^  Sitr.  Co.  I  liM. , 'IW).  Tilt' lirst  (lirci'tor^  <if  tli(!  Fri'cjHU-t  ruiiipaiiy  wire 
ficnrf^u  F.  IJr.igj;,  .F.  15.  F>;iycri|iio,  (Jcorgo  W.  Mowu,  J.  1'.  IvhIhuhdu,  auil 
.J.  Mora  MtMH.   /,'.  A'.  ,*f-/vf;«,  '_'(i. 

'^Tlit;  C;il.  iii'WHpaiK'i-s  <;iU  this  tlio  Bcckwourtli  pasfl;  luit  it  wax  discdv- 
orcil  liy  Lieut  Iv  (J.  Ikickwitli,  mIio  lulmigcil  to  tliu  cxpctlitiou  onli ml  t" 
(Xplon;  the  route  near  tlio  .'tSth  and  :i!ltli  ]i;irallils.  Says  tlir  rt'iioi t:  'tlio 
HUrviy  ipT  tlio  western  |)orti(iii  of  this  route  hy  Lieut.  JleeUwith  lia.s  nHiiltoii 
ill  the  iliseovery  of  a  more  direct  and  jirai'tiealilo  route  than  Man  helifveil  U> 
^■.\i^<t,  Iroiu  the  (Jreat  Salt  Lake  to  the  valley  of  tliP  Saeraniento.  Siuee  hi.s 
r  iiort  w  IS  niado,  a  l)ii<'f  coiniiiuniiation  from  V>ievet  Lieut-eol  Sleiitoe,  eeiii- 
liiaMdiiiu  the  troops  in  Ctali,  has  annouiieed  tho  diseovery  cf  ll  still  more  ill- 
r  it  line  from  ( Ireat  Salt  Lake  to  Sail  Franeiseo.  The  new  portion  et  this 
route  passes  to  the  saiitli  of  llumhohlt  or  Mary's  river,  and  entirely  aMiiil- 
'W'i  the  ditruMillies  experic'iued  hy  travellers  aioiiK  that  stream.  ]iroeeeils  t.> 
the  v.illey  of  the  Carson  river,  Iteiiif^' veil  sii]iplird  with  water  and  ^;ra.-•<. 
From  ( '.ii-son  rivor  it  erossoH  the  Sierra  Nevachi  hy  the  pas.sRR  at  tlie  head  of 
that  rivei 


and  descends  to  tlio  valli'V  of  the  Sacramento,  being  practirnhlu 
tliroiinhout  for  w.i^ons.'  Ptie,  II.  U.  td-ji't,  i.  I>.  10. 

'  'l"he  first  oni!  of  those  was  known  as  .lohnson  pass,  which  was  ?,""*> 
feet  lower  than  tho  oM  Carsnn  road.  The  irw'A  follov'e.l  the  exposed  youth- 
urn  alopua  of  tho  vaJli'y  of  the  south  fork  of  the  Ataene.au  river,  and  eiittrcJ 


M 


MOUNTAIN'    I'ASSES   AND   ROADS. 


641 


lii;iiii'liin<^  oft*  froMi  the  TJix-kwith  pass,  ono  or  \\u*vc 
(if  which  wiTo  "J, 000  tret  lowtT,  and  ooiistMjUrnllv 
uKuv  free  from  s!i»»\v.  C^»iii|K'titi()ii  «i;ri'\v  u[)  iMfwctii 
tljr  waiL^on  routes  wlicro  tolls  were  ct)llocto(l,  tt»  the  acl- 
vaiitai^i^  of  tl»o  travelling  [mhlic. 

V  tri-weeklv  liiii^  of  sta<j;es  was  ostaMishod  fniiii 
I'l.icei-villii  to  Oeiioa  ill  ( 'arson  valley  in  IS.")7,  via, 
.)(iliii>(iM  pass;  and  in  IHjH  tlu^  <»veiland  mail  fiom 
Salt,  Lake  to  Maeranu'iito  l>ej^an  to  he  earrii>d  ovei'  tliis 
route.  The  f()ll«)\vin«^  year  came  the  Washoe  mijjra- 
tion,  j.nvin!Lj  tlie  Pioneer  staL;e  line  enoiiirh  to  do.  in 
fact  too  much,  and  a  company  was  orijanized,  which 
spent  !?.')(). 000  in  constru<-ting  a  new  road  via  Shaw- 
l)itry  valKy,  havinjj;  a  wide  solid  Ix'd.  easy  grades, 
init  short  curves.  It  was  the  best  e<|  lipped  stago 
roa  I  ill  tlm  Unitiul  States;  kc^pt  sprinkled  in  summer, 
and  free  from  snow  in  tin;  wintiT.  The  coaches  weic  of 
the  l)»>st,  th(^  hor«es  of  the  fleetest,  and  the  wholo  otit- 

including  the  foppish  kniglit  «)f  tin;  whip,  a  delight 


t    iiiecve.     Tlu!  hotels  at  J^laci'rvil 


le  were  crowi 


I'd 


ill  those  days,  whilo  tlu;  streets  were  filled  witli  mon- 
ster freight  wagons  making  n^ady  to  cross  the  moun- 
tains witli  their  great  loads  of  merchandise  or  machin- 
ery. Ill  IST),'}  tli(!  tolls  on  the  new  roads  amounted 
to  $.'100,000,  and  tlui  freight  hills  on  mills  and  mer- 
chandise summed  up  .$  I ;{, 000,000.  All  this  pointed 
to  a  railroad  to  connect  at  Placerville  with  wa^on 
transportation.  Tin;  suhject  was  agitated  in  IH.')'.), 
and  on  tlu>  r?Oth  of  January,  IHdO,  a  mcM'ting  was 
t'all(>(i,  at  wliieji  resolutions  were  jiassed,  but  nothing 
aciMinplished  in  forwarding  the  enterprise. 

For  the  seeming  apathy  of  IMacerville  there  were 

tl'o  Carbon  valley  ria  tlio  sontli  rml  of  [..nUc 'i'.ihrto.  It  took  its  naiiio  from 
Its  exi'liiriT,  .1.  .\.  .IdIiiisiiii,  a  Nnrwix''"".  wii"  larricc!  tiir  mail,  on  niiow- 
allies,  lictwccii  IMiicrrvilli'  iiinl  Cirsdii  city  in  tin*  winter  ul'  l!s,"i7.  .Xnutlmr 
u  !>■  liiy  liutwet'ii  till*  ('.■irsi'U  iiml  .loliiiscni  |>:iH-ic-(,  fiilli-il  tlio  Lutli.T  pass, 
I'l  i(('i'\  lUo  w,u  l,7").">  fi'cl  iilxivi'  .HC':i  level.  OM  Cirt^dil  riiml,  on  the  JM^'lii'st 
siiiiimil.  was  ".•,0;i()  feet  uliuVi'  tiie  .sea.  ancl  nn  two  other  HiiininitH  over  7,'HKl 
f -I't.  (lohlison'.s  trail  wa.s  (;,S".?I  feet  ahove  the  sea  on  the  lii^jhe.st  summit, 
;iii(i  less  than  ti.COO  in  the  Liiki!  Tahoi:  \alley.  Liilhurs  jiiin.i  was  7,163  fnot 
aliDvo  lUc  sea, 


648 


KAII.ROADS-CFXTUAT.   I'AririC   SYSTEM. 


roasons  wliicli  will  apjM'ur  as  I  ]»r(»ccod.  Alroadx  I 
inu.st  hsiw  said  eiiouiili  u|K>n  tlu'  sultject  to  liiijiit  s.s 
U|»»»n  tli(i  itadrr's  iiiiiul  tlu;  status  of  railway  iiii.r. 
prises  ill  (,'alitoniia  durin*.;  the  first  twenty  years  of 
the  ('oiiniioiiwealtli.  IVrliaps  I  should  have  iiimio 
prominently  hroUijht  forward  tlu;  fact  that  I'aeJi  (or- 
])oration  held  itself  to  he  a  link  in  that  eoinini^  i>i  li  of 
steel  whirli  was  to  span  the  continent  at  sonu;  jviiud 
as  yet  unknown,  hut  foreordained.  The  sunhurnf  im- 
ini;j;rant,  walking;  with  his  wife  and  little  ones  htside 
his  trjiunt  and  weary  ox -n  in  mid-continent;  the  sui- 
traveller  pinin«;  on  shipdioard.  torturetl  with  ///'//  (h 
tntr;  the  homesick  hride,  whose  weddin*;  tri|>  had 
<'lude«l  a  passai^o  o(  the  Isthmus  ;  the  mer<'hant  whi 
stock  niH'ded  replenishiiii;;  and  the  miner  fortunate 
enough  to  h«'  aide  to  return  home— every  one,  e\(  i  pt, 
of  cours(!,  the  nu'n  of  the  Pacifu'  Mail  Steamsl:ii> 
company,  prayed  for  a  Pacific  railroad.  vVnd  (li.y 
did  n«>tliinu;  t  Ise  hut  pray,  when  it  is  a  widl-kimwii 
maxim  that  the  gods  wait  for  a  heujinning  hefore  they 
leiul  their  aid. 

At  length,  ill  8«'pteml>er  isr»'.»,  a  I'acific  raih'oad 
convention  was  lu  Id  in  ;San  Francisco,  in  Asseiuhiy 
hall,  on  the  corner  of  Ktarnev  and  l*ost  streets,  ai  - 
cording  to  a  re.s(dution  of  the  legislature  j)asse(l  .\|iiil 
5th  of  that  year."     There  were  present  at  this  <'nii. 


III- 

)S0 


'' Hosolvi'il,  liy  tlu!  ftMnoinMy,  the  (ien.'«to  concurrinft,  tlmt  to  iiroinnli'  llu- 
inti  iTNt,  and  liisiiri'  tlio  protfi'tion  nml  mi  urity  of  tin'  iK'npIc  nl  llii-  ^(:lt^'<  •<! 
Calit'nriiiii  ami  Ori'ijoii,  itiKJ  tin-  tcrritoMi  4  nf  \\'a.'<liiii^ti)ii  innl  .\ri/<iiia.  ami 
('.ilHH'ialiy  t(»  foiisiiliT  tlu'  rciiiial  of  riiii;.'ir««  to  taku  rllifii'iif;  inrasuif^'  lur 
till*  I'liiistrui'tiiiii  of  (I  railri>ii<l  Irniu  tli<'  .Vllaiitit'  Ntatcx  tn  the  I'arilli,  aii<l  tn 
(iiloiil    iiiraHiii't's  wlirivliy    tlii'  liiiiMiii^  of  tlic   naiil  railruail   I'aii  lie  accoiii- 

»>lisiii'cl,  it  JM  t'\|ii'<lioiit  that  a  ronvi'iition  U-  luM  mi  tlic  -Dili  ilay  of  Scptt'iii' 
XT,  IS.V.I.  at  lilt'  i'ity  of  .San  Fr.iiiii»«-o.  in  tlu-  Htate  of  < 'alifornia,  i-oiii|i.iscii 
■)f  ilcli'^ati'M  fniin  tlu;  Huiil  Hlntcs  ami  ttrntorii'.t.  Kt'snlvi'il,  that  Ihr  |>i'ii|ilc 
of  tlu!  .Mi'vrral  ciiinitit'M  of  tin-  ^ai<l  states  ami  t<Tiitorics  an'  luri'liy  c-imc- 
iaily  ri'i|U('st»'il  to  m'MiI  to  K.ti>l  convtiition  ih-lcj-alcs  fi|iial  to  tin'  imiiiiImt  cf 
the  Mii'iiilicr.s  ol  iht'  li-^ivtlatiirv  of  tilt!  Mini  HtntcK  aiiil  tcrritorit'x  to  wlmli  liny 
ai'i'  t'lititlril  to  i'i'|in-!*('iil  thi'in  in  H.-iiil  convention,  HchoIvciI,  that  hi-^  <'>:• 
I'l'llciicy,  tlu!  governor  of  thi*  Ht-itv.  !«•  r<'i|HfHt«'cl  to  xcml  cojiii-M  of  tlir  furc- 
Lfoiiig  rt'sohitiomt  to  tin-  ^ovcniort  of  tlu-  Ktutt-  of  (>r<'^oii.  ami  tciritoiirx  i<f 
NV'aMJiiii^tnii  anil  Arizona  r<'«|N'i-tivfly.  t'ul.  Sl-it.,  |s."iH,  ;tlM ;  /''loiir  I,',  li 
Mriimriiil  to  llif   I'll  liili  1,1  itj  the    U.  S.,   tlmiU  0/  JJiWtrtiiwiits,  Hi'iiolf  ifti't 


i    ^ 


SAX    FKAN(  isrO  roXVENTIOX. 


.>i:j 


vt  ntion  tlologatos  from  evorv  county  in  tin-  state,  and 
from  On-i^on  and  Wasliin<^ton.  Its  prtsid'iit  -.vas 
Jolm  l>i«i\v»ll  ;  its  viro  prcsidonts  \V(  i\>  Kilwan!  l^an- 
il.r.  of  Wasliinj/ton  territory  ;  AhxandtT  I*.  Aukmy, 
of  ( )n';^on  ;  Vl.  S.  Ifolden  and  (i»i>ri4t'  W.  ('rant',  of 
('aliN»rnia;  its  si'crttarits,  W.  lial)<\  ( ).  H.  Tlionias, 
ai.d  Henry  S.  Wells.  Tlioinas  H.  Pearno,  a  delegate 
from  Orei^on,  ijfiered  a  resolution  tliat  the  connnittfo 


'I'l 


toHl 


ted    t 


o  jtrepare  a  nionional  to  fon<^ress,  a 


>kiiii; 


ijov  •rinnent  to  aid  in  tlio  constnutioii  of  a  n  a«l 
tlirou.rl»  the  territories,  to  eonnc'ct  at  the  east  hound- 
ary  of  the  stiitt;  with  such  road  as  niiirht  l>e  con- 
struet«<l  in  California,  should  K'  instructed  to  set 
forth  the  jirefereiiee  of  the  convention  for  the  central 
route.  A  resolution  was  finallv  |>assed  <le<larin«j  ti;e 
|»r«  fereijce  of  the  convention  for  the  centra]  route,  the 
t'ia>ihilitv  «»f  whiih  had  been  di'nionstrated  hv  the 
inaintt  nance  u]>on  it,  summer  and  winter,  of  astao«  line, 

A-i  to  the  means  l>y  which  tlu'  California  portiou  of 
tlie  Pacific  railway  was  to  he  (((ustructed.  it  was  jmo- 
{•ox  1  that  tlie  states  of  California  and  OnLjou  .-!iould 
rr.  ;ite  a  tleht  of  .^ I .'),()()().(»()()  and  $3,000.()(io  resinct- 
i\ely.  to  aid  in  tluM-nterprise;  also,  that  a  railroad  fu!i<l 
sliouhl  l»e  created  l»y  settin;^  aside  funds  ijerived  from 
the  swamp  and  overllow»«l  lands  for  internal  in.|>io\t- 
iM<  nts.  A  prefertMJce  was  expressed  for  a  line  tVom 
S;iii  l*'nincis4M)  via  Stocktt»n,  to  some  int«ys».ction  of 
tin  centnil  route  hetween  the  4-d  and  ;>sth  de^reea 
ef  latitude,  thus  makiiii^  a  selection  which  conj^ress 
li;»d  nevt*r  yet  v»iitured  to  make,  or  endorse. 

At  this  convention  T.  I ).  .ludali,  the  en<rinetr  of  the 
S.icranu-nto  valley  and  otiier  nx-al  radroads.  was 
|>ri  sent    as    a   deh  j^ate    from   Sacraininto   city.      He 


w 


as,  in  fact,  the  chief  promott  j-  of  the  m««  tin;^.  l»ein 
<lt  tj'ly  inipn'sstMl  with  a  l>elii  f  in  the  pra<ticahility  of 
a  I'atitic  railrcwul.  and  possessed  of  a  desire  to  s«  «■  the 
tuterprise  Inau'^urated  in  ( 'alifoniia ;  perhaps  also, 
with  an  nnd>ition  tt*  have  Ids  name  connei-te^l  with 
it.     For  Uiuuth«>  he  |K>ud"red  t>vcr  the  prohlei::,  taking 


544 


RAILROAnS-CEXTUAL  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


!■■ 


iht«»  liis  confidoiicc  a  few  Imsinoss  men  of  Sarranujito. 
ami  ur<;iri'^  the  foriiiutioii  of  a  L-om[)aiiy  t«»  ventuiv  ujM»ri 
umlfrtakiii<4  the  California  division  r»f  a  transt-nnti- 
ncTital  railroad.  The  men  who  listemd  most  a|ijin»v- 
ini^ly  \v<  T'-  lj<'land  Stanford,  Collis  i'ott*  r  liuntiii<r. 
t«»n,  ^[ark  Hopkins,  and  Cliarlis  ('r«K'kt  r. 

At  lcn;4th  in  the  sprinuj  of  1801,  Judah  call. d  a 
railr«>ad  nieetiii'^  at  St  Charles  hotel  in  Sarranieiito, 
at  whieli  lie  made  an  a}>j»eal  for  assistance  in  ]M'rtect- 
iii«'  his  sur\"ev:-»  of  the  different  passes  of  the  Si-rra. 
whieh  had  alreaily  l>een  crossed  hy  him  twentv-tliive 
times  in  <lifferenl  reoonnoissimces.  Ht;  reminded  the 
people  of  Sacramento  that  if  they  desire«l  to  have  the 
i^reat  hii^hway  eriil  with  them,  they  nnist  show  w>nio 
faith  i?i  it.s  prohahility.  In  response  a  fund  was  raised 
to  k  ei»  snrvevors  in  the  field,  and  for  continLreiuies : 
but  there  wa.s  yet  no  <»r«^ani/iition. 

On  tlie  28th  of  June,  the  Central  Pacific  railmad 
^'^omj»any  of  California  was  organized,  ujuler  the  '^'<  ii- 
eral  incorjn (ration  law  of  tiie  state.  Leland  Stanford 
was  chosen  president,  C.  J*.  Ifuntiic^ton  vi«e-presid<  nt, 
Mt;rk  Ifopkins  treasurer,  James  Uailey  .secretiuy,  and 
T.  1).  Judah  chief  eni^ineer.  The  direct(»rs  were 
those  just  nanied,  and  K.  M.  Crocker,  John  F.  ^^ersc, 
D.  \V.  Stron;^.  and  Charles  ^Taish.  Tin;  capital 
stock  of  the  Company  was  $8,r)00.0()0,  divided  into 
85,OoO  shares  of  .^100  each.  The  shares  taken  hy  iii- 
•  lividuals  wer<>  f«\v.  Stanford,  Ifuntiii'Lrton,  IlM|ikii»s, 
Judah.  and  Charles  Crocker  suhsciihin-^  for  15t)ea<li; 
(iliddi  II  &  Williams.  IJ.l  .shares;  Charles  A.  Tjoml.anl 
and(>rvill<-  I).  ljoml>ard.  .'5J0  shares  ;  Samu<-1  llooptr, 
H(>njamin  J.  l{e<d,  Samuel  1*.  Shaw.  ;"»0  shares  each; 
H.  ().  Ives.  25  shares;  Edwin  B.  Cnx  ker.  lOshans; 
Samuel  Ijmnnan,  2U0  shares;  cash  suhseriptions.  of 
wh'  h  ton  f»or  cent  was  rc'juired  hy  law  to  he  paid 
down.  rcalizin<5  hut  a  f  w  thousand  dollars  with  \vl,i.  h 
to  lM-/in  »o  im|X)rtant  a  work  as  a  railroad  across  t'n? 
Sierra  Xevada. 

Indee«],  when  it  is  rememi»ereil  that  neitlur  con- 


OIMiAXIZATIOX. 


54:> 


pTss,  individual  states,  nor  syndicates  of  capitalists 
hu'l  vet  been  found  willinj^  to  lay  iiold  of  so  stupendous 
;iii(l  hazardous  an  enterprise  as  that  of  constructinj^  a 
Piicilic  railway  at  that  time,  the  audacity  of  the  Sac- 
niiiitiito  corporation  in  attemptinjjj  the  most  ditticult 
l>nition  of  it  appears  an  act  of  madness  or  of  inspira- 
tiiii.  Fewwere  found  to  give  material  «'ncoura;j;»nu'nt 
t"  the  ])roject,  and  many  said  that  thosr;  Saciament(» 
iih  rcliaiits  who  had  ventured  upon  it  wouM  sink  their 
|i(  isoiial  fortunes  in  the  canons  of  the  Sierra. 

( )f  those  men,  four,  at  least,  have  been  much  before 
the  country.  The  combination  was  a  fortunate  one 
tor  its  purposes.  None  of  tliem  wi-re  rich;'*  all  had 
Ui'H  accustomed  to  stru;j;iile  with  hardships  in  their 
youth.  Stanford  was  a  leader  in  the  republi<-an  party 
just  comiii'jc  to  the  front  in  California,  and  was  gov- 
ciiior  (»f  the  stat(j  through  the  most  critieul  period  of 
tlic  fi»nuation  and  launehing  of  the  Central  I'acitic 
raihtiad  company  upon  th(5  sea  of  experiment,  lie 
had  some  practical  knowledge  of  railroad  construction, 
liaving  been  in  the  service  of  his  father,  a  contractor 
1 11  canals  and  railroads,  lie  had  also  the  n-ading  of 
a  lawyiT,  and  had  practised  in  tlie  courts  of  VViseoiisin 
Jilt  vii)us  to  conung  to  California.  IVrsonally  he  was 
.strong  an<l  enduring,  exhibiting  great  tenacity  of  pur- 
pose and  power  to  execute  it,  with  a  certain  reserve 
which  indicated  unknown  qualiti'^s  behind  his  massive 
hrow  V 

Huntington,  a  native  of  Connecticut,  was  one  who, 
as  a  business  man,  hatl  few  eijuals  in  the  land  of  his 
nativity  or  adoptit>n.  Knergetic.  (juiek  sinht«'«l,  but 
coo]  in  execution,  despising  nothing  that  had  a  dollar 
ill  it.  nor  any  fair  means  of  making  a  |>rofit.  he  had 
savetl   and    <jained   thirtv   or  fortv   thousand   d«>llars 

'' I  quote  from  a  memorial  to  c('«jrn'--i  tlio  sworn  Rtateni<>iit  of  Lclitnl 
f^t.-iiifonl  ,'iihl  hrotliur  that  tlie  value  of  )Tii|Mity  owiieil  hy  tho  linii  iii  |M»'.J 
»  i>  s:f.*,'.l.')«i;  of  Cliarlcs  Croik'T  that  l.i  wan  worth  .^J.H.ftX)  at  the  siiiio 
I'Ti.mI;  .if  Mark  Hopkins  that  l..-  was  worth  !»9,700;  of  ('.  P.  lliiritiii^'ton 
thit  h>!  Iiail  ]iro|)('rty  auiouittiii>;  to  $7,'J'J'J;  anu  of  Huntington  A  Ho|ikini< 
tint   th.v  owneil  .slU,  1  lo  iu  IbGL*.     J'rlifionoj  f/f  StofUtnl.hrs  u/'  l^u   CnUml 

III8T.  Cal.,  Vu..  VM.    36 


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li 

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B46 


RAILHOADS    CENTRAL   F'AriFIC  SYSTKM. 


since  liis  a<Iv(>nt  in  Califoriiia.  To  liiin  wen;  lari^'tly 
intrusted  tliu  Hnancial  niana<^i>nu>nt  of  tin;  conipunv'a 
artairs,  tlic  n(><rotiation  of  loans,  an<l  tlic  purciiasf  and 
forwanliiiLj  of  sui»f»li<'8,  all  of  which  <lutif.s  he  siiccts.s- 
fully  |>tifornicil.  For  such  purposes  no  hetter  scNc- 
lion  could  liave  hccn  made.  Judah  was  a  native  nf 
l^ri<l<^op<»rt,  Connecticut,  who  was  educated  at  !{•  ii>. 
selaer  I*olvtechic  Institute  of  Trov%  New  York,  iiiid 
still  a  yoMnt,^  man,  havinjj;  l>e«>n  horn  in  IH'J().  lie  pos- 
sessed enthusiasm,  and  the  coura^je  of  his  convief  jdiis. 
Charles  Crocker  loved  work  for  work's  ,^ake.  Iji 
tirely  a  self-made  man,  a  man  of  remarkahle  emiiry, 
of  stronj^  physique  and  pow«r  of  will,  he  had  aiit  lujy 
hecoine  one  of  the  most  successful  mer«hants  in  Sacra- 
mento, ll(^  kiH'W  how  to  mana'Lfe  men  in  j'an^s,  hav- 
injjf  ilevelrtped  souje  coal  mines  in  the  west  h»  lore 
coiniiijuf  to  ('alifornia.  He  knew  the  value  of  money, 
and  to  quot(>  himself,  was  always  trviiiif  to  "rnakra 
(lollar  huy  a  dollar  and  five  cents'  w»»rth  of  mat*  li.il."' 
No  daiiLjer  ot"  wastefulness  with  him.  10.  li.  Crocker, 
who  !ield  ten  shares  in  the  com|»aiiy,  was  an  eii'^iiieer 
hy  education,  and  aftei\var<l  a  lawyer  hy  profession. 
a  man  of  ffood  ahilitv,  and  one  ii\'  the  most  indiistii 


ous  memix'rs  o 


ftl 


le  liar. 


If. 


w 


iis  appointed  l»y  ( Jov 


ernor  Stanf()rd  to  the  supreme  hencji  in  l.sC.i,  ti>  till 
an  U!iexpii*ed  t»  i  in,  after  which  he  hecanie  comisellni 
to  the  company. 

Hopkins'  most  marked  traits  wen;  less  of  tlu;  po>i- 


tiv 


e  S( 


)rt  than  those  of  his  associates,  hv  whom  In  i> 
descril»e«l  as  'Stne  of  tin;  truest  and  hest  men  that  ever 
lived,"  and  as  a  halance-wlu^el  in  the  company.  "I 
never  thouolit  anything-  finished  until  Hopkins  looked 
at  it,"  says  the  vice-president,  wl  ich  is  praise  eiioiiuli. 
Like  Staid'onl  ami  (^rocker,  his  earlier  career  had 
b(H'n  pas.sed  in  New  York. 

Hailev,  the  .secn'tarv,  was  a  jewt'ller  of  Saeru- 
mento,  ami  a  friend  «»f  .Fndah's,  who  was  iiitro- 
diK'cd  hy  hin:  to  Stanford,  Hopkins,  lluiiliiiut"ii, 
and  Crock:>r.      He  was  8ucceed»'d  at  ojio  of  the  t.tily 


lUiUTK  IIIOSKN. 


r.47 


clictior.s  hy  EjIwuhI  II.  Miller,  a  partner  of  Ho|)kiii8, 
:iii(l  now  a  director  of  tlie  S«>utlierii  J*a<ifie.  Totretlier, 
tlir  riiilr<)a(l  aHsociates  possi's.sed  tln^  coiiil/niatioii  of 
litisiiicss  (jualities  that  was  recjniicd  lor  their  j:;i^aiitic 
( iiftiprisi!. 

Tlie  result  of  tlie  surveys  in  j)ro<jjrrsa  at  tho  time 
(»f  orj^anization  was,  that  of  the  thre(-'  s-everal  rout«'S 
survived,  otu!  throu;j[h  VA  D«>rado  countv,  which 
avoided  l^hicervilhi ;  another  throiij^h  Nevada  county 
vi;i  Vcvachi  city;  and  aiiotlur  throuj^^li  IMaeer  and 
Nevada  countioH  via  Dutch  Flat,  tliat  hy  Dutch  Fhit 
was  ehosini,  tiu;  lin<^  runnin</  from  Lincoln  via  (Tipper 
<,'ap,  IMinoistown,  Dutch  Klat,  and  J)o!nier  hdvc  pass 
to  the  Truck<'(^  river.  T\h)  months  (»f  Au;j;ust  and 
Srpt('Md»er  wero  (h'votcd  to  mappiniL^  the  s\irveys, 
iiiakni'^  profdes  of  tho  mountains,  and  <j:athtrinir  in- 
fn'iiiatioii  to  bo  laid  before  <'on<^ress.  In  October 
Jii.lali  went  witli  these  to  Washiiii^ton  to  endiavor  to 
siiurc  tho  pas.sai^o  cd'  a  l*acili<'  railroati  bill. 

It"  from  a  finarwial  p»tint  lA'  view  a  better  timo 
ciiiild  have  been  selected  for  the  <j;i'eat  enterpiise  than 
Ixil,  IVoMi  a  political  and  military  standpoint  none 
iMiild  iiavo  been  more  favorable.  ('(»n]L(ress  eoiild  no 
loii.(  r  wi"an;.^le  over  routes,  sinc<i  the  S(»uth  had  with- 
drawn from  th(?  contest,  and  a  rebtd  army  held  the 
:  .Hh  and  Jl'Jd  parallels.  It  iK'cded  no  i^reat  forecast 
to  perceive;  that,  cut  off  from  tho  Atlantic  states,  um- 
ili'fended,  and  <livided  in  sentiment,  (^difornia  and 
On^on  olfen^d  tempting?  ojiportunities  for  foreio;n  in- 
t.ivenlion,  as  well  as  d<tmestic  disunion,  or  that  tin* 
rt  inedy  for  this  peril  was  railroad  <(umnunieation. 
h  was  therefore,  as  I  have  said,  a  fortunate;  timo  to 
come  before  coni^ress  with  a  bill   to  supply  this  need. 

'!'h(!  (!alifornia  <lele<ration  at  this  time  consisted  of 
liatham  and  McDouuiall  in  the  senat«\  and  San^ent, 
ill  Ips  and  Law  in  tlu;  bouse.  Latham  had  made  a 
spe.eli  ill  favor  of  a  Pacific  railroad  in  Januaiv  ;  but 
It  N  (»i\e  thin<^  to  sbow  tho  need  of  it,  and  another  to 
{viiiit  out  how  to  obtain  it.  Sargent,  who  was  newly 
elected,  travelled   in  company  with  Judah,  who  was 


ai 

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IIAILUOADS-  C'KXTRAL  lACIFIC  SYSIEM. 


nl 


tliua  aflftinlcMl  tlio  ])ost  of  opportunities  duriri'jf  tliesta 
voyni^o  of  iMoro  tlmii  thn-e  weeks,  sliut  out  froiii  ih.- 
world,  with  notliin;^  to  divert  liis  attention,  wliilc 
maps  of  routes  were  examined  l»v  dav,  and  the  wlml  • 
Hul)ject  talkfid  over  in  the  warm  still  nights,  when  the 
f;lory  of  the  heavens  was  rivalled  hy  tlie  |>hosi>hnri  s- 
ceiit  tire  of  the  sea  throujjjh  whieh  th»^  steamer  cli  ft 
her  course.  When  the  people  of  California  j/et  ready 
to  reniend)er  their  henefaetors  in  statues  of  niaihlc 
and  hronze,  I  trust  tiiat  amonuj  them  will  be  found  a 
monument  t(»  Theodore  1).  Judah. 

Fortunately,  Sarij;ent  was  assi«i;ncd  to  the  Pacific 
railroad  eonnnittee.  No  opj>ortunity  offered  to  ^et  a 
bill  before  the  house  for  two  months,  but  when  lie  at 
last  forced  its  attention  he  ma«le  a  decided  impressidi,. 
Then  becran  the  labor  of  Rhapin<j^  a  bill  so  tliat  it 
should  not  only  meet  the  \iews  of  ('alifornians,  hut 
sej'ure  tlu^  assent  of  tlie  Atlantic  states.  I'p  to  this 
time  all  bills  but  one  had  iu'en  framed  creatin<4  hut 
one  <'ompany  to  construct  the;  whole  road. 

This  on»%  called  the  1{oliins  bill,  was  a<lopted  for  a 
base  on  which  the  superstructure  was  patiently  em  trd. 
It  proposed  in  the  first  place  to  ncoj^nize  the  Leaven- 
worth, ]?awneo,  and  Western  railntad  C(»n)pany  (»f 
Kansas,  the  llamiibtd  and  St  Josejih  railroad  of  Mis- 
souri, and  the  J'acific  railroad  company  of  Missouii, 
as  competinjjf  companies  fV)r  the  eastern  end;  wliilc 
the  Central  l\'U'ifi<r  <»f  California,  and  the  Nevada 
com])any  of  Nevada  were  authorized  to  construct  tlic 
western  end  of  the  ITnion  l*acific  railroad.  The  I'cr- 
ham  company  of  ^[aine,  which  had  its  bills  befoiv 
coiiijfress  for  several  .sessions  jtroposing  to  build  the 
Pe<)])les'  Pacific  railroad,  was  first  put  in  the  Ih'Usc 
bill,  but  finally  expunire<l,  leaving  the  middle  space 
open  to  cori)orators,  as  previously  shown.  The  I'lll, 
as  it  finally  passed,  was  chi»'fly  moulded  by  Sarpnt, 
with  the  aid  of  Judah,  before  the  committees  <d'  hntii 
branches  of  con<jfre.s9.  ( )f  such  value  were  the  etloits 
of  the  latter  that  lie  received  a  written  testimonial 


C0N^TRUCTION   I'.ECUN. 


si.4n.ii  1)}*  the  frit'iuls  of  a  PacifK'  railroad  in  botli 
li.itiacs  of  foDi^nss,  a  jL^nat  hurclcn  lu'iii^  lit'tctl  aiX 
tilt  ii>nL5ivssioiial  miiitl  \>y  thu  |)ttssai;o  of  this  bill, 
.lalv  I,  18G2,  the  rliic'f  ftatun-s  of  whirh  were  given 
in  till-  |>reee«linif  chapter. 

1m  .July  1!^<)-  Ju«lah  returned  to  California,  «;la<UKii- 
in.'  the  liearts  of  all  classes  with  the  news.  H.i 
inailc  his  nport,  and  his  ct»ni|)any  j^ave  notic*-  to  tlie 
I'DVrrnnu-nt  of  tins  acceptance  of  tlie  propositions 
contained  in  the  i)ill.  It  was  filed  in  the  ofJict'  of  tin; 
Kcn  tarv  of  the  interior  DeotinlHr  1,  l^*'>'2.  From 
tliis  time  two  yeais  were  allowed  for  the  c<»niphtion 
of  the  first  division  of  fifty  miles.  Forty  miles  must 
iKMoiistructed  and  «(juipped,  and  the  teh|jjraph  com- 
|)l.trd  Infore  tlu;  issuant-e  of  the  •^jovenum  lit  l»ond.>< — 
§!|f;,(M)Oper  mile  to  the  foot  (»f  the  mountains;  $4b,000 
|M  r  mile  through  the  mountainous  jiortion. 

T'>  procure  the  means  to  construct  tju;  first  forty 
mill  s  witliout  injury  to  their  seveial  ]>rivate  intt  rests 
was  the  prohlem  that  now  presentt'd  itself,  and  coni- 
l>i  lli»l  each  (tflicer  t«»  a.ssumo  a  specific  duty,  llunt- 
in;4ton  ln'came  the  asjjent  in  the  east,  where  he  was 
ciiahied  to  pnwure  nuiterial  for  fifty  miles  of  load;'* 
Staiitord  looketl  after  lejj;islation  and  other  inter<'sts  in 
California;  and  (^rocker  and  Hopkins  applied  them- 
.'ic'.vc  s  to  the  business  details  iieces.sary  to  be  attended 
to 

On  the  'J'Jd  of  February  ISd.'l  tlie  oereinonv  of 
bn  akiii'4  around  at  Sacranunto  took  place,  (iovern<tr 
Stanford  thniwin;^  the  first  shovelful  of  earth,  in  the 
presence    of    the    legislature    and    other    spectators. 

'' Tiu'  rt'ailcr  iimst  not  i'X]K'ct  to  liiul  fvcry  trniiMaftion  nf  tin- (Viitrnl 
Pi' Mli.- railrivul  t  .\|il;iiiuil,  imi' wniilil  it  imli'itl  lie  jiossiliU' to  niiikc  mh-Ii  <x|i|.i- 
luitiuii.  Itiitriiicli  tliiiii;.-*  as  li:ivi;  at  dilli'iiiit  linns  I'ciini'  out  in  smt-<  at  l.n\, 
»iiil  l.y  Voluntary  ailiiiissinns,  ur»'  of  coiirsi^  availal>|i-  ami  ]iro|nr  )ii>toric.il 
iiritliT.  h  wuo  rt'iirt'si  iitfil  tliat  tlio  conijiany  liail  lucii  alilf  fi>  dispose  ol 
WO  of  its  Ixiiiils  'at  rati's  nioiv  fa\oralilo  tlian  coiild  have  1»mii  txjicctfil. ' 
.!><»'•.  I'uioii,  .Inly  14,  l>><i;!.  Huntington  liim elf  says  that  ono  of  tlir  w;.vs 
f  'ptcd  to  rai-i*-  tin'  cn'ilit  of  tiio  i'onii).'iiiy  was  to  make  its  lut-inlxTs  imli- 
Miiii.illy  ancl  jM-rsonally  rfs]ionsilili'  fm-  a  dflit  of  .S'J."><t.(10<).  Hi'Wimt  that 
may  l><',  it  is  ocrtain  that  he  slii(ii>uil  liuinu  tliu  irou  aud  other  ut^itcrial  lor 
tlio  M  luilca  rctjUirciL 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Hiotographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STRf  ET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


C/j 


550 


RAILROADS— CENTRAL  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


Addresses  were  made  by  the  governor,  and  by  J.  A. 
Benton,  A.  M.  Crane,  J.  H.  Warwick,  W.  H.  Sears, 
Newton  Booth,  J.  T.  Morse,  and  Charles  Crocker. 

Having  detcrniined  upon  its  route,  a  contract  was 
let  for  the  first  eighteen  miles,  the  track  to  be  laid  by 
the  middle  of  August  1863  ;  but  it  was  not  so  com. 
pletcd  until  about  January  1864.  Thirty-one  miles 
were  completed  by  the  16th  of  September. 

Meantime  the  Union  Pacific  had  not  commenced 
construction  at  its  end  of  the  line,  nor  did  it  coiinncnco 
until  congress  had  been  prevailed  upon  to  double  the 
amount  of  aid  granted.  The  bill  passed  by  congress 
in  July  1864  benefited  as  much  the  California  com- 
pany as  the  Union  Pacific,  although  the  former  appears 
but  incidentally  in  it.  In  October  1863,  Judali  set 
out  a  second  time  for  Washington,  to  ask  for  further 
benefits,  but  was  stricken  with  fever,  and  died  in  New 
York,  when  Huntington  succeeded  to  his  work  before 
congressional  committees.  He  had  already  been  del- 
egated to  proceed  to  Washington  to  prevent  the  bill 
then  before  congress  from  requiring  the  payment  of 
anv  interest  on  y;overnment  bonds  for  a  term  of  not 
less  than  ten  years. 

The  amended  act  increased  the  lanci  >ant  from 
6,400  acres  per  mile  to  12,800.  The  reservation  of 
mineral  lands  was  removed,  as  far  as  concerned  coal 
and  iron ;  the  time  for  designating  the  general  route 
was  extended  one  year,  while  the  amount  to  be  annu- 
ally constructed  was  reduced  from  fifty  to  tweiity-tivo 
miles.  The  reservation  by  the  government  of  a  por- 
tion of  its  lands  to  bo  issued  to  the  companies  was 
re[)ealed,  and  if  the  chief  engineer  of  either  corpora- 
tion should  certify  that  a  certain  portion  of  the  work 
required  it,  to  prepare  the  road  for  the  superstructure 
for  any  section  of  twenty  miles,  the  secretary  of  the 
treasury  was  authorized  to  issue  a  proportion  of  the 
bonds  wJiich  would  have  been  due  on  completion 
amounting  to  two  thirds.  Either  company  might,  on 
completion  of  each  section,  issue  first  mortgage  bonds 


THE  ACT  AMENDED 


561 


on  its  road  and  telegraph  line  to  the  amount  of  the 
bonds  of  the  United  States  to  be  issued  to  them  on 
an  even  date;  and  the  lien  of  the  government  should 
be  subordinate  to  that  of  the  bonds  of  the  companies 
issued  on  their  roads  and  equipments;  besides  which, 
the  government  would  issue  its  bonds  to  the  companies 
every  twenty  instead  of  forty  miles,  as  in  the  original 
act.  Further  than  this,  the  amount  to  be  advanced 
by  tbe  government  to  the  Central  Pacific  was  largely 
increased,  owing  to  the  nature  of  the  country  through 
which  the  railroad  must  pass,  $48,000  per  mile  being 
allotted  to  150  miles  of  the  mountainous  portion, 
which,  as  was  afterward  conceded,  began  within 
seven  miles  of  Sacramento,  though  there  were  no 
steej)  grades  to  be  overcome  for  several  tinies  that 
distance.  Should  the  company  elect  to  build  east  of 
the  state  line,  it  would  be  allowed  bonds  of  the  govern- 
ment at  tbe  rate  of  thirty-two  of  $1,000  each  per  mile, 
the  understanding  being  that  the  whole  country  be- 
tween the  Kocky  range  and  the  Sierra  Nevada  was 
more  or  less  mountainous,  altliougli  there  are  portions 
of  the  distance  between  Carson  valley  and  Salt  lake 
nearly  as  level  as  the  Platte  valley,  where  the  Union 
Pacific  received  only  $JG,000  per  mile  aid  in  bonds  of 
the  United  States.  The  contract,  which  was  filed  in 
the  office  of  the  secretary  of  tbe  interior,  was  that  tbe 
government  should  pay  six  per  cent  interest  on  these 
bonds  in  semi-annual  payments,  but  that  the  whole 
amount  of  the  loan,  principal  and  interest,  should  be 
repaid  in  thirty  yeai's,  less  the  sum  of  the  value  of  the 
siTvices  performed  for  tlic  government  during  that 
time  in  carrying  mails,  transporting  troops,  and  gov- 
ernment stores,  etc.  The  only  rnnitation  to  the  ccjual 
privileges  of  the  Central  with  tbe  Union  Pacific  in 
the  bill  was  that  autbority  was  given  only  to  construct 
IjO  miles  of  road  east  of  the  boundary  line  of  Califor- 
nia."    The  two  companies  might  consolidate  upon  any 

"  Says  Huntington:  '  150  miles  ought  not  to  liave  gone  into  tlic  bill;  liut 
I  said  to  Mr  Union  Pacific,  when  I  aaw  it,  I  would  tuku  that  out  <M  aoou  aa  I 


m 


■4  Si 
m 


l'\i\^i 


■  'Ui 


552 


RAILROADS— CENTRAI.  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


Ill 


terms  they  might  agree  upon,  with  a  capital  stork 
not  to  exceed  the  actual  cost  of  the  roads  so  consoli- 
dated. The  only  guard  set  up  for  tlic  protection  of 
the  government's  interest  in  the  roads  was  by  the 
appointment  of  government  directors,  increased  from 
three  to  five  in  the  amended  act.  The  office  was  a 
mere  sinecure,  these  extraordinary  officials  knowin;^ 
no  more  about  the  roads  they  '  directed '  than  the 
real  directors  might  choose  to  tell  them.** 

The  Union  Pacific  made  no  movement  towards 
construction  until  after  the  passage  of  the  ameiidctl 
act,  whereas  the  Central  Pacific  of  California  had  been 
more  than  a  vear  at  work,  and  had  become  entitled 
to  receive  |l, 264,000  in  United  States  bonds  by  so 
doing.  Up  to  this  point  the  Central  had  not  felt 
secure  in  its  undertaking,  and  had  met  with  much  oji- 
position,  both  from  rival  corporations  and  from  tli'^ 
San  Francisco  press,  the  latter  contending  from  ISG-J 
to  18(54  that  the  company's  means  were  inadequate  to 
the  business  in  hand,  and  laughing  at  a  railroad  com- 
pany for  building  a  wagon-road  from  Carson  valhy 
to  Dutch  Flat  on  their  line,  as  a  feeder  to  their  road. 
They  built  this  road  in  18();3--4,  to  divert  the  Plaeei-- 
ville  traffic,  as  well  as  to  draw  travel  to  their  railroad; 
and  because  the  El  Dorado  county  people  had  organ- 
ized a  company  to  comiect  with  the  Sacramento  val- 
ley railroad,  which  was  to  be  brouglit  to  Placerville 
and  continued  on  throuijfh  Johnson  pass  to  Viruinia  cit  v 
before  the  Central  could  reach  there  and  secure  the 
trade  of  that  prosperous  mining  region.     This  coni- 


wanted  it  out.  In  1866  I  went  to  Washington.  I  got  a  largo  majority  of 
them  without  the  use  of  one  dollar.  Wo  still  had  our  means,  ami  waiiti'd 
to  get  every  vote,  so  I  went  into  the  gallery  for  votes — one  liead  after  ;iu- 
other.  I  sat  rigjit  there.  I  examined  the  face  of  every  man,  and  I  tun  a 
good  judge  of  faces.  I  examined  them  carefully  througli  my  glass.  I  didn't 
see  but  one  man  I  thought  would  sell  his  vote.   MS.,  79. 

'*This,  at  least,  is  the  company's  view  of  their  usefulness  after  20  y(!,n-s' 
experience.  *Tho  U.  S.  directors  of  the  Union  Pacific,'  he  says,  'go  a  li-^li- 
ing  once  or  twice  a  year — they  take  a  car  and  go  a  fishing.  It  costs  tlio 
company  probably  8.1,000  a  year  to  take  tlicm  around.  They  are  not  worth 
an  iota  to  the  goveirnment.  Of  course  there  have  been  one  or  two  exccptious 
..  ..When  they  get  tii'cd  of  it  they  come  back.'  IJuiUinjlOH,  MS.,  lo-ii. 


SACRAMENTO  VALLEY  COMPANY. 


653 


pany  was  formed  in  January  18G3,  but  no  work  upon 
the  lino  was  undertaken  until  the  spring  of  ISGJi, 
wi It'll  proposals  were  invited.  The  estimate  was 
pla  o.l  too  low,  but  the  road  was  constructed  twenty- 
sovi'ii  miles  to  Shingle  springs  by  the  middle  of  June 
ISfi").  The  company  owned  no  rolling  stock,  but  used 
that  of  the  Sacramento  valley  company.  In  short, 
aftiT  a  liard  struggle,  it  came  to  an  end  at,  nowhere  1 
assistoil  by  the  Central  Pacific  in  arriving  at  thr.t  un- 
de.su-ablo  goal.'* 


"There  ii  quite  a  pathetic  history  attached  to  this  railroad  enterprise — 
patlii'tio  when  it  u  reiuemijorod  tii.it  upon  it4  success  dopcmlod  tiic  welfare 
of  a  o;icc!  thriving  and  enterprising  cominiuiity,  an<l  that  it  failed.  The  lirst 
pre-i't  of  the  company  was  S.  VV.  Sanderson;  chief  engineei',  Francis  A. 
wish'ip.  Ill  KSiUOliarles  K  McLaiie  was  chosen  pres't;  Ogdeii  Sipiires,  vice- 
prr>'t:  J.  M.  Douglas,  treas. ;  N.  A.  Hatnilton,  sec.  El  Dorado  co.  auh- 
soribe  I  •'?2{)J,03(),  and  paid  up  its  first  installment  of  ten  per  cent.  I'laccr- 
ville  was  also  a  suhscriher  to  a  considerahlo  amount.  In  Alarch  ISM,  the 
S.  V.  II.  H.  CO.,  hoing  a  partner  with  tho  riiicervillo  Co.,  and  wishing  to 
assist  in  the  rapid  coiistruotioii  of  its  road,  issued  to  Louis  MeLane  and 
D.iiifortli  N.  Barney,  a  trust  mortgage  providing  for  the  issuance  of  7r>0 
bi)ii(ls  of  .'?I,0J3  each,  payable  in  (50  years,  at  ten  per  cent  interest,  hut  issu- 
iiis,'  only  -tlS  of  the  bonds,  which  were  used  in  tho  construction  of  the  I'lacer- 
villi'  II.  R.  from  Folsom  to  Latrohe.  The  interest  on  the  issue<l  hoiids  was 
p;iiil.  I)ut  not  on  the  non-issued  honds.  In  18(51)  the  Placervillo  co.  hecanio 
iulobtuil  to  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.  $1 ;")(), 000,  which  was  a  second  mortgage  trust 
ciiiivoyaiice.  In  1S71  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.  ohtained  judgment  in  El  Dorado  co. 
a','iiinfc  the  company,  and  its  property  was  sold  on  execution  to  William 
Alvord,  subject  to  tlie  trust  mortgage.  Subsetpiently  to  tlie  title  heing  ac- 
quired by  Alvord,  Lelaud  Stanf  ird,  Mark  EIoi)kins,  and  C.  P.  Huntington 
aci[iiired  three-fourths  of  the  capital  stock  of  tho  coni[)auy,  as  well  as  tho 
AK'ord  interest,  entering  into  possession  of  tho  property;  after  which  time 
tli'j  I'licervillo  company  was  au  insolvent  corporation,  transacting  no  hu.s- 
iness,  and  having  only  a  nominal  existence.  In  187(5  Stanford  &  Co.  conveyed 
t!ie  roul  to  the  Placerville  comiiany,  which  operated  it  for  account  of  tho 
(.Vntral  Pacific,  uriiler  tho  name  of  tlio  Folsom  and  Placerville  Co.  On 
tlie  KUli  of  April,  1877,  the  8.  V.  R.  R.  and  the  F.  and  P.  R.  R.  companieb 
entered  into  an  amalgamation.  In  tlie  meantime  Harney  died,  and  Mc- 
LlHl^  tho  surviving  trustee,  asked  to  ho  put  in  jiosscssion  of  the  mail,  which 
tho  Sac.  and  Placerville  R.  R.  co.  refused  to  surremlcr,  when  the  court  was 
askcil  to  appoint  a  receiver,  which  was  done.  The  S.  and  P.  R.  R.  then 
bniii'^'it  suit  to  determine  whether  the  district  court  hal  jurisdiction  to 
apiioiut  a  receiver,  and  the  sup.  ct  .sustained  the  lower  -t.  These  were 
hut  two  of  the  many  suits  growing  out  of  the  afVairs  of  this  conijiaiiy. 
A  nrijority  of  the  stock  of  the  com])any  was  in  tho  hands  of  Louis  .NLdjanc, 
ill  trust  for  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.,  as  security  for  a  loan.  At  the  next  election 
li-!  voted  the  shares  he  held  to  elect  a  hoard  of  trustees,  who  conveyed  to  him 
tlic  whole  road  in  trust  for  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.  All  construction  was  at  an 
cU'l,  and  Placerville  was  left  to  bewail  licr  misfortunes  amid  the  ashi^s  of  her 
liiipes.  The  Placerville  stockholders  however  hrought  suit  to  declare  tho 
eloi'tion  of  McLane's  trustees  void,  on  the  ground  that  a  trustee  has  no  right 
to  Vote.  ,Iudgc  Brockway  sustained  McLane,  hut  the  suj).  court  reversed 
the  decision,  and  declaitd  that  a  board  could  not  jierjictuato  its  power  by 


^;iiiii' 


;i; 


li  I 


m 


684 


RAILROADS-CENTRAL  TACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


The  Placerville  and  Sacramento  valley  ruilioatl 
company  \vas  one  of  the  first,  after  the  Central  Pa- 
cific c<»nipany,  to  receive  congressional  aid.  A  j^raiit 
of  land  was  luade  in  18GG,  conditioned  upon  tlic  luad 
being  completed  to  Virginia  city  within  a  given  time. 
The  grant  gave  the  road  ten  alternate  sections  of  land, 
not  mineral,  per  mile,  which  if  not  found  in  the  iiiiino- 
diate  vicinity  of  the  road  could  be  taken  wlierever 
found  within  a  twenty-mile  belt,  or  if  not  found  there, 
beyond  that.  It  was,  in  fact,  a  floating  grant  of  ten 
sections  per  mile  for  the  whole  distance.  The  road 
not  being  built  to  Placerville,  and  extending  hut 
eighteen  miles  within  the  county,  the  people  of  iWm 
region  protested  against  the  grant  being  allowed,  and 
the  matter  was  brouoht  to  the  attention  of  the  loiiis- 
lature,  which  in   1872,  and  again  in  1874,  requested 


giving  stock  in  trust  to  its  friends.  In  Jar..  1881,  the  jiulge  of  the  suporinr 
court  of  S.  ]•'.  ordered  the  Central  I'aeilic  coni[)any  to  deposit  in  cnuit,  to 
<il)i<U!  the  event  of  actions  pending  therein,  8;?77,r)(K),  witliin  thirty  «iay-i,  or 
surrender  the  possession  of  tlie  I'lacerville  railroad  to  Louis  McLanc,  \vli<im 
Judge  l)winelle  liad  appointed  receiver  hi  the  case  of  McLane  v.  Thi'  Hail- 
road  Company.  What  tlie  company  did,  under  tiiis  order,  was  to  rnnnvi; 
its  rolling  stock,  and  leave  tiie  jiossession  of  tlie  road  to  McLane.  This  ac- 
tion impelled  tlie  supervisors  of  El  Dorado  county  to  employ  eminent  I'miii-d 
to  procure  a  modification  of  the  order  of  the  superior  judge,  so  as  to  piriuit 
the  company  to  reopen  the  road,  or  compel  the  receiver  to  do  so.  In  tliis 
atteini)t  they  were  successful,  and  McLano  had  already  contracted  fur  a 
locomotive,  when  judgment  was  given  against  the  company  for  S'JlJ.OdO,  on 
account  of  bonds  held  l»y  one  Kittle,  and  over S-0, 000  forcosts  and  expiu-ics, 
■wh-'reupon  the  company  took  an  ajipeal  and  gave  a  hond  for  .'i^Tll.OliO.  and 
the  receiver  was  discharged,  liherating  the  road,  which  resumed  its  njiiilar 
business  in  July  ISS'J.  'i  he  taxes  assessed  to  El  Dorado  co.  on  honds  ol  the 
railroad  nearly  caused  its  luin.  The  unpaid  interest  in  \H~'.i  amouiitnl 
to  ^'Tri.OOO,  wiiieh  a<ldcd  to  the  tax  levied  for  ordinary  exi)enses  made  a  tnial 
of  i??. •_'•')  on  every  §100  worth  of  property  in  the  co.,  tlie  taxalde  jiropcrty  of 
■wliich  Iiad  hceu  gradually  declining  for  several  years  M-itii  tiie  failure  of  tlie 
mining  inten^st.  The  Central  I'acitic  procured  a  mandate  of  the  snpn'iiie 
ci'Urt  ordering  the  suj)ervisors  of  El  Dorado  co.  to  levy  the  railroad  interest 
tax;  hut  the  supervisors,  anticipating  this  movement,  tiled  their  re-iu'iiitinti 
with  the  county  clerk  to  take  etl'ect  a  few  days  iirovioua  to  the  arri\al  of  tiie 
maiiil.uiiin  at  riacerville;  and  as  there  were  tiien  no  supervisors  in  tlie 
county  it  co\! Ill  not  take  effect.  The  Placerville  Devinrmt  intiniateil  tliit 
tlie  tax  would  he  resisteil  to  a  hloody  issue.  Sitr.  Union,  001.25),  187H.  Tiieso 
trouMoiwere  finally  settled,  and  Placerville  was  connected  with  Sa..  hy 
rail  in  l>ee.  1877;  the  Sac.  valley  R.  R.  co.  and  the  Folsoni  and  I'l.iccrville 
U.  R.  CO.  heing  consolidated  in  April  1877.  In  the  meantime  her  i)iisiiuss 
men  hail  long  before  migrated  to  escape  from  the  blight  imposi.'d  upon  tlio 
County  by  railroad  mismanagement,  and  she  uiutit  begin  at  tlio  very  loiiiida- 
tion  to  build  up  a  decayed  ciiy. 


BEFORE  Till-:  LECISLATURE. 


6S5 


roiiLi'i'css  to  revoke  it,  and  it  was  restored  to  the  j)ui)- 
ln-  domain  in  April  of  tiie  latter  year.  • 

Ihirdly  a  railroad  in  Calitbrnia — and  there  were 
laaiiy  companies  organized  about  this  time,  but  re- 
ceived more  encourai^ement  from  the  press  of  the 
state  than  the  C^entral  l*aeific,  whose  directors  were 
;iii  rcilessly  assailed  in  many  a  bitter  paraL?ra[>h. 
Whatever  of  local  jealousy  there  may  have  been  in 
tlu'so  newspaper  hostilities,  there  was  also  the  pardon- 
able fear  that  the  Central  company,  not  having  the 
iiKiins  to  prosecute  so  great  an  undertaking  to  the 
(11(1,  would  content  itself  with  making  comuiction  at 
])iitcli  Flat  with  its  wagon-road  to  Virginia  city,  and 
hocome  an  impediment  in  the  way  of  other  and  perha[)s 
wtaltliier  companies.  Such,  indeed,  it  might  have 
been  had  not  the  amended  Pacific  railroad  act  lifted 
tlieiii  above  the  fear  of  failure.  From  the  moment 
of  receiving  the  additional  land  grant,  and  permis- 
sion to  mortgage  their  road  as  fast  as  completed,  thus 
ill  effect  doubling  the  amount  of  government  bonds 
loaned  to  them,  all  doul)t  of  their  ability  to  perform 
what  they  had  undertaken  vanished.  Up  to  that 
tiiiiti  they  had  been  upon  prt.'tty  much  the  same  foot- 
ing with  other  California  roads,  compi'lled  to  seek 
county  subsidies  and  subscriptions  to  capital  stock, 
ami  to  solicit  state  aid. 

Xo  less  than  seven  several  acts  favorinsc  the  Cen- 
tral  Pacific  company  were  passed  by  the  legislature 
and  a[»[)roved  by  Governor  Stanford  in  18()3.  Tlio 
first  granted  the  right  of  way  in  the  city  of  Sacra- 
mento, and  all  the  overflowed  land  within  the  city 
limits  wliich  had  been  jireviously  granted  to  it  by  the 
state ;  the  second  authorized  the  relocation  of  the 
road  if  found  to  1)0  expedient ;  the  third  gave  the  San 
Francisco  board  of  supervisors  leavs  to  subscribe,  sub- 
joct  to  the  will  of  the  people,  81,000,000  to  the  capi- 
tal stock  of  the  Western  and  (J'entral  Pacific  oiiipa- 
nies;  the  fourtli  authorized  the  suju'rvisors  of  J^lactr 
county  to  subscribe  ^-•'JOjOOO  in  stock  ;  the  fifth  au- 


IP 

11 

i 

,.!:  i 


•  i 


6S6 


RAILROADS-CENTR^U.  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


tliorized  Sacramento  county  to  subscribe  $300,000  in 
stock ;  tlie  sixth  autliorized  the  Sacramento,  I'lurcr, 
and  Nevada  Railroad  company  to  sell  and  convey 
to  the  Central  Pacific  company  its  road,  }ii(i|)- 
erty,  franchises,  rights  and  privileges ;  the  seventh 
declared  that  whenever  the  company  should  have 
fully  completed  twenty  consecutive  miles  of  any  por- 
tion of  their  roatl,  it  should  be  entitled  to  warrants 
upon  the  state  treasury  to  the  amount  of  $10,000  ju  r 
mile;  but  it  provided  that  onl}'  the  first  twenty-mile 
section  should  be  allowed  to  draw  before  it  could  be 
shown  that  $300,000  had  been  expended  upon  the 
construction  of  the  road  between  Sacramento  and  a 
point  fifty  miles  east  of  the  point  of  beginning ;  and 
further,  that  for  the  first  two  years  only  $100,000, 
with  interest  at  seven  per  cent,  should  be  paid  annu- 
ally, and  $200,000,  with  interest,  each  fiscal  year 
thereafter.  The  conditions  upon  which  the  company 
received  this  subsidy  were,  that  at  all  times  wlien  it 
should  be  required,  it  should  transport  over  its  road 
public  messengers,  convicts  going  to  the  state  prison, 
materials  for  the  construction  of  the  state  caiiital, 
articles  for  exhibition  at  the  state  fairs,  and  in  case  of 
war,  invasitm.  or  insurrection,  troops  and  nmnitions  of 
war  free  of  charge.  Placer  and  Sacramento  counties 
subscribed  as  authorized  by  the  legislature  and  the 
vote  of  the  people  willingly  enough,  but  San  Fran- 
cisco gave  a  world  of  trouble,  chiefly  owing  to  tlie 
adverse  counsel  of  the  local  press.  Here  was  a  com- 
pany, they  said,  of  a  few  almost  unknown  individuals 
of  an  interior  town,  possessed  of  insufficient  moans 
to  commence  with,  yet  who  had  spent  $200,000  in 
killing  the  Placervillc  railroad  by  diverting  travel  to 
the  Dutch  Flat  route ;  who  had  purchased  another 
possible  rival;"  and  had  converted  a  third  to  its  own 


"Reference  was  here  intcndorl  to  the  Sao.,  Placer,  and  Nevada  R.  R..  to 
run  tliroiigh  these  tliroe  eountuw,  and  to  he  carried  eventually  across  tlii; 
mountaiiH.  Tt  hail  made  cousidcrahle  ])r()<;rcss  i)oforc  sdliiit;  out,  h.ivini,' 
bccu  ui'giiuizud  iu  July  16o'J,     Juiuu^  E.  liaiu  wixa  Hint  prus't  ol  thu  cuuipuii) ; 


THE  WESTERN  PACIFIC. 


607 


purposes  by  assignin*^  to  it  the  grant  and  jtrivllcges 
(.Icrivod  from  the  Pacific  Railroad  act  t)f  hSG-,  and 
adopting  it  into  its  line  to  San  Francisco. 

Tiiis  latter  corj)oration  was  the  Western  Pacific, 
wliich  was  organized  in  Decend)er  1  Hr»'J,'' with  the 
])nv])()si>  of  constructing  a  railroad  from  San  Jose  to 
Sacramento  via  Stockton,  passing  through  tlie  coun- 
ties of  Alameda,  Contra  Costa,  and  San  Joa(]uin. 
Congress  confirmed  the  assignment  in  ISOo,  "witli  all 
th("  privileges  and  benefits  of  the  several  acts  of  con- 
gress relating  thereto,  and  subject  to  the  conditions 

.Inlm  O.  Jackson,  trcaa. ;  ami  F.  B.  Ilicgiiis,  sec;  S.  G.  Elliott  iiiado  the 
pivliijiiuary  surveys,  assistetl  liy  .M.  M.  Staugrooiii,  ami  smcccili'd  i>y  SIkt- 
inaii  !);iy.  The  route  of  tiiis  roail  was  from  a  point  on  tlie  California  (Viitral 
-  running  from  Folsom  to  Maryslmrg — to  Auliurn,  (irass  Valley,  and  Nevada 
c'ily.  The  legislature  of  1S(J0  passed  an  act  authorizing  the  peii]>le  of  A\diurii 
to  vote  on  the  pi'oposiiion  to  suhscrihe  to  S,"i(),0(K)  of  the  S.  1'.  &  N.  U.  K., 
wliiuh  they  did  hy  a  unanimous  'yea.'  The  same  legislature  authorized 
elections  on  the  foUowing  propositions  :  Tiie  people  of  Placer  county  to  vote 
fur  or  against  suhscrihing  for  .*1(X),0()0  of  the  stock  of  the  S.  P.  &  >J.  K.  K. ; 
J-jr),(M)()  of  the  stock  of  the  Eastern  Extension  K.  K.;  Slv.',(K)l)  toward  tlu!  con- 
i^tniction  of  a  wagon  road  from  Secret  springs,  in  Placer  county,  to  Carson 
valley;  and  §12,(KX)  towards  the  construction  of  a  wagon-road  from  Dutch 
Klut,  in  the  same  county,  to  Carson  valley.  IJut  the  people  refused  to  place 
their  necks  under  these  manifold  yokes,  ami  voted  '  No  '  on  each  proposition. 
Tlie  directors  then  carried  their  suhseription  hooks  to  San  Francisco,  wliero 
jliO.dOO  was  subscrihed,  Mliich  witli  the  !i-t;0,00()  voted  liy  Auliurn  Miflieed  to 
gi-.iile  I."?  miles,  and  the  contract  was  let  to  Jackson  R.  Myers.  The  work 
was  greatly  impeded  liy  the  severe  storms  and  floods  of  the  winter  of  IS(')1  'J, 
liiit  with  the  aid  of  the  Sae.  Valley  R.  R.  in  furnishing  iron  and  rolling 
stei'k,  the  road,  was  opened  for  liusiness  to  Wildwood  station,  seven  miles 
fiMUi  Folsom,  in  April  ]S(>2.  Nothing  less  Mas  expected  hy  the  people 
tliaii  that  this  road,  which  connected  with  the  S.  V.  R.  R.  and  Sacramento 
city,  would  form  a  section  of  the  tr.inscoiitiuental  railroad,  lint  the  C.  P.  co. 
lieiiig  named  in  the  Pacitio  Railroad  act  of  181J2,  with  the  choice  made  of  hy 
tliat  company  of  a  route,  destroyed  their  hopes,  and  provoked  their  hostility. 
T!i(!  legislature  of  lS(i2  had  again  authorized  the  county  to  vote  on  suhscrihing 
.*1U(),()(M)  to  the  road,  hut  tliey  refused  to  consider  it,  and  no  election  was  held, 
'llie  road  continued  husiness  until  June  lS(i4,  when,  the  t'entral  Pacilic  lieing 
ciiiii|ileted  to  Newcastle,  that  place  hecame  the  depot  for  trallic  insleail  of 
.Vulmrn,  and  the  usefulness  of  the  S.  P.  &  N.  R.  R.  was  at  an  end.  The 
S.  V.  R.  R.,  which  held  a  mortgage  ujion  it  for  the  iron  supjilied,  foreclosed, 
and  eonnnenced  taking  up  its  rails,  for  the  purpose  of  relaying  them  on  the 
Sivcraiiiento  and  Placerville  R.  R.,  at  that  time  a  rival  of  the  Central  Pacific 
fur  the  trade  of  Washoe.  The  latter  co.  procured  an  injunction  against  tiie 
removal  of  the  rails,  and  Placer  county  was  involved  in  a  railroad  .war, 
sdi'ie  of  the  legal  features  of  which  have  lieen  alluded  to  in  a  jirevions  note 
on  tile  Placerville  R.  R.,  and  many  arrests  and  trials  resultctl,  together  with 
the  .'ailing  out  of  troops  to  protect  the  officers  of  the  law  again.st  hired  fight- 
ers "rom  San  Francisco,  and  heavy  liilh  of  costs  against  the  county;  hut  at 
last  ilie  rails  were  removed  and  the  S.  P.  &  N.  R.  R.  was  no  more. 

''  The  officers  of  the  W.  P.  R.  R.  were  T.  Dame,  pros't;  E.  S.  ITolden, 
vicG-pres't;  E.  T.  Pease,  sec;  II.  Chencry,  treas'r;  W.  J.  Lewis,  chief -tug  r. 


!'; 


Jli 

IIP 

II: 


SM 


8S8 


RAILr.OAI'S -CENTRAL  PAClFiC  BYi^TEM. 


thereof;" "'  tlic  time  within  which  it  must  construct 
its  first  twenty  miles  being  one  year  from  July  l, 
18G5,  and  the  whole  road  within  four  years  tlu-re- 
after;  but  con*;ress  extended  the  time  two  years  for 
both.  The  aid  in  bonds  extended  to  the  Westirn 
Pacific  was  $1,975,500. 

The  $1,000,000  which  San  Francisco  was  asked  to 
subscribe  was  apportioned  in  the  legislative  act,  $  100,- 
000  for  the  Western  Pacific,  and  $(100,000  f(.r  the 
Central  l*acific;  and  so  caoer  were  the  people  I'oi-  rail- 
road communication  that  they  voted  it,  notwithstaml- 
ing  the  opposition  of  the  San  Francisco  news|t;i['(is. 
]^ut  when  it  came  to  the  supervisors  tluy  rdu-rd  to 
take  action.  By  permission  of  the  legislature,  a  <din- 
promise  was  entered  into  between  the  city  and  the 
com[)anies,  whereby,  instead  of  subscribing  81,()0(i,- 
000  to  the  stock  of  the  roads,  the  Central  Pjicilic 
company  accepted  a  proposition  to  take  an  outri^dit 
gift  of  $400,000  in  bonds  of  the  city  and  county.  The 
main  reason  for  this  change  was  that,  under  the  pioN  i>- 
ions  of  the  state  constitution,  the  city  treasury  niiu'ht 
be  held  responsible  in  case  of  the  company's  faihuc. 
Injunctions  were  obtained,  however,  restraining  the 
issuance  of  the  city  and  county  bonds,  and  legal  pro- 
ceedings delayed  the  action  of  tlie  supervisors  for  more 
than  a  year.  The  court  then  dissolved  the  injunction 
an('  ordered  the  delivery  of  the  bonds,  whieli  wire 
finally  handed  over  to  the  companies — $400,000  to  the 
Central  and  $200,000  to  the  Western  Pacific.  Siniihir 
proceedings  were  held  in  Sacramento,  and  law  suits 
were  multiplied.  San  Joaquin  county  subscrih((l 
$250,000  to  the  stock  of  the  Western  Pacific,  nml 
Santa  Clara  $150,000. 

In  18G4  the  legislature  repealed  the  $10,000  a  mile 
act,    and  substituted  another  empowering  the  coni- 

"  A  portion  of  the  supposed  land  grant  of  the  W,  P.  R.  R.  was  incliulcil 
within  a  Spanish  grant  over  whicli  congress  had  no  right,  and  tlie  lainl,  "ii 
Comx'Iaiut  of  suttlers,  waa  restored. 


sunsiniZATioN. 


6fiO 


pany  to  execute  and  issue  July  1,  1804,  and  any  time 
tlirioalVr,  boiuls  iu  sums  of  $1,000  bcarini^  seven 
jiri-  cent  interest,  payaMe  half  yearly;  tlie  interest  to 
!)(•  jLiid  at  the  state  treasury  for  the  first  IfjOO,  and 
tlie  remainder  \vhere  the  eom[)any  slumld  prefer;  the 
wh  "le  annmnt  issui'd  not  to  exeeed  $1:2,000,000,  and 
tlie  honds  to  run  twenty  years,  secured  by  morti;!ii;e8 
oil  the  railroad,  its  rolling  st(»ek,  fixtures,  and  tVan- 
clii^^es;  but  upon  the  express  condition  that  the  eity 
and  et)unty  of  San  Francisco  and  the  counties  of 
Placer  afid  Saci-anii'nto  slionid  l)e  exenutt  as  stock- 
hnlders  I'rotn  liability  for  the  payment  of  the  com- 
pany's bonds,  interest,  or  j)rincij)al  over  and  above 
the  amount  previously  subscribed  by  thcni.  A  tax 
(it'elu'lit  cents  on  each  $100  of  the  taxable  property  of 
till'  state  was  to  be  leviiMl,  to  be  paid  in  gold  and  sil- 
v(  I'  coin  t)f  the  United  States,  to  constitute  a  fund  to 
he  known  as  the  Pacific  railroad  fund,  out  of  which 
the  coupons  for  the  interest  on  the  loOO  bonds  should 
l»e  paid  as  they  fell  due  from  time  to  time  during  tlie 
twt  iity  years.  If  the  special  fund  should  not  prove 
siitlici(>nt,  the  interest  should  bo  paid  from  the  gen- 
eral fund.  The  conditions  of  this  grant  were  the 
same  as  in  the  former  act,  with  the  additional  one  of 
a  deed  from  the  company  of  a  granite  (piarry  in 
I'lacer  county  situated  on  railroad  land.  In  return 
the  company  was  to  transport  without  charge  ti'oops, 
sii|iplies,  munitions  of  war,  and  all  convicts  and  luna- 
tics ill  charge  of  state  officials.  The  act  was  assailed 
as  unconstitutional,  for  oidy  in  the  case  of  in-un-ec- 
tiiui,  war,  or  invasion  could  the  state  create  a  del>t  of 
ninie  than  $300,000;  but  the  bill  was  so  drawn  that 
the  civil  war  was  made  the  motive. 

Xot  only  had  legislation  in  California  to  bo  looked 
after,  but  also  in  Nevada.  At  the  constitutional  con- 
vention held  in  1863  Stajiford  was  present  to  prevent 
the  incorporation  in  the  organic  law  of  a  clause  ])er- 
niittin«j  the  legislature  to  donate  to  the  first  railroad 
company  which  should  connect  Nevada  with  navigable 


f  '<! 


500 


UAII.llOAltS    CKNTKAL  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


wators  $0, 000, 000  in  bonds.  Ho  plca(lt>(l  for  tlio  <lona- 
tion  direct  to  his  connmny,  and  arguoil  so  well  tliat  the 
obnoxions  claiii^'j  wa.s  stricken  out.  Tho  ctinveiitimi. 
liowever,  voted  ajjjainsttlio  subsidy  witliout  conditions, 
and  it  uas  lost  altooothor.  Tlio  company  afterward 
took  rejtrisals.  1'here  was  a  littli;  Hurry  of  conijali- 
tion  in  this  (juarter  in  LSOl,  when  a  seri(>s  of  resolu- 
tions was  introduced  in  tho  Nevada  leL!;islature,  tho 
tenor  of  which  beinj^  that  the  Central  Pacific  luul 
completed  but  thirty  mih^s  of  the  road,  while  its 
principal  effort  seemed  to  have  been  to  reduce  tlio 
nund)er  of  miles  ordered  to  bo  constructed  each  year; 
that  there  was  a  railroad  thirty-eii>ht  miles  loiin;," 
commeneinjj;  at  Freeport,  at  the  head  of  navigation 
on  tho  Sacramento,  and  extendinj^  in  a  nearly  direct 
line  with  the  capital  of  Nevada,  which,  with  reason- 
able oncourau^ement,  wt)uld  jHish  forward  to  thrt  jioint; 
therefore  conoress  was  asked  to  ^rant  in  Unitetl  St:it(  s 
bonds  $10,000,000  to  tho  first  corporation  wliirh 
should  complete  an  unbroken  lino  of  railway,  in  jx  r- 
fiM't  runnino;  onler,  from  the  naviycablc  waters  of  tlio 
Sacramento  to  the  eastern  base  of  the  Sierra.  Had 
this  subsidy  boon  jijranted,  tho  warfare  which  wouM 
have  ensued  would  have  retarded  the  comijletion  of 
either  road  ;  but  the  resolutions  were  a  ''trong  mceii- 
tive  to  action 

The  Central  Pacific  had  certainly  an  un[)roniisIii;^ 
commencement  of  its  career  in  respect  to  suits  at  law 
and  legal  proceedings  generally.  Kvcn  Placer  county, 
wdiich  was  to  be  greatly  benefited  by  tho  railroad,  if 
hon(>stly  constructed  and  conducted,  and  which  had 
subscribed  $i!50,000  to  the  company's  stock,  issued  an 
order  by  the  board  of  supervisors  to  a  committee  coii- 


**  The  company  here  referred  to  was  called  the  San  Francisco  and  Waslioe 
R.  R.  CO,  and  conteinidatod  making  Keese  river  its  eastern  terminus.  It  re- 
quired  not  nimth  argument  to  show  tliat  congress  was  not  likely  to  make  a 
further  donation  to  Tacific  railroads  in  that  latitude;  or  if  it  should,  tin'  of- 
feet  would  ho  to  delay  rather  than  hasten  the  completion  of  a  traiiscniiti- 
nental  road.  SjMvrh  0/  C.  W.  Tm-r,  Feb.  0,  1805,  pp.  14.  Speech  of  D.  II. 
Haskell  oix  the  same  subject,  18G5,  pp.  10. 


OlFTS  OK  L/VNI). 


rxH 


misiiuj; 
at  liiNV 
Diiiity, 
Dail,  if 
li  had 
ird  an 
|c  cou- 


hV;i-<li(ie 
It  a- 
llii;ikc  a 
I,  tlio  ff- 
liisciiiiti- 

V  j>.  II. 


sistinuf  of  A.  B.  Scott  aiul  ]).  W.  iAFadtlon  toexainiiu> 
till'  Imoks  of  the  cor[)(>ratioii,  to  ascortain  what  truth 
till  TO  was  in  tho  cliar^es  bi()U;j;ht  ai^ainst  it  of  liavinjjj 
assiiiiu'tl  that  tho  grants  iiuuli!  hy  coiio^rt'ss  to  tho 
Ciiitral  Pacific  company  wcromailc  to  the  iiulividuais 
nana  (I  ill  tho  act  as  incorporators  ;  and  that  thiy  luul 
assuiiud  to  soil  those  rii^hts  to  tho  company  incorpo- 
rati'd  undor  California  laws,  receiving  tlu>rcf(»r  paid 
upcapitid  stock  amounting  to  several  million  dollars, 
such  transaction  being  frauduKnt  toward  the  ctmnty 
as  a  stockholder  of  the  corjiotation.  The  committee 
rt'tiniied  a  satisfactory  cxi)lanation  to  the  charge,  ab- 
surd in  a  legal  pt)int  of  view,  but  showing  the  suspi- 
cion which,  however  unjustly,  attached  to  the  manage- 
nuiit  of  this  corporation  from  the  begimiing.  Tliat 
it  should  be  so  was  not  un natural,  considering  the 
vastiii'ss  of  tho  interests  at  stake. 

There  was  also  rvpi-essed  a  great  anxiety  for  the 
public  lands.  It  was  frecjuently  asserted  that  the 
i,fovcrnment  having  removed  its  reseivation  of  a  cer- 
tain class  of  mineral  lands,  the  Central  l*acitic  com- 
pany would  take  possession  of  mining  land,  and  even 
tif  town-sites  in  tho  mineral  regions  ;  and  when  it  be- 
came; known  in  1800  that  its  company's  agents  at 
Washington  were  asking  for  patents  in  Sacramento, 
Xcvada,  and  Placer  counties,  which  were,  iu  the  un- 
derstanding of  the  people,  mineral  lands,  it  was  de- 
termined to  take  action  in  tho  matter ;  and  Sargent 
apjuared  before  tho  judiciary  committee  of  the  Call- 
foriiia  senate  to  demonstrate  that  a  miner  would  have 
no  standing  in  the  courts  against  tho  holder  of  a 
United  States  patent  to  the  land  on  which  he  nnght 
1)0  mining;  and  that,  therefore,  something  must  be 
done  to  prevent  tho  issuance  of  such  patents  to  the 
railroad  company.  Before  the  same  committee  ap- 
peared, in  December  1865,  Stanford,  B.  B.  Bedding, 
sorretary  of  state,  and  the  company's  land  agent, 
with  E.  B.  Crocker,  attorney  for  the  Central  Pacific. 
The  result  of  the   examination  into  this  subject  was 

Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  vn.    36 


Mm] 


s 


662 


RAILKOADS-CENTRAL  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


iil 


that  the  committee  reported  in  favor  of  resolutions 
requesting  the  president  to  withliold  liis  sigiiatiiic 
from  any  })atents  to  lands  uritil  a  segregation  of  tlic 
mineral  from  the  agricultural  had  l)een  mad(^  Tluso 
resolutions  were  jointly  passed  by  both  houses  of  tlie 
legislature,  and  telegraphed  by  (Tovernor  Low  to  tlio 
California  delegation  in  Washington  on  the  31st  of 
December.  The  dispatch  was  not  delivered  until 
January  8th,  between  which  dates  patents  had  hccii 
issued  for  450,000  acres  in  Placer  and  Nevada  coun- 
ties. It  was  subsequently  shown  that  the  rights  of 
minei  s  were  secured  by  the  law  which  made  the  grant 
to  the  Central  Pacific  company  ;  and  as  to  the  delayed 
dispatch,  why,  no  harm  was  done  I 

The  county  of  Placer  paid  an  annual  interest  on 
its  bonds  Issued  to  the  com})any  for  stock  of  $-2(),()00; 
and  might  bo  required  in  and  after  18<'»8,  if  necessary 
to  raise  the  amount,  to  pay  twenty -five  cents  on  ( acli 
$100  worth  of  taxable  property  in  the  county  to  pio- 
vido  a  fund  for  the  liquidation  of  its  bonds,  wliii  h 
were  to  be  redeemed  as  often  as  the  fund  ccMitaiiicd 
$3,000  or  more  until  all  were  liquidated.  Again  in 
18(58  the  county  as  a  stockholder  ap[)lied  for  sonio 
knowledge  of  the  condition  of  the  conqxany,  and  its 
manner  of  conducting  business;  but  it  does  not  ap- 
pear tliat  in  either  instance  the  inquiry  served  any 
good  jiurpose. 

There  were  suits-at-law  arising  from  the  refusal  of 
the  company  to  pay  what  the  county  conceived  to  bo 
a  just  tax.  The  first  assessment  was  made  in  lSf)4, 
when  only  a  part  of  the  road  was  conq)leted,  .ind  was 
based  upon  the  company's  statement  t)f  the  lenuth 
and  valuation  of  it,  which  latter  estimate  was  pland 
at  $0,000  per  mile.  The  district  attorney  comjdaiiicd 
that  this  was  much  too  low  ;  and  proof  being  brou^lit, 
the  assessment  was  raised  to  $20,000  a  mile  ;  lutt 
when  the  matter  came  before  the  board  of  e((ualiza- 
tion  the  value  was  placed  at  $1*2,100  a  mile,  and  at 
that  rate  the  tax  was  finally  paid, 


TAXES  AND  SUITS. 


5G3 


The  following  3'oar,  through  some  blundering  of  the 
authorities,  the  assessment  was  allowed  to  go  upon 
till'  company's  basis  of  ,$0,000  a  mile  ;  Imt  in  18r»(;  it 
was  raised  to  $15,000,  which  being  refused,  suit  was 
Itniught  and  judgment  obtained  in  the  district  court 
fill'  the  full  amount.  There  was  left,  however,  a  loo|>- 
liolf  of  escape,  it  being  discovered  that  the  revenue 
law  of  18G-4  was  in  conflict  with  the  constitution  of 
tlie  state,  in  some  minor  requirements,  whereujxm  a 
(•(iiupromiso  was  effected,  and  the  county  accei)ted  for 
tlio  years  1800-7  a  payment  upon  the  com})any's 
tonus  of  $0,000  a  mile,  "because  it  seemed  clear  that 
there  was  no  reasonable  probal>ility  of  compelling  the 
cninpany,  by  law,  to  pay  any  tax  whatever  upon  its 
pniperty."  Such,  indeed,  was  the  I'act,  and  such,  as 
we  liave  seen,  was  the  decision  of  the  supremo  court, 
although  when  the  road  was  oidv  one  hundred  miles 
ill  length  its  earnings  were  already  on  a  very  consid- 
cialile  scale. 

Ill  1808  the  contest  was  renewed  b(>tween  Placer 
onunty  and  the  Central  l^acific  company.  The  case 
was  in  court  until  1872,  when  it  was  finallv  adiudi- 
rated  in  favor  of  the  county.  In  the  interim  the 
('oiin)any  caused  the  passage  of  an  act  by  the  legisla- 
ture, authorizin*'  and  requirinij  the  count v  of  IMaecT 
to  sell  to  the  Central  I'acific  company  of  California  any 
and  all  of  its  stock  owned  by  the  countv.  It  was 
accordinijlv  sold  to  the  company  for  .^'JjO.OOO  in  uold 
Pdin,  which  was  used  to  redeem  the  outstanding 
boiuLs  of  the  county.  The  sto<-k  Iield  by  the  county 
ot  Sacramento  was  also  recovt'red  in  the  same  man- 
nei".  The  foresiuht  of  thi'  conntanv  in  takiiuj;  in  its 
stock,  which  had  served  the  purjiosc  of  launching  it 
upon  its  successful  career,  was  ap])arent  a  dozen  ycai's 
later,  when,  after  the  consolidation  of  the  Western 
Pacilie,  and  other  roads  with  the  Central  Pacific,  the 
rounty  of  San  Joaquin  sued  the  latter  company  for 
its  proportion  of  the  dividends  earned  by  the  combi- 


.m 


m 


■Kih: 


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J  it 


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m 

m 


i  V 


5G4 


RAILU0AD8-CENTUAL  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


M  . 


nation,  tlic  amount  claimed  bcinof  about  !?50,000.000. 
The  county  lost  its  case  in  the  superior  court  of  Saii 
Francisco,  and  appealed  to  the  supreme  court:  luit 
was  finally  compelled  to  accej^t  $300,000  and  yield 
up  its  stock.  As  Its  subscription  had  only  bein  to 
the  anunr.it  of  $'250,000,  it  does  not  appear  tiiat 
after  all  there  were  any  very  serious  grounds  of  com- 
plaint. 

From  the  evils  of  subsidy-giving  the  country  sufi'civd 
for  many  years.  The  population  was  shifting,  tlio 
available  resources  of  the  state  few  ;  but  notwitlistaiul- 
ing  there  was  hardly  a  county  in  it  that  by  1870  liad 
not  burdened  itself  with  a  debt  of  from  $100,00(1  to 
$300,000,  at  a  higli  rate  of  interest,  to  run  in  somo 
instances  for  sixty  years.  Companies  incorporated 
under  a  ijeneral  law  besieged  the  legislature  annuallv 
to  pass  acts  authorizing  the  people  to  vote  on  incur- 
ring this  uidebtedness ;  new^spapers  paraded  the  boiu- 
fits  to  be  received  from  every  new  railroad  scheme, 
often  without  knowing  whether  it  had  any  merit. 
Thus  urged  by  the  legislature  and  the  press,  the 
people  passed  under  the  rod  with  the  greatest  unaiilni- 
itv.  Some  counties  have  not  to  this  dav  recoveied 
from  the  disastrous  effects  of  railroad  enterprises. 
Not  only  (lid  they  incur  debt  and  involve  themselves 
in  law-suits,  but  the  franchises  granted  to  the  insol- 
vent companies  left  them  nothing  with  wliich  to 
encourage  a  solvent  successor.  Sucli  was  the  history 
of  El  Dorado,  Placer,  San  Joaquin,  and  some  of  the 
southern  counties."     Yet  as, 

"The  attempt 
Is  all  the  wedge  that  splits  its  knotty  way 
Between  tlie  possible  and  the  inipossilile." 

2* The  new  constitution  says:  'The  legislature  shall  have  no  power  to  givi' 
or  to  lend,  or  to  authorize  the  giving  or  lending  of  the  credit  of  the  state,  or 
of  any  county,  city  and  county,  eity,  township,  or  other  political  ccrponitidU 
or  suhdivision  of  the  staU'  now  existing,  or  that  may  he  hereafter  cvtali- 
lished,  in  aid  of  or  to  any  person,  association,  or  corporation,  whctlier  iiuuii- 
eipal  or  otherwise,  or  to  pledge  tlio  credit  tliereof  in  any  manner  w'atcvor 
for  the  paynient  of  the  liaoilities  of  any  individual  association,  muuicipal  or 
other  cori)oration  whatever;  nor  shall  it  have  the  power  to  make  any  gift,  or 
authorize  the  making  of  any  gift  of  any  public  money  or  thing  of  value  to 
any  individual,  nmnicipal,  or  other  corporation  whatever. ' 


FINANCIAL  PRORLEM   SOLVED. 


5C5 


it  cannot  be  said  that  those  efforts  were  of  no  ad- 
vantage to  the  state.  Tiiey  were  the  pioneer  enter- 
prises, and  sliared  the  common  fate  of  pioneers,  the 
foivniost  of  whom  go  down  to  make  way  for  men  of 
lia]i[)ier  fortunes  who  avail  themselves  of  their  unre- 
quited services. 

Tlie  amended  Pacific  Railroad  act  of  18(54  brouijht 
tlie  relief  of  abundant  means  to  the  Central  Pacific 
company.  Up  to  this  i)eriod  of  its  history  it  hail  felt 
its  way  with  great  care.  To  meet  the  cost  of  the 
first  forty  miles,  reiiuired  by  congress  as  a  guarantee 
of  the  purpose  and  cajxibility  of  the  company,  had 
coiiipolled  its  financiers  to  resort  to  borrowing  on  their 
personal  security."  On  that  alone,  since  bonds  of 
an  unconstructed  road  were  worthless  in  the  market, 
the  money  was  procured  whicli  was  expended  on  the 
first  tlurty-ono  miles,  but  as  that  indebtedni-ss  was 
[)robably  liquidated  by  the  money  received  from  state 
and  county  subsi<lies,  it  may  fairly  be  said  that  pre- 
vious to  1864  California  had  been  paying  for  the 
Pacific  Railroad.  As  fast  as  the  line  was  opened  for 
business  it  produced  a  revenue  wliich  could  be  applied 
upiu  the  company's  indel)tedness  of  any  kind. 

The  status  ot  the  company  was  greatly  improved 
by  the  passage  of  the  act  which  made  the  United 
States  "  virtually  an  endorser  of  the  company's  bonds 
for  tlie  full  amount  of  its  own  subsidy  "  of  $48,000  ])er 
mile,  making  $1)0,000  the  available  sum  to  be  drawn 
upon  for  each  mile  of  the  road.  "The  financial  ])r()b- 
lom  has  been  solved,"  said  Stanford  in  July  180.'),  ''  and 
the  result  is  abundant  financial  means  to  j>ress  forward 
the  work  to  its  utmost  development." '" 

Tliis  new  condition  of  affairs  made  a  distinct  chanrre 

■'Say.-i  Huntington,  in  this  connection.  "We  had  emlorsed  paper  to  one 
]art\  (O.ikos  Ames)  of  SI.-")0,00(),  personal  securiiy.  'I'liey  sai.l.  '  lloro, 
wo  know  ymi,  and  wiiilc  we  don't  know  w  liat  you  are  worth,  we  are  satisfied 
you  wuuid  not  have  endorsed  tiie  paper  if  you  were  not  worth  tlio  money." 
Oil  tliis  Lredit  he  procured  the  aid  niiuired. 

•"  Tliat  is,  enough  had  bccu  secured  ia  money  aud  laud  to  build  the  rail» 
road. 


!  1 


11. : 


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1, 


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m 


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56G 


RAILROADS-CENTRAL  TACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


in  the  policy  of  the  company."  Through  the  moans 
placed  in  their  hands  by  the  state,  and  by  the  general 
government,  they  were  rendered  independent.  In- 
stead  of  selling  stock  they  gathered  it  in.  They  dis- 
missed sub-contractors,  and  under  the  firm  name  of 
Crocker  &  Company  secured  for  themselves  the  prof- 
its arising  from  the  construction  of  the  road.  One  of 
the  strongest  points  in  their  favor  was  the  fall  in  tlie 
price  of  gold  and  the  rise  in  the  price  of  bonds  wliich 
followed  the  overthrow  of  the  rebellion,  before  which 
event  comparatively  little  work  had  been  done,  and 

The  following  showing  was  made  Sept.  16,  1864: 

Authorized  capital $8,r)t)0,000 

Cash  sii1)scrihed  and  issued  for  work  and  material. ...  $72.^,800 

Placer  co.  suhscriptiou '2.")0,(M)() 

Sacramento  co  " .S(H),(H)0 

For  iron,  cars,  etc 1S8,00() 

Total .?l,-HVJ,.-00 

Tliedehta  of  the   company  were  its  first  niorlgago 

l)ond.s  issued '. $l,2ri0,000 

Individual  accounts,  etc 20."), 700 

Pay  rolls  for  August 2r>,0(K) 

Total §1,480,700 

Assets  of  the  company-  Due  from  Btockliolders. ...  $    203,88(5 

150  Placer  co.  houds 7r),000 

327  Sacramento  co.  houds 1G.'<,.')00 

Sau  Francisco  co.  honds 400,000 

Due  from  the  U.  S.  on  completed  road 1,2()4.00() 

(Jrant  hy  tlie  state— 6105,000  annually— 2, 1<M),000 

Survey  to  the  eastern  houndary  of  Cal ()(i,740 

.31  miles  of  first-class  railroad 

Uncompleted  line  ahove  Newcastle 50,0<X) 

Shops,  tools,  etc.,  etc. 25,000 

On  hand  and  to  arrive  iron  for  32  miles,  and  enough 
purchased  for  20  additional  miles,  liesides  chairs 
and  spikes  for  53  miles,  and  ties  for  22  miles,  pas- 
senger cars,  and   freight  and  construction  cars. 
The  levee  front  in  Sacramento  city,  from  K  street 
north,  and  30  acres  north  of  I  street,  granted  by 
the  city. 
The  value  of  every  alternate  section  of  puhlic  land 
for  20  miles  oil  each  side  of  the  road  for  31  miles 
comi)letcd. 
The  earnings  of  tlie  road  from  June  6,  1804,  when 
it  was  opened  to  Newcastle,  to  Sept.    14,  less 
expenses 38,917.74 

Total  known  values |4,  .380, 04:).  74 

"Huntington,  in  a  dictation  given  to  one  of  my  stenographers,  and  kiMWi 
in  my  lihrary  as  the  lluntiwjton  Mdntuscri})/,  relates  on  pp.  y-12  some  not  uu- 


ABILITY  OF  THE  DIRECTORS. 


567 


thus  few  of  their  honds  had  been  Hacrificed  at  tlie  lovv 
vahies  ruhii*^  during  the  years  of  the  war.  Fortune 
liuloed  appeared  to  favor  them  at  every  turn,  hut  if 
tlu  y  were  fortunate,  they  j)ossessed  also  the  ahihty  to 
grasp  opportunity  firmly  and  skilfully  and  at  the  rii,dit 
nicitient.  That  the  directors  were  far-sighted  njen, 
jKisses.sinjjf,  moreover,  the  tact  and  adroitness  needetl 
for  the  accomplishment  of  their  task,  their  acts  abun- 
(laiitlv  prove,  as  does  also  their  success,  in  tire  tace  of 
all  difficulties  and  discouraixements.  In  Julv  1804, 
witliin  a  year  and  a  half  after  breakiui;-  ground,  their 
assets  already  amounted  to  nearly  a  niilHon  and  a 
lialf;  their  debts  were  merely  nominal,  and  they  were 
ahvady  in  the  enjoyment  of  a  good  income  from  the 
coni])leted  portion  of  their  road. 

From  Newcastle  to  tlic  state  line  Crocker  &  Com- 
pany built  the  Central  Pacific  railroad  of  California. 
Jt  was  not  easy  to  obtain  white  labor  for  railroad  work 
in  the  state,  500  men  being  all  that  were  cm])loyed  in 
the  winter  of  1804-5.  To  these  were  added  thning 
the  summer  2,000  Chinamen.  At  a  later  date  sev- 
eral thousand  Asiatics  were  ini[)orted  expressly  for 
this  labor,  and  during  the  last  months  of  the  con- 
struction period,  an  army  of  ten  thousand  men  was 
ill  the  field,  Crocker  proved  an  excellent  superin- 
triident  and  a  thorough  organizer.     Tlie  engineering 

iiii]Mirtaiit  facts  concerning  the  early  management.  IIo  says  tliat  at  the 
st:irt  a  construction  company  was  formed  consisting  of  Stanford,  Hopkins, 
IJdoth,  Marsh,  Peel,  Judali,  and  himself.  Each  man  was  to  furnish  one- 
seventh  of  the  means  to  huilil  the  road  to  Newcastle,  wiiich  they  were  to 
own  ciinally.  But  Peel  recedeil  from  liis  agreement  after  tiiu  work  had  been 
ciinimeneeil,  being  afraid  to  risk  his  share.  §;{4,0(H)  in  go'  ',  worth  ;!()  per  cent 
inviiiiiun.  Huntington  then  •  ;if'  tha*.  Peel  nuist  buy  him  out,  or  sell  eut  to 
liiin;  but  Peel  refused  to  do  r,     Huntington   had  another  alternative, 

wliieh  was  to  stop  work,  whieii  lio  did,  g'jing  along  the  line  and  ordering  0 
sub-CDUtraetors  to  cease,  and  pay  otf  the  men  Tiiesc  i.  ib-eontraetors, 
tiiiiiking  there  was  some  real  cause  for  this  arbitrary  acti(m,  offered  to  buy 
init  tlie  comjiany,  and  build  the  road  for  themselves.  'All  right,'  said  Hunt- 
ington, 'I  give  you  two  weeks  to  do  it  in.'  But  the  only  man  they  found 
wiio  waa  likely  to  become  their  capitalist,  (.'harlcs  McLaughlin,  wlun  he 
liiiiiu'd  that  Huntington  was  to  sell  out,  declined  to  furnish  the  money,  as 
l!niuiii;jton  very  well  knew  lie  would  do.  Tiie  It  sub-contractors  returned, 
I'txl  having  sold  out,  and  the  road  was  tiuishod  to  Newcastle. 


1 1? 


568 


RAILROADS-CENTRAL  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


was  performed  by  S.  S.  ^Montague,  chief,  and  L.  ^[. 
Clement,  assistant,  the  work  being  inspected  by  CJeoiyo 
E.  Gray,  who  lias  since  remained  in  tlie  compaiiv's 
employ.  Some  alterations  were  made  in  .Tudah's  sur- 
vey, and  the  gradient  of  1 IG  feet  to  the  mile  was  the 
maximum  in  the  whole  line,  which  followed  an  un- 
broken ridge  from  base  to  summit  of  tlie  Siciia, 
crossing  but  one  river  three  miles  alune  Dutch  Flat. 
and  attaining  an  altitude  of  7,042  feet,  but  avoidiu;^' 
the  second  summit.  It  was  slow  work,  cutting  down. 
filling  up,  building  trestles,  tunnels,  and  culverts,  ami 
making  a  solid  roadway  for  the  passage  of  the  licavv 
locomotives  required  on  the  mountains.  But  taking 
into  account  the  difficulties,  it  was  rapidly  dniu'. 
"Why,"  says  Crocker,  "I  used  to  go  up  and  <l(i\vn 
that  road  in  my  car  like  a  mad  bull,  stopping  al.iii;j: 
wherever  there  was  anything  amiss,  and  raising  Okl 
Nick  with  tlie  bovs  that  were  not  up  to  time."  ''  Twriitv 
miles  a  year  was  all  that  was  completed  in  IS03,  ISCI, 
and  1 8G5  respectively  ;  in  18()G  thirty  miles  ;  and  in 
18(57  forty-six  miles.  A  telegraph  line,  snow-sheds,  do- 
pots,  water-tanks,  and  all  else  constituting  the  peiTrrt 
equipment  of  a  first-class  road,  were  constructed  as 
the  road  pi'ogressed  ;  and  as  the  army  of  gradtis, 
masons,  tracklayers,  and  mechanics,  passed  by,  tlu  y 
left  not  destruction,  but  civilization  behind  them. 

In  18G7  the  state  line  was  reached,  but  ever  since 
the  enactment  of  the  amended  Pacific  Ilailroad  act, 
the  company  had  been  resolved  not  to  stop  there,  hut 
push  on  through  Nevada,  and  meet  the  Union  l\i('itl(^ 
as  far  east  as  practicable — if  possible,  at  Salt  Lake.  The 
150  mile  limit,  leavhig  them  in  mid-desert,  was  not  to 
be  thought  of  If  they  came  east  of  Carson  valley 
they  nmst  make  for  the  trade  of  Salt  Lake  valKy. 
Nevada  in  186G  granted  them  the  right  of  way,  ;d- 
though  she  never  consented  otherwise  to  aid  i\\v 
corporation. 


"■  This  vigorous  dosoriiition  of  his  enorgctie  course  is  from  a  dictatiim  in 
my  library  cutitluJ  Vtvkcr'a  Jiuilroad  lUiiUliinj  MS. 


UNION  TACIFIU  COMPANY. 


StiO 


Tlio  Union  Pacific  company  made  no  conunonco- 
iiunt  of  construction  Uot'oio  18G5,  ^vllc^vas,  in  July  of 
that  year,  the  Central  had  made  44  nnlos,  and  was  at 
Clipper  gap,  2,448  feet  above  sea-level.  Taking  into 
consideration  the  nature  of  the  work  to  be  done  by 
tlii>  California  company,  and  that  the  l,'ni«»n  Pacific 
had  several  hundred  miles  of  level  country  to  build 
in,  the  advantage  would  seem  to  be  in  favor  of  the  lat- 
ter. This  advantage,  however,  was  more  a|)parent 
than  real;  for  while  the  Central  was  com|)elled  to  ilo  a 
m'oat  amount  of  work  to  gain  a  little  ilistanee,  it  was 
wrii  organized,  which  the  other  never  was ;  it  had 
rapitl  comnumication  with  the  ships 'which  brought 
its  inanufjictured  material  from  the  cast,  had  stone, 
timber,  and  gravel  distributeil  l)y  nature  along  its 
line,  could  easily  obtain  subsistence,  could  command 
(•lu'a[>  Chinese  labor,  and  was  ^receiving  an  income 
from  the  completed  portion  of  its  road  in  addition  to 
the  nu'ans  furnished  by  government.  C)n  the  oIIht 
hand,  the  Union  Pacific  com])any  had  to  transjxnt  all 
its  mat(>rial  overland,  or  by  means  of  the  ]\lissouri 
river,  ata  heavy  expense, no  eastern  railroad  conmn-tion 
existing  by  the  aid  of  which  the  vast  amount  of  iron, 
tools,  provisions,  locomotives,  cars,  antl  all  else,  even  in- 
ehiding  wood  for  ties  and  stone  ft)r  masonry,  of  which 
tlie  country  was  destitute,  could  be  carried  to  their 
disembarkation  on  the  IVlissouri,  or  beyond  it.  Thus, 
laving  out  of  the  comparison  the  financial  status  of 
the  two  companies,  which  was  in  favor  of  the  Cali- 
fornia corporation,  the  difficulties  to  be  overconu  were 
of  about  equal  magnitude.  The  I'astern  com])any 
could  lay  down  more  rails  i)er  day  over  tlu^  IMatte 
valhy  than  the  western  com]>any  could  in  the 
Sierra;  but  tlie  lofty  Rocky  range  was  to  be  over- 
conie  thereafter,  while  the  Central  em(>rged  from  the 
Sierra  upon  the  valley  of  tlu^  Hundujldt,  where  it 
could  also  make  time  in  grading  and  track-laying. 

It  was  at  this  point  in  itsearet^rthattheofiicersof  the 
Central  I'acifie  oroanized  among  themselves  the  Con- 


*f 


I     I       IT 
I     I 


i 


1 ; 


111 


570 


RAILROADS— CENTRAL  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


\  i'n 


tract  and  Finance  company  for  tlic  further  prosecution 
of  their  enterprises,  and  under  this  fresli  orsjjanizatidu 
set  out  to  meet  the  Credit  Mobiher  of  America,  which 
was  constructing  the  Union  Pacitic.  C<>n«>re.s8  in 
18()()  luul  again  authorized  the  Central  Pacitic  com- 
pany to  "hu'ate,  construct,  and  continue  tlieir  road 
eastward  in  a  continuous  hne"  until  it  should  nicct 
the  Union  Pacific's  continuous  line.  In  the  nutuiiiii 
of  18()7  it  omergeil  from  its  windings  among  the  otd- 
nal  hills,  and  entered  upon  a  race  for  the  tratle  entre- 
pot of  Utah,  as  well  as  for  bonds  and  lands.  It  was 
the  grandest  race  that  ever  was  run — to  which  tho 
01ym[>ics  were  a  petty  play — to  complete  the  most  stu- 
pendous work  that  men  had  ever  conceived,  and  one  the 
most  far-reaching  in  its  results.  When  Shaki>spt  arc's 
Puck  promised  a  girdle  round  the  earth  in  forty  min- 
utes, it  might  have  bec>n  a  prophecy  verified  by  cKc- 
tricity ;  but  even  the  inspired  l)ard  of  Avon  never  had 
a  ])ro))hetic  vision  of  two  thousand  miles  of  railroad 
built  hi  live  years,  bearing  not  thought  onh',  but  the 
thinkers,  swift  as  the  Hight  of  birds,  from  ocean  to 
ocean. 

"You  will  see,"  said  Asa  Whitney  in  !  84r),  "  tliat 
it  will  change  the  whole  world.  .  .  .  It  will  bring  the 
world  together  as  one  nation;  allow  us  to  traverse 
the  globe  in  thirty  days,  civilize  and  christianize  man- 
kind, and  place  us  in  the  centre  of  the  world,  coni]H'l- 
ling  Euroi)e  on  one  side  and  Asia  and  Africa  on  the 
other  to  pass  through  us," 

The  Union  Pacific  on  the  plains  had  forged  ahead. 
In  18()7,  when  the  Central  began  the  strife  for  tlie 
goal,  it  had  constructed  bCiO  miles.  In  18(i8  it  I'uilt 
425,  and  the  Central  ^G'^  miles.  Huntington,  in  tlie 
east,  was  well  informed  of  the  financial  condition  o\ 
his  rival,  Oakcs  Ames,  and  this  knowledge  he  did  not 
fail  to  turn  to  account.'"^'*     Thus  when  his  associatts 

'">  Crawford's  Cirilif  J/oW/zVc  iiiul  llollistcr's  />//"»'  of  Col/it.r  t!ikt<  cxailly 
opposito  viowa  of  Oakca  Anu's'  cltiiracti'r  in  coiiiu'otioii  witli  tin;  Union  I'l- 
citic'a  utl'iiirs.  It  ia  curtaiu,  howuvcr,  tliat  tho  Cridil  MobiUiei-  rumcd  ^iiul 
killed  Auios. 


IIIVAI.RY. 


f)7I 


tliat 
ini;  the 
•averse 

num- 


alioinl. 

or  tlio 

t  I'liilt 

in  tlu' 

lion  of 

id  not 

K'i;itts 

r\;iclly 

lion   I'l- 

lu'il  ;ui>l 

wrote  to  him  atatin«>j  tliat  tlio  Union  pjradors  were 
;i(,  \vi)rk  in  the  HumboKlt  valley,  ho  bade  them  not  to 
lu"  alarmed,  Imt  to  ij^o  ri;_i,ht  aloni:;  as  fast  us  possihlc, 
and  to  leave  a  lijotxl  road  behinil  thi-m. 

The  Central's  atlvanta-jjes  were  that  it  ha«l  done 
with  tho  mountains,  wheri'as  the  Union  had  still  some 
expensive  work  tt)  ilo  east  of  Oi^rden.  The  means  of 
the  former  wi'n^  ample,  and  it  had  a  toreo  of  (piiet, 
(inlerly  Chinese,  easily  manaj^ed,  while  tho  other 
company  employed  white  lahon-rs,  who,  when  not 
promptly  paid,  were  rofraetitry,  and  ev(Mi  hostile." 

Straining!;  every  nerv(>,  the  Union  l*aei(ic  thri'W  out 
invaders  as  far  wi>st  as  Hund)oldt  Widls,  [)00  miles 
from  (Vden,  SO  miles  of  which  were  laid  with  track  ; 
hut  tho  ijjap  hetwi'en  that  portion  of  its  work  and  tho 
continuous  track  east  of  it  was  never  filled,  and 
$1,000,000  was  wasted.  But  tho  Central  ot)mi)j.ny 
took  reprisals,  and  sent  its  i^raders  (vist  of  Oi^den;  at 
tlic  same  tinio  it  tiled  a  ma[>of  its  route  t«>  Kcho  sum- 
mit with  tho  secretary  of  the  interior,  l)y  whom  it  was 
approved,  upon  which  a  demand  was  nuule  for  tho 
two  thirds  of  the  bonds  duo  on  completion,  accordinij; 
to  a  clause  in  section  vm  of  the  amended  I'acific  rail- 
road act,  which  allowed  such  an  advance  when  tho  (>\- 
ij^cncies  of  tho  case  re«|uirod  it.  J^y  that  remarkable 
power  of  will  and  ini^enuity  in  pi"esentinL;an  argument, 
which  has  ever  distinLCuishod  tho  attorney  of  tlu^  Cen- 
tral l*aciticcom})any,  the  president,  tho  secretary  of  the 
interior,  the  attorney-sjjeneral,  and  the  railroad  <'«)m- 
missioners  were  persuaded  that  it  was  recpiisito  to 
issui>  .$2,400,000  in  United  States  bonds  to  tlu;  (\'n- 
tral  ct)mpany  for  this  late  extension  of  its  road.  Some 
con*»rossmen,  howev«>r,  had  become  aware  of  the  d»>- 
luand.  and  had  exacted  a  j>led<4t>  from  the  secretary 
of  tho  treasury  that  he  would  not  issue  the  bonds 

'"  It  was  a  inatU-r  woll  known  at  tlic  time  that  when  Ui<>  V.  V.  Ii.id  ni.nlo 
iiiiini'ction  with  tho  ('.  1'.  it  was  inmhlc  to  pay  its  nanus  uf  men,  ainl  that 
I'Miaiit  was  lii'M  a  oaiitivc  hy  them  fur  tlirci'  days,  anil  ahl.-  <inly  to  make  a 
partial  suttloni<nit  in  tiuio  to  taku  part  in  tlic  ovronionics  ut  tho  uniting  of  tliu 

riKuls. 


:..l      ( 


672 


UAILROADS-CEXTRAL  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


before  an  invoistiijrttioii  could  be  made.  Tbe  itivosti- 
j^ation  was  made,  but  not  until  after  tbe  bonds  had 
been  issued  and  balf  of  tbem  delivered. 

Here  was  indeeil  a  surprise  for  tbe  Union  l\a('ilii'. 
w'bose  eni^ineers  bad  reported  only  tbe  year  iKfore 
tliat  they  wt)uld  reaeb  tbe  Sierra  Nevada  btfon- 
tbe  Central  comjnany  could  cross  the  ranoe.  Had 
tliis  '-x'n  accomplisbed,  tbe  latter  would  bave  been 
left  with  only  a  short  and  ditficult  piece  of  road  in 
operate,^'  and  would  always  bave  been  subject  to  tlie 

"  Huntinuton  firoparod  an  aMe  paniplilot,  adtlrossod  to  the  senate  eom- 
mittee,  giving  rea.Hoiis  why  the  nuinagort)  of  the  t'.  V.  K.  H.  thmi^jht  the 
point  of  junction  Hhoulil  be  at  Ogden,  ou  account  of  th''  trade  of  Salt  Lake 
valley,  and  the  coal  in  the  ^Vasatch  valley.  As  they  h.ii  a  hard  ta.-.k  j;«itiiij; 
through  tlie  Sierra,  they  ought  to  iiave  a  larger  siiare  of  the  ea-sier  ro.id;  aii.l 
as  they  had  tiled  their  map,  and  received  a  partial  i:$sue  of  liomls  upon  tiiu 
sections  reaciiing  to  Ogilen,  they  had  ac()uired  the  lej.'al  right  to  go  liiere. 
Meantime  the  house  eoinniittee  was  investigating  all  the  circunist.iiici-s 
attending  the  issue  of  the  bonds  on  .March  H,  ISdK.  If  tiic  (".  V.  eo.  had  all 
the  rigiits  elainicil,  why,  asked  the  opponents  of  the  C  1'.,  issiw  the 
$1I,400,(K)0  of  bonds  during  the  dying  houra  of  Johnson's  adinini.st ration, 
against  the  objections  of  one  member  of  the  cabinet,  and  in  coiitradictii'ii  cf 
the  repeated  pleilges  of  Secretary  Mct'ullough?  AVhy  had  it  passed  M  milcit 
beyond  its  ounpKted  track,  and  applied  for  and  secured  a  partial  is>ue  of 
bonds  over  ISO  miles  of  road  beyonil,  unless  to  gain  an  unfair  advant.ii;'- of 
some  kind?  Mow  could  the  jiarti.'dly  conipleteil  grading  of  theC  I'.  It.  K. 
have  cost  $".'0.IHM)  per  inile,  as  certitied  to  by  the  commissioners,  wlun  tiie 
estimates  of  the  U.  1'.  H.  H.  eo.  for  fully  completed  grading  were  less  lliaii 
$I0,()()()  per  mile?  The  law  and  the  policy  of  the  government  being  to  ailnw 
the  two  companies  ti>  build  track  until  they  met,  why  shoubl  the  U.  V.  It.  11. 
be  stopped  to  wait  for  the  arrival  of  the  C  1'.?  Why  should  the  piMut  cf 
junction  be  crowded  back  to  Ogden,  and  the  U.  1*.  be  eoinpelle<l  to  pull  up 
its  rails  and  wait  for  the  C.  1'.  to  build  to  {.)gden?  Could  any  reasoualile 
explanation  be  made  of  the  facts  that  when  the  (\  P.  was  4;{4  miles  from 
Echo  suuiuiit,  it  procured  from  ."Secretary  Urowning  the  acceptance  of  a  map 
to  that  pitint,  though  one  that  was  not  as  yet  even  authenticated,  an<l  tiius 
reach  forward  and  secure  a  ])artial  issue  of  bonds  over  80  miles  of  road.  r>:it!i 
ing  to  a  point  within  50  miles  of  the  track  of  the  U.  P.  and  '2'M)  miles  from 
its  own  track — ami  all  tiiis  in  the  dying  hours  of  a  dissolving  adminisfra'ioii? 
JiaUrond  Scnijii,  lO'.i,  The  testimony  before  the  senate  committee  showcil 
that  there  hail  been  no  over-is.sue  of  government  bonds,  but  that  they  had 
been  issued  in  accordance  with  the  law  and  the  facts,  and  on  the  o[)iniiin  of 
the  attorney -general,  y.  Y.  77/«('.i,  March  '21,  1809.  In  view  of  these  pro- 
ceedings, it  becomes  of  interest  to  hear  Huntington's  own  version  of  the 
matter,  given  to  my  stenographer  in  interlocutory  style.  Perhaps  nothiiii: 
could  better  illustrate  the  quick,  incisive  manner  of  the  man:  '1  went  to  Mc- 
CulloMgh  .  . .  .anil  said  I,  "Here's  a  report  I  want  you  to  have."  He  had  luanl 
we  were  working  there — meaning  among  the  departments — and  he  had  a  talk 
with  Antes.  I  knew  be  had  agreed  not  to  show  me  the  bonds;  but  I  was  de- 
termined to  have  thcni  if  I  could.  I  got  a  report  from  the  attorney-geiu'ral 
that  I  was  entitled  uniler  the  law  to  those  bonds.  I  got  one  from  the  solicitor 
of  the  trea.sury;  he  asked  for  that;  I  was  leg.ally  entitled  to  them.  I  g"t 
two  cabinet  meetings  in  one  week  outside  of  the  regular  day.  The  majority 
of  them  voted  that  I  should  have  the  bonds.    Then  lie  would  not  let  nie  have 


JUXlTION   FDUMKU. 


i)73 


dii'tatiim  of  their  rival.  In  such  an  event,  all  the 
1)1  lu'tit  o(  their  work  would  have  been  lost,  ami  our 
carrvinjjf  trade  wouKl  have  fallen  intotlu'  hands  ttf  imii 
wlicsi'  interests  were  not  in  harmony  with  thns*.'  lA'  the 
racifie  eoast.  But  for  the  rapid  protrress  \wm\v  l>y 
tlie  Central  Paeific  durini;  the  later  period  of  eon- 
struction,  this  is  jirecisely  what  woulil  havo  happontd. 
It  was  now  the  olijeet  of  the  Central  Paeitie 
to  obtain  a  leijal  rii;ht  to  make  the  junction  at 
Ovrthn.  hut  ti>  that  eonjjfress  would  not  assent,  it 
lnin<4  in  evidenee  that  the  eompK'ti-d  tiai'k  lA'  the 
riiion  eompany  was  twiMity-tivi'  miUs  wost  of 
0>'(K'n  at  the  time  the  Central  eompanv  was  srv- 
iiity  miles  west.  The  two  eompaniis  linally  mrt 
with  their  eonipleted  tracks  at  Pronumtorv  point.  '.)'A 
miles  from  the  coveted  }>«»int  of  junction.  April  L'S, 
ISC.'.i.  On  that  day  the  Central  pirfornu  d  the  n^- 
iiiarkaltle  feat  t>f  layin«j;  in  one  day  ten  miles  of  road. 
Tin'  (lisajjjreement  betwi'en  the  two  companies  contin- 
ui(l  for  some  time  Ioniser.  Huntinnton  ollentl  the 
Vnion  Pacific  eompany  ^'4,000,000  u>r  that  part  of 
tlu  ir  road  from  l*romontory  to  Ogdi-n.      ]iut  to  this 


^fia 


llirni.  I  wont  tliorc  iic.irly  a  week.  I  wanted  to  got  tlioni  tlio  Any  the  ad- 
imiii>ti"iti<in  olosod .  . . .  I  ojillcil  at  MoCuUoiijili's  oHico;  1  ^'«■nl  in  niv  card. 
M.Ciilloujili  wiudd  lot  mo  know  the  noxt  morning. ...  1  said,  novi  r  mind,  1 
will  ^.'Dand  .«oo  liini.  1  did  not  know  MoCullougli.  ]  wantod  tlioso  .>'J,H'0.(KH) 
linMils.  "Woll,"said  lio,  "you  sooni  entitlod  to  tlioni.  I>ut  I  can't  lot  you 
li:ivo  them."  I  answorod,  "That  is  all  rigiit;  i;ivo  me  the  re;i.snn.s,  Mr  .Sicre- 
t.irv,  wliy  you  won't  lot  nic  have  tliom."  "  Woli,"  lie  naid,  "you  .sooni  on- 
tiilid  to  them  under  tiie  law."  Said  I,  "That  is  all  ri^lit;  give  mo  the 
l«wi.is."  "Well,"  he  rojilieil,  "no,  I  can't  do  it."  "  Woll,"  1  said,  "1  want 
Y'liir  reasons.  I  have  men  in  Now  York  who  are  interested  with  mo;  when 
1  .'I'  hack,  if  I  don't  have  tlio  bonds,  I  want  the  roa.son  why.  Vmi  can  .see 
fur  yniir.-^elf. "     Finally  he  remarked,  "You  do  .seem  entitled  to  them." 

'  Well,  I  was  nearly  a  week.  I  went  in  there  every  day.  and  a.skod  him 
to  L'ive  nie  tlie  honds,  and  asked  for  the  rea.sons.  One  daj'  there  wa.s  a  si-oro 
"if  nun  right  behind  me.  "Now,"  said  he,  "if  you  do  not  lot  those  geiitle- 
riu  II  see  me,  I  will  decide  this  thing  against  you."  "  Now,"  I  replied,  "  Mr 
S.MTotary.  rather  than  have  the  .see.  oftlie  U.  S.  tlo  a.s  foolish  a  thing  as  that. 
1  will  tit  here  fora  fortnight."  For  half  an  luuiror  so  I  sat  dr)wii.  "  Now," 
s^iiil  he,  "  Mr  Jordan  [he  came  \\\t  just  then],  Mr  Huntington  is  worrying 
iiic  to  ilcath.  He  s.ays  ho  wants  those  bonds;  what  do  you  think  of  it  ? 
•lunlan  said,  "  I  have  given  you  a  written  o]>ininn,  Mr  Secretary,  that  he  is 
oiiiitlod  to  the  bonds  under  the  law."  "Well,"  said  lie,  "he  sli'all  liave  the 
Imiids.".  ...  A  little  after  8  o'clock  I  went  out,  and  found  the  Ixmcls  in  my 
r."piii.'  Huiitii>ijUv\,  MS.,  .').'}-4.  The  exact  amount  delivered  was  ^ I, S3o,000. 
I',  .i.  Ex.  Doc,,  38,  vol.  ix.,  44th  coiig.,  2 J  sess. 


m 


UAILROADS-CENTIIAL  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


tlioy  ol>jo('to«l,  and  after  some  fruitless  nefrotiation  tlio 
matter  was  finally  settled  l>y  the  natiunal  lej^islature, 
where  was  introdueed  into  a  joint  resolution  of  con- 
gress for  the  "protection  of  the  interests  of  tliu 
United  States  in  the  Union  Pacific  railroad  cotn- 
])aiiy,  the  ('entral  l*acific  railroad  company,  and  fur 
other  j)urpt»ses,"  a  proviso  that  the  common  tcriniiius 
of  the  two  com{)anies  should  be  at  ()«^dcn,  or  near  it, 
and  that  the  Union  Pacific  should  Imild,  but  the 
Central  Pacific  should  pay  for  and  own,  the  road 
from  ()y;den  to  Promontory,  where  the  two  roads 
.should  connect.  This  proviso  settled  the  matter,  and 
tlie  Cential  obtained  tiio  equal  command  of  the  Salt 
Lake  trattic,  with  access  to  coal  mines,  securing,'  at 
cost  price  that  part  of  the  Union  roacl  from  Promon- 
tory to  within  five  miles  of  Oiifden,  which  five  miles  it 
sul>scquently  a<'(piired  under  a  lease. 

The  extra  expense  to  the  Central  Pacific  of  tliis 
speeily  conipletion  (»f  the  road  was  very  jj^reat.  Sup- 
plies were  conveyed  for  hundreds  of  miles  in  advaiirr 
of  the  finished  sections.  Materials,  railroad  iron,  and 
even  locomotives  were  liauled  by  teams  in  winter 
througii  the  deep  snows  of  the  Sierra  for  the  build- 
ini^  of  the  road  beyond,  since  at  that  season  of  the 
year  little  but  tunnelling  work  could  be  accomplished 
in  the  mountain  rejjions. 

At  leny-th  all  was  in  readiness,  and  on  the  lOtli  of 
May,  18GD,  took  place  the  ceremony  of  joining;  the 
roads  at  Promontory.  About  1,000  people  were  in 
attendance,  comprising  the  ofi^cers,  directors,  and  em- 
ployes of  the  two  companies,  v  th  their  invited  guests, 
a  delegation  from  Salt  Lake,  v  veral  com|)anies  of  tlio 
21st  infanty,  with  a  band,  froi  Camp  Douglas,  and  a 
number  of  military  men  of  not  from  the  same  i)laco. 
The  spot  where  the  joining  o  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific  took  place  was  a  grassy  dain,  sunken  betw  eon 
green  hills.  The  horizon  was  bounded  on  the  east 
by  the  silver-rimmed  summits  of  the  Wasatch,  wliose 
rosy-violet   atmosphere    was    in    harmony   with   the 


COMPLRTION  OF  THK  WORK. 


878 


iridosornt  liuos  of  Great  Salt  Lake  on  wliicli  thov 
looked.  Ovorhcail  the  pjU'ckK'ss  hlue  Ix'aiiicd  warm 
and  gracious.  In  the  ininicdiate  vicinity  wcro  a  t'l-w 
canvas  tcntrt.  Movinj^  about  tlu;  sjjround,  niiMjj;lt(l  in 
a  j»ictur('s<jUo  confusion,  were  people  fnun  the  Occi- 
dent and  the  Orient — Mon<jfolian,  Celt,  full-hlooded 
nltoriLjine,  and  half-caste  Mexican,  «jarl>ed  in  national 
costumes,  or  innocent  of  any,  mixing  freely  with 
American  citizens  and  S(ddiers,  each  ret^arding  only 
the  siijjnificant  preparations.  At  1  I  o'clock  a  train 
from  the  west  drawn  hy  a  decorated  ef  .,ine  aj)- 
luouched  the  j^ap  left  hetwiu'ti  the  rails.  Soon  an- 
other train  from  tin;  east,  with  no  less  elegant  ap- 
pointments, drew  up  on  that  side  of  the  hreach, 
each  debouching  some  princijial  actors  on  the  .scene. 
The  "last  tie,"  of  California  laurel,  handsomely 
finished,  and  having  in  the  center  a  silver  ]»late,  bear- 
ing the  names  of  the  officers  of  both  companies,  was 
l)laced  beneath  the  connecting  ends  of  the  rails,  and 
a  spike  of  gold  placed  in  a  cavity  nmde  to  receive  it, 
was  driven  home  by  a  silver  hammer  in  the  hands  of 
iVesident  Stanford  of  the  Central  J?aciHc.  Other 
significant  and  precious  articles  were  displayed,  the 
gifts  of  neighboring  territories.  There  followed  ad- 
dresses  of  which  everyone  will  be  able  to  conjecture 
the  import.  Congratulatory  telegrams  were  read 
from  cities  east  and  west.  The  ITnion  companv's 
train,  with  Durant  and  friends,  passed  over  the  con- 
necting rail  and  backed  upon  its  own  track.  The 
Central  company's  train  ran  over  it,  and  also  returned, 
wit) I  its  face  to  the  front.  Cheers,  music,  and  bancjuet- 
ing  followed,  and  the  royal  marriage  was  consummated. 
Next  morning  there  arrived  from  New  York  a  half- 
dozen  passenger  coaches  for  the  Central  coi:ij)any, 
part  of  which  were  attached  to  the  president's  car  on 
its  return  to  Sacramento,  this  being  the  first  train  to 
[lass  over  the  entire  distance  from  shore  to  shore. 
Thus  ended  in  fulfilnent  the  hmg  dream  of  nearly 
forty  years,  a  fulfilment  that  was  celebrated  in  every 


i  .d: 


t 


676 


RAILROADS-CENTRAL  PACIFIC  SYSTEM, 


ii 


city  of  the  north  and  many  of  the  soutl-i  with  en- 
thusiasm. Especially  at  Sacramento  and  Sap  Fran- 
cisco were  the  rejoicings  loud  and  earnest.  l^Mt  how- 
soon  do  we  rise  to  the  greatest  event,  making  it  seem 
commonplace  1  Finished  and  yet  not  complete,  for 
the  commissioners  appointed  to  examine  the  road  re- 
ported that  a  further  expenditure  of  $4,493,380  would 
be  required  to  put  in  a  completed  state  the  551  miles 
east  of  Sacramento,  and  especially  that  part  of  the 
road  east  of  Truckee  and  in  the  Humboldt  valley. 
A  clause  in  section  6th  of  the  original  Pacific  rail- 
road act  declared  that  ''after  the  said  road  is  completed, 
until  said  bonds  and  interest  are  paid,  at  least  five 
per  centum  of  the  net  earnings  of  said  road  shall  also 
be  annually  applied  '  the  payment  thereof."  Upon 
the  report  of  the  commissioners  the  president  ordered 
deposited  with  the  secretary  of  the  treasury,  in  first 
mortgage  bonds,  the  four  millions  and  over  in  which 
the  road  was  deficient,  and  that  patents  to  land  should 
be  withheld  where  not  already  issued  until  the  road 
should  be  completed  according  to  law. 

In  September  1869  the  railroad  company  made 
application  to  withdraw  the  four  millions  of  bonds, 
which  was  denied.  But  it  appearing  a  few  months 
later  that  the  deficiencies  had  been  supplied  to  a  con- 
siderable extent,  the  secretary  of  the  interior  alk)wcd 
patents  for  half  the  lands  to  issue,  and  soon  after  the 
withdrawal  of  the  bonds.  In  March  1871  the  secre- 
tary again  refused  to  issue  patents  to  the  land  held 
for  security,  the  road  still  being  incomplete  in  the  eye 
of  the  law.  In  1874  a  bill  was  pending  in  congress 
providing  for  giving  the  company  a  title  to  the  granted 
lands  in  order  that  they  might  be  taxed  by  the  states 
through  which  they  passed.  While  the  matter  was 
being  taken  under  advisement  by  the  secretary,  a 
new  commission  reported  that  the  road  had  been  fully 
completed  at  a  cost  of  $5,121,037.23.  Of  this  sum 
$1,014,681.34  was  for  wharves  and  depot  buildings  at 
Oakland  and   Sau  Francisco;    $241,490,87   for  im- 


ROAD  TO  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


677 


ill  en- 

Fran- 

it  liow 

t  seem 

te,  for 

>ad  re- 
would 

.  miles 

of  the 

valley. 

Sc  rail- 

ipleted, 

ist  five 

lall  also 
Upon 

ordered 
in  first 

1  wliich 

I  should 

le  road 

made 
bonds, 
months 
>  a  con- 
llowcd 
'ter  the 
socre- 
d  held 
the  eve 
mgress 
ranted 
states 
r  was 
ary,  a 
[n  fully 
s  sum 
ngs  at 
r  iiu- 


provements  of  depot  grounds  at  Mission  bay,  San 
Francisco,  and  $105,906.60  for  the  steamer  Tliorougk- 
fare,  built  for  ferrying  cars  across  the  bay  to  and  from 
Oakland.  Now  in  1875  the  courts  were  occupied 
with  the  question  as  to  the  meaning  of  the  act,  and 
at  what  point  of  completion  it  became  obligatory 
upon  the  company  to  commence  paying  the  five  per 
eeiit  of  its  earnings  on  the  extinguishment  of  its  in- 
dobtodness.  The  government  claimed  that  on  the 
15th  of  July,  1869,  when  it  was  opened  for  business 
it  was  "completed"  for  this  purpose,  and  the  Central 
Pacific  that  the  dato  of  its  completion  was  October 
1,  1874.  The  government,  it  was  said,  had  barred 
it3  claim  by  its  admissions  in  taking  security  from  the 
unfinished  road ;  or,  if  the  road  was  really  what  was 
required  in  1869,  it  had  been  unjustly  aiid  unlawfully 
treated  by  the  government,  wliich  had  withheld  its 
liiid  patents  for  five  years.  But  if  the  government's 
claiin  did  not  commence  to  run  untd  October  1874, 
tlien  nothing  was  yet  due  when  the  action  was  com- 
nionced.  Such  was  the  decision  by  which,  in  1877, 
the  United  States  government  lost  its  case  in  the 
United  States  circuit  court  for  the  district  of  Cali- 
fornia, Judi^e  Sawyer  giving  the  decree.  By  this  de- 
cision the  Central  Pacific  would  have  ;jjained  $1,836,- 
O.'Jo.lO,  a  small  amount,  they  claimed,  when  was  con- 
sidered the  extra  cost  incurred  by  completing  the  road 
seven  years  in  advance  of  the  sti^  iilated  time.  The 
court  of  claims  in  1878,  however,  decided  in  the  case 
of  the  Union  Pacific  that  the  road  was  "completed" 
in  the  sense  which  the  act  contemplated  in  1869, 
which  decision  aflfects  both  roads  equally 

Tlie  trunk  line  being  now  in  operation,  the  directors 
could  give  redoubled  attention  to  their  interests  in 
California,  and  first  of  all  came  the  question  of  a  Pa- 
cific coast  terminus.  It  was  at  first  supposed  that  if 
the  cars  of  the  Central  Pacific  should  enter  San 
Francisco,  they  would  do  so  by  way  of  San  Josd; 
but  another  company  had  already  built  a  road  on  the 

Hist.  Cau.  Vol.  VII.    37 


1 


578 


RAILROADS— CENTRAL  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


most  available  route  between  those  cities.  As  a  mat- 
ter of  policy,  however,  something  should  be  done  to 
conciliate  the  metropolis,  as  the  act  of  congress 
granted  them  exclusive  control  of  a  line  to  be  located 
from  the  Sacramento  river  to  the  Golden  Gate,  As 
already  stated,  therefore,  this  part  of  the  route,  witli 
its  share  of  the  subsidies  in  bonds  and  lands,  had  been 
assigned  to  the  Western  Pacific  company,  whose  direc- 
tors were  residents  of  the  several  counties  through 
which  the  road  was  to  run.  Thus  while  disposing 
of  a  portion  of  the  line  to  which  they  attached  but 
little  value,  they  had  retained  the  exclusive  control  of 
all  that  lay  east  of  Sacramento,  By  this  measure, 
they  had  prevented  the  capitalists  of  San  Francisco 
from  obtaining  voice  in  the  control  of  the  company. 

The  legislature  of  18G7-8  passed  two  acts  bearinj^' 
upon  the  question  of  a  terminus  on  San  Francisco  bay. 
The  first,  "for  the  purpose  of  providing  the  Terminal 
Central  Pacific  Railway  company  with  proper  depot 
and  commercial  facilities,"  granted  the  company  the 
submerged  and  tide  lands  situated  in  the  bay,  begin- 
ning at  a  point  400  feet  northwest  of  the  northwest 
point  of  Yerba  Buena  island,  and  extending  northwest- 
erly one  mile,  comprising  150  acres,  with  the  right  of 
way,  200  feet  in  width,  from  this  grant  to  the  Oakland, 
Alameda  or  Contra  Costa  shore,  for  the  purpose  of 
building  a  bridge  or  bridges ;  the  conditions  of  tlic 
grant  being  that  the  Terminal  company  should  estab- 
lish its  depot  upon  it  and  use  it  for  the  terminus  of 
the  Central  Pacific  railroad,  or  railroads,  and  should 
commence  improvements  within  one  year  from  the 
date  of  filing  an  acceptance  of  the  conditions,  wliicli 
further  required  a  payment  of  not  less  than  three 
dollars  an  acre,  and  an  expenditure  of  not  less  tlian 
$100,000,  not  including  bridges,  the  first  year;  and 
that  a  first-class  railroad,  with  ferry  communication, 
should  be  established  between  San  Francisco,  Oakland 
and  Vallejo  within  four  years ;  the  avowed  object  of 
tlje  Terminal  company  being  to  construct  a  railroad 


TERMINAL  FACILITIES. 


579 


from  Vallejo  to  Yerba  Buena  or  Goat  island,  to 
bridge  the  strait  of  Carquinez,  construct  a  tunnel 
under  it,  and  to  construct  a  brid<j:c  to  Yerba  Buena 
from  the  Oakland  shore, 

Tlie  second  act  mentioned  above  gave  the  governor 
authority  to  appoint  a  board  of  tide-land  commis- 
sioners, who  should  take  possession  of  the  salt,  the 
marsh,  and  tide  lands  lying  under  water  belonging  to 
the  state  in  the  city  and  county  of  San  Francisco, 
and  have  them  surveyed  and  mapped  to  a  point  where 
the  depth  of  water  was  of  a  depth  of  twenty-four 
feet  at  low  tide  ;  and  provided  that  the  Soutliern  Pa- 
cific and  the  Western  Pacific  companies  should  have 
granted  to  each  of  them  for  a  terminus  thirty  acres, 
without  price — the  grant  lying  in  the  water  front  of 
Mission  bay,  together  with  the  right  of  way  over  the 
state  lands  to  their  termini  200  feet  in  width,  the 
companies  to  make  their  own  locations.  The  condi- 
tions of  this  grant  were  that  the  governor  should 
issue  patents  when  $100,000  had  been  expended  in 
improvements,  any  time  within  thirty  months,  after 
wliich  period,  if  the  improvements  had  not  been 
made,  the  grant  should  lapse  ;  and  in  the  event  of  the 
donation  being  accepted,  it  should  be  in  lieu  of  all 
otlier  grants  made  or  to  be  made  to  the  company  ac- 
cepting in  the  city  and  county  of  San  Francisco  at 
that  session  of  the  legislature.  Tlie  time  allowed  for 
making  their  termini  upon  the  Mission  bay  lands  was 
extended  two  years  in  18G9-70,  as  was  also  that  of 
tlic  Terminal  Central  Pacific  company  ;  and  it  was 
declared  by  the  act  of  the  legislature  tliat  the  con- 
struction and  completion  of  a  railroad  from  the  strait 
of  Carquinez,  opposite  Vallejo,  to  the  Yerlia  Buena 
land  grant  should  be  construed  as  fulfilling  the  con- 
ditions of  the  original  act. 

A^nother  terminal  organization  was  the  Oakland 
Water  Front  company,  incorporated  in  April,  1808, 
with  a  capital  stock  of  $5,000,000.  It  was  really  a 
branch  of  the  Western  Pacific  company,  and  had  for 


580 


RAILROADS— CENTRAL  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


t 


its  object  to  construct,  own,  hold,  control,  and  use 
wliarves,  docks,  basins,  dry-docks,  piers,  and  wniv 
houses  in  Oakland  or  elsewhere  ;  and  to  lease  or  isell; 
borrow  or  lend  money ;  carry  on  commerce,  fore  igii 
or  domestic ;  in  short,  transact  any  business  in  any 
way,  and  to  lease,  sell,  or  convey  tlie  submerged  atid 


overflowed  lands  in  front  of    Oakland. 


The   first 


trustees  of  this  company  were  E.  R.  Carpentitr,  Lloyd 
Tevis,  H.  W.  Carpentier,  John  B.  Felton,  Lclaiicl 
Stanford,  and  Sanmel  Merritt.  H.  W.  Carpentitr 
was  president,  and  executed  a  conveyance  March  31, 
1868,  to  the  Oakland  Water  Front  company  of  'all 
the  water  front  of  tlio  city  of  Oakland,"  as  dcR^crilKd 
in  the  incorporation  act  of  1852,  being  all  the  lands 
in  that  city  lying  beween  high  tide  and  ship  clirauKl, 
with  the  riofhts  mentioned  above.  On  the  foUowiiif 
day  tlie  Water  Front  company  agreed  to  convey  to 
tlie  Western  Pacific  railroad  company  500  acres  of 
tide  land,  in  one  or  two  parcels.  Some  concessions 
were  made  in  the  matter  of  streets  to  the  city  of  Oak- 
land; 25,000  shares  in  tlie  Water  Front  company 
were  promised  to  H.  W.  Carpentier;  5,000  shares  to 
John  B.  Felton ;  and  to  Leland  Stanford  the  rcnuiin- 

'*The  town  of  Oakland  was  the  result  of  the  '  squatting  *  of  throe  Aincri- 
cans  on  the  Peralta  grant,  viz. :  VV,  Carpentier,  Kdson  Adams,  and  A.  .(. 
Moore,  near  the  foot  of  Broadway.  A  writ  of  ejectment  being  served  iiiiuii 
them,  a  comproniiso  was  effected  liy  a  lease.  A  town  was  laid  out,  and  in 
1852  incorporated.  To  provide  for  the  erection  of  Mharves,  etc.,  the  lands 
lying  between  high  tide  and  ship  channel  were  granted  and  released  to  said 
town,  provided  they  were  used  for  these  jiurpose.t,  the  boai'd  of  town  tvnst- 
ees  having  the  disposal  of  the  entire  water  front.  Among  tlie  first  drdi- 
nances  passed  by  the  board  was  one  giving  a  grant  of  the  use  of  it  for  tliiity 
seven  years,  with  the  privilege  of  collecting  wharfage  to  Carpentier,  vhn 
erected  wharves  and  docks  for  that  purpose.  In  1853  a  clamor  began  to  1  o 
raised  concerning  this  robbery  of  the  city;  suits  and  counter-suits  fdlldvid, 
but  the  ordinance  was  confirmed  by  a  special  act  of  incorporation  in  IiMi".'. 
In  1867  the  W.  P.  R.  R.,  wanting  a  terminus  at  Oakland,  the  objection  was 
advanced  that  Oakland  had  nothing  to  olfer.  The  city  then  commenced  suit 
".o  recover  title,  when  a  compromise  was  effected,  and  the  legislature  jiasst'd 
m  act  to  enable  the  city  to  carry  it  into  effect,  giving  the  mayor  autlunity  to 
•ompromise.  In  1880  suit  was  again  lirought  to  grant  title  to  the  500  neits 
leaded  to  the  railroad  company.  At  the  same  time  the  government,  in  oinlir 
to  complete  certain  improvements  to  the  harbor,  required  a  certain  quantity 
of  land  on  the  line  of  the  channel  to  Oakland  creek,  which  the  coiniany 
transferred  for  that  purpose  wl.ile  this  suit  was  pending.  The  City  of  Oak- 
land may  regret,  but  never  cau  recall  her  early  action  in  giving  awa\  liur 
water  frout, 


YEllBxV  CUENA  ISLAND. 


581 


inut  20,000  shares.  On  tlie  part  of  tlic  Western  Pa- 
(•ilic,  that  company  agreed  to  construct  or  purchase 
and  c<>iiiplcte  a  railroad  to  its  land  grant  at  Oakland 
within  eighteen  months,  and  within  three  years  ex- 
pend not  less  than  $500,000  in  gold  coin  in  improve- 
ments thereon,  or  forfeit  its  rights  to  the  city  of 
Oakland.  These  bentifits  were  secured  before  the 
coiHjiletion  of  the  Central  Pacific. 

Ill  18G'J-70  a  bill  was  before  congress  the  object  of 
which  was  to  secure  certain  rights  to  the  Western 
Pacific  railroad  company,  which  was  but  another 
niiine  for  the  Central  l*acific,  on  Yerba  Buena  island. 
This  attempt  greatly  alarmed  San  Francisco,  the  be- 
lief being  current  that  the  railroad  power  designed  to 
seat  itself  on  the  island,  and  by  leveling  it  and  con- 
structing a  causeway  to  the  Oakland  water  front  pre- 
pare the  foundations  of  a  connnercial  city  whoso 
business  would  be  entirely  controlled  by  this  corpo- 
ration. Such  a  scheme,  if  carried  out,  would  be  a 
fatal  blight  upon  San  Francisco,  which  already  felt 
tlic  influence  on  her  shipping  business  of  the  opening 
of  a  railroad  with  its  terminus  at  Vallejo. 

This  Vallejo  railroad  was  incorporated  in  f  8G7  un- 
der the  name  of  the  California  Pacific  railroad  com- 
pany, which  forthwith  commenced  to  construct  its  line 
to  Sacramento,  with  a  branch  to  Davisville  and 
!Marysville.  It  was  the  successor  of  the  San  Fran- 
cisco and  Marvsville  railroad  comnanv,  which  was 
itself  the  successor  of  the  Marysville  and  Benicia 
railroad  company,  organized  under  the  general  incor- 
poration act  of  1851.'" 

■"'I'liis  road  was  disincorporated,  the  grand  jury  of  Yu1)a  co.  reportinc;  its 
afT^iiM  ill  an  unsatisfactory  condition,  altlioiigli  tlio  Icj^i.-litiuo  of  IS.").")  cx- 
tciiilcd  its  time.  In  185"  the  legislature  pastscd  an  act  aulliori/.ing  the  county 
cf  Yii'iia  to  subscrihe  $200, 00()  to  tlio  capital  stock  of  any  railroad  company 
which  xliould  he  formed  for  the  pui  [)o.se  of  constructing  a  railroad  hetvveen 
Marvsville  and  IJcnicia  or  any  point  on  the  Sacramento  river,  at  or  ncai 
Kiiii;ht.s  Ferry.  Cal.  Slit.,  18,')1,  .'iiX)  ;?()();  M'ln/snllr.  R.  R.,  a  |)amphlet  re- 
I'ort  (if  the  engineers,  W.  J.  Lewis  and  F.  C'atherwood,  1S.");{.  'I  he  S.  F.  ami 
Ahirysville  R.  U.  eo.  Mas  organized  as  a  successor  to  tlie  M.  and  li.  N.  11.  11., 
the  li'gi.slatnre  of  IS.IS  granting  it  the  privilege  of  keeping  railroad  hridgea 
airiws  the  Sacramento  river  and  (Jreeii  valley  creek.  Cal.  Sdit.,  IS.")S,  I'd.")  7. 
It  al<o  gi-;inted  as  an  inducemtMit  to  ])ro.secute  tlio  cnterpriso,  one-half  milo 
iif  tlie  water  front  on  the  north-east  side  of  Napa  hay,  together  with  one-half 


582 


RAILROADS— CENTRAL  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


The  Central  Pacific  had  spared  no  effort  to  pre- 
vent the  CaHfornia  company  from  cnte  ing  Sacia- 
niento  with  their  road,  the  dispute  causing'  great 
expense  and  trouble,  which  sometimes  tliroatencd 
bloodshed.  The  case  was  brouiifht  before  the  courts, 
and  durin<^  this  armistice,  on  the  29th  of  Januaiy, 
1870,  the  latter  landed  a  load  of  passengers  m  tlie  city, 
amidst  clieers  and  rejoicings.  But  tor  this  privilege 
the  commissioners  appointed  by  tlie  court  awardul 
the  Central  company  damages  to  the  amount  of  $1500, - 
680,  the  award  being  thrown  out  by  the  court  as  ex- 
cessive. 

The  California  Pacific's  route  being  shorter  than 
that  of  the  Western  Pacific,  through  a  beautiful 
country  withal,  and  its  passengers  being  transferred 
to  elegant  steamers  for  a  charming  hour  upon  the  bay, 


of  all  the  over-flowed  and  swamp  lands,  in  alternate  sections,  lying  witliin 
tlie  countiea  of  Yolo  and  Jolusa,  upon  condition  tliat  within  two  years  theso 
lands  should  he  reclaimed  over  a  certain  district,  the  road  completed  to  N:iii;i 
hay  within  four  years,  and  the  remainder  of  the  swamp  land  reclaimed.  'I'hu 
lirst  part  of  the  projjosition,  which  was  accepted,  not  being  fultillc<l  in  l.sdO, 
the  time  was  extended  to  18(5'.!,  when  it  was  still  unfultilled.  The  coiiniany 
had,  however,  graded  sixty  miles  of  road-hed,  which  was  se^i<)^^sly  wa-in  d 
and  <lamagcd  by  the  flood  of  1801-2,  and  the  contractors  assigned  as  a  ria>nii 
for  the  delay,  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war,  and  the  difliculty  of  ()l)tam- 
ing  iron.  Another  extension  of  time  was  obtained  from  the  legislature,  hut 
the  company  reliiuiui.shed  the  swamp  and  over-flowed  land  grant,  retaiiiiiii; 
only  the  half  mile  of  water  front,  and  agreeing  to  complete  its  roail  in  iNW. 
At  the  same  session  (18()1)  another  bill  was  passed,  autnori/ing  the  penjilc  ti) 
vote  upon  a  proposition  to  issue  $100,000  in  bonds  of  the  county  of  Yutia, 
devoted  to  aiding  railroad  construction,  in  aid  of  a  rival  company,  luit  tlie 
supervisors  refused  to  break  faith  with  the  S.  F.  and  M.  co.  In  lSii;f  tiie 
l.-sgislature  again  extended  the  time  to  1805,  and  restored  the  land  grant. 
The  management  waa  uufortiuiate  throughout,  and  the  company  was  tinally 
dissolved. 

Its  successor,  the  Cal.  Pacific,  had  for  its  first  pres't  De  Witt  Clinton  Mice, 
a  pioneer  of  1840,  and  a  native  of  Canandaigua,  N.  Y.  He  resided  at  Marys- 
ville  for  many  years,  removing  to  San  Francisco  finally,  where  he  dicil  in 
1870.  The  vice-pres't  was  John  B.  Fri.>(bie,  and  the  other  directors  C.  (•. 
Bockins,  A.  D.  Starr,  L.  C  Fowler,  and  W.  K.  Hudson.  The  contraitons 
were  W.  F.  Roelofson,  D.  C   Haskin,  and  J.  M.  Ryder. 

The  Cal.  Paciff^c  R.  R.  Extension  co.  was  incorporated  April  14,  ISiiO, 
with  the  ostensible  purpose  of  constructing  a  railroiid  from  Napa  Junctii)ii  on 
th':.  '''■•].  Pacific  to  Calistoga,  thence  to  Hcaldsburg,  and  through  Sonoma  co., 
^  ih  ^'>8(»,  and  Russian  river  valleys  to  Cloverdale.  Its  intention  \va -not 
.  -  I  ■lib,  and  it  was  accused  of  securing  the  credit  of  the  Cal.  IVilii 
.  :  "c  Topraseutations,  which  were  connived  at  by  a  contractor  and  sti 
bo'.ikv  i  that  CIO.,  whereby  it  was  induced  to  guarantee  bomls  of  the  K\ 
81!!  1  ,  \  tip  thf  mount  of  $3,500,000,  which  guarantee  caused  many  pet- 
to subaiuibti  xii  tUu  stuck. 


01). 

..■k- 
liii- 


CALIFORNIA  PACIFIC. 


68S 


was  a  very  popular  one,  and  the  road  should  have 
1)1(11  profitable  to  the  stockholders,  as  with  proper 
iiuiiiagemeut  it  would  have  been.  In  July,  1871,  this 
corporation,  by  its  president,  Milton  S.  Latham, 
aijrccd  to  soil  to  C.  P.  Huntington,  Leland  Stanford, 
aiid  Mark  Hopkins  76,101  shares  of  the  120,000 
shares  of  $100  each  which  constituted  its  capital 
stock,  and  three-fourths  of  the  subscribed  capital 
stock  of  the  California  Pacific  Extension  company,  in 
consideration  of  the  sum  of  $1,579,000  to  be  paid  to 
Latham  in  1600  bonds  of  the  company  of  $1,000 
each,  with  twenty  years  to  run,  at  six  per  cent,  secured 
by  mortgage  on  the  road  and  property,  payment  to 
be  made  on  the  1st  of  October,  when,  the  control  of 
the  company  having  passed  into  the  hands  of  the 
Central  Pacific,  a  new  board  of  directors  should  have 
been  elected,  when,  also,  all  the  property  of  the  com- 
])any,  including  steamers  and  barges,  should  be  trans- 
t'ened  to  the  Central. 

The  California  Pacific,  previous  to  this  transaction, 
owned,  besides  its  $12,000,000  of  capital  stock,  all 
the  stock  of  the  San  Francisco  and  North  Pacific,  and 
the  San  Francisco  and  Humboldt  bay  railroads,  to 
tlio  amount  of  $8,600,000  each,  and  the  California 
Eastern  Extension  stock,  which  had  never  been  issued. 
All  these  roads  passed,  with  the  California  Pacific, 
into  the  control  of  the  Central  company.'* 


'*  A  company  was  incorporateil  in  18G8  under  tlio  name  of  the  Ran  Fran- 
cisco ami  Humnoldt  Bay  11.  R.  co.,  whicli  iir()p()sie<l  to  construct  a  ritilr(>a<l 
finiii  Sausalito  to  Uuniooldt  bay,  througli  tlio  couutius  of  Marin,  Sonoma, 
Moiiilocino,  and  Humboldt.  After  grading  ten  miles,  work  was  suspended. 
Tlio  ViiUcjo  Recorder  oiinna  19,  180'.),  exjilained  the  failure  by  sayingthat;  1st, 
>>.  F.  capitalists  were  opposed  to  making  impr«)veinents  on  a  rival  harbor; 
'.'nd,  tlie  Cal.  Navigation  co.  were  opposed  to  losing  tlio  lucrative  trade  of 
S'liiiiina  and  Mendocino  countie.,;  lid,  l\'talunia  projier  did  not  desire  the 
rna  i,  which  would  kill  that  aspiring  little  city;  and  4th,  the  road  would  imt 
pay. 

However  that  may  have  been,  the  S.an  Francisco  and  Humboldt  railroad 
passed  out  of  sight.  Its  successor  was  the  S.  F.  anil  North  Pacific  R.  H.  co., 
ill  which  Peter  Donahue  owned  a  controlling  interest,  having  purchased  a 
iiiHJority  of  the  stock  of  the  old  company  in  Aug.  1870.  On  the  29th  the  first 
^pikc  was  driven,  with  a  hammer  wielded  by  Simon  Coirrad,  pres't  of  the 
liiiard  of  trustees;  and  in  Oct.  the  road  was  completed  to  Santa  Rosa,  when 
tlic  cuuuty  supervisors  accepted  tcu  milca,  aud  paid  over  tlie  subsiily,  amount- 


B84 


RAILROADS-  CP:XTRAL  rACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


Previous  to  the  transfer  tlio  Central  Pari  fir  jnir- 
ehascrs  obtained  another  eontract  witli  tlie  Califoinia 
Pacific,  whereby  it  was  a<j;ree(l,  instead  of  the  (Ulivt  rv 
of  the  bonds,  that  the  Central  sliou]<l  build  for  t!i(« 
California  Pacific  an  additional  track  from  n^avis\  ill" 
to  Sacrainento,  also  strengthening  and  wiih'niiig  tlio 
existing  road.  But  tlie  contract  was  not  ]>ertonii(i|, 
and  in  the  winter  of  1871-2  that  portion  of  the  rood 
was  washed  away,  after  whicji  the  Central  secund  ;i 
contract  for  the  Contract  and  Finance  cotniKiny  tn 
repair  the  road,  charging  $1,000,000  for  the  jnl). 
This  sum  more  than  covered  the  jn'ice  (>f  tlie  bonds 
paid  to  the  California  Pacific.  About  the  same  time 
the  Central  Pacific  directors  sold  to  Peter  ]J)oiinliiU' 
tlie  San  Francisco  and  North  Pacific  railroad,  pur- 
cliased  from  hhn  by  the  California  company,  for  the 
sum  of  $1,050,000,  less  a  larsjre  amount  whicli  tliev 
owed  to  Donahue,  which  debt  was  thereby  discharged. 
Soon  afterward,  in  conjunction  with  other  parties,  tlicy 
caused  suit  to  be  brou<j:ht  auainst  the  Califoi'iiia  I'a- 
cific  company,  based  u[)on  certam  advances  of  the 
Central  company,  to  meet  $r)00,000  of  prin<'i[ta1  and 
$300,000  of  interest  upon  the  income  bonds  of  the 
first-named  company,  and  other  matters,  and  obtained 
a  confession  of  judgment  for  )i?l,.')94,000,  which  bccanic 
a  lien  upon  the  road,  in  preference  to  the  claim  of  the 
other  bond-holders. 

With  its  two  hundred  miles  of  road,  its  control  of 
the  shortest  route  between  San  Francisco  and  Sacia- 
mento,  and  of  the  finest  steamers  runniniif  on  tin*  li;iv, 
with  the  support  of  foreign  capitalists  and  its  sonu- 
what  aggressive  policy,  the  California  l^acilic  had 
indeed   been  one  of  the   most  formidable  rivals  '  ot 

ing  to  Si')O,OO0.  The  town  of  Donaluio  was  laid  out  at  tlio  crocU's  iiumtli, 
wharviis  eructed,  and  on  the  Hist  of  Dec.  tho  line;  from  drcp  w.ili  r  to 
Santa  Rosa  was  opuneil.  This  r()ail  now  extends  soutliward  to  San  K;iI;k'1, 
in  Marin  CO. ;  and  on  the  nortli  sends  off  from  the  main  road  a  iiraiuh  tn 
(Juerneville.  In  1875  Donalnio  offered,  for  a  subsidy  of  .'JCiO.tKK),  to  i  vtiii'l 
tlu!  North  Pacilic  11.  R.  from  Cloverdale  to  Ukiali,  in  Mendoeino  co.,  whicli 
road  is  now  in  operation. 

"•"They  had  purchased  tho  boats  of  tho  California  St.'ain  Navi^' ili"ii  '  ""'■ 
pany,  bought  up  tho  Napa  valley  railroad  and  tho  rctaluuia  valley  ro:.J, 


THE   CATJFORXIA  PACIFIC. 


685 


the  Central  C()inj)any,  until  the  latter,  by  its  purcliase 
of'tlio  stock  aiul  its  skilful  nianipulutions,  Inrainc  vir- 
tually mastcT  of  its  movements,  and  put  an  end  to  all 
competition  in  that  direction.^  In  doin^  this,  how- 
ever, it  is  [»robal)le  that  they  may  have  somt  what 
(Jainat'cd  the  value  in  foreiufu  markets  of  their  bonds 
of  the  (\a]ift)rnia  PaciHc  Extension  company. 

Kinally,  in  1870,  tlie  Central  Pacific  leased  the  Cali- 
fornia Pacific  for  a  term  of  twenty-nine  years,  at  an 
annual  rental  of  $550,000,  and  three-fourths  of  the 
amount  of  its  net  earnings;  all  expenses,  taxes,  and  re- 
pairs to  be  paid  by  the  lessees,  and  the  one-fourth  of 
tlie  earnings  belonging  to  them  to  constitute  a  sinking 
and  contingent  fund,  to  pay  the  interest  on  its  bonds, 
and  meet  extraordinary  outlay.  1  laving  thus  obtained 
entire  possession  of  the  California  l^ieiHc,  the  Central 
proceeded  to  make  it  a  ])art  of  the  continental  railroad 
bv  constructing  a  branch  to  Penicia,  and  controlling 
all  the  traffic  moving  to  or  from  San  Francisco."' 

Such,  up  to  this  date,  were  the  main  extensions  and 

lii'ffitii  work  on  a  line  from  Snsi'ol  to  Santa  llosa,  anil  announced  tlicir  iiitcn- 
tidii  iif  liuililing  a  track  from  tlie  Sacramento  valley  to  UgiUn,  tliiis  making 
coimi'ition  with  the  Union  I'acilic. 

^'■''I'lie  Cal.  I'acilio  Eastern  Extension  co.  entcrtaincil  a  grand  Rclicme, 
wliidi  was  no  less  than  a  railroail  commencing  at  l>avisville,  on  the  Cal. 
I'iuilio  11.  R.,  proceeding  thence  northerly  through  the  Sac.  valley,  thence 
in  a  N.  K.  direction,  cro.ssmg  the  boundary  of  the  state  near  (ioose  lake,  going 
nnitli  to  Christmas  lake  in  Or.,  thenco  easterly  t.lirough  Or.,  Idaho,  and 
Utali,  to  t)gden.  Also  from  Pitt  river  about  the  41st  parallel,  brandling 
iicii'tliwcstcrly  to  a  junction  with  the  Or.  and  Cal.  R.  R. ;  also  from  Cliiistman 
lai;c  westerly  to  a  junction  with  tho  Or.  and  Cal.  R.  R.  at  Klamath  lake:  in 
all  SU.'!  miles  of  railroad.  The  capital  stock  of  tliis  company  was  §.")(), (HM).fl(ll), 
in  ,iO.(K)0  shares  of  §1,(KX)  each.  \V.  F.  Rulofson  liehl  iViO.OOO  shares.  Mil- 
tun  S.  Latham,  J.  Friedlandcr,  R,  P.  Hammond,  A.  (iansel,  K.  L.  Sullivan, 
F.  1).  Atherton,  J.  P.  Jackson,  J.  B.  Frisbio,  Alex.  Do  Faski  of  London, 
En::.,  W.  H.  Tillinghast,  E.  H.Greene,  Loudon,  eadi  18,0(H)  shares;  Rudolf 
Sulzbach  of  Fr.'.nkfort-on-thc-niain,  24,000;  Julius  May,  18,000  shares.  Ten 
per  cent  of  the  subscriptions  M-as  paid-up  capital,  hy  the  sale  which  l..atliai.j 
niadc  to  Stanford,  Huntington,  and  Hopkins,  tho  Cal.  Pacitic's  shares  in  tlil.i 
ciiiiipany  went  into  their  hands. 

^'  Tlie  Napa  valley  11.  R.,  from  Vallcjo  to  Calistoga,  was  united  with,  and 
liccnnie  a  branch  of,  the  Cal.  Pac.  R.  R.  in  Dec.  18l>8.  'I  he  road  was  built 
ciiii  lly  by  county  subscriptions  of  ?10.000  per  mile,  the  organization  being  in 
1M'>4.  (,!.  Hartson  was  tho  first  pres't,  and  A.  A.  Cohen  sec.  When  it  was 
tiiiislicd  to  Napa,  Hartson  obtained  the  free  gift  of  the  county's  .?IO,(HK)  per 
iniic,  wliich,  with  private  subscriptions,  comphited  the  road  to  Cali«totra  in 
Oi  t.  18(18.  On  the  27th  of  May,  18()»,  the  N.  V.  R.  R.  was  sold  to  Rulofson 
and  Uyder  for  §500,000,  which  placed  it  in  duo  time  unde»  the  Central  I'acilic 
maiKiL'unieut. 


586 


RAILROADS-CENTRAL  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


acquisitions  of  the  company  in  central  and  nortlicrn 
Calitornia,"''  and  when  wo  consider  the  comparative 
obscurity  of  its  origin,  and  the  oi)position  or  inditli  r- 
ence  which  it  encountered  at  the  outset,  it  is  in(li(<l 
remarkable  that  the  railroad  quartette  sliould  ti(»t 
only  have  accomplished  their  original  task,  but  al- 
ready have  secured  for  themselves  almost  the  entire 
carrying  trade  of  the  Pacific  coast.  Though  imii 
may  ditt'er  in  opinion  as  to  the  policy  of  the  directors, 
it  must  at  least  be  conceded  that  they  displayed  a 
similar  condonation  of  business  ability,  together  with 
a  remarkable  aptitude  for  harmonious  cooperation. 

In  1800  Congress  granted  to  the  California  and 
Oregon  Railroad  company,  organized  in  1803,  aiid  i-  - 
organized  in  1805,  to  aid  in  the  construction  of  a  rail- 
road and  telegraph  line  from  the  Central  Pacific  to 
Portland,  the  same  amount  of  land  per  mile  that  wa.s 
granted  to  the  interoceanic  roads.  Tlie  condition  to 
secure  this  subsidy  was  that  twenty  miles  of  the  road 
should  be  constructed  and  equipped  in  1808,  but  fail- 
ing of  that,  congress  extended  the  time  of  the  com- 
pletion of  the  first  section  to  1870,  and  of  the  wliol-j 
road  as  far  as  it  lay  in  California,  to  1880.  The  ca})]- 
tal  stock  of  tliis  company,  divided  into  150,000  shar^.s, 
was  $15,000,000.  In  December  1809  it  became  con- 
solidated with  the  Yuba  Railroad  company,*'  organ- 
ized in  1802  to  extend  the  California  Central  railroad*' 

'^  They  also  controlled  a.  tieet  of  the  best  steamboats  plying  on  the  Lirlxjr 
of  San  Francisco. 

^*Tho  first  orticcra  of  tlie  Yuba  company  were  Samuel  Brannan  pres't, 
Jauies  v.  Flint  vice-pres't,  J.  M.  Sliotwell  sec.  antl  treasV,  Charles  Uaiiii.  II. 
B.  \Villi:ims,  the  other  directors.  Tlie  company  was  composed  of  the  hoinl- 
holiler.s  of  the  defunct  Cal.  Central  R.  R.,  who,  to  make  the  bonds  of  tlie 
old  roail  available,  found  it  necessary  to  push  the  new  road  through  to  the 
Yuba  river. 

*"The  Cal.  Central  R.  R.  was  commenced  in  ISiiS,  to  run  from  Folsnrii  to 
Marysville,  but  it  was  conii)leted  no  further  than  Lincoln.  Its  first  ofiictr-i 
were  J.  C.  Fall  pre»"t,  William  Hawlcy  vice  pres't,  Ira  A.  Eaton  sec,  .Julin 
A.  Paxton  treas  r,  T.  D.  Judah  chief  eng'r,  John  H.  Kinkead,  H.  P.  Catlin, 
S.  T.  Watts,  the  other  directors.  The  Central  Pacific  in  ISGiipurchasjd  th; 
Cal.  Central  at  sheriff's  sale,  and  that  portion  between  Roseville  and  Folsom 
was  abandoned.  The  Cal.  Northern,  or  Northern  (!^entral,  as  it  was  sonc- 
times  called,  was  incorporated  in  ISGO,  with  a  capital  of  §],000,OCO,  for  the 


CALIFORNIA  AND  OREGON. 


687 


fidiii  Lincoln  to  a  point  at  or  near  Marysvillc,  and  in 
which  the  Central  Pacific  had  a  contr<jllinj4  interest. 
Ill  ls70  the  California  and  Orej^on  and  tlie  Central 
I'iu  ific  were  consolidated,  the  Contract  and  Finance 
C()iiii»any  constructing  the  road  to  Kedding.  It  was 
not  carried  further  north  than  Tehama  county  until 
Ks^r»-7,  when  it  was  completed  to  a  junction  with  tho 
Oregon  line  at  Ashland  in  Oregon. 

(jther  consolidations  with  the  Central  Pacific  took 
jtliice  in  1870,  as  the  Western  Pacific,  the  San  Fran- 
( isco,  Oakland,  and  Alameda  railroad,"  and  the  San 
JoiKjuin  valley  railroad  "  companies,  which  were  con- 
joined under  tlic  name  of  the  "Central  Pacific  railroad  " 
—the  words  "of  California"  being  omitted  after  this 

purpose  of  constructing  a  railroad  to  Oroville  from  Maxysvillo,  with  t})n  in- 
uni  to  extend  it  eventually  to  lied  Blutf.  It  was  comideted  tf)  Oroville  in 
IM)}.  Tlie  Yuba  company  connected  with  it,  making  an  unhroken  line  of 
railway  comniunicatiou  iK)  miles  in  length,  skirting  the  oak  foreit.-i,  granite 
(juanies,  gardens  and  vineyards  of  tliu  foottiill.s,  and  crossing  tlie  Central 
I'acilic  IS  miles  N.  !•;.  of  Sac.  The  otiicers  of  the  Northern  Central  in  KStil 
Mire  M.  H.  Darrach  pres't,  J.  W.  Butl'uni  vice-pres't,  I).  \>.  Harris  sec,  S. 
Viii  Ordcn  treas'r,  U.  >S.  Watson  chief  eng'r,  Charlei  I)e  I'o,  II.  .M.  Smcdes, 
11.  H.  Lathrop,  J.  M.  Clark,  the  other  directors;  Cheuery,  IJurney  &  Co., 
cuutractors. 

"  In  18(51  an  act  of  the  legislature  authorized  certain  persons  to  construct 
a  railroad  from  the  westerly  end  of  the  bridge  leading  from  the  city  of  Oak- 
liiiil  to  the  town  of  Clinton,  through  the  streets  of  Oakland  toa  point  on  the 
lay  of  i^.  v.,  where  the  shore  approached  nearest  to  Yerha  liuena  i.-^land,  'or 
ai  ^llcll  a  point  as  a  railroad  may  he  built  from  to  said  island,"  under  or  by 
virtiiu  of  an  act  granting  to  certain  other  per.sons  the  right  to  e.stabli.sh  and 
run  a  ferry  butwccu  the  island  of  Verba  Buena  and  the  city  of  S.  F.,  and  to 
cdii.itnict  a  railroad  from  the  island  to  the  Alameda  co.  sh.ire.  C'll.  Slut., 
May  "JO,  1801.  This  latter  corporation  was  known  as  the  S.  F.  and  Oakland 
K.  U.  CO.  In  18G3  the  legislature  authorized  the  sujiervisors  of  Alameda  co. 
ti)»ul).scribo  t'ilJO.OOO  to  tho  capital  stock  of  the  Alameda  valley  K.  K.  co. 
The  iil)ject  of  this  corporation  was  the  construction  of  a  railroad  from  the 
easterly  terminus  of  the  S.  F.  and  Oakland  U.  11.  in  Oakland  through  Ala- 
imila  CO.  to  a  point  near  Vallejo  mills,  with  a  view  to  connecting  witli  the 
Wt'stiru  I'acilic  R.  R.,  then  incoritorated.  This  company  was  atitliorized  to 
keep  a  wharf  at  the  cucinal  of  8au  Antonio.  It  crossed  .San  Antonio  creek 
l)y  a  drawbridge,  and  connected  with  the  S.  F.  and  Oakland  railway,  consti- 
tuting,' together  the  .S.  F.,  Oakland  and  Alameda  R.  R.  It  ran  to  ilayward 
ill  iNio,  and  was  extended  to  Niles  and  San  .lose  under  the  C.  1*.  manage- 
iiipiit.  The  first  board  of  directors  was  composed  of  B.  C.  Ilurn  jircs't, 
TiiiKitliy  Dame  treas'r,  George  C.  Potter  sec,  William  Hayward,  J.  A.  May- 
litw,  .1.  B.  Felton,  and  Ed.  M.  Derby. 

*^Tlie  San  Joaquin  v.alley  R.  R  co.  waa  or^ii.iizeJ  in  1808,  with  tlic  in- 
tention of  bringing  tho  trade  of  the  v.alley  to  Stockton.  Its  consolidation 
with  the  C.  P.  diverted  the  traffic  to  San  Franci-sco  by  deflecting  at  Lithrop. 
It  was  con.structed  by  one  of  the  Central  Pacific's  contract  companies,  and 
txtnidod  south  to  the  Colorado  river  and  beyond.  Its  subsidies  were  said 
to  he  valued  at  §3,000,000. 


888 


HAILUOADS    CENTIIAL   PAriFlC  SYSTKM. 


(•Iuui;.,'('  in  tlio  orL^an'r/atlon.  Tlu^  Stockton  and  Visa- 
lia  railroad,  coninK'nced  in  1870/'' also  came  under  tlio 
control  of  t\\v.  Central  J'acific,  and  now  consstitut*  >  ;i 
]>art  of  its  line  to  (jioslicn.  Its  pui'pose  on  or^anizin^ 
was  to  connH'te  with  the  trunk  lino  of  the  Cential 
]*a('iti(',  i»ut  soon  afterward  it  joined  tho  j^ivat  coiisul- 
i<lation  in  wliich  were  eventually  unitod  nearly  all  of 
the  short  Caliloinia  roads.  By  still  another  consoli- 
dation in  IS77  the  Stockton  and  Coppero]..  !is  riiilKi.ul 
was  joined  with  the  Stockton  and  Visalia,  and  thus 
with  the  Central. 


"  As  early  as  IS.'yS  a  railroad  was  jirojoctod  from  Stockton  to  Sontini  in 
Tudliimiiu  I'o.  Iiy  tliu  San  .liiai|uiii  11.  K.  I'o.,  wliicli,  after  or^;aiii/iii^'  iiinl  li  -• 
jKisiiij;  of  stouk,  al)aiiiloii('(l  tlic  fiiti'rin'isi'.  No  otliiT  railroail  »m'ii|i,iii\  m  i- 
orn.iiii/od  ill  this  co.  for  10  years  thereafter,  wlieii  tin;  Stockton  ami  ('(.[ii  1 1. 
opolis  U.  R.  CO.  was  iiieoriiorated.  The  legislature  of  I.S(>;{  aiitiiori/i  il  il  !■ 
eiiniitiiM  of  Sail  .loa<|uiii,  Slaiiislaiis,  Calaveras,  and  'I'liolimiiie  to  miIlm  r:l  > 
$H)(»,(MI(),  .slTi.OIM),  and  .S")0,(MIO  resi.eetivt  ly  in  aid  of  this  road.  Cnl.  .sV.-/ . 
JSdIt,  !(»•_',  .'{10.  ('iii)])eroiiolis  was,  at  tins  jieriud,  the  centre  of  a  ia]iji!iv 
growin;,'  iiiiaihg  industry,  hut  the  richest  deposits  were  exhausted  in  iwu 
years,  and  the  prosperity  of  the  region  declined.  Jlowever,  in  IMi.'t,  tic 
t'opperojiolis  eouipany  icorgani/ed,  and  applied  to  congress  for  aid.  A  giar.t 
vas  olitainedof  '_*;!!, (MM)  acres  in  March  IStlT,  conditioned  upon  a  suh.-criplii  ii 
of  8-OiMMM),  upon  which  5  jier  cent  should  ho  paid  in,  and  the  wmk  ccin- 
nieiiccd  lulore  March  fSCtlt,  ten  miles  to  he  eouipletcd  annually  until  tlieriinl 
shoidil  111)  finished.  'I  he  'iflicers  of  this  company  were  K.  S.  Hohhn  pre- 1. 
K.  H.  I'arker  vico-pres't,  (ieorge  Oray  treas'r,  ,Iohn  Sedgewick  set'.,  \\.  1. 
|)iidley,  .lohn  II.  Kedingtoii,  NN'illaril  S[iei'ry,  K.  K.  Stockwell,  and  .1.  K. 
I)oak  directors.  The  failure  of  tlie  mining  industries  forced  the  con'paiiy.  in 
order  to  save  t'no  franchise  and  land  grant,  to  transfer  their  rigiit.s  to  tlic 
C'al.  Tat;  K.  11.  co.,  which  consti'ucted  the  road  as  far  as  Milton.  In  'l.c 
mean  time  the  Stockton  ami  N'isatia  co.  was,  in  DSd'.t,  iueoriioral(  il.  .iinl 
the  Cal.  I'ac  took  tlie  contract  to  construct  its  road.  Instead,  ho\\c\ir.  il 
constructed  a  hrancli  lino  from  a  jioint  on  the  Copjieropolis  II.  K..  Il'  uiilcs 
<'ast  of  Stockton,  to  the  Stanislaus  river,  calling  it  the  Stockton  and  \'i  alia 
K.  R.  }?y  this  means  it  was  hoped  to.'-ave  the  sul>si<lies,  hut  the  lcgi>hitiiie 
reiiuostod  congress  to  revoke  the  laiul  grant,  which  was  done.  U.  S.  ,S< r.  Mi"- 
Dim:,  (i7,  i.,  4;M  cong.,  1st  sess. ;  Aiit  iiinl  AVw.,  4Iid  coug.,  l.-t  t-ess.,  pj..  ,s,S-'.l. 
The  city  of  Stockton  had  suhscrihed  §;it)lt.(KM),  and  the  count;/  v''  I-  m  .ieaiiii;a 
j?'20(),(MM),  in  aid  of  the  Visalia  road.  'Ihc  bonds  were  issued,  ai  d  phucil  in 
the  hands  of  trustees  to  he  delivered  to  the  company  on  fl.c.  '  onijiictii  n  ef 
the  first  section  of  the  road.  The  cor[ioration,  without  Iniild'tig  any  i.irt  if 
their  road,  tendered  the  short  line  running  fi'om  the  StucUton  aiulCijicr- 
opolis  road  to  the  Stanislau.s  river,  huilt  hy  the  California  I'acitic  ceiii|any, 
as  a  compliance  with  the  terms  of  its  agreement,  hut  the  trustees  rcfti-i'i  "c 
deliver  the  honds,  and  protracted  litigation  followed,  the  district  court  (Ic- 
ciding  for  the  city  and  county,  and  the  supreme  court  reversing  the  dci  isien. 
The  case  was  compromised  hy  the  city  ami  county  jjaying  S.100,000.  Sliertlv 
after  the  conii)letion  of  the  Itran  di  .".hove  spoken  of.  all  of  the  C'al.  Facitus 
work  was  turned  over  to  the  Central  I'acitic.  San  .roatpiin  county  lias  1  icii 
unfortunate  in  the  matter  of  its  railroads,  whether  from  a  want  of  encrey  in 
its  people  or  other  causes.  In  1871  a  charter  was  obtained  hy  the  Stci  ktcn 
and  lono  raihoud  company  to  construct  a  narrow-gauge  road  from  tidewati^r 


AllOUKD  TIIK  HAY. 


0W 


or  tlic  railroads  in  tlie  ni)rtluTi»  cc)unti(>s''*  but  littlo 
n mains  to  Itc  said.  1'iu'y  liiivi'  greatly  Mudtiplicd 
and  extended.  Tlio  constiuction  of  seviial  short 
roads  about  tho  bay  of  iSan   Francisco  has,  by  eon- 


at  Stiicktiiii  ti)  tlio  coal-ticliU  in  Aniailor  co.  Tim  lim-  was  surveyed,  .iml  its 
I'diistniciiim  iNiniiiioiicoil,  tlioj>riiu'i]iiil  |ior.>,tiii  I'liiiiici'tcil  with  it  lu'iiin  lli'iiry 
I'liitt.  tlif  iiniji'i't.T  of  till)  J'licilii:  coiLst  luirrnw  uMiigi?.  Scvfr.il  miles  tif 
LTiiliiig  wcri!  iloiio,  (ilxuit  onu  liiilo  nf  trail;  was  laid,  rar-Mlinp-i  ami  tli'|>ipt 
iiiii1iIiii^;h  wth^  orcctcMl,  aiul  locmiKitiviM  {niri'liasi'il,  when  mittiavs  imiiih  to  a 
KtamNtill.  Thu  coiitriiolor,  it  wa.i  said,  liad  liiisrcpri'stiiiti'd  and  iiiismaiia^oil, 
fiit.iiiulin>;  till'  I'liloriirisi'  in  dulit,  and  liually  Nclling  out  'to  tho  cncniii's  of 
till'  ro.id  and  of  Stockton  hy  dispo.siii),'  of  tho  lioiids  cxtortfil  from  thu  road.' 
CoiHtrm-tioii  I'lMrsed,  and  litigation  follo\vi:il.  All  that  ri'itiaitis  of  the  wcll- 
iiliiUH'd  cntorjirisi!  \n  tho  u.selo.ss  iloi>nl  and  tho  inoro  usoloss  niilo  of  roail. 
riir  StanislaiH  and  Marijuwi  11.  K.  co.  orgaiii/od  in  .Inno  lS(l(i,  with  a  capital 
^tcH•k  of  .'*l,."i(M),(MK),  wa.s  mtt'iidod  to  ooaiioct  with  tho  Coi)iH'ro|)olis  roail  10 
lili'i  from  Stookton,  running  thonoo  to  Knight'.s  forry  and  La  (irango,  a 
Htaiico  of  50  miles,  and  to  do  cxtfiidoil  tliially  to  Fort  Tojon;  Imt  it  wa.-4 


Til 

.1 

iievir  t'von  coniniiineed,  owing  to  tho  ojipositiou  of  hottor  organi/od  ooiiipa- 
iiic-t.  The  San  Joaquin  ami  Tularu  U.  U.,  incorporafod  in  IS7:i,  is  aiiothur 
lit  those  failures. 

"In  I.StJ.'i  Sonoma  oo.  hogan  to  stir  in  tho  matter  of  railroad-i,  and  the 
Ii'lliiwing  ooiiipanie.s  woru  formed:  In  Ootohor,  KStl."),  tho  rotaliima  ami 
III  ild.slxirg  II.  Iv.  CO.,  which  failed  to  do  more  than  raise  a  few  thousand 
diiliars.  In  I.StiTtho  Vallejo  and  Sonoma  N'allt'y  11.  U.  was  proposed  as  a  suh- 
stitiito,  which  oll'creil  to  construct  a  road  from  Susool  to  (loverdalo  and 
lli'alijslmrg;  and  in  18(59  tho  I'ctalumaand  Clovord.ale  K.  11.  co.,  with  a  Uranoli 
to  lilnoiiiliild,  made  a  piopositi.'ii  to  the  county,  hut  none  of  these  came  to 
fniithiu.  '1  he  iSononia  Valley  11.  U.  was  commenced  ahout  18S0,  is  com- 
[li^'tiil  from  Sonoma  Liuiding  to  (lien  Kllen,  anil  is  the  only  one  in  tho  co. 
cvccpt  tlie  .S.  F.  and  North  Paeilie,  already  mentioned.  Tiie  lirst  railroad  in 
.Mciidoi'ino  CO.  was  built  by  tho  Mendocino  11.  11.  co.  in  1S7.">,  from  t'uli'cys 
Cove  HJj  miles  into  tho  forest  along  (Ireenwood  creek.  It  was  a  narrow 
g.iugo,  and  its  rolling  stock  consisted  of  '2  locomotives  and  '2\)  Hat  cars.  Its 
|iriiii'ipal  stockholder  was  A.  \V.  Hall.  The  North  I'aeilic  Coast  R.  U.,  it 
Would  seem,  should  havo  been  extended  to  Kureka,  on  Jlnmboldt  bay,  which 
lacked  an  outlet  to  tho  valleys  of  Cal.,  ami  Connection  with  the  railroad  sy.s- 
tt'iii  of  the  state.  l$ut,  instead,  the  people  of  Faireka,  the  town  having 
aliout  (),(MX)  inhabitants,  projected  tho  construction  of  a  railroad  called  the 
Kiireka  and  Eel  River  li.  11.,  to  give  the  people  of  that  valley,  soudieast 
from  llumboldt  bay  15  milns,  easy  communication  with  the  chief  town  of 
Mi'Uilocino  CO.  Money  waa  raised  among  tho  citizens  to  pay  for  the  .survey 
nl  a  route,  each  contributor  to  have  the  privilege  of  sul)scriliing  to  the  cap- 
ital stock  of  the  corporation,  and  receiving  credit  to  the  amount  of  said  sub- 
scription to  the  preliminary  survey.  They  jjetitioncd  tho  legislature  in  I87S 
to  permit  the  town  to  subscribe  S75,00;)  in  aid  of  this  road,  and  an  act  wa-* 
passed  iu  consonance  with  their  wishes.  C.  S.  Iticks  waa  sent  to  Sacra- 
inento  to  urae  this  bill;  the  reprcsenfaitivc  from  Humboldt,  Mr  IJuss,  anil 
tin;  senator  trom  that  district,  Robert  McC-arvey,  were  instructed  to  insist 
uj'oii  the  right  of  the  Eureka  people  to  vote  money  to  subsidi/o  a  much 
needed  improvement;  tho  deinocrata  vi/ed  for  it,  altlnuigh  no-subsidy  was 
'me  of  their  party  watch-words.  This  road  now  extends 'Jil  miles  southeast, 
ail  I  will  probably  be  brought  to  connect  with  tho  North  Pacific  or  with  tho 
Sacramento  valley  system.  The  Vaca  Valley  and  Clear  Lake  railroad  was 
incorporated  in  1869,  and  constructed  from  E. intra  in  Holano  co.  to  Vacavillo 
in  the  same  co.  for  the  convenience  of  shippers  of  fruit  and  vegetables  to 
Sail  Francisco.     In  187(3  it  was  extended  to  Winters  in  Yulu  co.     In  1877  it 


m  \ 


!  :!■■ 


■!  ■    MS     ■    !■■ 


ryhr 


590 


RAILROADS— CENTRAI.  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


npotioTi  OMfl  combinations,  made  travel  in  all  directions 
from  tiio  metropolis  easy,  agreeable,  and  popular. 
Most  of  these  are  under  the  Central  Pacific  manat^'e- 
ment.     The  causeway  connecting  the  Oakland  shure 


was  re-incorporated,  and  extended  to  Madison,  a  distance  of  ,30  miles  from 
Elmira.  Its  oflicera  in  1879  were  A.  M.  Steveusou  pres't;  T.  ManstieKl 
treas'r;  E.  Allison  sec't'y;  G.  B.  .Stevenson  siipt. 

In  .Jan.,  1871,  the  people  of  Antioch,  near  the  mouth  of  the  San  .lo.-Kniiii 
river,  conceived  the  iclea  of  a  railroad  toVisalia  in  Tulare  co.,  and  orgiiiii/.fd 
a  company  to  construct  it.  The  project  never  came  t»  fruition;  but  tlic  two 
towns  have  railroad  connection  through  the  lines  of  the  Central  l';ifitic 
company. 

Tlie  railroad  from  San  Rafael  to  San  Quentin  M'as  undertaken  by  the  cit- 
izens of  .San  Rafael  in  18G9.  At  the  first  meeting,  Feb.  19th,  A.  Miiillianl, 
J.  .Short,  8.  V.  Smith,  (sen.)  P.  K.  Austin,  L.  A.  Hiiiman,  James  I).  Walker, 
and  James  Ross  were  chosen  directors.  Mailliard  was  elected  pres't  ni  the 
company,  Charles  .Stevens  sec'ty,  and  J.  D.  Walker  treas'r.  TIic  li'ii;,'tli  uf 
tiie  road  was  3^  miles;  capital  stock  §30,000.  As  was  so  frequently  tin-  case, 
their  ambition  outran  their  means,  and  the  project  rested  until  Mr  Umialiue 
took  hold  of  the  railroad  affairs  of  Marin  co.  In  1805  a  railroad  was  con- 
structed from  a  point  on  the  Central  Pacific  to  the  Mt  Diablo  coal  mines  in 
Contra  Costa  co. 

In  1870  tiie  project  of  connecting  Nevada  city  andGrass  Valley  in  Nov-ida 
CO.  witli  the  Central  Pacific  at  Coltax  was  first  agitated.  Nothing  was  ac- 
complished until  1873,  when  a  survey  was  made  for  a  narrow  gauge  raili-oatl 
over  tliis  route,  and  in  1874  congress  granted  the  right  of  way.  Zulifidii'n 
Ldiiil  Laim,  Sup.  1877,  64.  The  company  was  incorporateil  under  tiie  name 
of  Neva<la  County  Narrow  Gauge  R.  R.,  and  received  no  subsidies,  but  was 
permitted  to  charge  10c  per  mile  for  passengers  and  20c  per  ton  for  freight, 
with  additions  for  hazardous  freight.  The  officers  of  the  company  "cro 
John  C.  Coleman  pres't;  John  \V.  .Sigourney  vice-pres't;  George  Flctclicr 
secretary;  J.  H.  Bates  chief  engineer;  William  \Vatt,  Edward  Cdlciiiaii.  .1. 
M.  Lakcnan,  Niles  Searles,  and  R.  W.  Tully  directors.  Turton  and  Kiinx, 
contractors,  constructed  the  road,  commencing  in  Feb.,  187r>,  ami  completing 
it  to  Neva<la  city,  22  miles,,  May  20,  1870. 

The  Northern  Railway  company,  chartered  July  10,  1871,  extemls  fnun 
West  Oakland  to  Martinez,  31  miles,  and  from  Woodliin<l  to  Teliania,  UK) 
miles,  forming  important  links  in  the  railroad  system  of  the  state.  It  con- 
trols branches  between  Suisun  and  Benieia,  16  miles;  and  Martini/ ti»  Tiacy, 
46  mile.s;  all  these  lines  being  leased  to  the  Central  Pacific. 

Tiie  California  and  Nevada  R.  R.  has  been  constructed  from  Oakland  to 
a  ponit  above  San  Pablo.  It  was  originally  intended  to  be  carried  to  tlie 
Nevada  state  line  near  Bodie,  but  later  nwde  for  Walnut  creek,  Contra  <  'osta 
CO.  It  is  a  narrow  gauge.  The  Bo(lie  and  Benton  R.  R.  is  also  a  narrow- 
gauge  r-^ad,  32  miles  long,  now  running  between  Brilie,  in  Mono  co..  and  the 
town  of  Mono.  It  was  chartered  in  Feb.  1881,  and  was  in  operation,  with 
its  branches,  in  1882.     The  Carson  and  Colorado  R.  R.  runs  from  Keck  r.  in 


Inv 


CO. 


The 


_  .  -  .,  to  Mound  House,  Nev.,  299  miles.  It  is  a  narrow  gauge 
company  was  organized  in  May  1880,  and  the  road  completed  l)cfi>rc  l'^'^''- 
Tlie  Nevada  and  Cal.  R.  R.  was  first  called  the  Nevada  and  Oregon  U.  H- 
It  runs  from  Aurora,  Nov.,  to  Goose  lake,  Cal,  .300  miles,  entering  Cal.  at 
the  lower  end  of  Plumas  co.  It  is  a  narrow  gauge,  and  was  chartercil  Ajiril 
25,  1881.  In  April  1884  it  was  sold  under  foreclosure  of  a  mortgage  at  U>. 
marshal's  sale,  and  purchased  for  the  .acccmnt  of  the  bond-holdrrs  te' 
$372,5;M.21,  when  it  was  reorganized  under  its  present  name.  Only  ;^l 
miles  are  in  operation,  from  Reno,  Nov.,  to  a  point  in  CaL  a  iow  miles  wes't 
of  the  boundary. 


FERRY-BOATS  AND  CABLE-ROADS. 


591 


with  the  mole  at  deep  water,  has  been  gradually  wid- 
ened and  strengthened  until  it  forms  a  solid  peninsula, 
sujiporting  several  tracks,  and  a  very  extensive  and 
commodious  depot,  which  replaced  the  old  one  in  1881. 
Elegant  double-deck  steamers  are  used  for  ferry-boats 
on  all  the  lines  terminating  at  San  Francisco,  and 
cable  and  other  lines  of  street  cars,  several  of  which 
belong  to  the  Central  Pacific  company,  convey  pas- 
sengers to  every  part  of  the  city  with  ease  and  ex- 
pedition, the  cable-road  system  of  our  metropolis  being 
acknowledged  as  one  of  the  most  complete  and  com- 
modious in  the  world. 


Colusa  CO.  R.  R.  is  a  narrow  gauge  extending  from  Colusa  to  Williams, 
on  tlie  Central  Pacific.  The  San  Joaijuin  and  Sieira  Nevada  li.  R.  runs 
hetween  Bracks,  on  tiio  Mokelumne  river,  and  Valley  spring,  in  Calaveras 
CO..  41  miles.  It  is  a  narrow  gauge,  chartered  in  March  lS8'i,  and  opened 
in  Marcli  1885.  The  Sierra  Valley  and  Mohatvk  R.  R.  co.  incorporated  in 
Oft.  ISSf).  It  is  a  narrow-gange  branch  of  the  Nevada  anil  Cal.  R.  R.,  being 
intended  to  run  from  its  junction  with  that  road  through  I^ong  valley,  in 
l.A.ssen  CO.,  through  Beckwith  pass,  through  Sierra  valley,  and  thence  along 
the  Middle  fork  of  Feather  river  to  Mohawk  valley,  in  Plumas  co.,  .35  miles, 
its  object  being  to  open  up  a  timl>er  region.  Lake  Tahoe  R.  R.  is  a  short 
lint  running  between  Tahoe  and  Truckee,  constructed  in  187(5. 

The  Banta  branch  of  tlie  Central  Pacific  R.  R.,  exten<ling  from  Banta  on 
the  then  Western  Pacific  to  Antioch,  with  a  branch  to  Stewartville,  projected 
in  1871,  has  since  been  continued  to  Martinez,  and  is  a  part  of  the  Central 
raoitic  line  from  Goshen  to  Oakland  and  S.  F.  The  two  most  important  of 
tlio  narrow-gauge  railroads  have  their  termini  at  Sauzelito  and  Onkland. 
The  North  Pacific  Coast  R.  R.  was  chartered  in  Dec.  1871,  and  opened  for 
trathc  Jan.  11,  187J^,  when  it  also  leased  the  San  Rafael  and  San  Quentin 
road.  It  extends  from  Sauzelito  to  Duncan's  Mills,  in  Sonoma  co.,  passing 
tlinmgli  many  suburban  towns,  the  San  Geronimo  valley,  and  the  redwoods 
to  I'liint  Reyes,  skirting  the  shores  of  Tomales  bay  for  IG  miles.  The  wholn 
route  is  full  of  picturesque  beauty  and  remarkable  engineering.  Until  n,- 
ceiitly  its  terminus  was  at  Duncan's  Mills,  in  the  Russian  I'ivei  ountr}'.  in 
till'  huart  of  a  redwood  forest,  and  its  length  is  82  miles.  The  road  is  a  very 
lirilitalile  one,  and  connects  with  San  Francisco  by  a  fine  feriy. 

Tl\i!  South  Pacific  Coa.st  R.  R.,  chartered  March  1876,  was  completed  May 
15,  ISSO,  from  Newark,  in  Alameda  co.,  to  Santa  Cruz,  51  iniUs.  Frim  Newark 
to  .Manieda  point,  25  miles,  it  was  built  by  the  Bay  and  Ccast  railway  co., 
auci  leased  to  the  South  Pacific  Coast  co.  A  portion  of  it  is  tl.rougli  the 
•Manu'da  and  Santa  Clara  valleys,  but  it  also  crosses  the  Santa  Cruz  moun- 
tain»,  where  mucii  tine  engineering  was  required.  Six  tunnels  on  this  road 
aggri'i^ate  12,000  feet  in  length.  The  road  was  owned  principally  b^-  James 
<i.  Fair,  James  L.  Floo<l,  and  A.  E.  Dav's,  the  two  latter  owners  selling  out 
to  Fair,  who  extended  the  line  toOa'  ,.  ',  with  a  view  to  com])eting  for  the 
stroet-ear  travel  of  that  city,  but  after  ex])ending  considerable  money,  he 
sold  nut  all  his  interests  to  the  Southern  Pacific  R.  R.  co..  wliieh  now  owns 
and  operates  it.  A  fine  ferry-house  at  Alameda  point,  with  a  half-'iourly 
line  of  steajiiers,  and  other  attractions  on  the  Point  make  this  a  jirofitablo 
line.  Tlie  Santa  Cruz  and  Felton  R.  R.  is  a  branch  of  the  S  P.  C.  R.  R., 
ruuuiug  from  Felton  to  Boulder  creek. 


•ik 


"'V'J 


592 


RAILROADS— CENTR^Ui  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


Tlius  the  Central  Pacific  company,  in  cxtcndiiiM-  jtg 
branches  and  popuhirizini^  its  roads,  lias  thorcL^  t'ur- 
uished  a  transportution  system  which  has  left  little  to 
be  desired.*^  Somethin<^  further  of  its  history  will  ho 
contained  in  the  following  chapti^r,  which  could  not 
well  be  arrived  at  in  this. 


**  III  Juno  187G  a  lightning  express  train  made  the  trip  from  Nrw  Vdrk 
to  Sail  l"'rancis('o  in  81  iiours.  It  loft  Jersey  City  June  1st  at  I  oVlnok  iiml 
3  minutes  a.  m.,  anil  arrived  at  the  foot  of  Market  street  on  tlio  4tli  at  9 
o'olook  4'i  minutes  and  18  seconds  A.  M.  Tiie  excursionists  Vvcro  rocoivod  liy 
Mayor  Bryant  with  eorenioniea  hefittinp  tlie  occasion.  H.  C.  Jarrctt  ;uiij 
Ueur.y  D.  I'almcr  were  tiie  maua^^ers  of  the  party. 

Of  tlio  career  of  Peter  l>onahuo,  the  pioneer  manufactun^r  on  tlir  I'aiilio 
eo'ist  in  the  line  of  machinc-sliops  and  iron-worUs,  a  ]>roniiuont  railnidl 
builder,  and  one  of  the  wortiiiest  and  most  pulilic-spirited  citizens  in  his 
ad()i)tod  state,  mention  has  already  heen  made  in  this  volume.  On  tlic  lil 
of  March,  1800,  occurreil  tlic  decease  of  his  son,  J.  Morvyn  Donalnu',  wlm 
was  no  loss  widely  rospeoted,  and  who,  on  tiio  deatli  of  his  father  in  \SS't, 
toolc  charno  of  the  radroad  system  wiucii  hears  his  name,  and  under  \m 
management  hocaino  one  of  the  most  prolilahlo  and  best  conducted  on  tlio 
coast.  A  native  (' diforniau,  he  received  liis  education  at  the  St  lL;n;itHn 
and  Santa  Clara  colleges,  and  later  at  Stouyhurst,  Kngland,  whene{!  lie  wa.s 
recalled  by  his  father's  sickness.  In  addition  to  his  railroad  interests  ho  was 
i  lontiliod  with  a  nunihur  of  entoritrisos,  anicuig  others  the  First  Natidiial 
bank  and  tlie  State  Investment  company,  in  both  of  which  he  was  a  dine  (ir. 
In  tlie  circles  of  society,  and  amo  ig  niditary  and  fraternal  associations,  iio 
was  widiily  esteemed,  being  colonel  of  the  Ath  infantry,  a  leading  nicriilMrof 
tiie  Young  Mon's  institute,  and  a  trustee  of  tlie  Native  Sons  of  th"  lioMia 
West.  Ill  Jaiiinry  1881,  he  married  Miss  IJolle  Wallace,  the  diu;,'htrr  nf 
.ludge  \Vallaoe  of  the  superior  court.  Two  cliihlren,  tlie  result  of  tliis 
uaion,  are  d.'coased.  Morvyn's  untimely  duath,  whioli  occurred  at  t!io  iigo 
of  thirty,  and  was  caused  by  a  severe  col.l,  contracted  while  iiisiiei'lim;  :i. 
lino  for  a  propos.id  railroad,  was  deeply  and  widely  regretted  by  all  elas.Mii  ni' 
the  community. 


Tm: 

of  its  1 
i^ystcin  t 
tient  of 
local  roa( 
I'ior,  and 
In  Do 
t'cinpany 
tliorizcd 
•lid  from 
witli  wliic 
its  road   i 
I  "'ration  c 
tliat  the  ci 
■^tructinir 
^^an  Fran< 
Santa  Cla 
Los  Anjrc 
throucrh  a 
J'^p  state,  i 
^^fississippi 
III  July 
^^'it'iHc  Raii 


CHAPTER  XXI. 


RAILROADS-SOUTHERN   PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 
18(55-1888. 

IncOKPOH.A  riw"     A..         ■       AUTKK — RELATIONS    TO     TUB     CkNTRAL     PACIFir— 
LKtilSLAH  IS  -Vcl  iiA   BUKNA    IsLANl)   AS   A   TeKMINUS- -CONSOLIDATION 

OK  Railiuiad  Tv 'EaEsrs  IN  Calikoknia— Relations  witu  the  Gov- 
EKNMENT— Effect  ui-on  Business  and  Politi.-s. 

The  Central  Pacific  very  soon  after  the  completion 
of  its  trunk  line  bej^an  to  plan  the  extension  of  its 
system  to  the  southern  coast  counties  which,  impa- 
tient of  their  isolation,  were  attempting  by  means  of 
local  roads  to  establish  coramunication  with  the  inte- 
rior, and  with  each  other. 

Ill  December  1865  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad 
company  of  California  wcs  iacorporated,  and  was  au- 
thorized by  the  legislature  iu  Ai)ril  18G6  to  receive 
aid  from  any  of  the  t-  uuM<  ^  south  of  Santa  Clara; 
witli  which  roving  ^o  iraisrirn  it  set  out  to  construct 
its  road  from  Gilroy  soa;'i.  The  a  t-icles  of  incor- 
poration  of  the  Southern  i^uuiilc  company  declared 
that  the  company  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
structing  a  railroad  from  some  point  on  the  bay  of 
San  Francisco,  and  to  pass  through  the  counties  of 
Santa  Clara,  Monterey,  San  Luis  Obispo,  Tulare, 
Los  Angeles,  to  San  Diego,  and  thence  easterly 
through  San  Diego  co  nty,  to  the  eastern  boundary  of 
tho  state,  there  to  c'>-  ^i'Dct  with  a  railroad  from  the 
Mississippi  river. 

In  July  1866  congress  granted  to  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  Railroad  company,    to  aid  in  the  construction 


HitfT.  Cal.,  Vol.  VII.    38 


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5»4 


RAILROADS-SOUTHERN  PACTFIC  SYS'lEM. 


of  its  road  and  tologmpli  line,  from  Springfii'ld,  !Mis- 
souri,  by  tlio  most  olioiblo  route  to  AllH-njuenjur.  id 
Now  IVlcxico,  and  tlicnoo  by  the  3f)tli  parallel  n>utt> 
to  the  Paoifie,  an  amount  of  land  equal  to  that  nrant( d 
to  the  Central  Pacilie,  \W  this  act  the  Southern 
Paeifie  raih'«»a(l  was  authorized  to  connect  with  the 
Atlantic  and  Pacific,  near  the  boundary  line  of  (Cali- 
fornia, at  such  point  as  sluudd  l)e  deemed  most  suita- 
ble by  the  companies,  and  should  have  therefore  tlic 
same  anumnt  of  land  pet'  mile  as  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific. 

The  charter  of  the  South*.  'acific  beino-  for  a  line 
through  the  coast  ct)unties,  M,.ero  also  it  had  takon 
its  land  grant,  the  people  of  those  counties  were  will- 
ing and  anxious  to  aid  in  its  construction.'     But  in 

'Tlio  li'gislaturo  in  18(>.'l  passed  a  Mil  (it  liad  failed  in  ISOI)  autlioii/iiij! 
the  luiard  of  suju-rvisors  to  sui>.serii)e  .^lOO.dCK)  to  tlic  caiiital  stoik  of  a  laij- 
road   from  Los    AiigeK-s  to    Sail  IVdro,  or  Wiliuiiij{toii,  on  tiie  i'oa*<t.     'I'liis 


seiionie  nti.st'arneil,  owing 


to  ol 


)ii'etiona  agani 


st  the  ten 


niniis,   w 


hie! 


1   was  l 


miles  distant  from  the  steamer  landing.  At  length,  in  IStlS,  anollier  Kill 
was  passed  authorizing  a  suhseriptiou  liy  the  eounty  of  SI  "■(*.(•*)()  towaril  tlu' 
ea])it.il  stoek  of  a  railroad  between  ],os  Angeles  and  Wilmington,  ami  tho 
eity  to  suhseriho  §7"».<HH)  fnrther.  I'lmn  this  the  work  was  eoinnuiut'il 
Sept.  l',)th,  and  rapidly  )>rosei'Uted.     Tlie  ears  of  the  eomjiany  were  hinli  at 


Wilmington,  a  shipyard  estalilished  there,  and  a  tngd)oat  jirovided  f 
viee  in  tho  harhor.      On  the  'Jtith  of  Oetoher,  ISCi',),  1 


g-l)oat  II 
he  road 


>r  M'r- 


waa  ecniiii 


lio 


.lil.'il. 


ti/'n  Sittlciiinit  of  Wiliiiiwiton    MS.  in  Cal,    MSS.  K.  ]'M,  pp.  7  ei  si'i|. 


<.V(in;f,  T/k'  SiiUsh/y  (Jiir.itio)),  i>p.  7  S;  No.  I'J,  linilnioil  l\iiii)'liUt->.  In  l>7- 
the  eitizens  of  Los  Angeles  neee])ted  a  jironosition  from  the  Sonthern  Taiilio 
coin]>any  to  eonneet  tliein  with  their  Ime  through  the  interior  to  I  iit 
Yuma  to  eonneet  with  the  Texas  Taeitie  for  a  wulisidy  eonsisting  ol  •>  I'li' 
cent  upon  the  entire  taxahle  iirojterty  of  the  eounty,  as  follows:  Thr  I'cunty 
and  eity  stoek  in  the  Los  Angeles  and  San  I'edro  H.  K.:  l.ondsof  llie  loiiiity 
at  '20  years,  hearing  7  per  eent  intt-rest,  ,"i<:>77,(>IM),  and  (iO  acres  of  land  in  lln' 
city,  annnniting  altogethei-  to  .'"^(ilO.OOO.  A  hraneh  road  to  Anaheim  was 
nlso  to  he  eonstrueted,  and  hoth  were  to  he  eonipleted  within  two  vears. 
Karly  in  1.S74  trains  were  run  northerly  to  S,iu  V'raneiseo  and  easti  ily  ii> 
Spadra.  Tlie  Anaheim  iiraneh  was  eonipleted  in  dan.  lS7r);  and  miI'-o- 
quently  extended  to  Santa  Ana.      On  rhe  (itli  of  Sejit..  IS7t),  eonmiticii   >vas 


Iliadc 


het> 


ween  liOs  Angeles  ami  tin 


.1  th 


line  of  the  ."Southern  racilii 


\s  early  as  ISCiS  a  Santa  Hiirlmni  eomiiaiiy  was  organizeil  tohiiihl  a  i'<a-t 
railroad,  and  apiilied  to  eongreas  foraeharter  and  also  a  land  gr.iiit  .-in.  '..ir 
to  that  enjoyed  hy  other  California  roads.  The  grant  was  olitaineil.  .''.I'l  i 
snIisiTiption  of  .*.")(),0()()  in  gold  coin  to  hi-  paid  with  lionds  hearing  7  ]"'i  urt 
jier  aiinuin.  to  run  for  'JO  years,  with  a  donation  of  the  right  of  way  tl 


iiell;_'h 

private  jiroperty  along  (he  line.  Ahout  this  time  the  Central  I'aeilii' eniii- 
ileted  its  transeoiitineiital  line,  and  eoninieneed  the  eonstruetion  of  tlic  ^an 
oai|uin  Valley  K.  R.,  running  through  the  middle  tier  <if  southern  couniic'* 

toOoslien  in   'I'ulare.     Soon  after  there  arose  a  eon  tost,  to  he  refcrn 


!.' 


t.> 


licreafter,  hetweeu  the  Southern  Pacilic  and  its  rivals   fr<i 


i\v 


•asl,  al 


M-Lich  desii-ed  the  support  of  Santa  Uarhara.     Tho  fcjoutheru  I'aciiic  pro- 


CHAORIN  OF  THE  CO.iST  COUNTIES. 


695 


ISnT  it  filed  a  map  with  the  secretary  of  the  interior, 
sht.wiii!^  its  route  to  be  not  through  the  coast  coun- 
ties, but  out  through  the  Paclieco  pass,  cast  of  (Jii- 
roy,  into  and  througli  tlio  interior  counties  of  Fresno, 

imsoil  ti>  run  a  lino  N.  v..  tlirough  Bakerslielil  to  oonnoot  witli  tho  ('out nil 
i'ai'ilio's  simtlieni  oxteusioii.  Tho  Atlantic  ami  I'ttcilio  ilesiroil  to  run  a  liui- 
tliiMUi^li  tlio  ooaat  coiuitios  from  S.  h\  to  San  l-)i»'go,  and  tlicni'e  to  St  Loiiii; 
Init  c.uM  only  tlo  so  in  tho  event  of  reeoiving  a  ?5I0,()00,(K)0  .suhseription  to 
its  stot'k.  Tlio  Toxaa  Paoilie,  whieh  had  its  terminus  at  San  Oiego,  would 
like  to  have  a  subsidy  from  tlie  ujuht  counties.  Between  tiie  solicitations 
aiiil  representations  of  the  rivals,  Santa  Harliani  liecame  doubtful  of  the 
proper  .'ourse  to  lie  pursueil,  and  placed  the  niattei  'n  the  hands  of  a  eoni- 
luittee  of  tv  cuty-six.  The  proposition  to  tlonatu  thi!  .  ■uuty  subsidy  bi'fure 
named  to  any  company  wliit'h  should  connect  Santa  Barbara  with  either 
S.  F.  or  St  Louin  being  left  to  a  vote  of  the  people,  was  rejected  almost  nnati- 
iin.Mi^ly,  beeaiHo  it  was  i^enerally  understood  tliat  the  Texas  I'aeitic,  with  its 
tenuiuiH  at  Sail  Diego,  would  be  the  road  lenelited.  After  the  Suutlieni 
Pai'ilii'  had  extended  it<  line  to  Newhall,  Manta  I'lirbara  co.  u^ked  to  be 
aiitlioi-i/ed  t()  issue  l)ouils  to  the  amount  of  S.'HNKtMH)  in  aid  of  any  eomi>any 
which  Would  build  a  railroad  connecting  it  with  S.  F. ,  or  any  transconti- 
ncutal  lino.  This,  lu>\v 'ver,  the  legisliture  refused;  since  which  time  until 
the  priMciit,  the  city  oi  Saint  Harliarii,  her  face  to  the  sea,  has  remained 
siidly  tlreaining  over  the  uncertainty  of  railroad  alTairs,  far  from  tiie  busy 
coiumcn'o  of  her  more  fortunate  neigliburs,  disturbed  for  a  moment  now  and 
tiicu  by  a  rumor  that  the  Soutlieru  Paeilic  contemplated  tilling  tin-  ga|)  whieh 
has  »()  long  existed  between  sections  of  its  line  in  the  coast  counties. 

S  in  Luis  Obispo  also  shared  in  the  neglect  whieh  eondemned  Santa  liiir- 
h:ira  tt)  seclusion,  except  as  to  local  enterprise.  Wlii'ii  the  S.  V.  \\.  K.  in 
IST'J  incorporated  its  brancii  road,  abandoning  „'.ie  line  between  Tres  I'inos 
in  Sim  Hruito  county  and  Huron  in  Fresno  ccumty,  and  ado]iting  a  routi^ 
fiMiu  Si)leda<l  via  San  Miguel  and  the  I'aloiiio  jiass  in  San  Luis  Obispo 
ciiiiuty  to  Lerdo  in  Kern  county;  witii  an  additional  branch  from  a  ]>oiut 
tic.ir  S.in  Miguel  southerly  to  an  intersectitm  with  its  line  running  from  Te- 
hiirhapi  pass  to  Los  Angeles  and  Fort  Yuma,  it  was  expected  tiial  the 
slcpy  old  mission  town,  t.lie  adjoining  vales  and  sunny  hillsides,  would  soon 
echo  to  tlic  thtinder  of  trains  rusiting  down  rocky  cai"\i>ns,  or  start  at  tlie 
siiidcu  shrieks  of  locomotives  announcing  a  safe  passage  and  arrival;  imt  in 
tint  tlic  waiting  people  were  disappointed,  us  already  denionstrateil.  \\<<\\- 
cvcr,  ihcy  agitated  a  narrow  g;',ug(>.  railroad  from  the  town  to  deei>  water  in 
till"  ii.irhor  in  IsT.'l,  wiiich  culminateil  in  the  organization  of  the  San  Luis 
()!ii<po  raih'oid  operated  by  liorse  power.  Wharves  were  built  at  I'ort  liar- 
ford,  the  euil  of  the  road,  and  business  upon  them  bei'ame  active.  Uiit  this 
\v,n  only  a  sng^e-tion  of  what  siiould  in-  done,  ami  was  followed  by  the 
S  la  Luis  ()bispo  ainl  Santa  Maria  Valley  railro.id  eon.pany,  chartered  in 
1^71  liy  capitalists  of  S.  F.,  who  purchased  tiie  imiirovements  <if  the  former 
roid  froin.lohn  Harfonl,  its  princip.il  owium-,  and  consolidating  with  it,  ab- 
;oiho(|  it  entirely.  No  more  of  the  road  was  built  until  ISSI,  when  it  was 
extended  to  Arroyo  ( Jrande.  In  Oct.,  ISS'J,  it  was  completed  to  Los  .Manio.s 
ill  Siiita  Barbara  eounty  by  the  Paeilie  Coast  railway  I'o.,  with  which  il  was 
consolidated.  The  total  length  is  M  miles.  A  narrow  gaugi>  road  throuirli 
Suita  Bariiara  co.  is  in  contemi>lation,  wifii  abranchu|>  the  Sanl^a  Maria  and 
•  "uyama  rivers,  through  Emigades  and  Kern  Lake  valleys,  to  Uakersiiold, 
and  a  branch  ni>rtli  to  Sau  Miguel. 

.\s  for  San  Oiego,  it  was  left  nearly  as  long  ga/.ing  regretfully  upon  its 
lirctty  but  empty  harbor  as  its  neighbors  further  north  11)1011  theirs.  Its 
lirst  attempt  at  railroad  construction  wivs  as  early  as  IS,>L  too  early,  of 
coiir.se,  to  lie  8Uoecssful.     A  company  eiUling  itself  tho  Sau  l)icgu  oud  Oila 


1: 


W' 


596  RAILROADS-SOUTHERN  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 

Tulare,  Kern,  and  San  Bernardino,  to  the  Colorado 
river  near  Fort  Mojave.  Upon  this  representation 
the  commissioner  of  the  general  land  office  withdrew 
from  market  the  odd-numbered  sections  within  twenty 
miles  of  each  eide  of  the  road,  covering  about  7,500,- 
000  acres. 

Upon  this  transaction  being  made  known  in  Cali- 
fornia,  Franklin  Steele,  a  citizen,  made  application  to 
the  secretary  of  the  interior,  O.  H.  Browning,  to 
have  the  lands  restored  to  the  public  domain,  the 
withdrawal  not  being  according  to  law;  and  an  order 
was  so  issued  in  July  1868.  The  railroad  conii)aiiy 
then  asked  leave  to  present  evidence  of  the  legality 
of  their  proceedings,  thereby  gaining  a  suspension  of 
the  order  for  restoration.  On  the  22d  of  November, 
1869,  the  new  secretary,  J.  D.  Cox,  after  examin- 
ing the  evidence,  declared  the  action  of  the  com- 
pany in  changing  its  route  illegal,  and  again  or- 
dered the  land  restored.  Although  during  the  same 
month  a  rehearing  of  the  case  was  had,  it  failed 
to  change  the  secretary's  opinion  ;  but  on  the  15th 
of  December  the  decision  was  again  suspended  until 
a  joint  resolution  then  beforo  congress  should  have 
been  acted  upon.  This  joint  resolution,  which  was 
passed  June  28,  1870,  gave  leave  to  the  Southern 
Pacific  company  to  construct  its  road  and  telegrai)h 
line  "  as  near  as  may  be  on  the  route  indicated  by  the 
map  filed  in  1867;"  and   made  the   land  grant  con- 

Southem  Pacific  and  Atlantic  R.  R.  co.  was  organized,  and  its  route  sur- 
veyed. The  project  slumbered  for  the  next  few  years,  and  was  tenninated 
by  the  civil  war.  About  18G7  it  was  revived,  with  the  exi>ectation  of  funn- 
ing a  combination  with  the  Memphis  and  El  Paso  transcontinental  sclioine 
of  John  C  Fremont.  In  1808,  M.  C.  Hunter  visited  San  Diego  as  an  agent 
of  this  eastern  company,  and  agreed  to  construct  the  road  for  the  franchises 
of  the  Gila  company;  but  before  the  surveys  and  maps  were  completed,  the 
company  dissolved.  The  contract,  however,  was  not  rescinded  until  187"2, 
when  the  same  property  was  purchased  and  presented  to  the  Texas  and  Pa- 
cific R.  R.  CO.,  with  the  result  elsewhere  recorded. 

In  1881  or  1882,  the  Bee  Line  railroad  was  projected,  to  run  from  San 
Diego  through  the  peninsula  of  Lower  California,  crossing  the  Colorado  near 
its  mouth,  and,  proceeding  through  the  state  of  Sonora  to  tie  town  of  Cala- 
bazas  in  Arizona,  connect  with  the  Atchison,  Topeka,  and  Santa  Fe.  Tliat 
design  carried  out  would  give  Sau  Diego  an  outlet,  bat  ia  the  mean  time  it 
found  it  by  another  route. 


AIMS  AND  INDUCEMENTS. 


597 


forniable  to  that  line,  "expressly  saving  and  reserv- 
iii,<^  all  the  rights  of  actual  settlers."  The  legislature 
of  California,  also,  in  April  1870,  passed  an  act  grant- 
ing the  company  the  privilege  of  changing  its  line  of 
road,  and  also  of  filing  new  and  amendatory  articles 
of  association. 

Among  the  principal  inducements  for  granting  to 
the  Southern  Pacific  its  charter  and  privileges  were 
that  it  would  open  up  some  of  the  richest  agricul- 
tural districts  in  the  state;  that  it  would  furnish  the 
means  of  rapid  transportation  for  the  semi-tropical 
fruits  of  southern  California,  and  that  it  would  help 
to  render  available  the  mineral  wealth  of  Arizona 
and  New  Mexico,  and  thus  add  largely  to  the  pro- 
duction of  the  precious  metals.  There  were  also 
many  other  public  interests,  both  commercial  and 
political,  to  be  subserved  by  the  construction  of  a 
railroad  through  these  territories  and  through  Texas, 
and  especially  to  the  people  of  California,  to  whose 
merchants  new  outlets  would  be  opened,  with  new 
markets  for  her  products. 

To  the  Central  company,  the  Southern  Pacific,  if 
working  in  harmony  with  it,  would  be  rather  a 
benefit  than  a  drawback,  by  maintaining  rates,  by 
increasing  rather  than  diminishing  its  earning  ca- 
pacity, and  above  all  by  keeping  eastern  competi- 
tors out  of  the  field.  It  was  about  this  time,  say 
early  in  1870,  that  the  consolidation  of  the  two  lines 
first  began  to  be  rumored;  but  this  was  officially 
denied.^ 

'  Among  the  officials  of  the  Southern  Pacific  should  be  mentioned  A.  N. 
Towne,  for  many  years  the  general  manager  and  one  of  the  directors  of  the 
coniiiauy.  A  native  of  Charlton,  Massachusetts,  where  he  was  born  May  •J.C", 
ISlI'.t,  at  seventeen  he  entered  the  service  of  his  uncle,  a  sign  and  carriage 
painter,  and  a  large  employer  of  labor  in  the  neigliboring  town  of  Webster. 
AftLT  engaging  in  various  pursuits,  as  a  farmer,  a  clerk,  a  merchant,  a 
lirakoman,  a  train-master,  we  find  him,  while  still  a  young  man,  occupying 
the  responsible  position  of  general  superintendent  of  the  Chicago  and  <Jrc'at 
Eistirn  railroad,  and  later  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington,  and  Quincy,  from 
wliivh,  in  September  18C9,  ho  was  appointed  to  the  same  position  in  tlie 
t'eiiti"il  Pacific.  A  few  years  afterward  the  entire  system  of  the  Southern 
Pucilic  was  placed  under  his  management. 


II 

^■H 

|M 


m 


RAILROADS— SOUTHERN  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


Meantime  the  Southern  company  was  tidLfotiatinif,  in 
1868,  for  the  purcliase  of  the  San  Francisco  and  San 
Josd  railroad,  which  had  been  extended  to  Gihoy, 
and  had  proposed  to  San  Francisco  to  make  a  j:ift  L) 
it  of  3,000  shares,  of  $100  each,  in  the  San  Josu  road, 
which  the  city  owned,  worth  at  that  time  $120,000. 
The  city  had  taken  this  stock  a  few  years  previous  in 
exchange  for  $300,000  worth  of  city  bonds  sold  by 
the  company  for  $195,000.  Feeling  that  railroads 
were  essential  to  its  prosperity,  the  city  gave  up  its 
stock,  but  upon  condition  that  the  San  Jose  railroiid 
should  be  purchased  and  made  a  part  of  the  South- 
ern Pacific  line  to  the  southeastern  boundary  of 
the  state.  In  18G9  a  proposition  was  made  to  tlie 
supervisors  of  San  Francisco  to  donate  $1,000,000 
in  bonds  of  the  city  to  the  Southern  Pacific,  in 
consideration  of  the  construction  of  200  miles  of 
road  southward  from  Gilroy,  the  bonds  to  be  de- 
livered upon  the  completion  and  stocking  of  each 
fifty  miles  ;  and  such  was  the  eagerness  for  conunutii- 
cation  in  that  direction  that  the  proposition  was  ac- 
cepted by  a  popular  vote.  In  all  some  $4,000,000 
was  asked  for  from  the  southern  counties  to  insure 
the  construction  of  the  road  to  Los  Angeles,  but  tlie 
newspapers,  except  in  San  Francisco,  objected  to  fur- 
ther subsidies,  and  the  legislature  passed  an  act  for- 
bidding the  supervisors  of  any  county  to  issue  bonds 
until  at  least  five  miles  of  any  aided  road  should  be 
completed,  and  then  only  in  such  proportionate  amount 
as  the  distance  constructed  bore  to  the  amount  of  aid 
granted.  As  late  as  February  10,  18G0,  the  San 
Francisco  Evening  Ihilletin a,8sertedi}\(it  the  Soutlitin 
Pacific  would  in  all  probability  locate  its  road  through 
all  the  coast  counties  as  far  as  Los  Angeles,  and  from 
thence  go  to  the  Colorado  river;  and  urged  that  "a 
moderate  amount  of  local  assistance  be  given."  It 
was  difficult,  seeing  the  result  to  northern  countlos 
of  granting  aid   to  railroad  companies,   to  get  the 


CONSOLIDATION. 


800 


consent  of  the  soutlicrn  counties;  and  even  more  so 
to  procure  favorable  legislation. 

When  all  had  been  done  that  could  be  to  brincf  the 
people  to  a  more  complacent  temper,  the  railroads  re- 
vealed their  plaws.  In  January  1870  the  San  Fian- 
cisco  and  San  Jose,  the  Santa  Clara  and  i*ajaro  valkiy, 
and  the  California  Southern  railroads^  were  consoli- 
dated with  the  Southern  Pacific,  and  it  was  soon  aft(;r- 
\v;ird  rumored  abroad  that  the  whole  were  owned  by 
the  Central  Pacific. 

On  the  1st  of  May,  1871,  the  Contract  and  Finance 
company  agreed  with  the  Southern  Pacific  con»})any 
to  construct  its  road,  beginning  at  Gilro}-  and  continu- 
ing thence  to  the  boundary  of  the  state  near  Fort 
]\lojnve,  and  to  furnish  it  complete  with  rolling-stock 
i)uildings,  and  every  manner  of  thing  necessary  to  a 
first-class  railroad,  including  a  telegraph  line,  and  to 
do  this  at  the  rate  of  twenty  miles  a  year,  or  if  re- 
quired forty  miles;  the  first  section  to  be  com])lcted 
l»y  July  1871,  and  the  whole  within  the  time  to  which 
it  was  limited  by  congress.  The  original  line  was 
carried  no  further  south  than  Soledad,  in  Monterey 
county,  70  miles;  and  Tres  Pinos  in  San  Benito 
county,  20  miles.  In  1874  construction  ceased  on 
til  is  line. 

In  1872  a  newcompan}',  called  the  Southern  Pacific 
Branch  railroad  comi)any*  was  incorporated,  with  the 
])urpose  of  constructing  a  road  from  the  Southern 
Pacific  near  Salinas  in  Monterey  county,  to  run  to  a 
point  in  Kern  county  intersecting  the  San  Joaquin 
valley  division  of  the  Central  Pacific  south  of  Tulare 

■'Santa  Cliira  and  Pajaro  valley  11.  R.  co.  organize<l  .Ian.  '2,  ISflS,  to  Imild 
ii  railroad  fnun  a  point  on  the  Soutliern  I'acilie  in  Santa  Clara  county  to 
I'.ijaro  in  Monterey  county.  The  Cal.  Soutlicrn  U.  II.  co.  organized  .Jan.  '2'2, 
hSTd,  and  heing  con.solidated  M'ith  the  S.  1'.  11.  R.  a  few  niontliH  later,  had 
111)  history   if  it.s  own. 

'The  incorpor.ators  anil  stockholders  were  E.  II.  Miller,  Allxirt  TJallatin, 
K.  I.  Hohinson.  K.  \V.  Hopkins.  IJ.  R.  Redding.  W.  R.  S.  Foye,  V.  11.  runi- 
ming,  ")  shares  each;  Mark  no[)kins  2,0S,i,  and  Leland  Stanford  .'j.OSr)  sliareji 
each.  Sun  Lult  Olii-*m  Cn.  Iliit.,  318.  This  branch  was  consolidated  with  the 
S.  1*.  R.  R.  CO.  in  Aug.  ISTS.  Of  the  new  Southern  Pacilic  Brauck  railway 
mtntiuii  will  be  uiadu  elsewhere  m  tliiti  cliapter. 


coo 


RAILROADS- SOUTHERN   PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


lake.  It  was  also  to  build  an  additional  line  from  tliig 
branch,  connnenring  near  San  Miguel  in  San  Luis 
Obispo  county,  and  running  southerly  to  an  inters,  r- 
tion  with  tlie  line  of  the  South  Pacific  near  Tflia(lii|»i 
pass.  It  had  already  changed  its  original  line  from 
San  Benito  county,  to  the  Salinas  valley,  in  Mun- 
terey  county,  for  the  purpose,  as  its  opponents  as- 
serted, of  thereby  stopping  out  any  company  dtsir- 
ing  to  run  this  way  to  San  Francisco.  l*eoplc  ujkhi 
the  line  of  the  Soutiiern  Pacific  railroad  as  previ(»ii>Iv 
located  in  1807,  believing  they  were  in  danger  of  be- 
ing deprived  of  their  lands,^  petitioned  ct)ngn's-;  tn 
declare  the  land  grant  to  the  Southern  Pacific  for- 
feited;* and  the  secretary  of  the  interior  having 
ordered  the  commissioner  of  the  general  land  otHtf  to 
withdraw  from  market  12,000,000  acres,  congress  in 
1870  ordered  an  invcsti<j:ation.  The  Southern  J*a- 
cific  Branch  railroad  has  not  yet  been  constructi<l; 
but  the  land  troubles  which  followed  were  of  a  st  ri- 
ous  nature,  as  will  be  related  elsewhere  in  the  pr.s- 
ent  chapter. 

Already  the  Central  Pacific,  by  the  San  Joaiiuin 
valley  railroad,  held  that  valley  as  far  south  as  Tulan- 
lake.  The  successor  of  the  latter,  the  Southern  Pa- 
cific, held  the  whole  tier  of  coast  counties,  and  two  lints 


*  Tlieland  grant  of  the  Southern  Pacific  covered  a  largo  Jirea  in  San  Ii.r- 
nardino,  Ix)s  Angeles,  Kern,  Tuhirc,  Fresno,  and  Stanislaus  countie;*,  inu  :ii 
of  it  requiring  only  irrigation  to  produce  excellent  crops  of  grain,  alfalfa,  aii<l 
tropical  ;yiu\  sub-tropical  fruits.  By  n»en  who  have  travelled  almost  tliriiii:;ii- 
out  the  habitahle  globe,  it  hiis  been  stated  that  nowhere  did  they  olisirvt- 
land  better  suited  for  such  purposes  than  for  a  distance  of  100  miles  ab^n^ 
the  line  of  the  road  between  San  Gorgonio  and  San  Fernando.  On  this  I  isiJ 
may  now  be  seen  some  of  the  most  thriving  vineyards  and  orchards,  ami  some 
of  the  most  thriving  settlements  to  bo  found  in  southern  Californi.-i. 

^  U.  S.  <SVh.  Mi.ic.  Doc.,  74,  i.,  44th  cong.,  1st  sess. ;  Id.  Doc.,  -u.  Tlie 
petition  in  this  case  represents  that  notwithstanding  the  long  time  which  hail 
elapsed  since  the  state  had  granted  the  charter  of  the  S.  P.  R.  R.,  no  n^l 
had  been  built,  or  was  being  built,  in  187C,  upon  its  line;  but  that  instoad. 
the  company  was  endeavoring  to  change  the  line  in  sucli  a  manner  as  to  re- 
lease it  from  any  obligation  to  build  over  thatportion  of  the  route  between 
Hollister,  in  Monterey  co.,  and  Goshen,  in  Tulare  cc,  140  miles.  Tliey 
complained  that  it  was  a  hardship  that  the  R.  R.  co.  should  have  the  l.unN, 
for  which  they  could  ask  any  price  they  might  choose,  when  their  value 
depended  upoa  the  improvementa  already  made  at  their  own  cost  by  the 
settlers. 


YEllBA  BUEXA  ISLAXP. 


601 


out  iiit'^  the  interior  counties.  It  IkkI  the  ri^jlit  from 
cmiijjresa  to  build  its  road  to  meet  tlio  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  at  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  state  mar  Fort 
Mojave;  and  the  right,  also  from  congress,  to  con- 
struct a  line  from  near  Tehachiju  i)ass,  via  Los 
Aiijj;eles,'  to  Fort  Yuma  on  the  Colorado  river,  to 
meet  tlio  Texas  and  Pacific,  provided,  of  course,  that 
the  latter  did  not  get  its  track  down  first.  But  after 
the  training  they  had  received  in  constructing  the 
Ciiitral  road,  and  relying  upon  the  ability  of  their 
presiih'nt,  C  P.  Huntington,  to  accomplish  whatever 
was  desired  in  Washington,  the  Southern  Pacific 
diiectors  had  little  doubt  of  beiii'^  able  to  ]»reveiit  aiiv 
eastern  company  eommg  into  California. 

It  is  necessary  before  proceeding  furtlu>r  to  refer  to 
the  part  taken  by  San  Francisco  in  the  jailroad  his- 
tory of  the  state.  Its  position  upon  the  point  oi'  a 
peninsula  west  of  the  mainland,  from  which  it  was 
SL])arated  several  miles  by  the  waters  of  the  bay, 
iiiiih!  it  impossible  that  it  shouhl  be  a  railway  center, 
like  Chicaixo  or  St  Louis.  The  onlv  railroad  haviiiij 
its  terminus  in  the  city  and  county  of  San  Francisco 
was,  and  still  is,  that  part  of  the  Southern  l\icific 
which  was  formerly  the  San  Francisco  and  San  Josd 
road.  Yet  the  selection  of  a  terminal  point  for  the 
transcontinental  roads  was  a  matter  of  nmeh  import- 
ance to  the  city.  While  the  California  Pacific  was 
iiulependent,  with  its  termiims  at  Valh-jo,  and  its 
eastern  extension  branch  promising  a  new  system,  it 
was  feared  that  Vallejo  would  become  the  terminal 
point  for  the  northern  roads.  Afterward  this  anxiety 
was  transferred  to  Oakland,  and  then  to  Yerba  Pueiia 
or  (Joat  island,  concerninof  which  latter  somethinir 
shnuld  here  be  said.  At  Sacramento,  at  the  session  of 
1^71-2,  a  dispatch,  signed  by  twenty-two  state  scna- 


]ii 


Mi 


'  Huntington  to  D.  P.  Colton:  'We  ought  to  get  a  large  amount  of  l.uid 
fnnii  [i:irtii'.s  iiling  the  line  lietweeu  Sputira  and  Saa  Gurgouio  paiis,  if  wo 
Ijuil'l  Uiuui  a  line  tu  got  out  ou.' 


602 


RAILROADS-SOUTHKRX  TACTFIC  SYSTEM. 


tors,  was  fonvardcd  to  tlio  California  conjrrossiutn, 
approviii!^  the  lu'iidin;:^  bill  for  the  uho  of  Vtiba 
Buc'iia  ii^land,  requesting  (^ilifornia  senators  and  r«  jt- 
reseiitativc'S  to  use  all  lionorahlo  moans  to  secure  the 
passaj^e  of  the  bill,  and  declaring  that  the  island  was 
the  natural  western  terminus  of  the  Pacifii*  raihoad. 

The  Ycrba  Buena  island  project  liad  been  vciy 
cautiously  brought  forward,  and,  when  discovcnj, 
aroused  a  strong  and  combined  opposition  in  San 
Francisco.  Protests  were  addressed  to  congnss; 
government  engineers  were  required  to  report  upon 
the  consequences  of  closing  up  the  channel  betw it  n 
Oakland  shore  and  the  island,  and  militarv  ofHccrs 
\i\tQ\\  tlie  importance  of  retaining  it  for  the  defence  of 
San  Francisco.  Over  and  above  all  these  reasons  for 
refusinii  a  lease  to  the  Central  Pacific  companv  was 
the  declaration  that  the  company  had  no  goinl  n  ;is(»n 
for  insisting  upon  a  ju-esent  from  the  government  nt'a 
property  connnercially  worth  at  least  $r),000,000,  and 
that  a  lease  would  be  equivalent  to  a  gift,  for  (nici- 
established  on  the  island,  with  all  its  connections  with 
the  mainland  made,  it  would  be  impossible  to  disliulL^o 
it.  The  bill  failed  at  that  session  of  congress,  although 
the  elFort  to  secure  the  island  was  not  relinquished  tor 
some  time,*  but  the  battle  was  transferred  to  San 
Francisco,  where,  for  a  period  of  twelve  months,  it 
raged  with  a  determination  proportioned  to  the  inter- 
ests at  stake. 

On  the  7th  of  March,  1872,  the  chamber  of  com- 
merce took  up  the  matter,  and  passed  a  scrit  s  of 
resolution?  against  the  proposed  cession  of  Yrrl'a 
Buena  island,  or  a  portion  of  it,  to  the  Central  l\i(itic 
railroad  company.  In  these  resolutions  the  coiiij'uny 
was  handled  without  ceremony,  and  especially  its 
friend,  Senator  Sargent,  an  able  and  popular  states- 
man.    A  memorial  was  prepared,  addressed  to  the 

'  Huntington  was  reported  as  saying  that  'Goat  island  was  tlu'  (iroptr 
and  only  place  for  the  railroad  turuunus  of  the  Overland  and  Sacraiucuto 
valley  lines.' 


ATTITUDE  OF  SAN   FllANCISCO. 


603 


prr.-ltlont  aiul  vico-presidont  of  the  Uuittd  States, 
the  sonato  aiul  the  house  of  representatives,  set- 
iiiiL,'  forth  tlie  injury  to  San  Franeiseo,  its  harbt)r, 
ami  its  commerce,  which  would  result  from  the 
<ri'i\\\t  of  Verba  Buena  island,  or  a  part  of  it, 
to  the  railroad;  and  the  telej^raph  was  calleil  into 
ro(juisitiou  to  convey  the  substance  of  the  nuMuorial 
ill  advance  of  the  nmil.  These  proceediui^s  called  out 
a  litter  from  Mr  Stanford,  addressed  ti)  the  board  of 
supt  rvisors  of  San  Francisco,  who  had  appointed  a 
iiK  t'ting  for  the  consideration  t)f  a  resolution  regarding 
tiie  cession  of  the  island,  in  which  he  declared  that 
tilt'  railroad  com))any  had  at  heart  the  interests  of 
San  Francisco,  and  would  in  nowise  injure  it,  or  its 
liaihitr  or  business;  but  that  the  occujjancy  of  the 
island  simply  meant  the  transfer  of  the  business  of 
the  ( Oakland  wharves  to  the  islantl,  and  bi  tter  facili- 
ties for  the  transaction  of  San  Francisco's  business. 
This  t-er  had  little  weight,  the  public  mind  bein<^ 
>tuli  'n  its  convictions  concerning  the  policy  of  the 

Central  Pacific  managers;  and  on  the  I7th  of  the 
same  month  a  citizens'  meeting  was  held  at  Piatt's 
liall.  James  Otis  presidhig.  In  his  remarks  upon  the 
ikstructive  effect  of  encouraging  nionoiiolies,  Sir  Otis 
said:  "If  they  will  not  come  to  San  Francisco,  let 
till  ni  stay  there  [in  Oakland].  Other  companies  will 
come  to  us,  and  are  already  knocking  at  our  doors." 
Kesolutions  were  passed  in  which  it  was  declared  that 
the  npresentations  made  to  congnss  by  the  railroad 
com|)any,  that  accommodations  had  not  been  atlbided 
liy  San  Francisc ;  such  as  were  requisite,  were  false, 
for  on  the  contrary  a  generous  donation  of  land  on  the 
watrr-front  had  been  made,  with  a  strip  ui'  land  two 
hundred  feet  in  width  and  five  miles  lony;  foi"  right  of 
\vav.  The  statement  made  in  the  bill  before  congress, 
said  the  resolutions,  that  the  grant  of  Verba  Buena 
island  would  bring  the  western  terminus  as  near  as 
possible  to  San  Francisco,  was  open  to  question,  for 
that  island  was  only  one  and  a  half  miles  from  Oak- 
land water-front,  and  a  bridge  to  it  would   increase 


I     ;  51 


I 


iris 


m 

!i:3 


,!i 


i 


g 


<m 


RAILROADS— SOUTH lillS"   PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


rather  tlian  lesson  the  time  of  orossin*^  tlie  bay,  ;is  a 
train  would  take  more  time  upon  a  hritl^e  than  a  Ri  r\ . 
boat  would  require  for  the  same  distance. 

A  conunittee  of  five  was  appointed  to  visit  the  legis- 
lature in  session  to  procure  amendments  to  a  bill,  tin  n 
pendini.?,  making  the  port  of  San  Francisco  frtc  dt 
port  changes  for  the  connncrec  of  the  world,  wlitn  hv 
an  existini^  reproach,  and  an  arijjument  of  the  railidad 
company,  would  be  silenced ;  and  also  to  ask  the  legis- 
lature to  join  in  San  Francisco's  i)rotest  against  <;iaiit- 
ing  Yerba  Bucna  island  to  any  railroad  company  tin- 
any  purpose  whatever.'  A  modification  of  the  jxirt 
charges  bill  was  secured,  but  no  resolution  was  adoptinl 
disapproving  the  measuri'S  of  tl:o  Central  J*aeific  com- 
pany. The  following  extract  from  a  public  spcicli, 
however,  will  serve  to  show  the  aninnis  of  the  com- 
pany's  opponents:  "No  measure  of  a  public  ehar- 
acter,  founded  upon  the  interests  of  the  people  oi 
this  city,  could  obtain  a  dect^nt  hearing,  an^l  they  wtiv 
C()ustrained  to  address  themselves  to  the  otHct  is  of 
the  railroad  monoi)oly,  and  ask  them  if  a  l)ai'!4aiii 
could  be  made  with  them  as  to  the  laws  the  legislafure 
should  make ;  and  the  [)resi<lent  of  the  companies 
signs  the  p  'per  to  accept  the  cjMupromise,  and  tlie  law 
is  passed  in  accordance  with  it." 

The  committee  of  six  entrusted  with  the  eirniid  to 
the  legislature  were  also  authorized  to  act  as  an  ( mc- 
utive  committ(!e  in  all  matteis  pertaining  to  the  iiuIpIic 
interests  in  resisting  and  defeating  the  further  advance 
of  the  railroad  power. 

Anothei"  conunittee  was  apj)ointcd,  eonsisiiiiL,^  of 
threi!  inliuential  citizens,  to  [)r()ceed  to  Washington 
city  as  ra[)i(lly  as  jtos.siblc,  to  oppose  the  passai^c  of 
the  oi)noxious  Yerba  Jim-na  island  bill,  with  iiisiiiic- 
tions  should  the  senate  have  pas.'cd  it,  as  the  house 
had  done,  to  earnestly  n-cjuest  the  ]>resi(kiit  ti»  \ct(i 
it.      The  asscml)lage  which  authorized  these  two  coni- 

•Tlio  coinmittoo  was  cdnqjoscil  nf  six  inriiiliiTs  A.  H.  FitIh'-',  S.  C 
IlaMtiiiKs,  1.  't   LuwiH,  J.  C.  Merrill,  Iv  li.  rorriii,  uml  .lalll(^s  OUm. 


INDKJXATIOX   OF  THE   PKOrLE. 


005 


iiiitt.H  s  was  callctl  an  "  ln<Il'j:iiation  inoctln'jc  against 
tlic  |iroin(>tors  of  t!io  <<;rant,,"  and  these  pul>lio  journals 
wliit  h  liad  liithorto  hfcn  luki'wariii  in  rt'i>roving  the 
niilniatls  were    iiu-luded  in  the  indignation, 

A  t'n^')!'!  source  ot\Hs(|uiet  was  the  demand  made  by 
the  Cential  Pacific  company  that  the  streets  running 
tlii'nU'fli  the  sixty  acres  <:[i'antetl  to  tlu;  SoutheiMi  I'n- 
cilic  and  Westt'rn  l*acific  c()mj)anies  tor  tt'i'ininal 
ifioumi.-^  should  he  dosed,  juid  that  |»<)rtii>n  of  the 
watt  r  fVont  known  as  tlu'  China  and  Central  hasins 


iKill 


Id     1 


le  II 1  Yen 


to  tl 


1(5  rai 


Iroad 


eorpoi'ations. 


With 


this  |»i'o[)osition  the  city  supervisors  were  occu]»ied  for 
some  months.  As  the  citv  did  n<»t  own  the;  streets, 
nor  certain  market  and  school  hlocks  in  the  Mission 
tract,  nor  the  China  and  Central  basins,  it  re<juired 
ail  act  of  the  le^islatui'e  to  d(U>ate  tliese  reserved  por- 
tjiuis  to  the  city  before  the  su|>ervis(trs  wtn'e  in  a  situ- 
ation to  refuse  or  accede  to  the  demands  of  the  i-ailroad 
coipoi'ation.  The  Central  I'acilic  intluenc(> '.night de- 
teat  the  pa.ssage  of  a  bill  giving  the  city  conti'ol  of 
those  reservations ;  therefore  the  ex<'cutive  comnutteo 
resolved  on  a  rompromisc  with  that  company'" 

The  j)roposition  entertained  was  that  the  (V'ntral 
I'mitic,  in  return  for  the  concessions  de/nanded  of 
tl'.o  city,  should  abandon  all  claim  to  Yerba  liuena 
island,  and  should  mak(>  San  Francisco  its  terminal 
Iioiiit.  Two  railroad  bridges  were  to  be  construct(>d 
l>v  the  city  a<'ross  the  bay,  tVom  a  point  about  twenty 
miles  south  of  the  city,  one  temporary,  the  other  per- 
inaiient,  t(»  be  free  to  all  railioads;  the  (ity  should 
also  erect  a  bulkhead  in  front  of  and  till  in,  (^hinaand 
(Vntial  basins,  j^ivinix  to  all  railroads  not  less  ilian 
'lie  lnmdred  miles  lon«/ occupancy  free  of  charLje;  and 
should  c«)nstru<'t  a  railroad  along  the  city  front  norti;- 


m 


'  I'iu'  jjrant  of  tlio  roservotl  liliH-ks,  the  stn-ets,  iuid  tin;  liaisiii.M,  wan  iniulo 
''S  I',  witli  tlit>  iiiiilfrstaniliiiK  tliat  tin'  city  woiilil  cniiio  tn  moiiio  agrro- 
iiiiiit  witli  tlio  railnutil  (•(irpnratioiis  fur  tlic  iH-cupaiicy  t>f  tlii-  Maiiu'.  It  wiw, 
ii'MiviT.  fxpri'ssly  iiiiMitidin-il  in  tlic  act,  that  in  casi;  tlic  cunipaniea  'jhoulit 
'  iM'  III  II1C  tilt!  land  ilitnatcil  fur  turiiiiiml  purj[H>8U8,  it  tihould  ruvcrt  ttt  tlie 
>t.itc.  C,l.  SliiL,  1S71--',  I'Jri. 


008 


UAii.iiOAits   SOI  Tiir,i;\  f.vcii'ic  svsn-.Nr 


! 


waid,  liMviiiiL^  switi'lifs  iiil,«t  wnrclioiiscs  wlicrfvi  r  ih 


I 


(Uhlic   «'ollV»'IUt'll«'»'    s 


lioiild 


r('«|Uiit',  I" 


he    liTf 


to    .'ill 
isli|(  l;| 


liiiliouds  tor  Mie  (lisfliariujt!  of  tVci'jjIit.  In  coi 
ti(Hi  of  iill  i\\{sv  IVi'c  oil'is,  tin-  Ci'iitrjil  rnrilic  woiiM 
iit;i('('  lo  li\  its  tciiiiimis  at  Missitm  l>a.y.  Altll(lu^|| 
tlu' anMii'^i'iiii'iil.  a|>|tiais  lu  Iwinc  Ikcii  in  niMii\  ioiimi^ 
ck'siialilc,  no  final  a^^iffniml,  was  cntrrtd  into. 

J'^arly  in  A  |»iil  t  licrc  was  a  nifcl  iriL,''  ol"  al»oul  ( w  i  m ' 
men  of  inl1ii(  ii(-(>,  wlio  a|)|)onitc(l   a  .snii  ronuiiili>i    1 1 


•\rn   to  el 


K  H  !>-(' 


a.  t-onnnit ti'*>  of  oin-  liniHlird,  u 


oi     t 


|MII|Ki-ii'    it,    slioIlM    \h-    to   pltittrt.    IIk'     indlisl: 

v\\\  ill  ils  irlal  ions  with  tlif  (Vnti'al  I'arilic.  Tin 
ronniiil  ((■<>  took  untlir  a<l\  iscnitiit.  tlic  liai'^ain  lu 
tworii  (lie  sii|tri  \  isois  and  tlic  railroad  jiowi  r.  ainl  .lil 

inattcl'S     conncrtrd      llicrcwilll.        lictwirn      tlic     cnin 

niitttf  ol"  one  hundred  and   tlic  dinctois  tJnri'  wa^a 
uidf  diirt'i'tiMi'  «>r  opinion  (•(»n<'irniii;jj   tin'  nindial  oli 
M'^ations   of  San    l''ranrisro  and  llw  ('mlral    Tai  iln . 
ilir  laltrr  roiiiriidinLj  tliat,  t JuM'it V  lunl  lircn  ni<;'^aiill\ 
in  it:<  aid  (o  I  In*  railroad,  and  tlic  <-onnnitirr  as.i  iim" 
that,  it,  hail  hern  lilM'ralajid  r'l'i'onntiniL;' its  sc\«'ial  Mih 
siiThs;  ."i^d.'iO.ooo    in   rilv    honds   <;i\rn   <tnlii'4lit,  Willi 
t,lii>  inli'itsl  lor  thirty  yc.'irs  at  siNm  prr  cent,  aiiioiini 
in;j;.  with    (hr    prin»-ip;d.    to   $-.!,0|  ...doo  ;    tlh'   inl.  u  ,t 
wITu'li   il.  would    lia\t'    to    pay    on    Ihr    stair   siih-iil\ 
aniountin'4  to  .^iJ-SdO.ooO  ;  Sjin   {''rancisco  and  S.ni  .1"  .■ 
railroad  stock  .*?;{!>0, ()()(» ;   .sixty  aci'i  s  on  tin"  liil«    l.iinls 
<»r  Mi.ssion  iiav      in  all  at.  Last    s  |.(i()(>,()(i(i  aii.-olui.  I\ 
jj^ivcn.      And  a.^'ain   the  i-onMnilln-  rl.-iiiiird   lli.it    tin 
ronip.-iny  had  not  kept  I  hr  promises,  ac*  ii.'d  oriii,pli<il, 
under  which   thesr    lavors   h.-td    Imcii  oiantcd.      Thii 
jiopiilar  prcjinlici"  was  aiousid  a'^aiiisl,   the  din  .tni'. 
and  Ihr  nrws|»ap»'rs  liillrrlv  and  ccasrli'ssly  dcnoiimiil 
tin  in  lor  disivt^^ariliiio'  the  lij^hts  of  tlu*  prople. 

On  till'  2ntli  of  April   Unit    arrived    in  S.in    IVm 
c'lHco  a  depula'ion  iVoin  St,  Louis  to  eonsull    uitli  Im 

1>UsineS.S  men  of   the  cits    upon   the    elirour.''  '.in    III    l'> 


fVlMMlTTKi:  OF  ONK   lIUNItUK.P. 


OOT 


lu;  '^ivM'H  to  llu'  Alliiiilir  mill  l*aciHr  niilntnd,"  niid  <<» 
for  ils  <-(iiiiu'tlioM  witliSim  Knincisco.     'riitic 


iirr;iii|j;'' 

Will-     ll 


lose    III 


(Ik-    ('(iiiitiiittri'    1)1'  one    liuiitlrnl    w  I 


ID 


kIv  to    sti'ikr    liantls    with    tli«>    Atl.'iiilic    ami 


I'acilu'    |nMt|il(«    upon    tlinr    |»r«ti(iist'    to  coiik 


to    Sail 


Kiaiicisco  with  thfir  loail  ;  (.tlitis  who  tiivorcd  an  in 
,|.'|)(iul<'nt,  niilrojnl  Imilt.  I»y  tho  |>t'o|.|('.  to  «'oniii  rt, 
with  some  I'oad  coiniii'^  iVoin  tJu'  sout  ht  asl, ;  ainl  still 
(dlnis  who  (alUt'd  of  |»iiiihasiii'4  t  lir  Sont  hcfii  raritic. 
ami  ii-^iii"'  it,  I'oi' a.  foiiiniiint'im'iit  o|  a  t  ransront  imntal 
I'oid.  It,  waM  not  «'(»nsidritd  »liHicult  to  raisr  inonry 
tor  aiiv  one  <•('  t.hi'-^f  |M'ojcits. 

Thi'ic  was  in  all  this  a-^itatioii  <ansc  foj-  uiirasiiuss 
1,1  ilh'  (  ^•nt^al  Pacillc  and  SoiiMirni  rarilic  comiianirs; 
and  while  tlu-y  rin|»lial  irallv  diiiifd  that,  tiny  had 
Ik  111    L;iiilly   of  Iticacli   of  failli,  tluy   wt'ir    |Mi|r<||y 

ilhii'j^  to  pialir  tin-  |tio|M>,scd  iin|Mi>\  I  Hunts  n|iiin  tin- 


Mission    hav    laiith 


nniiioiaiKliiiii  was    |irtsi  ntn 


to  llic  roinniitlir,  Aiijnist.  l/tli,  of  ail  nndcrstaiidiiiijf 
ani\i-d  at,  ln'tAVc'ii  Stanlord  and  t.lio  v'lly,  tlir  tirins 
hI'  uhii'h  Wi'i'i'  as  follows:  That,  t.lio  I'ailroad  r<iin|ianv 
sliMiild  withdraw  all  prt'ti'iisidiis  to  N'crha  lhitii;i 
isliiid.  at,  till'  saiMi'  tiino  pl.iriii'^  no  nhstacli"  in  tin' 
wav  ol*  a,  L»'i"aiit,  of  tin*  saiin'.  or  a  part  of  Iho  saiiir.  to 
the  lily  for  hospital  purposes;  that,  (ho  ('mtr.il  and 
SidiUiirii    Pacilir  rompanii's   should   ••onstriHt.  within 


ii!ii'  ami  one 


half 


oars,  a    slioii'  lino    road 


from 


M 


is- 


>iuii  h,i\  to  Mili'S.via,  a  hrid'.!"  .:  tk^s  tlio  h.av  ot"  San 
iMMii'isro;  that,  tlio  (Id  arro  (i.irl  in  Missinn  hav 
■<li'iiild  havii  th(^  st  roots  «'losid  o\frpl  in  nrtain  pla«Ts 
ulhi.'  (,||(>  piihlio  convfuiinoo  iiipiirid  thoni  to  ho 
1^' pi  open,  and  China,  h.isin  should  in  pai't  l»r  oiantid 


t"  I  III'  railroa. 


d  lor  romnii'irial  piii  p 


that   iho  <  it\ 


lioiild   doiiato  to   tlio   ('riilial   and   Soiithorn    rmiipa 
!ii'-i   ,^J,.'i(U),(iO()    in    lioiids.   payahlo   in    twont\     \.ars, 

"  riiH  ili'li'^'iliiiti  i'iiikIsIi'iI  iif  .liiT|.li  Urn«  II.  iiiiiyKf  iif  .St  1,11111,.;    An. In  « 
I'll  1. 1'.  Ill  iiLigiiin  ijiii'i'liii' 111  I  111' All.iiilii'   iihl  r,iiilii'  I!    |{  :ritnliiii  U    I'l  li, 


I; 


li.iil. 
\  r  (1 


.1 .1    i:    UmI 


llliiill,    III    ,S|iiili 


.'ll.'M,      Mn  ,    ill 


11)1111.111 


lliiil K    Itiiilu'.'.   I'!    O    Slaiiiianl,  I'' 


.is;     Ol-, 
I        I'.       II. 


I'll    I  ol  the  A.  iiiiil  1'.  U.  !(.;  aitil  ('iiliiuil)U.i  iKlaun,  hcc.   vl  llic  iiihimr. 


\        


am 


rvAILUOADS-SOUTIIKllN  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


: 


drawiii*;  six  jur  rout  Interest;  ])r(»vidi'(l  tliroiti/eiis  of 
San  Kiaiuisco,  l>y  vttte  at  tin'  November  elteti.in, 
slioulil  Mpprovi'  of  tlie  j^it't;  that  in  consideration  of 
tiiis  .sul)si(l\'  tlio  city  should  hav(!  the  rii^ht  to  contri' 
iijton  any  other  eonipany  havinjj;  its  terminus  in  Alis- 
sion  hav.the  ])rivil('y;e  of  lavinsjf  its  track  alonir  that 
portion  of  the  land  donated  to  the  Western  and 
Southern  Paeitio  eoni|>anies  tor  right  of  way,  and  to 
use  the  tracks  u})on  the  hridgi;  l>y  |»ayinsjj  a  pio  lata 
charoje  for  th«'ir  maintenanci' ;  that  the  Central  and 
Southern  Pacitic  companies  should  niako  their  ]u  r- 
manent  termini  on  the  ^lission  hay  lanils,  and  the 
latter  road  should  transact  its  main  business  over  tlu' 
shore-line  road;  the  main  husini'ss  of  the  C^ntl•al, 
except  such  as  niioht  he  done  via  ^'allejo  and  Sausa- 
lito,  and  of  the  San  .roa<iuin  valley  road,  should  also 
be  transactt'd  over  the  briduje  route ;  that  the  railroad 
comi)aiiies  did  not  waive  the  rij^ht,  should  the  m'owtli 
of  busiiu'ss  di'mand  some:  ditfen'ut  or  bi'tter  route,  of 
adoptinjj^  it;  that  whenever  the  city  bulkheatl  should 
be  completed  continutuislv  from  Mission  bav  to  J'lack 


pomt,  the  rai 


Iroad 


companii'S  would   lay  ilown  a   rail- 


way thereon,  with  depot  and  freii^ht-housc^  facilitii 
whii'h  tijicks  were  to  be  free  to  any  railroad  coni|Mny 
operatiiii;"  100  mili'S  of  roail.  Two  of  the  executi\f 
Committee,  while  approvin<jf  of  the  a!j;reement  in  i;(  ii- 
eral,  declinetl  to  sio;n  the  report,  because,  in  tlicir 
opinion,  the  concessions  made  by  the  lailroad  coiniia- 
nies  were  not  commensurate  with  the  amount  ef 
subsidy  |'.roposcd  to  bo  «j;iven.  At  the  Novenilur 
election  the  |>eople  rejected  the  jiroposition  which  tlu' 
ronnnittee,  in  their  iud«xnn>nt,  sliould  not  have  entrr- 
tained.  liy  the  terms  of  the  a*j;reement  the  option 
was  left  with  the  Central  t'onipany  to  chan^jje  its  ronte 
and  its  terminus,  and  the  etVect  of  such  a  sulisidy 
woidd  have  been  to  impair  the  citv's  abilitv  to  socinv 
a  railroad  of  its  own. 

The  results  of  mj^otiations  with  the  Atlantic  and 
I'acific  company  were,  in  some  ways,  more  prouiisnig 


ATLANTIC  AND   rACIFIO  NE(!OTIATIOX;s. 


cog 


Oil  tlio  ()tli  of  May  a  public  ronfcronoo  liud  boon  liold 
1m  t ween  tlio  St  Louis  (KKi^atioii  aiul  the  (•omiiiittct' 
dt'  niH'  liuiuhrd,  at  wliirli  it  was  msoIvihI  to  aci't'pt  a 
jii(>|)()sition  IVoni  tliat  coini»any  to  tako  $1  0,000,000  of 
.stni  k  ill  tlu^  Atlantic  and  Pacific,  whidi  wouKl  ^'\\v 
S;iii  I'lancisco  scviial  of  tlio  directors.  Mnt  bi  tore 
any  drtinitc  arran;4cincntcouKl  be  made  it  was  thought 
iirc.ssary  to  s»>nd  a  connuission  to  St  Louis  with  tlic 
It  tuiiiin;^  di'l('i;alion  to  invi'stii;att'  tlic  allairs  of  that 
tMiii|»any,  and  Jxicliard  (j.  Smatli,  John  S.  Haijir, 
and  ('.  T.  Hopkins  wore  appointed  to  this  iluty.  A 
(Miiliact  was  enterinl  into  bet\ve(>n  tlicsodeleiiates  and 
t!i<  St  Jjouis  company,  wbiili  bad  six  months  to  run 
Ik  tore  bein;4  finally  a<-cepti-d  or  r«'jected  by  San  Fran- 
(i.Mi).  Till!  condition  of  the  Atlantic  and  ]'acific 
ii>iii|>any's  land  ^rant  proved  not  to  be  entirely  satis- 
t'a«  lory  to  the  comniittee,  a  portion  of  tlic   routt>  fall- 


iiij;  in   the   Indian  tirritorv,  an»l   for   thi 


s  an« 


1  otl 


ler 


ivasous  there  was  a  pt>rtion  of  the  one  hundi'cd  in 
fa\iir  of  l)uildinsj;  a  road  to  connect  witli  tlit^  Texas 
ratilic,"   whosi!    enterprising    president,   Thomas    A. 


A  second  n.v^  in  1^72  clian);!-!]   Hiiiiicwlifit  tJit>   i-lmrter  act,   niid  also 
'.;i'(l  the  iiaiiu'  I'nim  Tcx.is  I'acilic,  Id  'Ic\:is  and  I'iuilic.      ni  llic  Miiiiiiier 


i>\  \s: 


Scott  was  ill  San   Picj^c 


d    received    Hiilistaiitial  e 


licollivi^eliiellt 


Ireiii  iIk'  eiti/eiis,  i;i  the  sha|ie  of  iieaily  l(),(HH>  acres  of  valiiaMe  lands  uitli- 
111  the  city  tiliilts.      Lai'j;c  sinus  of  inoiiey  were  e\]ieliiled  liy  tliein  in  |iiircliaH- 
iiii!  ii^hl  of   \Nay  and  depot  grounds,  a-i  Mill  as  in  assisting  to  |irociii'e  con- 
ic eoiii]iaiiy  to 
I^TJt,   and   tell 


t'li'^-i- 
I'oiiii 


>iial  aid     liiit  without 


ccess      11)1011    the  |ironilse 


.f  tl 


Irle  the  roail   liv  ilidv  .">,  I>7ti.      (Jroiind 


l)roU 


nil 


li-  of  ^railiii^  done.      In    IN'I)  Scott  ottered   to  reliiii|iiisli   tiic  San    |iie^o 


>iil»idv.  as  he  Mas  in  iniicli  doiih* 


i-ccmini' 


tir 


d. 


M  Itliollt 


wliirii  (he  roail  could  not  lie  constructed.  I'lit  the  .San  Ihe^aiis  did  not  ac- 
n|it  ihe  oti'er,  Itcing  still  lio|icfnl  for  the  T.  ainl  I',  co.  In  IN"!',  houevcr. 
t!h'  |ires't  of  till!  hoard  of  city  trustees,  1».  O.  MiCarlhy,  wrote  to  Scott, 
nkiiiL,' for  a  return  of  the  deeil  to  San  l>ie>;o  lands,  that  iiiucli  litigation  ex- 
i-liii'j,  and  in  |iros|ie(  t,  Miij{lit  lio  previ'iitcd.  l'"or  .•in-«er,  Scott  returned 
tli.it.  •  No  cll'ort  had  liecn  siiared,  since  the  failure  of  ls7lt,  to  securi'  iH<\  eiii 
iiiiiit  aid,  Imt  that  his  hill  had  f.iiled  for  want  of  the  active  siiiniort  he  had 
li"|.'l  ''"■■  i""l  "li't  I"'  '*'i"  expected  to  l.iiild  the  road,  hut   iiendiiii;  fiirtlur 


Ih 


I'll., , ,  .hiiii-i,  and  liaviiii;  no  dcsiri'  to  iircxeut  the  I'lty  from  Hecuriii>;  oilier 
lelc'il  connections,  whenever  niiy  reipoiisilile  coni)iatiy  l>'i<l  eoii-lriicted 
It'll .  iiliimoiis  miles  of  railway  e;istwa?d  from  the  city,  lie  Mi>uld  rt- convey 
"111-  li.ih  of  the  lands,  hut  not  so  a.s  to  eiiiharrasM  the  location  of  the  T.  and  I'. 
Iiie.  or  its  terminal  facilities  in  San  l>ie^;o.  Stin  Itinin  rnii'ti,  in  S.  /•'.  Hiil- 
i-l'"i.  I»ec  II,  |S7!>.  The  rout*' chosen  l.y  the  T.  and  IV  co..  after  survev  inj; 
tniir  vcM-ral  lines,  was  that  hy  the  San  Cor^oiiio  pasn.  It  followed  tlit! 
II «  I  north  to  the  mouth  of  the  Sail  Luiii  lley  river,  ami  up  tlio  Santa  Mar- 
UisT.  Cai..,Vol.  VII     li'J 


610 


RAILllOADS    SOUTHERN  PAriFIC  SY.STE^T. 


' 


Scott,  was  in  Califcrnia  lookiii;^^  after  tonniual  f'lcin. 
ties  in  San  Diciio."  Onlv  about  one  third  of  ilu> 
ooinniittco  advocated  tlie  Texas  Pacific  coiiiuction  ; 
tlie  niajorit}'  favoring  a  road  to  bo  owned  entirely  l»v 
California  capitalists. 

About  the  I'Jtli  of  July  the  San  Francis'co  and 
Colorado  River  Railway  company  organized,  with  a 
capital  stock  of  $50,000,000  divided  into  5()O,000 
sliarcs  of  $100  each.  Subscriptions  were  obtained  to 
the  amount  of  $3,1)00,000,  and  several  millions  nioic 
promised.  A  cubsidy  of  $10,000,000  was  asked  f(ir 
from  San  Francisco,  after  obtaining  which  the  soutln  rn 
counties  could  bo  relied  upon  for  further  contributions. 
The  subsidy  was  to  bo  voted  upon  at  tho  election  in 
November,  but  tho  people  in  tho  mean  time  had  hi^n 
informed  that  their  $10,000,000  would  go  to  pun-has  • 
the  Southern  Pacific  which  had  been  largely  ((in- 
structed by  subsidies,  and  they  declined  to  buy  a  mad 
their  own  money  had  heljied  to  build.  Thus,  indi- 
rectlv  the  Central  Pacific  manaoement  defeated  the 
San  Fianciseo  scheme,  as,  })erhaps,  it  was  intiiid  d 
should  be  done.  It  was  the  end  of  railroad  projr(  [>, 
none  of  which  have  been  indulged  in  from  that  time 
to  the  present.  Yet  it  was,  at  least  on  tho  surl'aee,  a 
good  and  feasible  plan. 


In  1874  the  Contract  and  Finance  co?npany  was 
dissolvetl,  and  in  December  of  that  vear  was  oru'un- 
ized  the  Western  Development  compi.ny,  to  wliidi 
the  contracts  of  the  former  were  transferred,  the 
stockholders  being  Stanford,  Huntington,  Crocker. 
Hopkins,  and  Colton.'^thc  last  an  able  and  enteipris- 


parita  valley,  thron<;li  Dun  Juan  Forstor's  raiiclio,  to  Toineeula,  and  thence 
to  San  (ior^ioiiiii.    A/.,  April  '_'0,  and  May  li)  and  'J'.t.  1873. 

'•'  Tlu!  iliiv>t(ir.s  of  till'  Colorailo  I'oniiiany  were  Jolm  I'arrott,  IV'tor  l>iiii:i- 
liuo,  Henry  M.  Niuliall.  W.  T,  t'olonian,  .Mioliiel  Ueese,  Willi.im  t'. 
Ralston,  .1.  M.iia  .Moss,  .lolm  O.  Karl,  Henry  1).  Bacon.  A.  Gauii.  (.torge 
H.  Howard,  dosiali  llcldi'ii. 

'♦  In  the  proportion  of  two  ninths  of  the  stock  each  to  Stanford,  Hunting- 
ton, Crocker,  and  Hopkins,  and  one  ninth  to  Colton. 


TEXAS    TWCIFIC. 


Cll 


l)U>Ii»css   uion.'^     With   the   Central   Pju-ific   tl 


le 


hiisiiiess  of  the  new  t)r<;anizati()n  was  restricted 
luiiinly  to  the  execution  of  rejtairs,'"  l>ut  with  the 
^i;i:thern  l^acific  contracts  were  entered  into  for  the 
coii.-truction  of  about  40")  miles  of  road,  ineludin*^ 
tlif  sections  between  Sumner  and  San  Fernando,  and 
between  Spadra  and  Yuma. 


Sl'Cll 


After  tlie  failure  of  the   Atlantic  and    l^u-ific  to 
ire  funds  and  cooperation  in  San  Francisco,  wliidi 


\v;is   follow(.'d   by   tlie   panic   of    IS?:?,    the    Southern 
j'acifie    temporarily    al)andoned    the    route    to    Fort 


M 


(ijave,    an 


d  concentrated   its  means  on   a   road   to 


Yuma  to  prevent  the  entrance  into  California  of  the 
Texas  Pacific,  which  jiad  already  U'one  so  far  as  to 
have  i^raded  ten  miles  out  of  San  l)ie'''o,  and  to  have 
sliii)i)ed  there  iron,  ties,  and  timber  for  this  section  of 
its  road,  when  the  reverses  of  1873  crip[)led  it  finan- 
ciallv,  and  broumit  it  to  the  doors  of  C(»nefress  to  ask 
foi-  a  subsidy  in  addition  to  its  land  grant.'' 

Fiom  this  period  for  years  the  Central  T^acific, 
tlireiiL^h  its  indefatigable  vice-president,  who  was  also 
presi(k'nt  of  the  Southern  Pacific,  fought  the  Texas 
Pacific,  represented  by  Thomas  A.  Scott,  before  rail- 
road  committees  of  both   branches  of  tlie    national 

'•'  David  I).  Coltoii,  a  native  of  Monsoii,  Maine,  wlicro  ho  was  IiDrn  July 
17,  l>.'i"_',  camu  to  Cal.  in  187!>,  and  was  niaile  .sliuritl' at  Vrcka.  Latur  lio  le- 
turiifil  to  the  eastern  states,  atid  after  a  eoiirsu  of  stud}'  at  Alt>any,  N.  V., 
ii|ieiuMl  a  law  olHce  in  San  Franeisoo,  in  jiartnershiii  with  K.  V.  Harrison, 
l.itir  he  took  part  in  several  railroad  eiitcri)rises  in  company  with  the  men 
witli  whom  he  had  lieconie  assoeiateil.  Writiiij,'  to  iiini,  Nov.  Ih,  1S74,  Hunt- 
ington remarks:  'Tliero  is  a  large  lielil  to  be  worked  over  in  California,  to 
1m ill,;  ahout  good  feeling  between  ourselves  and  our  enemies,  and  1  tliink 
Vipu  ;in;  the  man  to  do  it.' 

■"Oil  the  basis  of  cost,  with  ten  per  cent  aildecl  for  snperintcmlenee  and 
the  1I-.I'  (if  tools.  Kvidencc  ot  F.  S.  l>outy  in  te.-iliinoiiy  before  the  U.  S.  I'ac. 
raiiiMud  commission  in  Sin.  Ex.  Doc,  51,  pt  vi.,  oOth  conjz.,  1st  sess.,  p.  '2(i7.S. 

'  Before  the  crash  came,  the  T.  1'.  co.  had  organized  and  ineorimrated  the 
Ti'Xis  ,uid  Cal.  Construction  co.,  whi''h  was  chartered  by  the  legi.'-iaturt',  for 
tlie  |iiirpose  of  building  the  T.  l*.  R.  11.  The  success  of  the  Credit  .Moliilier 
iiiil  the  t'ontract  and  Finance  companies  led  to  this  later  attempt.  Hut  the 
ili.irter  of  the  T.  P.  R.  R.  proliibited  any  otricerof  the  railroad  company  frmn 
liL'iiii;  a  member  of  any  construction  company;  and  while  Scott  was  nut  a 
iiiiiiilp  r,  he  loaned  his  name  aixl  credit  in  aid  of  the  construction  coiiii)any. 
When  the  panic  arrested  operations,  the  Tex.  and  Cal.  Construction  co.  liail 
ii.iliiiities  to  the  amount  of  §7,000,000,  while  its  assets  were  claimed  to  be 
fb,()(IO,lK)0. 


CK 


UAILROADS    SOrTlIKltX   PACTFIC  SYSTKM. 


l(';j;isl.itiin\  In  ('(Mijiinctioii  with  (N)lt()M,'^  In*  dc  Ira  ted 
ScottH  Mil,  and  <)|»|)(>Hi>(l  him  on  the  jjjnmiid  of  siil) 
si(h('s;  nay,  iiioi-o  than  tliat,  ho  cttlt'ii'd  to  huild  a  lai!- 
road  last  of  the  Cohirado  without  cvcw  a  land  L;r;iiit; 
a!»d  hy  these  methods  heUI  in  elu'ek  tlie  Texas  I'aritic 
until  his  ohject  was  uecomphsluHl.'"' 

The  histoi'v  of  the  Texas  l*at'iH{',  uidike  that  ottlic 
Atlantic  ami  PaeiHe,  forms  no  pait  of  the  raihiKid 
liistoiy  of  Califoniia,  cxee[>t  as  showini;-  how  and  in 
what  deijcn^o  eastern  eouipetitiitn  in  transportation  has 
heen  kept  out  of  the  state.'"'"      It  remains  only  to  lie 


"'  Sjiyn  HuntiiiKtoii:  '  I  think  tlio  Ti'xas  I'.,  or  soiiu'  of  tlicir  fiuu.ls,  will 
ln'  likely  to  talii!  till'  ;4n)iliiil  tiial  tlio  S.  !'.  is  iMiitl'ulU'il  liy  tin'  s.iinc  |i,iii,c  < 
tli.it  ciiiitriil  tilt'  t'l'iitriil,  and  that  tliiTu  must  Ik^  twn  sijiiirato  I'lupoiiHiM.s 
that  run   road.s  into  S.   1"\,   and  it  will    In"  vitv   hard   (^r  us  to  iii  ikf  lual 


ill.T 


ai;ainst  thai  arcunu-nt,  and  1  am  disposed  to  think  that  ( 'niton  had 
come  over  and  Hpi'nd  a  few  Wfoks,  at  least,  in  Washington.'  Colton  r<  Si.in 
iord  ot  al.,  xiii.  7-tS(),  Relating  t»  Ids  assoriatcs  what  he  has  saiil  toi'niii 
mitti'cnirn,  hi"  (|Hoti's  from  hiniself:  'My  interest  is,  of  eourse,  wah  tli 
Central  I'aeilie,  whieh  will  not  he  lienelited  hy  the  eonstruelu)n  of  this  i'e;ii{ 
Imt  the  parties  who  eontrol  the  .SoutluTU  I'aeilie  are  very  anxious  to  li,i\ 
this  southern  line  eompleted  at  an  earlv  day.      And  as  loni;  as  I  a 


nil  aetiMi/ 


as  president  of  tilt;  company,  1  shall  do  all  that  1  can  to  carry  out  tin 
wishes.'  Iluntin^'ton  wa.s  entirely  ri^iit  in  his  eonvielious.  Tiic>  only  an; 
nu'iit  entitled  ti>  weinht,  Haid  the  minority  of  the  house  comniillee  nii  r.i 
roads,  in    IS7>S,  waa  that  the  Siuithern   I'aeitie  conneetiuf,'  witli  tl 


S.  V 


tiid  havni)^  intimate  relation.s  wi 


ith  the  t'entral   I'aeilie  railroa<l, 


eeaii  at 

llllLlIlt 


enter  into  condiination  with  that  corporation  against  the  pulilie  interest 
that  the  advanta}{es  of  eon\petition  and  of  an  oeean  eomn^eliiui  al  Saii  llugn 
Would  then  he  lost.      Ciiiii.  /i'<7»A<,  '2',\S,  ]>t  vi.,  4.">th  eon^.,  "Jd  sess.,  vol.  i. 

'"In  the  li\intini;ton  letters,  at  p.  '.(,  lu'  writes  to  Crocker:  'I  |ii(ipiisr  lii 
say  to  con^res.s,  "  We  will  huild  east  of  the  Colorado  t<>  meet  the  Tesis  1'. 
Without  aid,"  ami  then  .see  how  meinhers  will  dart;  give  him  aid  lo  lii  uliat 
we  otlered  to  do  without.' 

'■'"  •  Woulil  it  not  he  wcdl,' wrote  lluntin^'ton,  '  for  you  to  send  some  piity 
down  to   Arizona  to  j;et  a  hill  passed   in  the  territorial  h'uislatiire  gi  iiiti;i^ 


the  ri^ht  to  huild  :»   U.  K.  east  from  the  Colorado  river,  leaving  the  n 
near   Fort   Mojave;  have  the  franchise  free  fn>m   taxatu 


or  lis  pr 


lTt\, 


and  so  that  the  rates  of  fares  and  freights  cannot  he  interlerecl  witli  null  Oir 
dividends  on  the  common  stock  shall  exceeil  10  percent.  I  think  that  \\i>u!l 
lie  alioiit  as  ({ood  as  a  land  j^raiit.  If  such  a  hill  was  pa.s.sed,  I  think  tluh 
could  at  least  he  got  from  congress  a  wide  Ktrii>  for  rii^ht  of  way,  inaeliiiir 
Khops,'etc.  Sept.  I(>,  I.S7r»,  he  wrote:  'I  shall  do  all  I  can  to  get  the  IVx.h 
I'aeilie  act  amended  so  as  to  allow  the  S.  l*.  lo  huild  (-ast  of  thv-  ( 'olor.ido  n\i  r. 
lint  1  much  douht  heing  ahle  to  do  anything,  for  if  Scott  cannot  p.is^  Iim 
'I'l-x.-.s  I'aeitie  hill,  he  e:in  do  Muii'li  to  hinder  us  from  p:issing  ours.  Tin  ii  tli 
.\.  and  r.  will  oppose  it  with  what  power  they  have.     Then,  of  emir- 


I'.  !• 


lid  opp' 


der  cover,  if  liototherwi.se;  at  least  I  know  we  >li 


th.' 
iiM, 


if  wo  were  in  their  place.  Then  the  politic'ans  wouM  naturally  he  aLMiU'l 
it.  as  they  wiiiild  tliiiik  it  would  do  them  good  to  prevent  this  grant  i;.iiii;4  b> 
the  S.  I'.,  as  if  not,  it  wniihl  he  likely  to  coijie  hack  to  the  ]leo|lll^  1  >l>ill 
do  wh:it  I  cm,  hut  you  had  hettiT  ni:iko  your  e:ileul  itions  to  huild  tlie  mil 
east  of  tlie  Colorado  river  oii  w  hat  ymi  can  g  l  o:;l  of  the  territories  aii<l  tlf 


ATCHISON,  TOl'KKA,   AN'D  SANTA  Fl': 


I'.n 


s;iiil  that  oil  tlu'  1st  of  I  )iTrmlnT,  I  SSI,  tin'  SomIIk  iii 
I'acHii-  iin't  tilt'  'I'cXiis  l*;icili«-  at,  Siciia  liliiiica.  mar 
111  Tasd,  aiul  «>|K'iii'(l  its  line  to  Xrw  ()il.'aiis  in  .laii- 
iiai  v  ISS;!,  tIir(»M^li  its  foiiiu-ctioii  with  tlic  Trxas  ami 
\(  w  Oili'aii.s  i-aihda«l  at  Houston,  'I't-xas.  ' 

As  to  the  Atlantic  and  I'acitic,  it  sull't  iftl  in  coni- 
iiiiiii  willi  other  similar  t'nt(>r|trisos  lV<un  the  linanrial 
cia'-h  of  IS7."!,  and  sul>sc(|iifntly  «ntciTd  into  a  comlM- 
iiation  with  tho  Atchison. 'l'o|)(l\a,  an<l  Santa  l'\''.  an<l 
i!h' St.  liouis  and  San  Francisco  i-ailroad  com|iani(s, 
which  i;aNc  the  Atchison  road  a  halt"  intcrot  in  the 
iliarter  of  the  Atlantic  and  I'acitic,  owned  l»y  thi-St 
Lmiis  company,  to  which   a  \alnalile   land    LTiaiil,  at- 


aclict 


1.      The  t 


Wo  com  I  tames  const  iiicted,  joint  I  v.  Irom 


itlv.  fl 


the  main  line  ot'  the  Atehisdu  road  at  AII»U(|Uert|U( 
Wtst  to  the  Colorado  at  the  Needles,  hetweeii  IS7'.' 
ami  ISS.").  with  the  intention  of  cari'viii'j:  their  roatl 
tluiice  to  lios   An<4('K'S  and  San    l''ram'i>co.      IJut   at 


na.l  II.' 
«,.iil.l  . 


■If.      If  \im  cNiuit   til  Hit   :iii3  tliiii;^   in   Ari/iiii:i  ami   Nrw    Mixho,  | 


H'M   that  v< 


lint  ilo  as  wtt  ilicl  ill  I't.ili,  u.'iit   until   tlto  I'liiiiiy 


WIS  III  |n).s.si'ssiiin.      Of  I'niirsi'.  yon  imtwi-  tlu^  vnti-  of   tin'  Imiisr  yt'strnl.iy  nil 
siiK.M.Iii'.i — "J'J.'i  against,    'M  tm-.'     A|>iil   "JTlli    lliiiitiimlcii   wrote   to    t'olloii: 
'Si'.itt  has  ^jivi'ii  up  all  lio|n's  of  ^'itl  in.;  any  siilisi.ly  t  Ins  M'ssinn,  and  is  a.slv 
111:;  iui-  (I  ill  It   \  I'  irs  iiiori'  tiini',  ainl  I   tiiiiik  In-  will  i^rt  't  ai;  linst.  all  \\r  can  <1m 
II  ■ 


i-i  iii«-  ii 


ill  I'alls  for  liiiililiii:^  'Jt)  niilfs  laili  year  iroiii  Sail   I'ic^o  this  «  a\ 


il  ."id  mill's  wi'st  from  this  nnl  of  tin-  rnail. 
■'  I  hf  Tixas    I'uilii'    ill    IST.'l  cmlfavori-il   ti 


tl 


o    sri'UI'i'    till-    (•nisslll!'    (1 


f     tl 


r,.l..ii,|o  at  V 


lima      till'  only  po 


ssiliU'  site  for  a  railroail   lirnlm',  ainl  I  he  inili- 


I  iiy  aiillmritics  yraiilril  tin' riiin|i my.  ortlu'C'al.  ami  Arizmia  ilivi^nm  of  it, 
til"  rulit  to  Ini'ak  uioiiml  on  tin'  l''oi  t   N  iiin.i  ri'sfrv.il  loii;   Imt   tin'  |m  riiii.---iiiii 


MIS     liVokl' 

till'  nl-.lrl-. 


il    l.v  (. 


Mi-|>owrll,    ili\isioii    ('oiniiiamlrr.       Thi'    T.    I'.  (il>i-\i(l 


Hut  liotli  till'   T.  r.  ami  till'  S.  I'.,  niiiiii  a|i|ilii' itioii,  |irot'ur<'il  tin 


rriiii>sion  ot   the  sri'.   ol   war  to  carry  tlnir  rnails,  [iiovisioiia 


llv,  t' 


I  roll  I'll   a 


iiriu  r  of  the  rcscrvat 


loll,    in   .'\ii<' 


1ST 


The  T.  I' 


III  view  of  the  former 


ii\iii' Il  loll,  ile-ireii   to   have  the   niatler  setthii    in   ciuij^ress   Iiefore   jioim;   on 
Willi  iniistriielion,  .mil  o.i  Sipt.   1st   the  |iermissioii  was  witlelrawn  from  liotli 


iini]iiiiics   |ienil'iii{  a  ileeisi,.n   conecriiiie^   the   respictive    ii^his   of   the 


.Vnain   the  S.   r.  sceiiri'il   a    iiioililieation   of   this   order. 


lar  as  tl 


,1111  a  permil  to  eonliniie  work  to  the  e\teni  only  of  prev  iiitim^  wa-ti  atnl 
iiijiiiy  to  its  property.  llaviiiL;  seciireil  this,  it  foiiiul  means  to  ei'iii|ilete  the 
lull!  I  Hi;  of  its   liriilije,  laid   its  track   on   tlie  liiidi;e  in  the   iiii,;ht,  ,'!iiil   r.m  .i 

poliilcllee  j_'roWMM4  out    of    this 


Iriiii  ni  ears  ov.T  the  river 


The  otlicial 


trills  lit  ion  is  to  lie  found  in  /'.  .S'.   //.  h'r.  />'i 


:t:i.  AMh 


r 


/i'}>t,    J',M,   ii.,    I.'i  colli.'.,  '-!  sess.;   ('i)iiklhi'.i  .I''(-m)ih,    Jli   S. 


lliiMliiiLfloii  in  his  l.iKii-M,  |.S."i,  relates  how  lie  clianued  the  mind  of  tlie 
*  '.  I'l  war,  and  '^ot  iiini  out  of  that  idea  in  almiit  twenty  ininiites.  I  then 
Miw  liiree  other  iiieinliers  of  the  eiliiiict;  then  went  and  .saw  the  president. 
Ill'  w  IS  ,1  little  ciKss  ,it  lirst;  .said  wu  had  dilicd  the  j^nv.,  etc,;  Init  1  soon 
g>it  hiiii  out  of  tiKit  hdiel. ' 


■It  !"■ 


G14 


RAILROADS    SOrTIIERN    r'ACIFTC  SYSTEM. 


this  juncture  tlu'  Soutlicrn    I'acilic  a«jaiu  stupjM  <|  tlio 


way. 

Tlie  Caliloniia  SoutluTU  railronil  was  rhart('r(<l  (  u- 
tol>tr  I'J,  ISSO,  to  ooiiNtruct  a  liiu*  from  San  1  )i«  _'o  to 
San  Hfniardiiio.  and  tin*  Calilornia  Southern  Kxtcii- 
sion  ('(tniiKiny  was  eliartered  May  '2'.\,  IHSI,  t<>  »-\t<ti(| 
this  road  to  a  connection  with  the  Atlantic  and  Pa- 
cific in  ( \difornia.  at  a  point  ahout  eiyhtv  niih  s  north- 
oast  of  San  l^einardino.  Th(>  two  companies  consoli- 
dated undei'  tlie  name  «if  the  fiist  ahove  nniitioiK  d. 
and  tlie  road  was  completed  to  ( 'oltoii  in  An.:ii-t 
ISS'J,  and  op(  iM'd  from  San  Diigct  to  San  iJernanlinu 
Sept(Mid)er  l;:,  iss:i. 

Soon    afterward    tlic   Southerti    Pacific,    ohtainin.: 


th 


irounii    the    pui'cliase  ot 


■itock 


a   sliai'e    1 


n  tl 


II'  man 


nijfemtnt,  secured  the  extension  of  the  Atlantir  and 
I'aeific  to  the  (\)Iorado  at  the  XeedK's,  whieh  eom- 
pclh'd  it  to  connect  ther«:  with  tlio  former.  This  had 
nearly  \hcu  a  deatliMow  to  the  California  Soiitht  rii, 
which  had  siiHered  mucli,  not  only  l>y  opposition,  hut 
by  tioods  in  the  'reniecula  canon,  which  reiuhrt  d  iin- 
})a>.sahh'    thirty   miles   of  its   track,  can-yini;   hriil-^'i 


atK 


1   t 


les   ell 


(inh 


awa 


y 


som«!    heimr    se( 


n   a    hundi'd 


miles  at  sra.  It  must  not  only  rehuild  tliis  thirty 
miles,  hut  in  order  to  n-ach  the  Atlantic  and  ra<iti<-. 
must  coiistiuct  ."JOO  miles  t>f  new  road  over  mountain 
and  desert,  insti'ad  of  the  HO  miles  as  fiist  intind-  d. 
For  several  months  the  dircctois  hesitated.  I)Ut 
finally  tlie  Southern  Paiilic  di'tern.ined  to  st  II  to  tlif 
Califoinia  Soutlu'rn  tlu;  road  from  the  NetdKsio 
Mojavi'.  huilt  hy  the  Pacific  Improvement  company,' 
the  successor  of  the  Western  I  )i'Vi'lopment  comi>iiiiy. 
'I'he  transfer  took  place  in  Octoher  1SS4,  and  the 
California  Southeiii  at  once  recommenced  constru<  tiou 
and  repairs,  and  in   November    IHSo   opened  it-  liii'.' 

"  Orginizo<l   in    Nov.    1878,  with   A.  .F.    II.  Stroliiiilno  as  prf.^i'lo.;,  aii.l 


F.  S.  Idnity  setrctary  ami   In 


r,   tin    liiiaril  oi   iliirctors   iiulmliiij.  1«- 


li-.s  tlu-sc  two,  .\rtlmr   lirowii,  W.  K.  Hrouii,  aii<l   B.  It.  ('n>ckiT.     It- 'ip' 


81' 

ital  st.i 
iu  Stii. 


WM^  .*."i.OlMI,(MMI 


I'. 


Miiionv  III 


f  nf  till'  r.  S.  I'ai'.  R.  li.  coiiiii,i--«!<« 


JJo 


-.J,  11. 


\J.,  .lOtli  coiig. 


I. a 


.-iL's.s.,  [I.  -drJ. 


CUYAMAl'A  ("OMPANY, 


G15 


from  Sail  ])it><^o  to  I^arstow,  In  OctoInT  ISSd,  it 
loiiiKilIy  passed  under  the  eoiitrol  of  the  Atchison, 
T'l'i  ka,  and  Santa  Fe  tonij»any.  and  was  «t|>eijit«'(l  as  a 
tli\isi(»n  of  that  road.  Tims  after  ten  years  of  stiniLT- 
^le.  two  of  the  eastern  roads  ell'ected  an  entranei;  into 
California.'"' 

The  Atlaiitieand  Pacific  lias  al.soanother  and  more 
circuitous  route  from  tlie  east,  made  i»y  runnin^j;  a 
liiiiiich  from  Ivincon  t»»  l)eminiL;,  in  Xiw  Mexico, 
\vh(  re    it  coimects   witii    the    S«tuthern    Pacific.      In 


March     18H8    the    Cuv 


una* 


•a    and    Kastern    railroad 


(•(iiii|>any  was  or«;ani/ed  at  San  Dieyo  to  coiistruct  a 
raih'oad  to  tlie  Needles,  intending,'  to  connect  with 
the  Atlantic  and  l*acific.  'I'he  roiiti'  chosen  was 
marly  a  straii^ht  line,  savint^  two  hundred  miles  in 
(li>tanco,  and  (tpeninL;;   uj)  the   c(»untry  hack   of  San 

J)iii;(). 

The  ij^ap  in  tho  ori-j;inal  line  of  tlu'  Southern  Pa- 
cific, left  un<'ompli'ted  in  187-,  was  still  indilK-d  in 
I^S7,  hut  suiNcys  Were  then  in  jiroj^ros  for  a  new 
Stiuthern  Pacific  hranch  railway  to  sujudy  this  defVct. 
The  only  coast  town  n-achod  below  Montei»y  was 
Los  iVno'i'les,  which,  although  twenty  miles  inland, 
l.ad  heiii  made  an  excejition,  for  sul»>tantial  reasons. 
Tills  wus  one  of  the  first  towns  in  the  state  to  move 
ill   the    nuitter   of   railroads,    and    huilt   two,""*    which 

•' Tlioiii.is  Nickcrsnii  (if  niistiin  was  first  prfs't  of  tlif  <';il.  Sniitlicni  an 
coiis(i|i.l;ittil.  'I'lu'  niiiil  was  «urvcyiMl,  .1.  O.  O.-jiooil,  iliu'l  "'ii;;  r,  tiiruugli 
till-  rniiiTula  I'.ifiiiii.  Till' ilislaiii-i-  to  ( 'ulloii  liy  tlir  iniitf  is  l"_'l>  iiiik's.  .1. 
N.  \  Ktiir  tuoit  cliiiri;!'  of  tho  ro.iil  ;i-<  .-iip't  in  Aiii;.  Isvj,  aiiii  cinitinufil  in 
cli:ii)^.'  until   Ajiril   ISSS,  iluriiiL!  wliuli  liiiic  it  iiiit  ainl  nvircain     tin'  nlista- 


.11  s  nifiit  luiicc 


I  alx 


Tl. 


10  roail  j^fiw  into  a  l.ir>;o  Iiir^nu-ss. 


F.  F.  r 


till'  I'fij^  r  a|)|ioiiitt(l  iiy  tho  8n[)'t,  loiatiii   thf   line  of  tho  oxton.sion  throuijh 


tlh'  ( 


ajon   pass. 


Tiio  t 


w(i  canoiiH 


tiiiiui^;li  «iii<li   tiio  ( 'al.   Southorn   is  o< 


stnu'tt'il  aro  aincmj4  tlio  wihlost  aiul  most  liiiiiciilt  iDr  railri'a<l  hiiiMin),'  on  tho 
I'oast.  Tho  Cnyaiiiaca  ami  Kastorn  U.  li.  was  ixiii-ctoil  to  avonl  siirh  passes, 
wjii.li,  while  ilitailoil  l)y  railroad  liuiltjors,  aii'  a  plia.snre  to  tho  tourist. 

•'  III  IS?-"),  tho  ]jos  Aiij^olos  [looph-  iiicorpor  iti-.l  a  oompany  t nstrnct  a 

r:iil»  IV  wliioli  .shoiilil   iiiiito  their  town  with   .Santa  Moiiiea  on  one  li.iinl.  ami 


1" 


<l  on  tho  other  to  San  Hern  ir<liiio,  ami  tlioixi' to  Imlopeii'h 


ill  IlINu 


CO.  The  roiito  to  lie  followeil  wa-i  ihroiiLfh  tho  Cajon  p.iss,  .sinro  iisicl  hy  tin; 
Cil.  Southoin  liraiieh  of  the  All.mtii'  ainl  I'.ieitie;  aiul  the  eapital  .>tock  w:i.s 
I'lieeil  at  .<l,0()(>,l!()(),  in  .shares  of  §10(1  each,  over  halt  of  wliieh  w.is  ]i.ii'l  up. 
1  lie  lirst  train  hetweeii  l,os  Aiii;ilos  ami  Santa  .Moniea  was  run  in  l>ii-.  I"i7">. 
liri'liiig  was  done  east  of  Los  .Viigelos  ami  in  the  L'ajou  pa-is.      Whether  tho 


i  i;, 


M 


:     17  I 


V 


A  ■■ 


■I  a 


618 


RAILROADS    SOUTHKUN    PACIFIP  SYSTKM. 


passed  iitMlcr  tlir  ('(Uitrol  of  tin*  Soutlitiii  I'arific. 
Ill  April  I  SH7  tin;  tracks  of  two  t)tlitr  roads,  luiiurly, 
tilt'  lios  AiiLjek's  ami  San  H»'niardiiu>  niid  the  Sun 
(lid)ri('l  Vallt'V  railways,  win-  ioiiird,  toriniiivr  a  liii' 
tVom  San  l^oriiajdiiio  to  Los  Aiit^tlcs,  and  takiic^'  tlie 
name  of  tlu'  California  Criitral.  It  is  nally  u  coii- 
solitlatioii  of  tlu'  Atchison,  Topcka,  and  Santa  F*'-  a:nl 
the  Atlantic  aiul  Pacific  pnrchascd  roads,  and  ad- 
mitted that  eastern  coinhination  to  Los  Aii'^tlts." 
This  conjhination,  cxercisiiij^  the  ri^ht  of  emiin  nt 
domain  to  ohtain  ri<,dit  of  way  thitnii;!!  tlif  San 
ifoaquin  ranclio,  a  valuahle  j)ropi'rty  of  lOH.Ooo  ain  >, 
lying  across  the  line  of  any  road  down  the  coast,  en- 
countered the  o|>position  of  the  Southern  I'aijtic, 
which  was  also  lookini^  out  a  route  for  its  coa>l  liiic 
to  San  J)ie<ro. 


The  Southern  Pacific,  like  its  older  hrotlier,  th«' 
Central,  was  a  <A)od  railroad   huilder.     J^v  its  endless 

?f>iiij).iiiy  would  liavo  liocn  able  to  I'oinjili'te  their  roail,  nwiiitj  t"  its  v'>*t.  i» 
.ItiulittuI;  i)Ut  the  iiiikiii  rcanDii  of  its  lailiiri'  was  the  opjiosition  ol  tlio  Smitli- 
orii  I'iii'ilie,  whii'h  lin.'illy.  in  1878,  imrclia.stMl  thi'  road  to  Saiita  .Monua  ut  .i 
low  ligurc,  it  lifiiig  ill  (litlii'ulti(^s,  and  put  an  tiid  to  tlic  hopes  of  .*  princi- 
pal projc'itor  and  [irt'sideiit,  U.  S.  Si^iator  iloliii  I',  .lom-.s,  wli^i  ha'i  lar^.''' 
iiiti'iv.sts  in  that  iiiiirtcr.  Says  Huntington  in  his  /,</^/•■■l,  p.  \M,  'smiifipf 
my  associatiM  in  Cal.  si'i'in  to  think  it  is  no  intert^st  to  us  to  Control  thi<  ri>a'I. 
In  tiiat  I  am  not  agroiMl,  as  I  iKdimo  tlif  diU'iTciico  ln'twoi-n  inuking  tii.it 
road  for  or  against  lis  will  ho  every  year  half  what  it  li.'is  I'ost  us.'  Oii  p. 
17-  he  say.s:  '1  have  paid  .lones  ,'<:|tH),IMN),  as  tVooker  telegrapheil  lue  it 
would  he  safe  to  do  so;  and  on  p.  181,  '  We  owe  Senator  .lones  oii  Iin  r<"<l 
^•J.^OIHI,  and  the  S!7(>,tHKt  S.  V.  honds,' from  which  it  apiieais  tliat  .l.ui.s  re- 
ceived .*!|'.»").(HK)  for  the  Santa  Munioa  road;  but  he  lost  his  investment*  in 
that  town,  which  was  ruined. 

•'  On  tlie  "Jl^t  of  Sept.  188r>  was  incorporated  the  Riverside,  Sant  i  Ana 
R.  R.  CO.,  to  run  a  line  from  San  Bernardino  via  Riverside  to  l^os  Anu-i  I.-.s. 
75  miles.  Also,  during  188(5  was  incorporated  the  .San  IJeraardmo  aiei  l,"'S 
Angeles  11.  K.,  40  miles  to  a  connection  with  the  L.  A.  and  San  (JilTicl 
valley  K.  R.  going  east  from  Los  Angeles.  Also  was  incorporated  tin  s.iii 
Reriiardmo  valley  R.  R.,  10  miles  to  Reillands  and  ea.st.  Also  w;is  inc.irp"- 
rated  tlie  San  .laeint.i  valt  y  R.  R.,  from  Ferris,  on  the  Cal.  Southern  t..  .San 
.laeinto,  "J.")  miles.  Also  was  incorporated  the  Los  Angeles  and  .Saiit.i  Mmuia 
R.  R.,  17  Hides  from  L.  .\.  to  Rallona.  Al-o  was  incorporated  the  .'».iii  Iwr- 
nardiiio  ami  San  Diego  R.  R.,  from  Oceanside  on  the  (,'al.  Southern  to  Santa 
Ana,  ")()  miles.  Also  w.if  ineorporateil  tlie  San  Diego  (.Viitral  R.  U  .  fn'm 
San  Diego  to  Cajoii  valley,  '_'.■>  miles.  All  these  roails  Were  organi/ed  in  the 
Ho^toii  interest,  and  on  the  1st  of  .Ian.  1887  the  L.  A.  ami  .San  (Jalirie!  val- 
ley R.  R.  came  under  the  saini'  control,  being  consoliilateil  with  these  •iitlvr- 
ent  organi/ations  April  '2'i,  1887,  under  the  name  of  Cal.  Central  R.  K., 
which  gives  the  Atchison  system  4t)l  miles  of  road,  actual  or  early  prospec- 
tive opuratiuu.    i'ictor'ts  Atchuion  System,  p.  H, 


nuii,i»iNt;  AND  i;.\Ti:\si()N. 


ei7 


(li'i'-;">J4  aiul  l)l!i^tiii;^,  its  tiimirHiiiL;,"'  tr<'strm</,  l»ri(l;^- 
iiiu',  JH"i  tiack-layiii,!^,  it  lias  ludu^lit  into  commuMica 
tinii  til*'  I'xtri'iiH'  noi  tlicni  aiwi   s(Hillifn»   )>oi'ti(»iis  of 
tlir  state,  witliout  riicounturiiij^  si-rious  antagonism '^ 


>'  One  iif  the  Krfat('.<t  r;iilro.iil  tuniu'l"  :;ii  iiip  ciiiitiiiriit  u  ;it  Sni  Kmi.inili 


I  tllr   IllH-  of   till!  SoUtlllTIl    rilCllil'. 


'I'll 


rk  w 


!■>  rmiilinMii 


.1  III  .liilv  In7."i. 


BM 


I  rniitiiiiu'il  fiir  iiiorf  tli.'iii  ii  yiMr,  with  ^.iii^s  nt'  incit  niiiulx'riiii;  I,'')  .'ul- 
iiiii  tidiM  rai'li  uii'l  towaril  tlic  rtiitrc.      'I'ln-  lciit;tli  i-i  O.'.hit  l.tt,  .iiiil  tlio 


i.t  ol   till- work  WHS  ilxiiit  ^'.'.(NMI.OIN).     One   tV.iti 


>i   till'  tiiiiiK'l  i-i  tliat  it 


■,  u|'|'i'i>at'licil  at  t'illuT  I'liil    liy  a  lit'.ivy   iip  ^raili-,  ainl   \\:\n  a  ciiii"!!!.  imIiIc 

tri  iiii  of  wiitir  ruiiiiiii;;  oniiKtaiitly  nut  nf  itt  iniitliLTii  uinl.  It  runs  umlcr 
icL-'s  iiiiil  lafi'iiH,  til''  jiivatt'st  (liiiili  liciiii,'  ••(Ml  ti'it, 

'   Oiiu  iiiMt.iiK'c  III   Ii|ii(m|iIi(!<1  oiilv  can  In'  ri-<'i>rili'i|,  an'l  in  that  ii<>  Matiio 


H'flll'* 


til  attai'h  ti>  tl 


!■  I'liiiiiiany 


Aliimt   JsTii  til 


•ttliTs,  ('((HI  III  niiin 


til  titioiu'il  L'iiiij,'ri'ss  til  rrstiiif  ;i  |iiirtiii!i  nf  till'  l.-iii'l  •_'!•. int  tu  tlir   |iiililii',  nil 
nilr.'iiil   having    lii'i'ii  (.lUMtriii'ti'il   mi   the  rimtc   ln'twi'iii    Mnllistii,   in  S;iii 


Hi'iiitii  cdiiiity,  mill  (iiishi'ii,  in  't'lil.irc  r( 


iliit.i 


if    nil  inil.i.     'rii.y 


ri  [iirii'iiti'd  tliai  ir  a  distaiui'  nf  .")(l  iniliM  tin'  rnntr  l:iy  nvir  a  Irvrl,  Hiiinly 
H.iiti;  <if  littli'  valiii',  until  liy  irnuatiiij,'  imii.iU,  cnn.Htriictfil  at  tluir  nwii  »'X- 
iiiM-i',  it  liail  lici'ii  I't'cl.iiini'il  ainI  iiiaiii'  frull...!;  that  siilwi'iiiii'iil  in  thc.io 
iiiilirnvcin('nt.M  the  railmail  riuiiiiany  fHiiM'Scil  its  lim-,  ami  aski'il  fur  jiatciit* 
tn  till!  nihl  Hi't'tinns,   Miiint'  nf  whirli   Wfio  alieaily  oci'iipiril.      ( 'iiii>;ri's.siiiiial 


oiiiiiiiitti  IS  ri'iinrtcil  sniiK'  for  ami  hoiih!  airainst  a  forfeitiin 


iif  th 


111 


tii  iii.itter  pMiiainril  iiDili'tcrininoil  until  l>»7>i.  t'li'von  yoars  aftiT  thr  laml  was 
f;riiitc'«l.  Ill  April  (if  tliat  yoar  a  mass  iiiui'tin;;  was  lmIIciI  at  Haninril.  in  this 
rr^'inii,  when-  asi'tti'rs  lisi^iif  was  nr^anizt-il.  Thi'  lia;;iii.' ixiiii'ssril  itsilf 
as  \villiii;{  til  pay  tin-  ]irk'o  tixi'il  hy  the  gnviTiinifiit  fur  railrn.ul  lainls,  ii.inii'ly 
$'J  .III  pir  .u'rr:  Iml  iltilart!'!  tliu  railmail  ('iiin|).tiiy  ha>l  mi  ri^iit  tn  tin  ir  hnini's 
ainI  .iiiprnvoiiii  iits.  iini-  any  nulit  tn  rL-ipiirf  paynitnt  fnr  tiic  saiiii-  frnni 
tiiiiM' whii  hail   Ilia:!!  tiio  iniprnvrnii'iits.     On  a  iliinaml   trniii   the   h  ai^iit!  to 

cninp.iny  lirmijlit  ^iiilsnt  I'ji'ot- 


line  thi'ir  laml  :'r:ii1i  -  'vninvcil,  tli 


ilriKul 


Ilii'Ut   a;.'ainMt    srttr     s  nil    itii    ]i.'lti-liti'il    liliils.  ami    nlitlllU'il    jiiil^iiit'lit    III  till 


V 


S.  ciriiiit  rnurt  Ml  Di'oiinlii 


ill 


I'ri'VlnUS  tn    this    illM|.« 


llii\M 


•VlT,   hit  nr 


llM)  iiit'ii,  with   masks  tn  cniural  tlii'ir   iiliMitity,  rrpHirt'il  tn  tlu'  Imusit  nf   Ira 


II 

1 


a  puri'haiiT  nf  railmail   I  iinl.  tivi'  niik-s  finin   Haiifnr'l,  ami  nriU-riiii; 
lit  ili«!  family,  lniriiiMl  ilnun  the   ilwrllin^.      Another   imnliaNir,    IVrry  ('. 


iiillips,  was  trr.iti 


in  til 


I'  saiiii'  inaniii'r,  ami  a  si-ttler  p 


|ila>iMl 


111  piiKHi'ssmn. 


>"iiii  a.'tiT  these  ails  a  military  inmpaiiy  was  fnrmeil.      In  July  l!S7'.>  a  party 
III  III!  11,  mounteii  aiul  ili>^uiseil,  maile  a  iiiiilni^ht  vi»it  to  a  hniisi'  whrre  it  was 


siispc  iti-d  that  lertai 


lillnMoUs  [lersnlis  Wi'i'i 


loilge.l.       'I'll 


eir  visit  was 


taki 


as  a  iiieiiaee.  In  May  KSM(,  im  eninpnunise  having  lieeii  atlertcil,  V.  S. 
M  u^ImI  I'nnle  in  uiiclirt  iking  tn  [ilare  piiri'hasirs  nf  railmail  laiiils  in  pim- 
Sf->inn,  was  resisteil  liy  an  arimil  fnree,  ainl  a  Kattir  resiiltiil.  in  w  liirh  eight 
liir^Hiis  Were  killed  or  wnunded,  naimly  .lames  llariis,  Iver  Knutson,  I.  W. 
H'li.li  r>nn,  Ari'hiliald  Mel  iregnry,  I'anul  Ki  liy,  ami  I',.  Maymukir,  soltlirs, 
WHiiiiiied;  Walter  .1.  C'rnw  and  M.  I >.  Miirtt,  pnnhasers  of  lailrnjid  land, 
killid.  It  was  show  n  at  the  Impiest  that  at  the  time  of  the  enllisimi  Marshal 
['•>it\'.  in  eninpiny  with  land-grader  t 'Ink.  and  t 'rnw  and  llaitt.  inireli.isers 
cf  ivtilmail  lands,  had  set  out  in  the  streit  the  hmisolinld  gnnds  ni  \V.  H. 
Kreliii,  and  were  proeeeding  to  eviet  other  lamilieH.  'Ihe  enimn'r  s  jury 
resi.Ixid  that  'the  respoiisilulity  of  the  shedilini,'  of  muocfiit  lilnnd  lists  iipnii 
tile  Southern  Taeitie  railroad  coiniiany,'  and  the  feelini;  tlirnughniit  the  state 
was  ^trniiuly  adverse  to  the  company's  I'oiirse.  It  was.shnwn,  hnxMvir,  upmi 
till'  in.il  nf   those   persons  engaged  in  resisting  the  marshal,  that  the  settlers 


had 


it  themsidves  up  as  the  rightful  owners,  regardless  of   the  p,itents  Inld 


liy  t!ie  railroad  eniiipany.  and  hail  organized  a  military  fnree  wliieli  patmlled 
the  btreetd  ou  h^r^ehaek,   with   masks  over   their   laces;  that  tlu-y   wanud 


■  hi 

y 


^i- 


';ifi 


.  li     ;    ■   ,    M 


! 

fi 

H 

t" 

1 

1  i 

1 

'1  V' 


•■•  '  tt'  ^  ■  ■ ;  ■ 

i       t  it'      '■     ■      ,.    ,  „ 


618 


RAILROADS-SOUTHERN  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


from  the  people.  It  has  indeed  outgrown  its  older 
brother,  in  1885  assuming  the  control  of  both  systems 

away  one  purchaser  of  railroad  land,  turning  the  occupant  out  of  doors;  that 
it  wait  not  known  who  was  thu  attacking  party  on  the  fateful  lUth  of  May; 
hut  that  the  Hi'ttlers  duliljcrately  murdered  (.'row  after  the  first  fury  of  tlio 
fight  was  over,  liut  ttuch  was  the  sentiment  regarding  the  right  of  the 
Southern  Pacific  c(>mpany  to  hold  the  land  grant,  that  the  only  crime  cliar^i'ii 
against  tlie  men  who  participated  in  the  tragedy  of  Brewer's  ranelio  was  that 
of  rettisting  the  U.  S.  marshal.  For  this  J.  J.  Doyle,  James  N.  I'attcr.son, 
J.  D.  Purcell,  W.  L.  Pryor,  and  William  Braden  were  sent  to  prison  in  Sau 
Jose,  January  24,  1881,  where  they  remained  several  months,  during  m  liirh 
time  they  were  ttie  recipients  of  much  kindness  and  attention  from  tlie  citi- 
zens of  that  place.  On  returning  to  their  houses  they  were  met  liy  ;>,(XJO 
people  assembled  at  Hanford  park  to  tender  their  sympathy  and  apjimval. 
Upon  the  platform  erected  for  the  orators  of  the  day  sat  the  released  pn.si>iiers 
and  their  families  with  the  families  uf  those  killed  in  the  defence  of  tiicir 
homes.  Letters  were  read  from  congressmen  Berry  and  Ferrel  and  Senator 
Tinnin  of  the  California  delegation  in  Washington;  speeches  were  made,  i>.ad 
resolutions  offered. 

Previous  to  this  demonstration  the  railroad  company  offered  to  reduce  tha 

Erice  of  land  I'Jh  per  cent.  Most  of  the  settler:',  made  application  to  rent, 
oping  that  tlie  government  wo\dd  come  to  their  rescue;  but  tlie  leases  wiieii 
sent  to  them  containeil  an  agreement  to  apply  the  rent  of  188U  on  tlic  |mr- 
cha.sc  of  the  land,  at  tlie  reduction  otl'ered,  and  were  rejected  l»y  tlie  settltT.s, 
who  still  warned  away  the  agents  of  the  company.  In  A|iril,  previous  ti>  t!ie 
culminating  event  above  described,  the  legislature  passed  a  joint  resciluticm 
asking  'congressional  aid  in  behalf  of  a  large  number  of  settlers  upon  gov- 
ernment  land,  in  what  is  known  as  the  Mussel  Slough  district,  in  'I'lilare 
county,  Cal.'  Tlie  preamble  averred  that  'nearly  '2,000  settlers,  acting  in 
good  faith  with  the  said  government,  and  trusting  to  its  full  proteetimi,  dij 
8r;ttle  upon  whaf,  at  the  time  of  .settlement,  was  supposed  to  be,  and  what 
they  ':iaim  wao  of  right,  vacant,  unclaimed,  unoccupieil,  and  unre.serviil  <,'ov- 
ernmcnt  land;. ..  .and  whereas  the  .Southern  i'acitic  railroad  conipaiiy,  or  a 
branch  of  the  same,  having  obtained  a  charter  to  construct  a  road  on  a  I'mitu 
entirely  ditl'ercnt  from  the  one  now  running  through  said  Mus.sel  Shiugh  dis- 
trict, and  having  olitaiued  a  grant  of  land  from  the  federal  governintnt  to 
aid  in  the  construction  tf  the  same,  which  said  grant  could  not  have  liecii 
included  in  any  of  the  lands  of  the  Mussel  Slough  country,  had  ihe  railroad 
company  adhered  to  the  nnite  tirst  located,  did,  after  the  private  si'ttleiniiitj 
referred  to  above,  get  a  modification  of  its  charter,  change  its  route  U>  the 
present  one,  running  through  the  heart  of  the  Mu^<sel  Slough  country,  so  as 
to  include  the  lands  then  ami  now  occupied  by  these  settlers  in  op|i<isiti(m 
to  the  said  railroad  company;  and  whereas  tlie  United  States  court,  SawyiT 
presi<ling,  has  recently  decided  that  tlie  said  grant  to  the  railroail  coMiMiiy 
was  ill  }>r<'xenle,ain\  not  conditional  upon  location  ol  route  and  tiling  111:41  uf 
same,  in  face  of  the  uniform  decision  of  the  commissioners  of  tin-  gtiiond 
laml-ofhce  for  a  number  of  years;  and  whereas,  as  the  result  of  sal  1  deciMoii, 
about  1,800  innocent  settlers,  many  of  whom  are  poor  men,  with  tiieir  smms 
and  children,  are  in  danger  oi  Ijemg  tnrned  out  of  their  homes,  whirh  liny 
have  built  up  around  them  by  their  indomitable  industry  and  pursevtiaiioi-, 
and  which  have  become  valuable,  not  by  the  building  of  the  said  railroad 
alone,  but  principally  by  the  construction  of  several  luindreil  thousii,<l  dol- 
lars'worth  of  canals  and  ditches,  which  have  l>ecn  commencetl  and  eoin|ii  •led 
by  the  inilividual  efforts  of  these  settlers,  unaided  from  any  quarti-r;  In'  it 
resolved  by  tlie  senate  and  iissembly  of  the  state  of  Calif  .riiiii,  that  our  sen- 
ators be  instructoil  and  our  representativi  be  retjuested,  to  u.se  their  hv-it 
endeavors  to  widen  the  scope  of  the  bill  introduced  in  congress  i)y  S.  .S. 
Cox  of  New  York,  February  3d,  ia  relation  to  railroads,  so  as  iu  afford  the 


FINANCES. 


C19 


uiulcr  its  one  name,  besides  extending  its  operations 
to  the  Atlantii'  states. 

The  uniformly  successful  enterprises  of  the  direc- 
tors show  not  only  that  they  had  money  to  operate 
with,  but  that  they  were  notable  financiers.  The 
loiii^th  of  their  whole  system  of  roads  a^^i^regates 
nearly  7,500  miles.  They  control  or  own,  wholly  or 
in  pari,  more  than  forty  railroad  corporations  in  Cali- 
lornia,  besides  coal  mines,  express  companies,  steam- 
ship companies,  street  railways,  hotels,  and  town-sites, 
all  in  their  corporate  capacity.  Ai<<re  than  $1)5,000,- 
000  were  expended  for  construction  >n  1880-1884, 
upwards  of  ^;)0,000,000  being  paid  fV-r  labor  alone.'''* 

The  railroad  as.sociates  have,  of  course,  ft)und  it  less 
profitable  to  construct  long  roads  t!;n)ngh  unimprove  i 
sections  of  the  state  and  adjoining  t<.'rritories,  thi.n 
was  the  case  earlier  in  their  career.  Previ«,u--  to 
the  consolidation  of  th';  Western  antl  Central  Pacific 
and  other  roads  in  1870  the  Central  had  earne(i  .$J0,- 
'J:i8,l)l8. 13.  Its  consolidations  brought  it  $5,000,000. 
Bttwecn  1870  and  1882  it  earned  $  1 1. ".,404, 570. 13, 
altout  forty  per  cent  being  (  xpended  in  o[)frating  the 
roads.  Out  of  the  residue  there  was  paid  the  interest 
on  the  first  mortgagi;  and  other  bonds.  Ahout  $4,- 
000,000  went  to  the  purdiase  of  the  road  from  San 
Fiancisco  to  Gilroy  and  the  Los  AiigeKs  and  San 
IVdro  road.s,  and  an  unknown  amount  into  other 
undt'rtakings.  The  Pacific*  Improvenient  coni[)any 
reciive'd  for  constructinLT  the  road  from  Alojave  to  the 
Nt'tdles  payment  in  bonds  to  th(»  amount  of  $0,002,- 
000,  at  the  rate  of  $25,000  a  mile,  ai>d  stc^ck  to  the 
amount  of  $7,275,200,  at  the  rate  of  $:U),0()0  a  mile, 
for  2  12  miles,  or  at  an  average  cost  of  something  ovir 
8-4,000  per  mile.      The   Southern   l*acific  of  Arizona 

fi'licf  indicated  al>ove,  and  if  tliis  bo  inipraoticaMo,  that  our  (•.nijjri'ssriicii  liu 
ri'(|ii('stud,  if  po88il>l(\  to  prociire  iiatiouid  aiil  tlirougli  tlur  attnnu'v  ^'I'licial 
Ml  li  iving  tlio  i{U(.'stioli  of  tlic  iivviitrsliip  of  tliosc  lands,  as  in'twt'iMi  tin'  srlllcrs 
aii.l  til"  railroad  conii»any,  liuidly  di-ttriiiiiiod  in  tlio  Hiiproiuo  court  ot  llio 
I'liitcd  .Stat.-H."  Cal.  S!<U.,  I8St>,  'j;,!!  j 

■'    i.  A'.  Toirne,  /iiiilrod'l  ri-iii*intitiUim  and  CimstrHHion,  MS.,  \t\\   \!.\  \\ 


I 


620 


RAILROADS    SOUTTIERX  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


paid  to  this  coinjiaiiy  $25,000  por  mile  in  Ixuids,  uiul 
$190,1)50  in  ('a]>itul  stock  -par  valuo  of  stocks  uik] 
bonds  bein--  !?IU,yD5,000. 


Accordinj^'  to  tlio  statement  furnislicd  the  I'niti d 
States  railway  commissioners''^  by  tiio  presi<lent  of  llu- 
Central  ]\icitie,  the  total  recei|)ts  of  tiiat  company 
from  ISvU  to  1H84  amounted  to  !i?277,.'547,78'.).(i7.  and 
the  total  cxpenditnre  to  .i!i'J;{l),C.r2,27vS.'J4,  tiu;  w- 
mainder  being  a  surjdus  of  proHts.  This  estiinatc 
includes  land  sales  and  all  transactions  on  acconnt  of 
the  road,  except  sales  of  stock.  The  capital  stock  of 
the  Central  Pacific  was  increased  from  .^'JO.OOO.fXio 
in  18(;r)  t(>  $100,000,000  in  1878.  The  first  stck 
sold  after  the  consolidation  of  1870  was  20.000  sliaii  s 
to  1).  D.  Colton  in  1874.  The  first  ."^alt?  in  the  N't  u 
York  market  was  in  1880,  when  50,000  shares  wire 
sold  to  an  eastern  syndicate. 

The  capital  stock  of  the  Southern  Pacific,  wliicli 
in  1870  was  $40,000,000,  was  increased  to  .<!)(), OOO.UDO 
before  the  branch  to  the  Needles  was  constructed,  ami 
is  now  $150,000,000.  Its  earnings  in  I  871)  amouiit«(l 
to  $2,878,,'{5(>.()0,  which  went  to  pay  interest  on  its 
bonds  and  taxes,""  the  bon<led  debt  of  the  road  h.in.; 
then  $21), 000,000. 

Tiie  w'viik  point  in  tlie  whole  magnificent  scIh  nn 
is  the  accumulation  of  indebtedness.  Hut  the  <;i«  at 
railroad  builders  will  bo  in  an  excellent  financial  e«>u- 
dition  should  tiny  succeed  in  inducing  th(^  goveiimit  nt 
to  accept  their  terms  in  the  pending  final  setilenn  nt 
of  their  indebtedi»ess  to  tlu-  country.  The  liist  r  a! 
effort  of  the  Ljovernment  to  secure  payment  was  li\  an 
amtMidment  to  the  J'aciiic  Kailroa  I  acts  of  lS(t2  ;inil 
18(14,  UKide'  May  7,  1878,  establishing  a  sinking  luml 
into  which  should  be  ])aid  half  the  amount  due  ainiii- 

•■"•Coltctil  r.i  SUiifonl  t-t  al.     f'tninfiff'.i  Kr.,  'M\^  7.'). 

'*  ,1  ifWir  ()/■//(•■  f  'in/rnt  Piirilir  liminxui  >  't>iii)><iiiji,  suliiiiitlr<l  hij  Leland  ■'>l'iii- 
font,  /•niiil-iit,  July   \HH~,  Mi.' \'M  XI 

■   riin    u    Cr(i<kcr'H    jvulciuo.      A/,.   lh//\  AV.,   |».   !K)74.      Hi'  H,i\slliat 


noitlii'i    tlic   WcHii'iMi     l>rv<li 


t    <<>.,   till'  Aiiiailor    |{.   It.,  till'  ll< 


Braiu'ti  II.  K.,  tlm  Cal.   I'lU'ilit:  i{.  K.,  nor  tliu  CtiKirmlo  Stuam  Navi>;ali' 
paid  a.iiy  (liviil<>iul!),  uiiIcmh  tliu  liiMt  u  Miniill  oiiu. 


re  1  EBXr-DNESS. 


621 


ally  froHi  the  United  States  for  nmil  and  other  ser- 
vices, wliilc  the  other  hulf  sliould  be  applied  to  the 
li(|iiidation  ui'  t!»e  interest  j)aid  by  the  government  on 
its  !  oitds.  In  addition,  twenty-five  \h)V  centum  c  "^lie 
net  carninjUff-  of  the  company  were  required  to  b<!  |iaid 
into  the  trc>asury,  in  default  of  which  no  dividend 
ciinld  b<'  voted  or  received,  forfeiture  of  its  franchise 
l)(iii«jf  tlie  penalty  of  a  failure  to  observe  the  re(|uire- 
iiiciits  of  tl»e  law. 

In  regard  to  the  question  of  the  Central  Pacific 
coiiipany's  indebtedness  to  the  governnuMit,  and  for 
several  years  before  the  peo|)le,  it  is  ask<>d,  on  the  one 
liaiid:  Whence  came  the  nieans  by  which  four  men, 
with  only  moibrate  private  fortunes,  were  (Muiblcd  to 
imiid,  buy,  own,  and  operate  all  the  roads  belonging 
tn  the  Central  and  Southern  systems  ^  In  I  8(5'.),  be- 
foie  the  last  spike  had  been  driven  fit  l*rom(^Mtory, 
the  railroad  (juartet,  besides  owning  the  road,  ha<l  rv- 
ccived  as  a  loan  $24,000,000  of  government  bonds, 
fitiining  a  second  mortgage  on  the  road,  togetiier  with 
!?  100,000  of  San  Francisco  bonds  as  an  unconditional 
gift,  $.").10,000  of  county  bonds,  and  $2,100,000,  paid, 
t>r  to  be  paid,  by  the  state  of  California,  in  the  way  of 
interest,  in  return  for  services  to  be  ren<lert'd  by  the 
(•iiiiipa!iy.  All  this  in  addition  to  the  land  subsidy  of 
nil  ire  ihan  1), 000,000  acres,  (i  ranted  that  m(»r(!  than 
eighty  per  cent  of  the  land  subsi«ly  was  worthless,  as 
cniisisting  either  of  mountain  or  desert;  granted  that 
when  the  bonds  were  issued  tluy  couM  only  Ix;  con- 
verted into  gold  at  a  heavy  sacrifi<'e;  nevertht>less  the 
Siuraniento  symlicate,  after  receiving  these  sul>si<lies, 
together  with  the  income  on  their  load,  sliould  at  least 
li;iv<'  fulfillcfl  their  obligations  to  the  g«>vernntent. 

On  the  other  han<l,  the  directors  point,  first  of  all, 
to  the  saving  ettected  to  the  government  in  transpor- 
tation charges.  From  the  compK'tion  of  the  ( 'eiitral 
ami  Union  l*a«^ific  to  the  ,'Ust  of  December,  IHH.'), 
the  total  sum  paid  to  both  roads  for  United  States 
ill  ight,  supplies,  mails,  munitions  of  war,  troops,  and 


822 


RAILROADS    SOITHKRN  PAiMFK'  SYSTRM. 


paHS('ii<^'rr.s  jimouiitc'd  to  $"J0,!)(i;{,3i;{,  wliilo  for  tiie 
same  jit'tidd  of  only  loss  tliaii  17  yoars,  the  t'liaijrts  ut 
ufite-ra'.l'oad  rates  would  liavi!  U'vu  $l(»0,:!l  l,().)4, 
thus  ii.akiii^  a  total  sa\  in;^  t*\'  $1.'5'.),.'?47,74 1.  Tin; 
hoiids  issued,  with  acrrucil  interest  to  date,  K  ss  wiwit 
has  lieen  repaid  hy  thc^  two  eoinpanies,  wcMild  rejuv- 
Hent,  at  the  latter  date,  a  tcttal  of  !?H{'»,(»Hr),*J07,  still 
leavini^  in  their  favor  a  balance  ot  $.VJ,(>(5I  ,H.M  in  ex- 
cess of  hoth  Itonds  and  interest.  Moreovei*,  for  tr;tiis- 
poitation  services  i-eiuleretl  hy  the  railroads  imlliin^j 
is  paid  hy  tlu;  "government,  the  cfitire  sum  beinii  k  • 
taine<l  in  payment  of  honds  and  interi'st.  Nor  in  this 
estimate  has  any  allowance  heen  made  for  the  <  imr 
inous  increase  in  the  weijjjht  of  mail  matter,  IVeia 
1,000  pounds  daily,  just  hefore  tlu;  conipletion  of  tin- 
railroad,  to  ;;(),Oo6  pounds  in  IMK;")/" 

Ah  to  the  presi!nt  relations  hetweeii  the  ('tnliiil 
Pacific  and  the  y^overrunent,  it  is  <'laimed  hy  the  fin  im  i 
that,  accoi«rm<^  to  the  reports  of  j.:;overmnent  ojlii  iajs, 
appointed  annually,  sinct!  1878,  t<»  in<|uire  into  llir 
atlaiis  (if  the  company,  includinjjf  that  ol*  the  Paiilic 
JIailway  <'onnnission,  all  the  legal  ohligations  U>  tli' 
f^overnment,  arisin<r  from  the  issue  of  honds  oi-  oiIk  r 
wise,  have  heen  faithfully  discharged.  "  Hut,"  as  tin; 
)resi«lent  of  the  comi)any  remark^^,  "heyond  these  uh- 
igations  on  either  side,  which  were  named  in  the  ((.n 
tra<-t  acts  and  in  the  laws  relating  thereto,  their  \\<  ic 
certain  ini[>lied  promises  of  i>enelits  on  either  side,  mi 
whicii  the  terms  of  tlu;  contract  as  to  tlu!  In.in  el" 
bonds,  as  well  as  the  manner  a.n  '.  time  of  their  |«a\ 
meiit  were  l»astd.  'I'he  jaets  as  to  th*  se  prom  is.  >  .md 
the  wav  tliev  have  heen  fullilled  must  re<-ei\'  lull 
consideration  in  any  fair  plan  that  may  he  pro|M.-.(|, 
looking  to  th(3  settlement  of  the  all'aiiM  hetwc  i  n  the 
company  and  tin;  United  States. 


»  :i;i 


Jiut  for  the  [lassage  of  the  'I'hurman  a<-t,  in   1*^7^, 

"  I'll  itiitiiH  lirlwrrn  the  Centritl  I'lirijif  fi'iilnxvl  (^oinpmij/  iiml  tin    I 'mini 
Sliitft  tiiiirrnninit.      Suiiitiuiri/  0/  Fitftn.      l,SH:t. 


'"'  liiaiiage 


INIHCHTKDNKSS. 


r.23 


wli('n'l)V  tlio  yjovcnmu'iit  ussuim*!  contntl  t»rtlio  coin- 
pjiiiy'.s  (lt'l>t,  tli;;  diivctoi's  usst'it  that  the  honds  and 
iiiti  rrst  would  liavo  been  lully  paid  at  maturity  fVoni 
tin;  jM'ocwds  of  a  siiikintj  fund  cstahhshi'd  lor  tliat 
|)in|ioso.  \i\it  thi'ou<^h  injudicious  invi'stnunis  of  the 
siiikinij-fuinl  money  in  the  liands  of  the  secn^tary  of 
till'  treasury,  a  loss  lias  ah'ea<ly  ensued  to  the  conj- 
p.iiiy  of  m«)r()  tlian  $2, 000, 000,  and  this  without  any 
julvantajLjo  to  the  j^overnment. 

I'ntil  t\\v  maturity  of  thi;  deht,  it  was  at  least  im- 
plied that  till!  governnn^nt  wouM  reiVain  from  planting 
siihsidies  to  competitivi^  lin«s,  an<l  hy  doing  so  tluy 


li.ivo 


ar«'i 


arific 


M 


ly  <K 


ticreased  the  earnmgs   o 


f  the    Central 


orcoviT, 


tl 


leso  carnni' 


gs  1 


lave  heeii 


furtl 


iir 


n'fliiced  l»y  the  competition  of  tin;  Canadian  J^aeifie,  a 
liii(>  heavily  suhsidized  hy  the  tlominion  g(tvernment, 
anl  not  under  the  re.stri<'tions  of  the  interstate  com- 
iinreo  law.  Under  sut'i  eompctition  tlu;  avei'agc!  net 
catnings  of  tlm  road  have;  fallen  of  late  considerahly 
lu'Iow  .$1,000,000  a  y<'ar,  and  thus  the;  vahu;  of  the 
u;i»\ernment,'s  lien  has  hi-en  seriously  impaiietl. 

Such  are  a  few  of  the  statements  alleged  on  i-ither 
side  as  to  this  <linicult  and  long-vexed  <piestion.  On 
tin  one  hand  it  is  asserted  that  the  (^entral  J*a<*ilic  has 
(l!>ieg;irde»l  it  contra(rts;  that  It  has  deni<'d  and  still 
tlciijcs  its  ohligations  to  tlu^  g(»vernment,  assuming 
that  in  e(|uity  it  owes  nothing,  hecause  the  country 
lias  liteii  so  largely  hencHted  hy  th(^  completion  of  the 
lirst  overland   railroad.      On   the    other,  it  is  claimed 


lial  .-I 


II    tl 


le  company  s  o 


hiigati 


ions  and  t-ontract^  have 


1"  «ii  duly  I'ullilled;  that  the  suhsidies  were  grant*  d  on 
tilt  understandit.iT  that  thev  should  hiiild  a  road  to 
ill  managed  and  owne<l  hy  themselves,  for  the  indi- 
viiiiiaj  profit  of  the  stockholders,  and  that  then;  is 
iin(irni._r  ill  tlio  lan«jua<j;i!  of  the  st^-itutes  that  will 
iaiily  admit  of  any  (►ther  construction.  While  it  is 
iii't  <lispute»l  that  tluj  sevt^ial  acts  of  congress  sight 
liive  heen  drau<'ht(ul  more  iudi<'iouslv,  it  should  In;  rv- 
imiiiherod  that  at  the  time  they  wero  enacted  it  was 


V^ 


RAILROADS-SOUTHERN  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


i 


the  general  opinion,  not  only  of  conjjfrosa,  l)ut  of  tlie 
people  of  the  United  States,  tiiat  a  transcontinental 
railroad  was  a  national  necessity,  anil  that  unusual  in- 
ducenients  should  be  ottered  to  insure  its  constrnctiiui. 
In  coiu'lusion,  let  us  hear  the  opinion  of  the  l^acitic 
railway  commission,  a[)[)ointed  in  April  1887,  to  in- 
quire into  the  attairs  of  the  Pacific  railroads,  and  to 
rci)()rt  to  congress  a  })lan  wlierehy  a  settlement  niii^lit 
be  made  between  the  companies  and  the  govermnt  nt 
*'J^y  the  act  of  18G4,"  say  the  commissioners,  "all  of 
the  bond-aided  conjpanies  were  reipiired  to  apply  livi' 
per  cent  of  their  net  earnings  to  the  payment  of  tlio 
interest  accrued  on  their  debts  to  tlic  United  Stati  s. 
]^y  the  act  of  May  7 ,  1878,  the  requirement  was  in- 
creasetl  as  to  the  Union  and  Central  Pacific  coni|iaiiit  s 
to  twenty-five  per  cent  of  the  net  earnings.  In  tlio 
opinion  of  the  connnission,  these  re«|uirements  liavo 
been  fully  satisfii'd."  And,  says  its  chief  accountant, 
after  a  cart;ful  examination  of  the  Central's  books: 
"The  ct»nipany  have  up  to  the  present  time  c»Mn[>lit(l 
with  all  the  requircMuents  of  the  laws  prescribing;  ]iay- 
nients  to  the  United  States,  and  all  demands  of  the 
governnuint  have  been  promptly  met."""' 

Whatever  may  have  been  the  shortcomings  of  tlu' 
lailroad  as.sociates,  now  that  the  tlust  of  controMrsv 
is  clearing  away,  and  malice  and  prejudice  are  losinjr 
their  inlluence,  it  will  at  least  be  admitted  that  lluy 
have  been  men  of  remarkable  enterprise  anil  adminis- 
trative talent.  In  the  eastern,  no  less  than  in  tlio 
southern  states,  the  Southern  Pacific  has  alnady 
seciured  a   foothoUl,  appearing    even    in    Connectirut 


"  /(/.,  p.  l.'i.  Tlie  labors  of  tlie  cnminission  exteiuletl  over  boiiu'  iiiiu  troii 
moiitlm,  tliL'ir  rejn>rt  bciiij;  truiiHinittod  to  the  {ircKitleiit  l>eo.  I,  iNsh  ll"' 
exiiiniiiiitioii  of  witiiuHsex  and  (loiuiiiiuiitit  touuliiug  the  Cuiitral  racitic 
was  roiulucteil  itiainly  in  New  York  iuitl  San  Francisco;  but  iw  tlir  imiii- 
Miissinni-rs  Ktati',  'tliny  alHO  cxaniinctl  witnessed  at  a  vast  nunibir  I'l  li"il 
iioints,  for  the  puriwse  of  ascertaining  the  relationn  existing  butweori  tin'  ilit- 
fi-rcnt  railroads  and  the  local  coniuiunities,  uiid  of  giving  lull  and  al'iiM'iaut 
n)i|Mirtuiiity  to  all  persons  who  had  business  relations  with  these  i<>,i<U  to 
state  tlieir  viuwd  and  make  known  their  couiplaiuts.' 


LEGISLATION. 


625 


ami  Kentucky  cliartcrs.  By  leasing  and  construct- 
iiii^'  railroads  it  controls  1,030  miles  between  Newport 
NiWHund  Memphis.  Mr  Huntington  has  constructed 
a  l)iiJ;jfo  over  the  Ohio  river  costing  $3,000,000,  and 
tuiiiu'll(Ml  through  ycven  miles  of  rock  on  this  line — a 
most  difficult  piece  of  engineering.  The  Occidental 
ami  Oriental  Ste*rmship  company  running  its  vessels 
to  China,  and  the  Colorado  Steam  Navigation  com- 
pany on  the  gulf  of  California  and  lower  Colorado 
riw  r,  wore  among  the  navigation  properties  controlled 
l)y  1 1 10  Central  and  Southern  Pacific.  There  is  now 
a  lino  of  steamers  to  Liverpool  or  Queenstown  from 
Sail  Francisco,  the  Huntington  lino,  controlled  by  the 
saino  companies,  and  a  line  of  steamers  to  Brazil  from 
X(\v  York,  which  pays  a  handsome  dividend  on  the 
stock.'"' 


Ill  previous  chapters  allusion  has  been  made  to  the 
ivlations  between  the  railroad  and  the  state  legisla- 
tinv.  About  ISGG  the  public  prints  assailed  the  pas- 
soiij^ir  and  freight  tarift's  as  too  high,  ten"^  cents  a 
iiiilo  being  charged  for  passage,  and  proportionally 
\\\[S,\y  rates  for  freight.  The  legislature  was  besought 
to  iiitorferc  and  to  regulate  these  charges.  In  18(58 
a  hill  was  introduced  in  the  state  senate  for  the  pur- 
pose of  establishing  certain  rates  by  law,  and  rcgu- 
laliiig  other  matters.  The  railroad  company  argued: 
"You  have  your  goods  and  yourselves  carried  at  all 
S(ast)iis  of  the  year  without  delay  in  one  fourth 
the  time  formerly  consumed,  and  at  about  one  fourth 
di'  the  ex[)ense.  Your  property  is  gr(>atly  enhanced 
ill  value,    and   your   homes    brought    practically    to 

••■'  IhiiiUiK/ton,  MS.,  46. 

'".V/.  Loi'tin  h'epiihlicm,  Juno  2,  1869.  .9.  F.  BuUetii.,  Oct.  1,  1869.  Otiicr 
antluiritiuM  iiiiike  tliv  i>ii88eiigor  rutc,  pmlmbly  <>ii  through  tickets,  eiglit  rt-iits 
|»T  unit',  iiiul  freight  1^  per  tou  from  S.  F.  to  Elko,  and  ^0  i>or  ton  to  Suit 
like.  Siir.  Itejmrler,  Feb.  10,  1869.  The  freight  reacliiiiK  S.  F.  l>y  cars  iu 
tlie  inoiith  of  Juno  1871  was  24,469,693  pounds,  of  whicn  nearly  fifty  iut 
n'iil  wMi  from  east  of  Omaha.  Taking  10,000,000  ponmU  as  a  fair  inontlily 
avi  r,ii;i>,  thcro  would  l>u  60,000  tons,  or  enough  to  load  60  shipa  of  1,000  tou« 
eaih. 

Hist.  Cau,  Vol.  vn.    M 


^1  !i'"!wm'i: 


826 


RAILROADS    SOUTHERN  PACIFIC  SYSTFAI. 


Snn  Frannsco,  tlio  jjr'^at  outlot  and  inlet  of  coni- 
inorce  for  the  state.  Yet,  despito  these  advaiit.M^ts 
alread}'  reaped,  and  which  are  hut  a  foretaste  of  those 
jjjreater  ones  to  he  enjo\'od  on  the  completion  (tf  tliu 
transcontiiiental  road,  you  complain  lou<lly  of  ehai^j^ts 
only  reasonable,  \v\um  tlie  cost  of  the  road  and  its 
e<|uipmentp,  with  all  other  expiinses,  are  taken  into 
account.  If  the  lei^islature  reduces  the  present  rates 
one  third,  as  it  is  asked  to  do,  the  company  must  cease 
to  build  eastward,  and  derive  no  ]m»fit  fn)m  the  o|)ir- 
ation  of  the  road  already  completed." 

Others  asserted  that  the  lc<>islature  had  no  ii.;]it 
to  meddle  with  the  mana<»ement  of  this  railroad,  lie- 
cause  it  was  a  national  work,  con«]jress  bcin-if  the  body, 
if  anv,  which  would  Im?  iustified  in  restrainin<»;  or  ei»ii- 
troHin<j^  its  action;  and  the  <pu>stion  was  raised  as  to 
how  (yulifornia  was  to  lei^islate,  and  not  Nevada  or 
other  states;  and  how  conHieti'iof  legislation  by  differ- 
ent states  was  to  be  reconciled,  thus  raisino;  the  ((Ues- 
tion  which  many  years  afterward  was  settled  by  tlie 
interstate  conunission  law  of  conorcss.  (iiaihially 
fares  and  freights  came  to  ha  reduced  to  a  s(lir(hile 
nK>re  near  that  which  the  public  demanded,  but  dis- 
crimination in  freights  was  complained  (»t' at  all  points 
interinediate  between  San  Fiancisco  and  Ogdeii,  and 
on  the  Southern  Pacific.  In  IH7'>  the  leLrisiatiiie 
])assed  an  act  provitling  for  comn)issioners  of  traiis- 
poitation,  to  be  appointed  by  the  governor,  to  hold 
office  for  two  years,  whose  duty  it  should  be  to 
examine  roads  and  bridges  and  repoit  n(!gligeii(e  iii 
repairs;  and  to  notify  the  company  to  attend  to  |h  ti- 
ti(»ns  for  the  estab!i.sliment  of  new  side-tracks  \'ov  the 
accoimiKuhition  of  the  pe«»ple,  or  to  bring  an  action  in 
case  of  refusal,  liy  this  law  corporations  were  re- 
quired to  i\Ui  statements  under  oath  of  their  \nv\\U 
and  rates  of  freight,  passage  money,  and  all  niannd 
of  charges,  with  copies  of  their  rules  and  regulations 
and  instructions  to  empl«»yes;  and  it  was  <leciareil  un- 
lawful for  c()rj)orations  to  increase  any  rates  aliovo 


FREir.HTS  ANP  FARES. 


617 


tlioso  in  use  on  the  1st  of  January,  1870.  Tlioy  wore 
ri'ijuirod  to  furnish  int'orntation  i>f  tlio  condition  of 
their  roads  and  their  n)ana<i^enu>nt,  with  e»»pii's  of 
leases,  ('(»ntraets,  and  agreements  with  expi'ess  or 
otlier  transjiorlion  eoinpanies,  all  of  which  w<'re  to  be 
laid  before  the  Icirlslature.  In  this  act  extortuni  was 
(1(  lined  as  deinandin<;  or  receivini;  Ixtween  anv  two 
stations  nutre  than  for  the  sanie  service  was  specified 
ill  the  taritt'of  fares  an<l  freii^ht  on  file  with  the  board 
of  tiansportion  coinnjissioners;  and  nnju.st  discrim- 
ination as  demandin*^  or  rcceivin*;  less  than  the  tariff 
oil  file  with  the  commissioners.''  It  was  also  made 
unlawful  for  railroad  companies  to  grant  free  passes 
oM  r  their  roads  except  to  persons  in  tlu^ir  employ, 
(It  stitute  pirsons,  public  mcssenjj^ers,  troops,  and  other 
|u  isons  entitled  under  the  existing  laws  to  be  trans- 
ported free  of  charge,  and  to  the  transpoitaticui  con>- 
iiiissioners.  The  penalties  attached  to  vi(>lations  of 
till'  law  were,  for  extortion,  three  times  the  amount 
of  the  damages  sustained,  with  the  costs  of  suit;  for 
discrimination,  to  pay  $1,000  for  each  ciffence;  for 
issuing  passes,  a  forfeit  of  $100  for  each  offeiM'c,  one 
halt'  to  go  go  the  state  treasury,  tin;  other  half  to  the 
iiiforirn'r;  aiul  it  was  the  iluty  <»f  the  commissioners 
to  |ii().secute  these  suits. ''^  The  act  was  amended  in 
1S77  8. 
The  chief  efiect  of  the  several  statutes  was  to  brinj; 


"■  <  niton,  ill  IS77,  wrott-  to  niintin^toii:  'I  ilo  not  know  wliiit  tlu-  coun- 
try m  ciiiiiit'^  t<i.  Iiilst  week  tiiry  |i;i.ssi'(l  ik  lull  tliroll,L;li  liotll  Iioiisi'M  nl  tliu 
li  :;;l  itiirt;  wliii'h  the  novi'inor  will  Kiiin  riMltii'iri^;  httfct  nilniiul  lart's  to 
tiw'  rents.'  Hilt  III!  inlili'd,  a.iif  to  console  liis  eoriespoiiilent,  'I  do  not  think 
this  le);isl:ituru  will  hurt  tl.s  very  inueli,  fur  we  looked  at  that  matter  in  a<l- 
vaiii'.';  Iiiit  if  wit  hail  not  lookeil  after  the  Hen;ite,  they  would  try  to  steal  all 
»<•  h:ii|  liofore  their  rtdjourniiieut.*     Colton  c"  Stanford  et  al.,  754t». 

'  'I'hu  niateri  il  for  this  ehaplur  was  gathered  not  only  from  the  neWM|n|ier 
liifs  of  a  (piarter  of  ii  eentiiry,  inniinK-rahle  ]iani])lilets,  the  governineiit 
'loriiiiuMits,  <ind  tlu!  Ntate  arehivu.s,  hut  e(|ii,illy  from  the  testimony  of  |ier- 
n<hs  I'liiiiloycd  in  eontidential  relationit  liy  the  eoiii|iany,  ami  l>y  NtateiueiitH 
aii'l  >'\|>lanations  voluntarily  m  ide  ,,y  tin-  momhers  of  the  i'iiiii|iaiiy.  I  liavo 
Ikmm  i^reatly  aiHisteil  l>y  an  e|iiloinc  of  the  l>UHinesA  history  of  the  Southern 
I'acilie  coiiipa:iy  furnished  hy  Mr  A.  N.  Towne,  general  M'.inafjer  of  tlio 
I'.icilii-  system,  and  Iiy  notes  fiirnishni  liy  K.  II.  .Miller,  secretary  of  tlio 
Siintli.rii  I'aeilie.  Th;!  constant  Jitticulty  has  buuu  an  c.\cos8  of  utattor, 
taUicr  lltau  a  lack  uf  inuturial. 


fV    1- 


828 


RAILROADS-SOUTHERN  PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


out  more  proiniiicntly  tlie  existence  of  alleged  abases 
through  the  reports  of  the  commissioners. 

It  is  a  fact  in  California  eommeicial  liistorv  that 
hardly  couhl  the  reader  of  a  city  daily,  or  a  <-ouiitr}' 
weekly,  open  liis  newspaper,  without  finding  then  in 
some  complaint  against  railroad  management,  rsftt-- 
cially  applying  to  freight  charges.  It  was  not  ulways 
that  this  tariff  was  too  high,  especially  to  the  owner 
of  through  freight,  but  it  was  the  systeni  that  was 
rebelled  against.  In  order  to  increase  its  busin«s.«.  at 
was  alleged,  rates  were  lower  to  the  eastern  sliip|Hr, 
who  had  more  goods  to  bo  carried,  than  to  tlu-  (  ali- 
fornia  shipper,  who  had  less.  One  eflect  of  this 
discrimination  was  to  strangle  at  its  birth  any  manu- 
facturing enterprise  which  aimed  at  business  out-iilo 
of  the  state.  Again,  a  manufactured  article  niijlit 
have  been  imported  at  a  certain  rate,  and  the  raw  ma- 
terial at  half  that  price;  and  when  some  enterprising,' 
man  thought  he  saw  an  opportunity  to  start  a  pn>Hi- 
able  maimfacture,  and  ordered  a  car-load  of  tin-  raw 
material,  he  found  himself  charged  as  nmch  fnijiht  as 
he  had  ft)rmerly  paid  for  the  imp«)rted  manufartimd 
article.  It  was  also  a  common  ground  of  cr»nip!airit 
that  nmch  higher  rates  were  charged  for  short  than  tor 
long  distances,  for  small  than  for  large  (piantities,  and 
esjHH'ially  that  discrimination  was  made  between  com- 
petitive and  non-com|)etitive  points.  Not  that  tlic 
company  had  any  design  to  crush  out  enterprise,  for 
such  a  policy  wouhl  have  been  suicidal  ;  but  tliat, 
with  too  little  regard  for  the  luerchant  or  prodiic  r. 
they  were  apt  to  fix  the  rates  on  a  given  articlt  at 
"all  it  would  bear." 

On  the  other  hand,^"  the  directors  answered  that 
they  were  only  doing  what  for  years  the  menhants 


*  'We  aro  informed,'  said  tlio  comniiasioners,  'that  the  minority  cum- 
miasioner  Imui  reported,  om  proved,  an  intenninablo  8Ucce«8ir>ii  of  alliyrd 
diacriiniiiations,  prefercneeH,  and  advantages,  granted  for  corrupt  >it  io>- 
proper  purposes,  and  violations  of  duty  of  a  similar  character.  We  miwt 
res|H-ctfidly  protest  against  such  conelusioa,  bccaiuie  it  ia  baaed  on  noevi-iinco 
worthy  the  uauo. ' 


U)NO  AND  SHOUT  DISTANCES. 


829 


and  Mnuliioora  tlioinselves  liad  done,  and  that  in 
tlitir  doalin^s  with  tijc  public  thiy  were  ^uidiul  by 
the  .same  motives  and  considerations  as  those  who 
iliiiouncod  tijeni.  Just  as  the  merchant  sells  his 
goods  dearer  hy  the  pound  than  by  the  ton ;  asks 
more  when  the  market  is  barely  supplied  than  when 
it  is  [glutted  ;  asks  more  when  he  is  aware  that  his 
customer  nmst  buy  of  him;  so  the  railroad  charii^es 
liiL;her  freitjchts  on  small  than  on  Iar«^t?  shipments; 
chuiiLjes  more  in  proportion  for  short  than  for  h>n«^ 
distances,  and  where  goods  are  convi-yed  between 
small,  isolated  stations,  demands  a  Jiiufher  rate  than 
iH-tween  terminal  points.  Here,  it  might  be  said,  are 
simple  business  propositions,  in  perfect  harmony  with 
Idisiness  laws  and  business  itaics;  and  to  the  railroad 
man,  no  less  than  to  the  mereliant,  the  producer,  or 
the  manufaeturer,  should  \>f^  conceded  the  right  to 
t'Xt'ivise  a  discriminative  judgment. 

Such  matters,  in  the  opinion  of  most  railroad  men, 
arc  best  left  to  compi'tition ;  or  at  least  they  form 
n(»  proper  subject  for  legislation;  for  legislation  of 
this  character  is  apt  to  be  extremely  dangerous,  forc- 
itii^  ct)rporations  in  self- protection  into  the  lobbies  of 
llui  legislature  or  the  rooms  of  committees.  Alore- 
nver,  as  it  has  been  well  remarked,  the  adjustment  of 
li'^al  fares  or  freights  seldom  acts  as  a  remedy  for  the 
evils  against  which  such  measures  are  directed,  be- 
cause the  ma.ximum  is  usuallv  fixeil  .so  hiijh  that  it  is 
to  the  company's  interest  to  establish  lower  ratts. 
Such  attempts,  however  ex«ellent  in  tlu-ory,  are 
rarely  sue(;essful  in  practice,  since  few  can  foresee  the 
ctK'ct  of  competition,  of  incrca.se  in  production,  of 
facilities  in  operating,  or  of  the  constant  changes  in 
coniniereial  conditions.  As  a  rule,  it  is  the  conviction 
of  llioso  who  liave  most  carefully  studied  this  matter, 
that  the  expansion  and  requirements  of  trade  will 
always  nullify  the  provisions  of  special  enactments,  no 
matter  how  skilfully  prepared. 


630 


RAII-ROAPa    SOUTHERN   TACIFIC  SYSTKM. 


llo  who  would  (iiidoavor  to  present  the  raili««a(| 
question  iM)i>artially  cannot  ij^nore  the  benefits  wliit  li 
have  resulted  to  tlu;  state  from  ruilroiid  devel»»|mitiit. 
To  those  who  have  huilt  up  our  railroad  system  niu>t 
1h;  aserihed  <nueh  of  the  prosperity  whieh  is  now  . n- 
Joyed,  since  by  makin*^  a  public  use  of  a  portinn  of 
their  gains  they  have  j;iven  to  thi'  people  a  shar»;  in 
the  proceeds  of  their  enterprises.  Not  to  adsiiire  tlio 
result  wouM  be  churlish.  It  is  a  boon  to  tin-  >tjitt' 
that,  ev(  Ti  in  self-preservation,  the  8(»uthern  l*:i<itic, 
ftfter  choosinjif  a  route  thn)u;;h  the  richest  uiis.ttli  d 
lands  in  the  southern  counties,  shouM  seek  to  prnmi.tu 
iimni^rati(Hi  to  those  sections,  antl  should  construct 
tributary  roads  to  develop  their  resources  and  cnate 
business  for  itself. 

The  older  settlers  in  southern  California  rein*  inh*  r 
the  time  -not  more  than  a  (piarter  of  a  century  a'^o 
--when  a  sin<de  train  would  have  carried  everv  liu- 
man  beiuLj  tliat  lived  withi'i  a  score  of  miles  of  tho 
preseiit  line  of  the  St>uthern  I'acifie  between  Fort 
Yuma  and  San  Bernardino.  Sevi^rai  trains  a  day  are 
now  recpiired  to  accommodate  the  traffic  of  this  n- 
gion.  Many  portions  of  the  San  Joaquin  valley  \v<  re 
tluMi  considered  worthless,  while  anvthing  more  tliaii 
a  dollar  an  acre  was  considered  an  extravagant  ]  rii  • , 
even  for  the  choicest  tracts.  Thousands  of  M|u:irf 
miles,  before  occupied  as  sheep  and  cattle  rang(  s,  are 
now  valued  at  from  $20  to  $200  an  acre,  and  produc- 
ing goodly  crops  of  grain  and  fruit,  with  facilitii  >  f-T 
cheap  and  rapid  transportation  to  market.  A  spiu  •• 
of  ten  miles  on  either  side  of  the  line  would  cniit;»iii 
about  3,000,000  acres,  and  since  the  oi)ening  of  tin- 
railroad  its  value  has  been  enhanced  by  at  Ka-t 
$50,000,000.  Such  towns  as  Fresno  and  Vi>.»!I;i, 
which  formerly  existed  only  on  paper,  number  tli<  ir 
thousands  of  inhabitants,  and  already  take  rank  as 
agricultural  and  commercial  centres. 

Said  General  Sherman,  in  his  report  to  the  stcre- 


CIIANOKS  AND  nENEFITS. 


C31 


t;iiv  of  war,  in  IHH',\:  ••  No  person  wlio  has  not  l)oon 
across  tlio  rontiiiont  Wy  the  sovi-ral  routes  t'un  possildy 
en  iipruluMwl  tlio  eliuiij^o  now  in  proj^ross  tlu-re. 
N.arly  two  thirds  of  tlic  (Joniiiin  oi'  the  United 
St  it  IS  lies  west  of  tlic  Mississippi,  and  ut  the  chtso 
of  the  eivil  war  tl»e  j^ncater  part  of  it  was  oecupied  l>y 
wild  luasts,  liuH'ulo,  elk,  antelope,  and  deer,  and  by 
wilder  Indians.  Now,  by  the  indomitable  eouraj,a', 
industry,  and  thrift  of  our  people,  this  vast  rej^ion  has 
1)(  1  li  redund  toaeonditioi.  of  <!oniparativo  <'ivilization. 
Tlii'eu  i^jreat  railroa«ls  now  traverse  the  eontinttiit,  witli 
lii'iinches  innunuTable,  and  a  fourth  is  inakin*^  rapid 
pi«iL;re8s.  States,  territories,  cities,  and  towns  have 
;^in\vn  up;  neat  eattlo  have  alreatly  displaced  the 
Itiilfido;  iiorses  and  sheep  have  displaced  the  tlk,  deer, 
and  antel()pe;  and  ciops  of  wheat,  rye,  barley,  and 
e;it.sai(!  now  r^rown  in  regions  btdicved  hitherto  to  Imj 
(jisert  or  inaccessible.  This  is  the  real  cause;  of  the 
•,'r(  at  prospi'rity  wh.  -h  now  blesses  our  country  and 
.swells  tlio  cofl'ers  of  our  national  treasury." 

Whatever  nmy  be  the  judi^nient  of  posterity  as  to 
till'  character  and  jiolicy  of  Ihc!  railroad  associatis,  we 
wlm  ure  livin<^  today  cannot  deny  that  to  their  bold- 
ness of  enterprise  is  due,  in  no  small  nieasur(%  thof^reat- 
nc.>.s  and  prosperity  of  this  (»ur  western  commonwialth. 
If  they  cannot  as  yet  att'oicl  to  establish  such  rates  as 
(»l>tain  in  the  more  densely  peopled  sections  of  the 
union,  the  tendency  of  the-se  rates  is  steadily  down- 
ward. 

The  time  has  jjfono  by  when  any  sinyh;  line  can 
t  iitirely  crush  out  competition.  'I'lu-  Southern  roati 
is  already  forced  to  conjpete  for  transcontinental  travel 
and  transportation,  and  for  a  |)art  of  the  state  tratHc, 
which  necessity  will  oidy  increase  its  efficiency.  As 
railroad  builders  no  company  has  ever  surpassed  the 
Central  PaeiH<t  undcT  whatever  name  it  chooses  to  be 
known.     Their  works   are   monuuientul   as   well   as 


'.««i^sltC 


i 


RAILROADS-SOUTHERN   PACIFIC  SYSTEM. 


colossal,  the  peculiar  eircutnstaiicos  attcndin<jr  tlieir 
be_i(iiinini^  giving  them  a  place  in  history  which  can- 
not be  ignored. 

Within  the  last  few  years,  and  more  in  1881)  than 
in  any  other  year,  the  Southern  and  Centnil  Hirs 
have  felt  somewhat  severely  the  competition  of  tlio 
Canadian  Pacific.  Further  competition  is  als<»  in 
store  throuijh  the  buildiuf;  into  this  state  u\'  tlio 
Union  Pacific,*"  which  has  consolidated  its  Utali  lines 
under  a  sin<jfle  manaijement,  has  secured  the  odntiol 
»)f  what  was  formerly  known  as  the  Oregon  Jlailway 
and  Navigation,  or  as  more  commonly  termed,  tlio 
(Oregon  short  line,  and  by  an  agreement  with  tlio 
(^iii('aij:o  and  Northwestern,  secured  a  continuous  route 
from  Portland  to  Chicago.  At  a  meeting  of  tin- 
transcontinental  association,  the  Southc/n  company 
succeeded  in  having  the  differentials  of  its  northern 
competitor  reduced;  but  in  the  Union  Pacifi*',  which 
was  (jxpocted  to  reach  San  Francisco  before  the  close 
of  18U0,  it  will  have  a  com|)eting  line,  asking  no  (liU'cr- 
entials,  hut  simply  demanding  to  share  in  the  tratlic 
of  the  coast.  With  its  vast  resoun'(>s  and  its  enter- 
prising management,  the  Southern  J'acific  has  thus 
far  held  the  fi<  Id  against  all  rivals,  except  for  the 
dominion  line;  but  this,  of  course,  it  could  not  hope 
to  retain  indefinitely. 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Southern  racific 
company,  on  tlio  9th  of  Aj)ril,  J 890,  Senator  iiehmtl 
Stanford  resigned  the  presidency,  and  was  elected 
chairman  of  the  newly  organized  executive  eoinniitte(>, 
thus  Ixiing  relieved  of  nmch  detail  work,  while  retain- 
ing a  general  supervisiofj  of  the  affairs  of  the  rcid. 
His  successor  was  C.  P.  Huntington,  with  ('liarle>  K. 
Crocker,  A.  N.  Towne,  and  J.  i\  Stubbs,  resj)e<'tivi  ly 
first,  second,  and  third  vice-p!-eyi<lents.  ('.  N.  jjansiiii,' 
secretary  and  controller,  T.  Hopkins  treasurer,  IN',  'f. 

"The  contract  for  huiMiiig  i\v.'.  first  scctiuD  was  lot  in  NovoiiiImi-  ISSi). 
S.  F.  UiroHick,  l)w,  i!U,  1»8». 


MORE  ROADS. 


6:S3 


Smith  assistant  troasuror,  and  C  T.  Krclw  assistant 
8l  "rotary.*^ 


At  ]j(>s  Anszolos  fonr  and  in  Sun  l)io<ro  tlireo  dif- 


r 


It  i>t  rompunics  worr   formed  in  1881)  lor   rai 


lr«)ad 


l)uil(lin<jf  to  various  jK)ints.  And  yet  two  ^>['  iUv  ruada 
alnady  in  tipcration,  tli<'  Southern  C'aiil'ornla  —a  con- 
.solidation  oftlio  California  Central,  California  South- 
ern, and  Jiedondt)  licatdi  roads — and  the  J^os  AnL:;eK's 
and  Pacific  wt;re  losin<^  money,  the  latter  pasrini,'  into 
tilt!  liands  of  a  receiver. 

Of  the  San  J)i«'tj^o,  (\iyaniaea,  i^  Ivistc  rn  railroad, 
intt  nded  to  interc«'|>t  tlu;  Sunset  line  at  Los  i'almos, 
and  the  Atlantitr  and  I'a.«ifie  at  tlie  NeedK'^,  thirty 
milts  had  heen  completed  in  ?daieh  ISSD,  and  a  loan 
(il'ovcr  .S(>,0()0,()()0  ohtained  to  })roeeed  with  the  work 
Dnrinj^  the  same  year  the   Los  An;j^<'li'S,  San    l)i(';jjo 


.V  N 


una 


Kail 


w 


ay  conijiany  was  oryani/.t  i 


I.  and 


Wol 


■k 


ht '^'un  at  San  J)ieijfo  in  the  <lii'eetion  of  l^\»rt  Yuma,  a 
Mfoiid  lia(;  beiuLf  huilt  to  {''seondido,  ami  a  third  to 
Dt'l  Mar  Fi-om  Los  Ani^cles  a  rt)atl  was  Ik  In^j  huilt 
tt"   L'oit   Huincmc,  and  a  second  ti»  San  Jkruardino. 


But  the  event  «• 


f  tl 


10  year  was 


tl 


ic  entrance  of  the 


I  nion  .I'acifu*  into  (  alifornia.  What  will  he  tlu'  ellcct 
til  another  ov«'iland  line  it  is  as  yet  inipossihie  to  foi'e- 
.see;  hut  if  it  should  reduce  tlu'  rates  of  f'-ri  and  i'rei'j;ht. 


"  Staiifi)ril  still  romaiiiL-il  prtttidciit  of  tin;  ( '•ntni!  T'.icilic,  willi  ('.  I'. 
lliitiiiujitiiii,  t '.  !•'.  »'riickrr,  aii<i  A.  N.  Tuwiu  lir.st,  m'ciiinl,  utnl  tliinl  virc- 
]ir..>i(lL'iit».  T.  Ml]  kills  treiisiuiM-.  iiii'l  ]■',.  II.  .Milirr,  .Ir,  tircn-t.iry  aiiil  cmi- 
tnilli  r.  Tlie  lollnv  iii^  wi-rn  tli<- iilliii.il-i  iK'ctril  tin- the  vaiiniH  IiimucIh'.'*  of 
tlio  Soillhcrii  IVii'ilii  .SoiiiIktii  I'acilio  K.  U.  «'o.  (asi  ilisliiirl  t'ltiiii  llii!  Soiitli- 
iiii  I'.icilio  CO.),*'.  r.  t'rooktT  im-ftt,  T.  Uopkiius  v.ri;  pii^il,  \.  T.  Sinilli 
tn.is.  anil  J.  J..  Wih-utt  hoc:  'li-ary  h».,  I'lik.  *  Oc.aii  11.  K.  ni.,  ('.  F. 
CiiiikiT  iiri'.st.  .\>laiii  Craiit  vicp  jirost,  N.  T.  .^iiiitli  tri-a.-i.,  J.  J-.  W'illfiitt 
lii'i'  ;  Cciitn..  li.  U.  I'o..  *'.  K.  <.'roi-l;<  r  jirr-t.  T.  llo|i!<.iii.s  vu'c-|iicMt,  N.  T. 
Shitli  treas.,  .1.  I..  Will  utt  Hfi'.;  Mirkot  st.  It.  I!.  (■<>.,  1,.  Siaiiund  jiri.t, 
I.  I".  CnickiT  vii'i  prcst.  N.  T.  Smiih  Ina:..  ami  .1.  L.  WiUiull  Hn-, ;  TiLy 
ll  K.  CO.,  r.  r.  i'nirlici  |)i  -Ht,  'I'.  Ilii|>kiii!4  vii-i-  jiri'st,  N.  T.  Smitli  tira~i., 
.1  1.  WilliMitt  »«•<•.;  Cal.  IV.  R.  K.  CO.,  R.  I'.  ilaniiiioiKl  prost,  \.  T.  Siiiilli 
viii- pp'st,  T.  UoiikiiH  t^  'an.,  W.  v.  liiiiitiii^'toM  HIM'. ;  NortliiTii  ll.iilway  < "., 
e.  K.  (riirkiT  jircit.,  T.  'lo|>kiiiH  vii-o|ii-c'st,  N.  T.  Siiiitli  tn^is.,  W.  V.  Iliiiit- 
liirtoii  soiv  ;  'riTiiiiiiiil  1..  ilway  co.,  I,.  Slatiford  jiro.st,  ( '.  !•'.  < 'roikcr,  vict-- 
|>aMi,  T.  |lu|>kiii<i  trca«.,  W.  V.  lluutiUKtoii  Htjv.  d.  /'.  AUa,  April  U),  Mi'M. 


634 


RAlLnOAPS-SOUTHERN  PAriFIC  SYSTEM. 


C8i)ccially  for  the  <ui.uigo  of  fruit,  it  will,  iiukcd,  l>o 
a  coihsuujinatioii  moist  ilcvoutly  to  hv  wisliud  for/"' 

*■"  Tlio  iiiatoriul  for  this  olmptcr  was  ("atliert'tl  not  only  from  tlio  it(<w.-i|i;i|ior 
filoH  (it  ii  ({iiarU'rof  a  uuiiliiry,  iiiiiuiiiurabio  iiuiiiiililctx,  tliu  govcriiiiii'iii  ilocu. 
iiiuiitN,  aii'l  tlio  Htalu  urcliivcs,  hut  (.({ually  trom  tliu  timliiiiniiy  of  |iri.-(iitt 
eiiiiil'>yu(l  in  iMiiiliili'iitial  rt'latimi^  \>y  tlio  company,  and  liy  HtiitiiiMiits 
nii<I  v'Xiilaiiatioiif  voliiiilarily  iiiatio  tiy  two  iiiciiiliLTii  al  luaxt  of  the  rciiii|i:iiiy 
itHi'll.  1  li.iv"  lii'u:!  (;i'iMlly  aHs«i:itL'<l  liy  an  i'|iiti>ino  of  tliu  liiiMinch.i  1ii.sIim\  of 
tlio  SciuiluMMi  I'aciliu  (.■oiiipaiiy  fiirni.slicil  liy  Mr  A.  N.  Towih',  f.'ciuTiil  iii;ui;i- 
gi;r  of  tiu!  racilic  hy.stcm,  and  Iiy  nolo*  fiiriiislK'iI  Iiy  K.  II.  Miller,  ssicn  tary 
of  tliu  So-.iilii'rn  fai-ilic.  'I'lio  con:  taut  ilitiirully  li-m  liciui  an  cxci  >s  of 
niattiT  rallicr  lliau  a  lack  of  i.iatorial.  I  iiavu  jmrposi'ly  avoidcil  tlir  cIim  us- 
sion  of  tliu  govoriiiiicnt  cl  linis,  fir^t,  tiooaiuu  it  would  ri'<|uiro  an  ainiiiint  of 
Bpat.'O  wliii'li  cannot  1>j  nllordud;  ami  a^jaiii,  liucausu  it  i.s  a  national  milicr 
tlian  a  California  ipii'stioa.  At  present  tliu  country  in  lloodcd  willi  lujii' 
naiit.s  on  tlio  sido  of  tlio  company  pr<!p:ire<l  liy  lluiitin;^'toii  and  liis  ,iMc 
cuuiiHellor,  Creed  Ilaynioiid.  1  am  jir. 'pared  to  udinit  that  there  an'  soitiu 
'ii'uitie.i'  o:i  the  tiido  of  tliu  railroail;  Imt  aho  to  duny  that  if  tliu  eoinp.iiiy 
had  kept  to  itH  a^'reeiiicnt  from  tliu  tirst,  and  not  expended  nioiie^'  aii<l  tiilmt 
to  prevent  tlio  ]iayiiieiit  «if  its  dulit,  it<  c;iho  would  liavu  roiplir<'d  tlie  niriMii- 
(■ration  of  tli -su  eipiitii's.  Tlio  iiegloet  to  prtiviile  fur  ri'tiiiuliiiK  llie  {'  S. 
riilrcad  lionds  at  a  lower  than  Hi\  por  cent  has  Worked  a  Iihs  to  the  ('oMipany 
of  a  lar^e  aiiioiint;  and  it  must  al-to  ho  ividont  that  the  Miiikin^  tiiinl  ('-i:ili- 
lislied  hy  i'o:i;^res!»  in  1878  liaa  not  heen  so  inveHted  l>y  th<i  Heerelaiy  ni  tliu 
truanury  an  to  liolii  ruduuu  thu  induhtcdnedi)  uf  tho  railroad  comp.iiiy. 

Aiuon:,'  others  connected  with  railroad,  cahlc-road,  and  tulcgrapli  lliiis  in 


o\\  iwi  aro  Wo 


rthy  of  mention: 


Cal,.  the  Kil 

T.  Ji.  Neimilli,  lormerly  a  director  in  tho  Texas  Paeilic,  is  a  iiilm  uf 
Peri'y,  N.  II.,  and  came  to  San  I>io^uin  liSTt),  heiii;,'  hooii  at'.erwnnl  iii'i'ciiiiii.l 
|iresident  <if  the  hank  of  S.  !>.  and  acting;  in  many  puhlio  capaeili>>.  Ilii 
Hoii-in  l.iw  is  known  to  fame  as  Ijt  tireeley,  the  explorer, 

Tho  railway  ((iieslioii  has  liceii  a  vital  iiiio  to  San  l>iej;o,  and  (  li.i-  S, 
Hamilton  nt.ind.-i  proiiuneutly  connected  with  it  a-i  tho  ai;cnt  tliroiiuh  wlioin 
the  city  redaiiiieil   its   hips.'il   j^raiit   lo  tho  Texas    It.  11.      lie  w.t«   horn  at 


Milan.  Olii.i,  Dec.  I'J,    ISW 


I,  ami  camo 


nccled  with  its  lir.<t 


to  mtw  S.   J)ieL;o 


ISti!),  to    lie  CI 


«'•' 


'.il  Htore,  of  wliii'h  liu  Kooii  afterward  lu'.aii 


owiiei,  latterly  iu  parliier.shi|i  with  his  hrother.-i. 

Hy  the  Towlo  hnitlu'i's  was  coii.itnicteil  a  road  'JO  miles  loiij;  frnin  tiie 
town  of  Towles,  foiin<led  liy  lliein  ill  ISti'.',  to  eoiineet  with  the  C.  I'.  .  >  ti  ni, 
for  which  they  fiiriiiMlied  tlio  liimli  .r  for  a  portion  of  tho  roaddied.  Mini 
Tow  Iu  was  horn  at  Corinth,  Vt,  .Inly 'Jii,  |S:i;<,  and  coming  to  C.d.  in  l^"iii, 
after  tlircu  yeirs  of  mining;,  I'li^a^icd  in  thu  liimlier  hnsiness,  the  onl|iul  li 
thu  mills  own-'d  hy  his  linn  liuiiig  from  IU,<M>D,(KH>  to  *2.'i,t)(K),tM)i)  ft  oi  hiiiilK  r 


(hio  of  till*  lendiiift  Bpirits  in  tho  cflTorts  of  I^os  An^'eles  for  rail 


ro.nl  niln- 


nuinieatioii  was 'I'hoinas  M.  Molt,  a  nativo  of  S.iratojja  co.,  N.  Y.,  « li.i  camu 
to  Cal.  in  INP.I,  and  in  |.S,"i'.»to  l.os  Aiij{eles,  where,  iih-ntifyiii^  liiin^i  II  «iili 
tliu  ileniocratic  jiarty,  he  hceamo  otiu  of  the  party  Iciider.s   in   .soullnin  <  il- 

11)1  in    |H7(I  was  a  drli'j.itr  I" 


lit  |S7I   he  was  elected  to  the   slat 


ihl\ 


thu  national  convention  which  noininated  Tddeii  for  prcHideiit. 

Amoii^  tlone  who  assisted  to  Iniild  the  Market  st  railway,  the  lir-l  mi'  i" 
S.  v.,  is  .lohii  Mayes,  who  was  horn  in  IrelamI  in  IH'JI,  was  ediieati'ii  m  Ni" 
York,  and  caim-  to<'al.  in  1S5I),  bihiii  afterward  he^'inning  a  prosperon-,  l>ll^l 
iiess  cari'cr  at  Sacramento. 

In  ISSS  '.)  an  excelh'ut  cahle-roMd  nvstcm,  1!I  miles  in  length,  \y^^  ' mh  "1' 
liy  thu  Lua  Aiigulus  Cublu  iiailway  company,  under  thu  inanu^cmunl  oi  .laiiiii 


BUILDERS  AND  MANAGERS. 


C.  Rnbinson,  its  vice-prcsidont.  Mr  Roljinsoii  in  tx  native  of  Birkcnliead, 
Kiii^liinil,  ill  whioli  ouiiiitry,  uiul  in  li'rLihil  ami  tlie  United  SUiti's,  he  liiu 
l)iiilt  a  large  aiiniliur  (>*°  ativut  railways.  l)iiring  llit- dia  (hIious  ilcml^  ot  I.SVJ 
-■.)i),  iiu  Huucuodud  in  kuepuig  liia  ruuiiH  lu  Loa  Angulutt  u  running  urdur  with 
bill  nligiit  interrui'tioii. 

'I'lic  Suconil  Ht  cMl>l<.--roail  at  Lod  Aug--lt'M  >\:ui  Imilt  l>y  K.  C.  Hiirlingaino, 
a  liativo  ot  Miniicupolis,  wlio  canu;  u'lCli  Ins  parent;:!  ti>  (al.  u  Inn  Ml  yt.ir.t  of 
aj^i',  »<ion  afterward  worklii)j  on  a  tarui  mar  Colnpton,  in  Los  Anm  lis  ro  , 
an  I  attending  hcIiooI  as  opporliinity  pi'rniitted.  At  ID,  he  lirgan  tarining  on 
lii^  o»n  ai'oouiit,  hut  a  ivw  years  later  reiimveil  to  the  Hi'iithern  nietri>)'ohH, 
wlitie  he  is  highly  appreciated  tor  his  sterlni;;  husisu'ss  qnalitiis. 

One  of  the  urfjani/irs  of  the  Alta  t'al.  'I"»'l.  eo.  and  other  lines  was  Hiiiry 
T.  Miihnos,  a  native  of  Lansjiigl.uri;,  N.  V.,  ami  amoii^'  oiir  <'al.  piuini  rs. 
Aitir  a  sueeessinl  Imsine^s  eareer  al  Anhnrn  and  Sairaineiito.  he  i'.>i  ilili>hi'd 
ill  Smi  Franeiseo  the  il.  T.  llolicea  Liiuu  uo.,  with  works  in  Santa  C'lu/  untl 
KI  L^oradu  counties. 


CIIArTER  XXII. 


MININfS   A\l»   MININC   STOCKO. 

IS.-)  I    ISStf. 

OhKIIN  ASl>   DRVKtOI'MKNT  OK    (^1  AltTZ    MlMN(i — lIVlHtAn.K'   Ml\tS(i— IIf- 
KKflS  AldSINil  lUOM    llviiKAl  l.ir  I'KlllilH      UlVKU-Ul.K    M  I  NINi;  -S  II.VIIl 

Minimi     Yiki.h  oFfioi.o    ani>  Siiaku— t'usr   ami  I{f.ti:i:.ns- Oiuik 

MkTAI.S  AM»  MlNKKAl.S MinKUAI.  SrUINlJS — SrofK  lioAlHW   AMI  SlOi  K 
<iAMIII.IN(l. 

Tv   ilio  |)r('CP(lin<j;  volume  I  have  givon  a  f^nicnil 


vitiw  of  ijfolil  iiiiiiiiijjf  down  to  IH.H5.  The  ci^lit  ycui; 
f)r(iviou.sIy  (•ov«'rv(l  includt!  tlio  porioil  of  gitiitrsi 
pro.luctivoiu'SH  ill  tlic  royal  nutal,  aftiT wliidi  iiiiiiiii^ 
bucamo  a  iiiof(5  KotthMl  oc('Ui>ation,  with  the  slowir  iv. 
turiH  of  onliiiarv  iiMlustrics.  Jidioviiig  that  a  kiinul- 
c\r\  of  the  g«'olo<jry  of  tlio  couiitiy  was  essential  to 
proinobi!  miiiiiijj,  in  th*?  hase  metals  as  wtU  as  in  ^old, 
tho  lojfishitiiro  of  the  statu  earlv  made  approjujaiioiia 
f«)r  this  ohjcK't ;'  but   it   was   ultimately  learned  lliat 

'Till-  l<','l<l  itiiri-  Mf  IS.VJ  iiiiprojiriatc  1  W.OM)  to  pay  l>r  John  H.  Tr.vk  fur 
A  ^{fol.r^ii'il  ri'|(  irt  fiirrii'ilii'  1  by  liiin,  iiinl  to  fiiiililc  liiiii  to  jiro-.oi'iit('  fiirilii-r 
iriviMiii(iti<)'i4  oil  tills  >4ii'ij(!'!t.      Cil.Sli/.   \S7>'A,  u.  |||.      Hi 


r 


U-  MIlccrLMlllii,' 

I.-tl-  I 


iHlii'iir.' .i|>|iiM|triiiti' I  J^J.iMJ  to  (•iiiltK-   |)r    Tr.uk  to  roinjilcti- lii.i  Mirvry  in 
V"'.i'\!l  I'"''""''      I"  '■'*I'"  I'"'  "'•'"''■  "f  <l""  Ml.ili'  >{c()l.ixist  w.n  cri'.ilf.l,  ami 

an  n|iiiri>|ii-iitii'ii 


I.  I)    Wmtti'-y  ,ip|,oiiit,r,l  to  it,  witli  a  salarv  of  Sil.tMMt  ami 


of  *iMM»  lor  tl 


U!    I!X|I  '11  IIM    O 


f     tl 


1"  '<iirvi-v. 


in  |S(L'  at  a  ivnt  of  S  (,i»  I  (.      In  |S(i:{  mofl 


Whit 


iK'V  •<  ri'porf  <  \nn'  pnii 


t..| 


th-  >folo.^ii-il    Hurvry  of  tlir.   Htaf.-      Tlif    I.-ci'-l 
S'tl.Uid)  for  Hiirvoy  ;i'i  I  nriiit 


iiT  ii'JO.OlN)  w.is   !itiiiro|.ri:ilr.I  f,,r 


tun 


.f  tl 


in  Vir.      Srt'KM)) 


itiiio    fif   ISlil    ii|'|ifiiiir:i'ii| 
tirintin-^.      WHiitnoy  "an  iva]i|iointiMl  l.y  tin-  |cL'i-l 


iiv.-y;  «.'-.,(Hj,H„  ISTO.    with  »2 


was  nffaiii  n|i|iro|iriat<'iI  in    ISl'Mj  for  t'\|ii'ii-ii-i  nf 


iiti'l  for  til 
|iro|iriiiti'.|  A;_(yy)  f, 


OOf)  |icr  month  to  continiii'  it  toromiilti 


th 


I'   Htatc 


^-'IJ!!"^.  '^'-  •'■  •^-•<>'XM"T  month.     Tho  Ji'iriHlatnni  of  ls7J  n\>- 
*iir  iin'worvatioii  of  tin-  material    collccti'il.     'I'li"  citt  tn 


.f  tl 


II'    Hiirvcv    and   ^alirics  of  u'l'iilouints  from  185.1  to  |.S7J  mvi.s 


*.«.-Jt(,  MH>      '!')„.  lirst  voluin.-  of    M7, 


I»il>li,h.',l  in  ISir).      It 


ihirif'i  Ofnlfu/li-iff  Siimi/  of  ('iilH''<ni)it  was 


t" 


•*  a  ijnarto  vol.   of  408  pp.,    illuHtrati>il.      Wliitii"V 


^1''  antlior  of  ncvcral  iiuMii'alionH  on  «'al,;   .1  l.rr/in-'ni,  (;n>h,if/.  |S(i'..',  V7  pi' ; 

'/('■  Vn>i"iiiifr  Roil;  )))iliIi.sli«Ml  liv  authority  of  tiif  IiL'i-«laliiri'.  j  M!  )iii..  N  V  , 
HtW;  Y'uiimUr  (/itiit,-  Book,  IM  [ip,,  1870;  aaJ  Aarij'ctvwi  UiattLH  o/Uir  Slimi 
Newula, 

(«) 


OniOINAL  MKTIIODS. 


981 


the  Gxrcptlons  to  tlio  rule  wore  tlio  rule  itself  in  tliis 
srii'Mfo,'  aii«l  tluit  tlioro  was  no  iiifalliMo  kiy  to  tlio 
Imii'^'Uuj^o  of  tlio  rocks,  nor  any  truo  record  of  their 
oiiLiin  and  history.' 

Followini^  the  «»eneral  order  of  thini^s,  (|uartz-crush- 
ii!;:,  lollowi'd  |>lacer-di|4;4in|jj  in  (California.  The  first 
imtiiod  of  extract  in;,'  j^»»ld  from  (|uartK  in  Califoniia 
was  IIm!  sinii)!e  one  of  |)(>uiKlin;jj  it  into  frajjjnienls  and 
imlverizinj^  it  in  larij^e  iron  mortars  with  heavy  |ustles 
t';ist(  ned  hy  a  poK;  to  hranches  ^A'  trees,  the  sjiiin<jf  «<f 
wliicli  assist<'<l  in  raisin;^  them.  The  puKeri/ed  ([uartz 
W.1S  then  treated  with  «jiiicksilver ;  and  hy  this  imper- 
fect  means — invented    hy   ono    Fer;.?usoii    of  l^rowii 


T.'iko  for  ill^<tll^.co  tlio  tiiiilinir  «f  solil  in  HaiulMtoiio. 


mill 

III'*    lircll 


I 


.•l.-.y. 


.1 


lir  l)in;ilti(!  riK'k-t,  hm  in   tliil't'i'i'iit  IntMlitii's  of  tin'   I'li-ilic  ii^.-ist.     Or, 


i^iiiitoiiiluil,  it'  nut  ilciiiiinstriiti'il,  in  ■%  xt^itc  of  solution  in  va'iT 
rli:irj;i'il  with  lllkulitM.  Sen  /I'ltr/i't  Miini  iiii'l  Miiiiiij,  'J'J.'f  7.  '11. i^  Iuiiiom.S 
IpIiic  U':iil  wii.i  a  tlisfiivcry  in  m'nloj^y  of  womlorfnl  intomt,  n;<  it  w;i  i  of  won- 
(Icifiil  wt'iiltli,  a  ri'Nt'liilioii  of  till!  woi'lil  ii-i  it  was  iihilion~4  of  ycai-^  u){o.  'I  Im 
uii)ialln'ri!il  ricln'i  of  a  mighty  riv«'r  lit'arint;  tlm  jjolilfii  wa  Oi  of  tl;(!  niouii- 
Uiii-t  ciownwai'il  to  tilt!  Hca  were  Hmlilcnly  livcil  in  tlu'ir  jilai'c  liy  an  imnii'ii  'O 
mit|iiiiir  of  lava  which  lilluil  np  tliu  rivrr  clianncl,  wl.o>r  watcr-i  (li':i|i|ii'at':  d 
(ir  wi:ii)  ilivcrtfil  to  other  cotn-'uvi.  Aiffi  iipoii  ■,\\.'^^^  wn-o  ii'i|iiiicrl  fnr  tju^ac- 
tiKii  of  tin;  I'li'incntH  to  wear  away  tho  !<ii|)c'rii>iMiinl>i'iit  mass  anil  iivimI  thu 
foriiH'i' chainu'l  of  a  ili'ail  rivor,  with  its  liiii){  foniiahil  ti'('it..iii'<>.  Ilicoiir  o 
li,n  111  Til  traiM'il  liy  iniiiiTu  for  a  lonn  distance  l>y  m^ns  whu-ii  tlicy  liavo 
kuninl  til  iiiiili'i'stanil  t'vi'ii  upon  tliu  KUifacc. 

'Tliirt!  havti  liri'ii  riinion  of  >{i>lil  niiiii-s  workcil  liy  tlic  pnilns  of  tlio 
early  niissiuiH,  Init  proofs  of  mirli  mining;  an'  not  now  apparint,  altlmn^j;!) 
till  V  art!  cunlirini'il  liy  rrcilililo  authority.  A  work  p.iMir-litil  in  l.oniliii  in 
his  hy  Mr  I'hillips,  cnlith'il  l.n-lurunn  Mii»riil"iii,  niciitioniil  thr  rxi-'tcricii 


Itiistii 


i.lA  'a  I 
on  olitanu'i 


inrhcs  fniiii  thf  HiirfaiH 


I  California.      In   IVJ-J   Mr    KIlis  of 


I  from  hell!  'a  mass  of  ^olil  ami  <nia't/.'of  I'misiilriahlo 
it.  Alfri'il  Uoliinsoii  of  Huston  in  IN.H)  r.'i-.iv»-.l  .slo.tMM)  worth  of  j;..|.l 
III  liiiMps.  In  ls:i'J  Capt.  John  llrail>li.i\v  took  hoiiui  to  ISnston  f  r  his  i  m- 
liloyr,  .Joseph  I'eahoily  of  Salem,  Mas,  .v|.S,(MK»  in  native  ^oht  frinii  ll  o 
Iviiilii' eoast.  This  ^ohl  was  taken  from  the  eoast  ri.iiiuies  south  .  t  .Santa 
Cn;/.  ,S',r,)  Akm  f >/<;'.«;) I  r.).  //;</..  'J Iti  7.  It  i-i  ^alll,  al-o,  that  in  ls|7m,l,l 
«ns  taken  from  roek  near  San  !>ie},'o.  It  is  unfortunate  that  the^e  tales  aro 
lint  verilieil  hy  eomiietent  jiro< 


fs.       A  i|Uai  tz  leil^'e  was  <li  eovi  re'l  at     Mrowtl 
lili  V  in  IS.'iO,  whieli  was  loeateil  hy  mie  .lolnistoii  of  I.,  m;  har,  who  ;,'av<'  it 


iio  I'm  ther  attention.  In  the  cprinj;  ol  Iv'il  a  ipiart/.  iveiteiiieiit  pre\aihi| 
iiiil  lirown  valley  fnrnisheil  elaiins  to  many  lo.ators,  (»tl  fe.  t  leinc  all.  «eil 
I'liaili  iiu'IiiImt  of  a  eompany.  Mun/ii'lll'  Ain«'-I,  May  I'J,  IStll.  (.hiartz 
iiiiiiis  M-.|(  workci)  in  Si^kiyon  co.  in  lh.">1.  Sisl-iifnii  Vi.  AiTiurn,  MS.,  '."J; 
Ihit/,  .'  S,  ,,,pH  Miii'wi,  iv.,  Iv***  4H.  The  Kiireka  ininn  in  Sierra  co.  v  as  ilis. 
mvereii  ill  |H.")|,  ami  Worked  in  a  fcehln  m.iiincr  with  an  arastra.  The  orikf- 
iiial  ownern  mild  it  in  l8,"iHto  a  capitalist,  who  erected  '2  mill-i,  ono  operated 
I'V  •leaiii,  the  other  hy  water-power,  tnt'ether  ninii'iu'  VH  'tamps,  lie  sunk 
1  'li;ifl  (MH»  feet,  taking  out  up  to  .Iniie  iHtill  >S|.  t(K),<KM).  One  run  <if  t'ltl  dayi 
vii  III  .1  ^"i(M)W),  and  aii;.thi:r  of  40  dayn  *i'21>.llUy.  'V\\v  luiiiuul  cxikjiiso  was 
•*T'',IK>I), 


i?!b' 


ilJii 

,   .- 1 ".  I 


<m 


I.:7NTNr.   A^T>  MINTNO  STOfKS. 


iiKon- 


iiin- 


vallor,  Yul)a  countv, — tlio  inlncM'  niiidi!  tlio  not 
Hi(|(nU)l(;  wa;jj»!S  of  ti-tv  dollars  a  day.  Wchi)  ^  ( 
paiiv,  wlio  owned  a  claitn  in  tliis  valley,  en  (fid  tlif 
first  iniil  for  crusliini^  «iuart/  in  IHf)!.  Jt  was  run  liv 
a  Hniidi  cni^inc,  workinjjf  a  sinjK*  stanii)  cacli  in  scwiai 
liii'^^f  nioitars,  1  )iirin<j;  tlu' followin;^  y  ar  ]{»((|  and 
otiicVH  cnctcd  a  watir-powir  null,  wliicli  was  ciirrii  1 
away  in  the  flood  of  the  next  wintrr.  (^niiiiliy  k 
Con'inuiy  in  IHh'i  erected  a  wat(>r-|M)Wer  mill  in  tla? 
vaDin',  v'hieh  iicverneeonii)lish<'d  much  for  itsowmrs, 
althoui^h  it  ehanj4('d  hands  si^vr-ral  times.  \W  flusc 
efiorts  un<i  failures  several  persons  were  8tri|»[tt(l  o^ 
their  earthly  possessions. 

J)urin<^  the  latter  year  the  Anjjflo-Saxon  Miiiin*; 
(•oni])^i!)y,  Su' Ifenry  Hartley  }.;i'neral  manii-^'i  r,  ((nn- 
m(>n(«'d  the  erection  of  a  <iuartz  mill  in  J^r.iwn  v;ill(  v, 
iniportinjjj  the  machinery  from  ICn!.;;land.  The  oir  w.is 
umaljjjimated  at  this  mill  hy  lari^e  iron  halls  revolving; 
in  a  set  of  pans.  Thc^  works  were  not  satisfiu  tnrv, 
and  for  oik;  cause  and  another  the  owners  fill  into 
d(  ht,  their  mill  l>ein<j^  s<>ld  l)y  the  sIk  ritf,  and  tin  ina- 
chinerv  carrit'd  to  San  Fran<'isco  to  he  used  in  a  tlnur- 
mill.  The  failure  ((f  the  Enj^lish  company  di>inur- 
a<re(l  quartz  minin<r  for  the  time,  althoui'li  it   was  iv- 


su 
1) 


med  in    IS;)5  hv  honefnl  exnei'unent.'is,' who.   \tur 


)y  year,  learned  liow  tl.o  |)rcc)ous  metals  could  lu  ix 
tracted  from  their  native  y;an!>ue.'' 


'  .Fdlin  lliilc  ill  IS.","  Kiiilt,  ;i  0  stamp  sti'iiin  fpirirtz  tiiill  on  Little  l>ry  uulch 
in  ^'ul>a  1(1.,  «liii  I]  w.i-,  c'lilar;.'!'"]  tn  !>  staiiiin,  and  mad-'  a  fuir  jiiolit  Inr  itti 
own«'r  until  it  wav  ijostroycd  liy  tiro  afliT  si.'veral  years'  work. 

''Ill  IS.").")  liu'ro  wa-i  a  revival  of  iiilere-t  in  gold  i)iiart/  n.iiiiiijf.  The 
Kate  Ilayc's  iniiic,  lialf  a  mile  finm  Ora^-i  N'alley,  was  fiinuil  for  it>  riciiiu-..H, 
Boine  of  the  rock  jiayiiif?  .^I.HOM  to  the  ton.  'i"he  owner  wan  iiii.-ihle  to  '  r<ot 
inaotiiiierv  on  it.  and  it  was  hoM  fordeht.  TIh^  ni  w  owners  had  their  iidH 
destroyed  hy  tire.  It  siili-;e(|tientlv  proved  vorv  riiOi.  '  l,nin])i  of  pun-  ^'oM  iiiiig 
in  clusters  all  over  various  parts  of  tlie  roek.'  ('iii/'m  I'nlf'i/  I'lmn:,  ■'iiii« 
'JS,  [Sli,").  Another  Well  '  ikiwii  mine  of  <;riss  Valley  in  I>«."i7  was  the  Alli- 
son raneh  lead  iiwned  hy  .Michael  < 'olliert.  .lanu's  Stantiiii.  .lohn  Fay.  ^•■^'» 
Daniels.  .I.anies  Donahui'.  and  'I  imothy  Fi-'lds.  The  mill  was  started  iii'  i" 
July  IS.'iti.  Its  weekly  vieM  was  S-K),(tO(),  to  lie  divided  ainon;<  .'i  ..>\n.f.s. 
The  averasje  yield  was  ahout  iS'JCK)  )M'r  ton. 

Sierra  CO.  Iieeame  famous  for  the  niimher  of  ttn  jrnM  mtnoH  in  )*<.-i7.  ami 
mining'  was  carried  on  at  Chili's  Flat,  a  small  town  on  a  U'lich  ol  the  iim'Hii- 
tiiia  ovjrluugiug  liauaka  creek,   l>y  tuuieU,   uiuu  «>f  wlacli  wcf>.  '-  I'''"* 


AVKRAdR  YIELDS. 


AVhon  Horace  (in'cloy,  tin*  man  of  intuitions,  paid 
a  Hyin*^  visit  to  tlio  Pacific  const  in  IHT)'.),  lie  remarked 
tli.it  the  time  had  not  ycit  arrived  tor  piojitaide  miiiiii<r 
ill  <|tiartz,  and  tiiat  three  out  of  four  mims  \vt  re  fail- 
ure s.  lie  placed  tlie  avi  ra;j;e  yield  of  «piart/,  at 
twtnty  dollars  per  ton,  or  one  ce-nt  [)er  pound,  which 


],.'ii)  I  t>> -.11'))  fi'i't,  anil  paiil  well.  Tin'  liiilciiiinlcuci!,  Whiskey,  I)( 


IWUU'VlUi 


Ih' 


L 

is;, 


iiii 


I,     lilNV.l,      Ulll" 


Hii/.il   <;ru. 


.H 


i.l  1  CO.    wen: 


piying  iniiioH  in 


,oMi'!  "f  wliicli  cliviili'il  .n  iniirli  a-.  .s|,"n(  per  wi'vU.  piT  .slmri'.      !•> 


"Ml  ri' 


Bi-t.  it  wmil  I  .ippr.ir  lliat  tlio  tiimn'l  1  Well' cxcivatcil  in   rcitioii  i|ii.irt/,  .'iii.l 
rivi'l.      'Ill  I'u)  .\ii)"fi<r;iii   tiiiiiii!l  tlic  piy   ilirt   viiriiM  fnnii  IS  to  .'(  fc.'t  iii 


tiirkll  Ml. 
lIlVI  I  M  I  I 

a; 


III  ti 


III    lll!ll 


til: 


II  '  fro  II  .Sll.'i  to  fiV2i} 


iTi!   17 '<!i;»rcM  \V<irtli.':»1.0IK)  cicli;  the  weekly 


il 


iri  tun: 


In  tl 


0 


\  liell  le.lil  of  Mojiil  iniarl/. 


Illiill    llillio  II   Vein   of  <|ii;irt/,    w,ii 


follllil 


emit  liii'ii^  n  '1  I,  «;lver,  ;i;iil  e  ipp -r.  Nothing  was  iittciiiptcil  at  tli.it  |>erio(| 
liy  «iy  of  f.sliUMn;;  tins  i|ui!';^  of  any  of  fhe((<  ili.ieover:es.  At  < 'oiiltervillo 
in  Miripiii  cm.  t'l'jro  w.h  ;i  <prirt/  fever  iilioiit  lhi^  jierioil.  The  iJeepcMt 
111  I  I ,'  -ilrifl  in  ( 'il.  w  1 1  oil  t'lt)  II  lyw.iv.l  luii  Itoliimon  mine  at  Sutter  erei-k, 
.Ml    pui  (M.   -Ili.'i  fe  •*,    wlt'i   till!  fpi.iHiy  of  tlie   roek   iiiiprov  iiiK.      .Vrcri/.i 


is-i 
ex  • 


I,    Ap:-ir-M,    ISJS.       Kl    DoimIo   .1.    JKi.l 

Tn  liiimiiu  CO.,  .Mnriii 


CO.,   Atiinlor  I 


n  •  1   <. 


Cili 


■111' 


■••/,.,   M.iv  :il,  isT.i. 


a  niiinlicr  ot  ijiliiI/  niiiie'i  in 
liiitle  CO.,  all  hail  tliuir  qiiarta 


li   l"<">H   improvcin  "it  1   h  iil  liccn  iiiili!  ti  reilncc  tin'  cxpun.o  nf  (piartz 


mi  I  M  '  a;iii  iiiTe^no  tiM  n'turm. 


W 


;i '  •  1  Mi!r(!  a 


I  .oh 


1.      Ill  |S.V_'  ilrifl- 


IT<  W. 


J  1)11 


.X  >  a 


.li 


III 


IS'i;  i?:V.".  »a  <liv;  i'l  iH.'iH  .SI.      In  I  ^.'J  cii 'oie.r.i 


ri'o 'ivi!  I -i^ls  >  a  inoii;'i;  in  lS">r  ■*!()).      In  IvVJ  caUiiim  laid  ihiwii  in  (ira.-i.s 


Villi  ■ 


ii;t  l^)i!  p 'r  ii  inii'l;  in  IS.'iS  ,Se.  Tho  con  ^iiniplioii  of  i;i  uini;  i  aver 
,■14  ■  I  S  t  in  a  yeir,  t'ln  rciliietioii  of  'Je  p 'r  ji  niiul  an,'rc>,' ite.l  ."-.".'..'SO  an- 
nil  ill,-.  .\  iiiiir.i  c  no!  >viir.{  li)  ineii  woiill  now  h.ivo  in  l.ihor  aiil  cr;  tiiif»H 
.SIM.i) );)  a  ye  ir.  All  tiin  oro  r.iiieil  ilirri;  tlie  lirU,  .">'.  yeari  in  i  i.-m  \'all"y 
w.ii  11  ml  !  I  '-"(  iiiilet  at  an  cxpeim)  of  .•<•.,;  y  r  ton,  wliieli  wai  save  I  in  IS.'lS  hy 
til  •  er '.'Uoii  of  a  liittery  at  tlio  niiiio.  'Iherewero  in  iS.'iSsiv  ipiar'/.  itiilU, 
(i;i  I   w.tli    |(»   st.iiiipi   in    Viili.i  co.     Tim  coiitiiiiieil  improvciii    it  in  <|iiartii 

niiy  lie  i;if.rrcil  from  liio  frei|iii>!it  iiieiition  in  the  iie\v>^iperi  i,f   .m.. 


III!  iin.li'rl  ikiir'i.      .\  letter  in  the  '/'n.hii 


Mav  |V)S,  <|< 


ill'  I  '1  •  iii'nei  at  ( '.lerokei!,  a  inomit  i!ii  town  of  'riiolniniiu 


CO.,  men  1 


u 


T 


•k  an  1  .Sol.liiiry  (|ii,(ri/.  tmlli.     Tiio  litter  miini  \\i\  owne 


I  '. 


wli  nil  Were 


of  o.ie  f;iiii  Iv      the  Sol  .lilir' 


IIHI  IMell  iiitcrc  I  Hi  .  V 


th 
Siiicli, 
allied 


V.    '•  1 1,  MX    .\n  itlier  iiiiiii!  in  llii  1  vicinity  only  huiiij;  jiroipeclcil  w.i  1  thotifjhb 


tl  l>^  eijiial  to  the  S.ilsliiiry  in  rielii 


.1 


I'll  a 


Ml 


iiili  Color 


wa  I  a  inii'ii  lirni'r  ve;n. 


1" 


ill  s    full   of  civitii 


'  Tho 


iw  c;i,e!i  of  w!iicli  in 


cr  iwli'il  line  lloiir  g. ill.'     In  tin;  K"i.il  <|iiarl/.  (V'M  wi .  foiiml  i.i  ■•.Mlphiireti 


A 


-'(!  niinilier  <il"  e!  liin.^  were  woike.l  m  tliM  d  -Iricl,.     Tim  :i\ 


v.d.! 


iif  a  (>— tamp  III  11  .S;reot  and  S.mlhy' ,  «  1 1  .vduit  an  hour.  ()i  t'l  litof 
.\l  I  ■.  l"v>S,  they  r '!orU  d  t!u!crinliiiij{  of  r>day  i,  (ihtajiiii!;  1 1  poii  el  ;  of ''rild. 
T  :■•  provioll  1  Week  'i2  pound  1  M.U  ohta'lled.      T';()  f{eolnry  of   t"i      r  •<,;iin  won 


il{:ie  iiu.      At  iSoiiori  t'  e  forinalioii  w.i  i  inetaiiiorphic,  tin;  str.ili  1  ■■[     lito  hu> 
l>  niiipiHiiij;  to  ;i  (;reat  oep;!i  tlic  jiliitoiiie  foriiiali  ui.     S  ii'tri  />■    ■irr'it  in  N, 


F.  .IVi,  Jan.  it,  lo^i).     The  Monti!  .Soiia  iinirlz  ili  triet  in   \<.'V.i  1 1  c 


di 


e  iv. '-ed  ill  |.S.")7,  hi  1  a  liiirli  repiitali  111.  Tlic  Oriental  tiiiiiD  and  ■  1  11,  ii!iilcr 
iiiiii  I'i'inont  of  .Miliar  n  M.  Paul,  wai  the  leading'  properly  in  I  .'.'.).  Vidia 
'■■I.  i|  ! art/,  miniinj  revived  ahoiit  thii  time,  and  mill  1  coitiii'/ •  1.", ()(>», and 
.■"'.II.K  t)  were  crec'e  1  on  the  I>.ilieliro;^i)  leditc    1 1,  W  a  1  Hot  Until  Is  i;;,  !  owfVer, 

that  t'm  iniiioi  lio;L;aii  p.iying  larjjely.     M  triixri  !r  A)>jx"l,  M.iy  17,  I'  il.  The 
lir.l  III  11  nri.'c'ed  i:i  l\er;i  c».  w\i  il  |S."..lttt  Ki-y-ivll 
t../.,  .Juno  8.  lUTt!;  U.  S.  II.  L. .  'h:,  '-'JT.  4:i-' 


H  ikfrni'!'!-  S  lUf/irm 


'■'X  \.     '11  O'jii '..  1! 


C«4. 


IVIO 


MINING   AND  MIXINfJ   STOCKS. 


rt'turn  would  not  pay  tho  cxponsc  of  mining.  To  tlil.s 
tlu'  indii^nantCvJilit'oiiiian.M  nrtorttMJ  :  "  In  wliat  country 
on  (.!ai'tli,  save  ('alit'ornia,  do  niinin<^  advcnttn<  is  ex- 
pect to  leap  any  return.s  underfroin  tw«»  to  live  \eais'< 
Jn  lOui'ope  people  ventui'*'  in  mines  for  tiio  l>eii«  iii  <,[' 
tlieir  ciiildit'M,  not  so  inm-li  for  tlit!mselv«;s.  In  ('ali- 
fornia,  no  sooner  art;  worlvs  started  tiian  tin  y  iimst 
pay."  That  i\\v\v  was  nm<'li  justico  in  tiiis  reply  is 
evident.  Two,  tiiree,  or  five  yi'ars  were  a  short  tiiiii! 
in  whi«'h  to  ov<!rc«tnie  tlie  «hilirultiesarisinLj  from  new 
eoiiditioiis,  an  unkn(»wn  <;<oh)^y,  immense  cost  of 
transpoitation,  the  ahsencc  of  practical  miners,  ami 
tlu!  hi:4,ii  price  (tf  lahor.  It  was  a  current  sayin;^'  in 
those  (lays  that  it  took  the  pro<luetion  of  «)ne  mine  to 
Work  another.  Tin;  wonderful  pluck  of  the;  Calilornia 
pioneers  was  nowhere  hetter  exhihited  than  in  their 
early  <|uaiiz-miniM}^  ventures,  allhouj^h  the  ri(  Imess 
of  the  rock  in  most  ca.se.s  justified  the   testin;^   of  it.' 


'Tin:  \V<>()cl-iicl«<  riiino  at  fii'r»rjjotiiwii,  <1iHr<)Ver<'<I  in  ISOO,  wan  tli(i  rii-lnMt 


in  ('ill.  ildwi!  I..  iMili.      Ov.r  .•:)<l,(HN)  Win 


luk< 


11    out    III    lU'M 


ijay 


riy 


|ilir<:  i;m|i|  \v,'U  llir  nn-  thai  it  W:)"  rlii.sclli'il  mit  in  ii  snljil  liill-is  11  feet  ill  li'li^'lli. 


Olii-    iiirc'i'   ui  i;^lii'i|   liver  IIMI  |iiiuiiil  < 


,1 


ri 


U!    (ini'nvrMTt  Wrre    |hMir  inili.  .11 


till)  I'laiiii  w.'K  Mill,  tlinriiiiulily  wnrki'l.      It  \v;ih  iIcwii  I'JO  firl  uliiiii  tlii<  ii<li 


or.)  \v 


,1.1  fciiiiid.  »\  liicli  '.ii-t  till 


iiililry 


iM. 


f.ill.ii  r 


17 

V  a 


ami  °.M),  l.siiii,  'I'lii;  ll,iiii|i  Willi.'iiiiH,  ili^ciivfri'ij  in  Isill  m  Kirn  in  I 
)iri>.-<|ii'itiii^  )iurly  (•oii-i  <tiii);  of  II.  WilluiiH,  It'iln-rt  I'iiIiiht,  lihuliliiiiii  \Vy- 
att.itiii!  'rifkiior  hrniiiwcll,  (i  iiiilos  wiMt  of  tlic  .moiiiIi  fork  of  Kii  ii  i  ivi-r,  yuMcil 
$'J;M>  |iir  toll  liy  II  nut  I'll -I,  Init  w.n  liaijly  iiiaiia^ril.  It  win  h<\>\  hi  l^ti."'  to  a 
Klioiitt  I  l.'iiiil  ('i>iii|iaiiy.  wjiit'li  >|ii'iil  $il(),(NM)  ill  i'X|i('i'Jitii'iiiiii);  \Mtli  a 'fniir- 
liail  ijiLirl/ ir-ii -ln'r,' ami  liiially  aliatnloiii'il.     Ovir  MM)  liiralioM'i  win.  niailo 


ill  a  lilnlitll  after  tin*  ilisruverv  of   tills  lllilli 


roiii  tliH  '  iiiiliiiil{  I'll  Ii    ritiiiu 


the  lo>vii  of  llavilali.  //'trili'i/i  r„i,rirr,  Si'iil.  'JCt,  I.HliC;  llnrituli  Munv.Sx 
17,  |S7-.  S.'iii  Iteriiariiiiiii  co.  hail  xoiiii'  ^ooil  iiiiiies  in  o|ieration  in  hiil 
1H7'J.  llyilraiihi'  iiiiiiini(  wan  lirst  Hncriis^fnlly  carried  mil  at  l.ylh'  ererk.  !• 
mile  I  from  the  town  of  San  Iteraarijiiii),  water  liein^  iiitroihu'eij  in  ilit  Ihm 
ill  Ihti?  Iiy  e.i|itain  Wiiider  of  San  hiei^o,  nuent  for  ll.iriieiiiliiiy  of  S<\v 
York.  'I  he  liileht'i  Were  .'i  inilex  in  lentJth,  whieh  lieinn  'laiii.iKeij  hy  heavy 
rain. I,  tlu;  eiaiiu't  were  soM  to  < 'ievelainl  with  the  ini|iroveiiieiits,  who ->|.l 
tlieni  to  II  Freiiili  eoiiiiiany  whieh  niailti  them  p'tnrn  !;''J,<MH>  (H'r  w 


iiiiany 
illet   fr 


III 
lloleoin  valley,  -lO  iiiifet  l^roin  San  Mernanlini),  tliern  wan  a  ijiiart/  iixll  in 
JSTiJ.  The  roik  in  that  <li  .trii-t  averaged  i^\'t  to  the  ton.  Ilydiini  ••  iiiiiiing 
Win  alio  followed  here.  Other  (|iiart/  iiiineH  were  nitualed  H'l  iieiei  fpnii 
Hill  llernardiii  I,  heloii^iiiK  to(Jeor>{e  K.  Moore;  whieh  averaiied  .■"'•Kt  ) 'T  ti'il 
ill  arastras.  I.n  Airiilr.i  H-ifirtitii,  .Iiine  17,  IST'J.  In  ISti.'i  Nev.idieo.  Iiail  a 
({iiirt/  mania  ariiin^  I'/oiii  the  diHcovery  of  inimensely  rieh  iiiIiiim  near  th" 
town  of  Vulia  llain.  The  ledv'os  were  eoiu|io.ied  of  Maek  rmk,  (,':*  iin,'  ''*'• 
n  'lieei  if  the  aetioii  of  lire,  and  mo  lilleil  with  if.  .Id  as  to  ii|i|iear  ai  it  llrl)ll.^'||. 
/,V.M.v     r.f//-//    /,./-.;»,    .Iline    'il,     IHti.'i;    .V«  iw./.i    tl.ifll.',    .la'l.  '.'I,    IVi'v       I'l  f'T 

ui>.  alio  enjoyud  au  tixcilvmciit  iu  1607  fruiu  thu  yiulJ  of  uuuuu  liutuutjui^  tu 


lilOKlTAHLK  MINFX 


Ml 


A  littlo  oxporicnce  showed  that  a  miiio  of  cxtiaor- 
(liiiaiy  upiKirciit  lichiirss,  tliut  is,  wlu'if  th<!  uction  of 
thf  rK'"U'iits  liad  ulri'Uily  <li.siiitt'<^iat«(l  th»'  r«'<k,  hav- 
ing the  jjohl  fn'c,  vas  H(l<lom   more.'  tliaii  tiu-  blo^hoiii 

I'.  t«  r  \^'.iM' II  ir,  :i  iiii'iM  fnun  Aiilniiii.  Ilr  li.i'l  owned  tin'  liiilit!  fi.r  trxtrni 
jiic,  iliiriiiK  wliiili  It  lia.l  iiiailr  imniiLir  i.li<)«  iii>{s  i.f  tiivni  rul.iHfM.  <.ii 
till'  nil  i>l  -Inly  ot   tills  yi'.'ir  It  t'xliil>ii<<l  it  KtK.ik  III   iilinnKt  |  iih'  K<'<'>il^> 


I  li.  iiik{  takiii  mil  III  :{ il;iy».     M<i,ii^i-ilk  .l/7<.«/,  July  •.O,  iMiT.     'lie  i\ 


IHK 


fiili'Mi  I)     llllllll     III 


T1I..I 


IIIIIIKI    CO.   |lt'iH 


lllK'll       111*1    itllH      of      IM.t)     TO,      Willi    .'lO 


luiiiji  null,  .1«I7."»,<HM).   I'lio  vein  «;i.s  in  ^;ii»iiil«),  iiikI  ilir  it\i mm  yn  lil  wiisfj.'i 

;>fi  Inn.      Kilt  l>y  K 1  niiiiia^inii'iit  ami   |il<'nly   of  Kliini|iN   for  <'iii>liiii^  lliti 

T'xU,  it  was  nmilii  to  p.-iy  liiiniJMoini-ly.  Tlio  Keillor  mini' on  llio  iiorlli  fork 
1.1  ilic  Ml  niMJ  |i|-(.-ii<M-li  il  oMT  *HH)  to  tlio  toll.  Miiiifiuiii  <>'i'i<//'-,  Nr|it.  '-'.'t, 
IsTd.     TI'C  I'liic  TiTi'  niiiif,  M.'iri|iosit,  van  at  tlii't  jutioiI  tlir  iiiont  wii|i<  riant 


III  t 


III!  Htatfl.     It  liuil  a  tiiiiiifl  iIi'Im'Ii   into  niouiit  Itiilliou  I,  tTM)  fuel,  ami  In 


j.iw  I'll!  tiiiiiif-l  .1  wiirkinj;  |rvi'ln  at  inttTvali  of  SOfi-ct,  rarryinif  (lio  woikinuH 
•liiwii '.'Ml  fiM'i.  'I'lif  riH-k  i!xliiliiti'<l  fri'o  ^'olii  (ill  tliK  ii^li  It.  >nn  \<U^>i 
(II.  luniiil:i-il  the  ({I'tiiit  quart/.  ('Xi'ilnni  III    of    1^70.      Al  ■  nt    llii'  '.V'll  ot    htli. 

riliiiiili't  iioin^iiii  |iii>!o,  al<':iiloti«il)ii>|i 


I.  T  1; 


il  oth 


IIT4  ill  .CoVlTr 


^'ra\  i|iiarl/.  tilli  il   willi   siiirk'i  of  ({olil   tliri  ii).'lioiit,   wlmli  van  rrlmnti  il  t> 


lilt. nil  Iroin  .»:<.INi4)  to 


.IMMI 


|M'r  ton. 


'I  lie  loili-  Ink   II  r  liiiti.i-  of  tlif  .lllliai 


•rv.       .Miiiiit    10  iiiili'M    fiiilil    till'    .lliliiiti    tl:r    Ml  III  >\;ill  Ma.^   ill.-ioVi'li  il 


ft. 


Minll  altlT,    U' 


I'liii'li 


I  iirovnl  mil 


of    till!   rirlli'Mt  of    nil  lilTII   t:ll<^, 


|<iiyiii|j  tor    ilH 


•liA"|iiiiiiu'iit  without  a  ilollar  of  oiiUhIc   im  niy,  iiihI   ii.iikin^'   I  nml' ■  iin'  re 

turiM.      'I'lii i|ii.'irt/  niill'i  wrn;  crratiil  in  tlii»  ili.-lrirt,  iHiil  Willi   ll.i    ini  my 

|iri.iliirril  in  tin'  iiiino^  tin;  town  uf  .llili.-iii  was  liiiill.  7/' ;/«  ■  Mi"!-.,  ',IK,  IM*, 
It!  Alii'iil  tlii'ii'  iiiilri  from  tlir  niitir  lit  till  .liiliaii  lll^tlllt  \\HH  ll.r  llaii- 
lur  il' posit  o(  S.iii  l''ili|)o  crri'k,  ilisrov  111 1|  liy  l.oui,'.  Iliiiii.iin  in  ISTO  It 
«:iuiii  Ui'il  lir.st  ill  tint  iiiii't  iiriinitiMi  inaiiiirr  l>y  iinrtar  nml  {ir.'-lli',  tliiii 
liy  nil  araslr.'i.  It  wai  .i-i'M  In  ra|iil.klists,  nml  a  tiiii  mill  initiil  ijiii  it. 
Till- 1  ^iliii'ii  <  liariot  niiiii',  iii<i'ovrroil  in  IsTMiy  K  iiijj,  ( 'ojnr,  <  1  nmis,  l.inn, 
.nil'!  .Mi'l.rll.in,  wai  in  IST'J  IIk'  rii  lii'st  in  tliin  iliNtiiit,  iiiyin^  in  an  avriauu 
^IMI  III  lliii  loll.  ni-t,-tii,iil  M'liilliUj.  v.,  Iv'l  7.  Tin'  Nl' iilf/iiinn  inilic,  ills- 
riivirfil  in  l'S7'.'  Iiy  .Mattlirw  I'.'tiin  in  tlir  lvaii|io|i  ri'^'idii  in 


sill    I 
a  I  ralli'il  a  rnliscovi-rv    of  an   nm-n  nt    iiiiin',    llii'  \<'iii   I'lixii 


I  Mii>''(limi 


K  an  < 


111 

lit  ii|imi  it:  lull  iiii  Ir.'K'ii  of  m.irliimiy  or  tools  of  nny  kiml  w.is  foiiinl. 
.'\t  ,'i  ilrptli  of  .'lit  fi'i't  it  was  lilli'il  Hitli  iiililiisli,  mill  Its  I  w  inrs  II '  I  I'll  il  to 
iiuiiH  lliiii{  in  onlcr  to  irai  li  tlm  im  k  IhIow  tlir  oUI  wi'ikiii(;s.  ,^>ii/  /  i/t.* 
"/<«j«,  Trilmiii;  ttit  IK,  |h7'.».  Son  l{<  imiiiliiio  l-'iiniitiiiii.  Oi  t.  ."',  |S7'.'.  I'lll- 
iiiH  I'll,  ill  |S7.'I  liail  its  i|iiarl/.  fi-viT  tollnwini!    tlir  liiHi'oMry  of  'a  li  ilj;i'  of 


il.l. 


IH  It  was  ra 


III. I. 


iirar  tln«  mi 


nimit  of   till 


itaiii    hiiiilli  111  'r.'i V 


"r-\  iljc,  liy  .\.  .S.  I,i>{lil.      'I'lir  vi-iii    lay  in  a  In  il  <l   ili  i'oiii|>o''i'il  ^.ni'i 

'■\-t  frmii   '2    to  li  im'ln-s  in  tliirkin'ss.      A  iniirii    ^:innili    run   jiiltiil  ii|i  in 

'illirr  siili!  of  till'  Ni'ilinicntary  Inil   in   wliiili   tlir  Irilui'   r)|iohiil.     'Il.i'^'old 


listriliii 


till 


niaiiily   in   |i< 


k. 't- 


will 


till 


II*  i|iiart/ 


iikIdiI    Mit     .-lllll 


yiiiili'i!  from  .S'ltMl  lo  .*7(H>  to  niorl.ir  cnisliin^  liy  uni'  linml  I'lunn-  H^iinmy) 
.V  i(  .i„.(^,  ,S('|il,  j.'l,  I.S7H.  AnotliiT  mini-  |iriiiiii-iiii.'  jfn'at  rn  I  ^■^,  inilicmiir 
ni'i^liliiirliooil,  was  Holil  tn  an   Kii^lisji  runiiiaiiy,  wlmli,  nfirr  rrt'ctint' •  \|  1  n- 


irks,   faili'il.     Snrh   wt-n-  ami  an-  I 


vn(.';irii'S    o 


f   fori 


iiiiiir.fs,  or  Miirli  nri>  tlni  mistakes  of  iii<'X|ii'rii'ii('i'il  niiiicrs.      In  T 


lllll'   III  iiiiiiU'K 
\  .1 


no 


ll'V  II 


n 


lain  xlri'i't   was  iniii'ailnnii/cil   with   rofiisi'  iiiiart/  from  tln'  iinnix 


I  it    was   jc'tinvly 


til  lioy* 


nt 


atii'iiiL'  wliK'li  Hi'Vcral   lliiii   H|tiM'lim  in   wrri"   illsrovrrril, 

fM'\  tliat  till*  |iavi'im-iit  wan  in  ilaii^iT  of  lifin^  '  loralnl  '  l>y  tl 

iif  till'  town.      .SVm.'//ii(i  Jiiil»'j»'ni/iiit,  .Ian.  .'II,  IN74.     'I'ln'  .North   .Star    m 

tliH  |i|.'iiT>  yii'lilcil  ^.'1.')  to  tliL-  ton  at  a  ihi]itli  of  TriOfcut.     Tin!  Ilitywanl  iiiins 

III  .\iiiiii|iir  i-o.,  M'lin-li  waH  down  l.'J.'K)  foe t  in  1871,  wan  :iK'ruanin({  iu  rich* 

nun.     CliiwIrt'M  (JdIiI,  \\.  II. 

illHT    (  Al...  Vot  ,  Vlt.     41 


H 


}i 


I 


642 


MiNINO  AXD  MIXINd  STOf'KS. 


of  tho  century  plant  to  tho  florist -Ion«j  looked  f..r 
and  i^ono  in  a  n'lj^lit.  All  of  the  top  yichl  would  h- 
wuHtcil  in  tlu!  cagrr  soarcli  for  n>i>rc,  wlifn*  no  nuir.- 
oxist«Ml,  or  where,  if  it  existed,  it  re<iuired  dollar  fur 
dollar  to  obtain  it. 

A.  fiuartz  niinera'  convention  was  licldnt  Sacraju'iitt 
in  IH.')7  as  a  nmans  of  gaininj^  information  l>y  mutual 
confon'nc(\'  and  as  a  means  of  keepin;^  at  lionu-  f..r 
invcstnit'iit  in  mininj^  the  two  or  three  millioiis  <.f 
money  which  was  shipped  monthly  to  the  <a<.  TIm  r.' 
were  then  in  the  state  1 52  (|uartz  mills,  huilt  ata»i«\- 
pcnse  of  not  less  than  $2,000,000,  ami  the  tofil 
amount  of  ca|)ital  invested  in  quartz  miiiin;;  diii  n<t 
fall  short  of  $5,000,000,  while  the  amount  of  ^,1,1 
realiz«^il  from  this  branch  of  minin*^  at  that  dab-  was 
not  short  of  .57,000,000,  without  takini;  into  a<-<uui!i 
the  proiluct  of  arastras,  and  the  more  primitive  nietli- 
ods  of  re;luclnj^  quartz,  nor  of  those  t*mall  rich  inim  s 
owiumI  hy  individuals  whose  nam  s  never  aj»|M'ar<<l  i:i 
the  list  of  compani(!S.  (iold-quartz  mininj^liad  U_nin 
to  be  somethinj4  more  than  an  experiment"  when  tli  • 


I  mi)(lit  i?o  on  inuUi])lyin(;  imliviclual  di<oovcrif<i  anfl  their  re«n!!ii.  All 
over  tilt!  itiito,  liiit  |iriiioi|)iilly  in  tlu:  fimtliill  <'<iiiiitic<<,  g<>l<l  niiiiin((  in  '|iur2 
wiM  c.'irri(t<l  i>ti  with  iiicruaxini;  kiiowl  'il^'i;  niul  coitscfiiicnt  iiiii>r>>v<-<l  returns 
ri'tiiig  from  a  vtMitiiro  to  a  Mt'loiitilic  iiuhntry.  In  ///'W»'/('<  /.Vj, -r/r*-.*  u/i'i',- 
fitriut,  27(i,  pul)lislieil  in  I  HOT,  it  iH  Htatoil  tliat  tliu  tlircc  |>rin>ii>al  iiiin*f<  ia 
the  stato  won!  \,\w\\  tho  Krcniont  in  .Mnri|>iisai'o.,  the  Alli-«>n,  m  Ni'va<lin-. 
and  tiio  Siorra  Biitto  in  Sierra  co.  'V\w.  Iirnt  liail  prtHhn-i-ii  ?7.'>.J|(«»  in  •■«;• 
niontli;  the  sucoml  !JMiO,(M)();  tho  tliird  ^•_'«»,(KM»;  Imt  the  nv.ra;:c-  pr."Iu.-ti<«  ■ ' 
tlie  Fremont  inino  was  !?I4  jiir  ton;  of  the  Sierra  Kntte  if\S;  and  of  tiie  V 
liaon -^lOi).  The  ooit  of  ipiarryint;,  cruHliing,  and  amalgamating  i|aart<  ^xl 
iu  the  liett  mills  was  from  ^  to  iJtlU  per  ton. 

'Tiui  (|iiart/.  mineri'  association  was  organized  at  this  convention.  Thrre 
Were  many  i|iUMtions  to  lie  Hcttled  l>y  mich  asm >oiat ions,  ituch  a*  th«r  «■««■;;*. 
of  ijuart/  elaiiU'i,  rnlesi  for  the  regnlation  of  coniiianies,  etc.  Thccxi»nen« 
of  miners  iH'caine  thus  gradually  formulated  into  HtatiMtic* hy  the  l<-i!i-Ulart 
At  limt  a  ipiart/.  mining  elaiin  was  no  more  than  10  or  'Jl)  feet  wparr.  acrori- 
ing  to  the  miners'  laws  n^giilating  placer  dig>;ings.  It  S'Min  lie<:ani>- a|lMmt 
that  more  ground  was  re<|uir».'d  to  allow  for  dips,  angles,  and  variatii«n«ajweli 
as  for  niacTiinery.  In  order  to  secure  ground  enough  for  nnning  ».}»T»ti««« 
a  numlier  of  claimants  joined  together  making  a  claim  of  "><W  or  i>,**H  f*»t 
in  length.     This  seems  to  have  heen  the  origin  of  'com|>anie4.' 

*  Prom  the  Mexican  arastra  and  Chili  nidi  of  tho  early  day*  <  f  qiur^/ 
mining  L'al.,  soon  advanced  to  the  stanip  mill.  An  avalanche  i-l  <jaaru 
crushers  desceniled  upon  tho  state,  heterogeneous  ?nas.se*  of  irnn  'b«'y 
enough,'  sayit  one  writer,  'to  sink  our  navy;  at  any  rate,  heavy  F:i>«g!>  t« 


I'RACTICAL  EXl'EIUKXrFX 


nc) 


Wnslioo  silver  (liaoovory  of  IH'iO  iiitrodurod  now  pio- 
lil(  ins,  tlio  Rucccssful  solution  (»f  wliich  a;^ain  n^juircd 
til''  oxpondituro-  and  far  n»oro  than  in  the  case  of 
<u)\t\  of  money,  l)rain-|>ow<'r.  rouraj^o,  and  patitMici' ; 
hut  wluMJ  solved  the  results  applied  with  e<|ual  heiie- 
tif  to  tho  seionco  of  deep  niinin<(  in  California  and 
Nevada.  A  «i;reat  step  forwanl  was  taken  between 
IH.V.)  and  18r),'{,  since  which  period  then;  have  heen 
ft'we]ian<j[es  made  in  the  modes  of  obtainin<x  ir«»ld  from 
its  matrix. 

One  curious  result  of  .six  or  eij^ht  years  of  experi- 
iiiiiifs  in  (piartz-mining — for  all  was  no  more  than  ex- 
priiinent — was  the  conviction  forced  upon  tliose 
interested  of  the  litthj  value  of  expert  knowledijie. 
No  science^  couhl  be  applied  to  the  thousand  varia- 
tions to  be  found  in  ores  in  different  districts,  each  of 
wliieh  had  its  peculiarity,  antl  some  of  which  exhib- 
ited distinct  features  in  different  lodes.  As  for  assays, 
tliey  were  worthless  to  show  the  actual  value  of  rocks. 
Tlie  practical  miner  obtained  a  knowledi^e  far  abovt' 
the  tlieories  of  the  scientist,  and  this  knowledj^e,  the 
fruit  of  experience,  and  dearly  bouj.dit  with  millions 
of  money,  is  beinjj;  now  imparted,  as  in  a  e;reat  school 
<if  mining,  to  the  actual  workers  in  this  most  .special 
industry  of  the  state.*  Ther«»  an^  at  present  about 
4()0  (juartz  mills,  each  costing  from  $r,,000  to  $00,000. 

n;ik  till!  quartz  Imsinoss.'  Amonjj  tlicin  were  pomlerous  wlipols  nmning  in 
1.-'|';u'1h;  c'orruf^akMl  niUors;  iiiiiiu'iisn  iron  iialls  n.iTne  running;  in  im-lincil 
l"-  U.  others  made  to  wiiirl  witit  >;rr;it  rnjdility;  an<l  an  <m1i1  invention  calKMl 
t!:c  t'lugle  joint.  Tliu  same  cruility  of  invention  waH  a|i|ilieii  to  aniaii^ama- 
t"r<,  nf  wliicli  there  was  no  end.  'I  lie  (•xjn-n^e  of  trying  all  tlii«  machinery 
wu  ruinous  to  milling  as  a  husincss  until  the  tpiartz  men  finally  Hettleil 
i!  '«ii  to  stamiiini;,  either  l>y  the  straight  hattery  or  the  rotary.  In  anial(;a- 
-iitiiii.',  tile  Kim|ilo  riille,  hlankets,  an<reoj>i)er-i>late<',  the  Chili  mill,  anil  Mex- 
1..1I1  arastra  proved  Matisfactory. 

'U  w,is  not  thought  worth  while,  notwith.-itanding,  to  dispense  with  soi- 
Titilic  Knowlodgo  altogether;  hence  a  scIkmiI  of  niintnj;  v.-.-is  pi-ovidcii  for  l>y 
li«iii  I  SlMJin  an  a<,'t  'to  c.ttahiiat'  in  agrieultural,  mining,  and  mechanical 
.•irt<  ■nilcj^e'  in  accordance  with  p  u.  '2,  article  ix.,  of  the  constitution  of  this 
■  iti'.  ,iud  the  provisions  of  an  act  of  ctuigresH  of  \StV2,  granting  to  the  state 
l^ii'ii  for  maintaining  an  agricultural  and  meihanical  arts  college.  The 
i"ur-ic>  of  instruction  was  to  einhrace  *  Knglioh  language  and  literatnre, 
iiiitliciiiatics,  civil,  military,  and  mining  engineering,  agricultural  chemistry, 
Uiiiii'i  ilogy,  motallurgy,  animal  ami  vcgetvile  anatomy  anil  physiology,  tho 
veterinary  art,  etymology,  geology,  technology,  political,  moral,  and  house- 


I 


I 


m 


.,!• 


lli 


1 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 

m  ||||{2.8 

I.I 

1.25 

^  m 
1.4 

IM 

2.2 


2.0 


1.8 


1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 
WEBSTER,  N.Y.  US80 

(716)  a;i-4;>C.3 


VI* 


<> 


644 


MIXINa  AND  MIXIX'"^  STOCKS. 


Of  the  52  counties  of  the  state  35  make  returns  to 
tlie  mint  bureau  of  ilicir  gold  production,  and  in  18 
of  them  mining  is  the  cliief  industry.  It  is  not  al- 
ways, however,  quartz  mining  or  placer  mining.    Tlie 

hold  economy,  horticulture,  moral  nrnl  niit.:r<al  philosophy,  history,  liook- 
keeping,  and  especially  the  application  of  science  and  tlie  mechanical  arts  to 
practical  agriculture  in  the  Held  and  mining.'  This  institution  vastdlio 
supported  by  tlio  interest  accruing  from  the  lands  donated  by  congros.s  fur  a 
seminary  of  learning.  Notliing  was  done  toward  founding  a  sdiodl  such  ;n 
contemplated  by  the  act,  and  in  1>S(;8  the  legi:dature  establislied  the  Uiiivir- 
sity  of  Cal.,  which  comprises  a  college  of  mining.  Cal.  SUiL,  1)S(!(),  ji.  'u\  ii. 
The  U.  S.  geological  survey  has  done  much  to  promote  intelligence  aiiiniiL' 
the  people  upon  subjects  connected  with  mineralogy.  It  is  now  thmi^lii 
necessary  to  include  mining  in  the  scientific  course  of  all  universities,  vlalo 
technical  schools  devoted  to  this  subject  have  been  establi.shcil  in  scvcial 
parts  of  the  United  States.  Senator  Colo  of  Cal.  in  180")  proposed  a  plan  fur 
a  national  mining  bureau,  which,  if  not  carried  out  according  to  Ins  .siig(.'(  ■;- 
tions,  Ihis  been  practically  realized  in  the  American  Institute  of  Mining  Kii- 
gineers,  estaldishod  in  1871,  and  the  system  of  reports  rerpiired  toliuniado 
through  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  the  Interior.  Most  of  tiiis  advance  is 
directly  due  to  California  first,  and  to  Colorado  and  the  neigliboring  terri- 
tories second.  Tbe  Cal.  state  geological  society  was  organized  in  January 
1877,  and  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  the  state,  the  oljject  of  whicli  was 
to  make  a  Pacitic  coast  geological  collection  to  be  oflferod  to  the  state  gratis, 
upon  such  terms  as  the  society  should  determine,  and  should  l)e  agreed  to  Ijv 
the  state.  A  state  museum  was  instituted,  which  took  charge  of  the  collec- 
tion, which  in  1882  comprised  1,327  specimens  from  all  i)art3  of  the  coast, 
and  a  library  of  78  volumes  and  25  pamphlets  bearing  upon  geology,  miner- 
alogy, mining,  and  even  mining  litigation.  A  state  bureau  of  mining  was 
created  by  the  legislature  in  ISSO,  to  bo  established  in  S.  F.,  on  tlic  motion 
of  Joseph  Wasson  of  Inyo  and  Mono  counties.  Tliis  law  reijuires  the  gov- 
ernor t"  appoint  a  person  of  'practical  and  scientific  knowledge  of  ininiug 
mineralogy  to  the  office  of  state  mineralogist,'  with  a  salary  of  S-'I,0'lC  lier 
annum.  His  duties  are  to  collect  and  pros ocimens;  to  make  analyti- 
cal assays  as  required;  to  procure  and  .e  drawings  an<l  nindels  of 
mining  and  milling  machinery;  to  corrc  i  with  established  scliooli  of 
metallurgy;  to  visit  the  different  mining  ih~iricts  of  the  state;  and  to  col- 
lect a  library  on  mineralogy  and  kindred  subjects,  with  other  co-ordinate 
duties.  Cal.  Stat,  1880,  115-17.  Harry  f J.  Hanks  was  tlie  first  state  Min- 
eralogist, appointed  in  May  1880.  The  legislature  of  ISSI!  aiipnipriated 
^5,000  iier  annum  for  the  care  and  maintenance  of  the  mining  bureau.  Anion':,' 
other  requirements  of  the  law  are  the  study  of  ethnology  and  the  anal;,>ij 
of  the  mineral  waters  of  the  state — the  latter  feature  being  in  the  interest 
of  invalids  visiting  or  to  be  attracted  to  the  state.  So  widespread  is  the  iiill;;- 
ence  of  the  ever-widening  circles  of  the  science  wave  first  set  in  motion  l.y 
the  pebbles  rolled  into  the  pool  of  investigation  by  the  early  miners  of 
quartz  in  Cal.  Tho  California  Minitiij  Journal,  published  at<irass  Vail'/ in 
1856,  was  the  first  distinctively  mining  publication  on  the  I'acilic  eoait. 
There  was  a  magazine  called  The  Miner  in  18G6,  which  had  a  lirief  existeiiee. 
T\\e  Mining  and  Scientific  Press  oi  S.  F.,  first  published  in  1802,  became  tlic 
leading  journal  on  all  matters  connected  with  mining.  Besides  the  writingi 
already  referred  to  of  Trask  and  Whitney,  and  of  the  early  travellers  men- 
tioned in  other  parts  of  this  work,  there  have  been  valuable  contributions  to 
the  geological  and  mineralogical  history  of  Ctal.  by  W.  V.  Blake,  Clarence 
King,  and  others.  IJIake  was  commissioner  of  Cal.  to  the  Paris  exposition 
of  1868.     References  for  this  note  beside  those  (juoted — Hayes'  Smqis,  Min- 


HYDRAULIC  MINING. 


Ciu 


latter,  except  where  it  is  followed  by  Chinamen,  who 
work  over  the  abandoned  diggings,  saving  thereby  a 
considerable  amount  of  gold,  lias  been  discontinued. 
Fully  two  thirds  of  the  production  of  the  state  from 
!S7l  to  1879  was  from  gravel  mines  in  the  channels 
of  ancient  rivers,  now  elevated  above  the  present  level 
of  the  country,  and  showing  evidences  of  post-glacial 
denudation.  Into  these  beds  of  water-worn  stones 
and  clay  the  miner  penetrates  b}^  a  drift,  or  he  washes 
down  the  baidv  by  a  heavy  stream  of  water  from  the 
nozzle  of  a  strong  canvas  or  rubber  hose  several  inches 
in  diameter. 

Hydraulic  mining  began  in  1855,'*  with  nozzles  not 
more  than  an  inch  in  diameter  ;  but  those  now  in  use 
varv  from  four  to  nine  inches.  An  eiiiht-inch  nozzle 
can  throw  185,000  cubic  feet  in  an  hour  with  a  ve- 
locity of  150  feet  per  second.  The  disintegrathig 
force  of  water  under  these  conditions  is  easilv  seen. 
In  the  case  of  large  bowlders,  blasting  powder  is  used 
to  remove  them.  But  in  jjcneral  water  is  the  a^ent 
relied  upon,  excavating,  washing  down  the  detritus, 

iH/,  i.,  ii.;  U.  S.  If.  Ex.  Die.  211,  p.  4C0-8(),  vol.  x.,  42  cnng.,  2  sess.; 
Bi'diriir'/i  licsounx:-!,  G")(i-()5;  Val.  Farmer,  April  23,  1871;  Balclis  Mines  and 
Miiihiij. 

^•'  Every  kind  of  mining  depemls  upon  water  for  its  success;  placer  and 
gravel  mining  particularly.  In  ISlJT  there  were  li.OOO  miles  of  artiticial  wo,- 
tiT  ciiurscs,  nicludiiig  their  brandies,  constructed  in  Cal.  It  is  stated  in 
Hit'ilCi  /iV.-fOK/vcv,  1871),  p.  .sot',  that  owing  to  the  had  engineering  and  inex- 
perience of  the  early  ditch-hiiildors,  to  the  exhaustion  of  tlic  placers  and 
otiier  causes,  tlio  niinins;  ditches  which  cost  as  mncli  as  .S20,(KH),()()0  are  now 
not  worth  more  tlian  S2,0J0,()00.  The  total  uumher  of  mining  ditches,  ac- 
cnriling  to  tiie  report  of  tlie  state  surveyor-general  in  1871,  was  51();  tlieir 
anijregate  length  4,800  miles,  and  their  daily  supply  of  water  171,000  inches. 
^Vhero  a  .luHicient  head  cannot  be  obtained  by  height  and  distance,  or  a 
suHicient  supply  for  the  whole  season,  it  is  necessary  to  build  reservoirs  for 
atming  water.  The  Humes  which  coinluet  the  water  down  the  mountains 
where  ditching  cannot  be  resorted  to,  being  constnictt'd  of  wood,  do  not  last 
iri'iro  thaa  from  6  to  10  years.  But  tlie  extent  anil  position  of  th<^  aipie- 
lUlets  lill  the  mind  with  won(U;r  ami  admiration  at  tlie  achievements  of  man. 

A  company  using  2,000  inciies  or  40,000  gallons  for  100  days,  and  wasliiiig 
'!nwii  1,000,000  cubic  yards  of  gravel  containing!  less  than  \  of  a  pennyweight 
to  the  foot,  obtained  $:52,Ol)0,  of  which  !?1 2.000  was  profit.  The  cube  of 
eartii  wa.shed  dowu  was  1,100  feet  long,  .'100  feet  wide,  and  80  feet  dec^j).  In 
1''71)  the  number  of  mining  ditches  is  (140,  their  aggregate  length  being 
Ci'is.")  miles,  ami  the  daily  .sup)ily  of  water  2()0,00;)  inclies.  As  on  the  aver- 
a;j;'?  tlie  working  time  of  the  mines  is  e(]iial  oidy  to  about  scvi'ii  moiitiis,  the 
aiiuil  coujumption  of  water  is  712,940,000  gallons  annually,  or  l,'JoO,OJO 
galloiia  for  every  day  iu  the  year. 


I^l''' 


616 


MINING  AND  MININ«1   STOCKS. 


and  with  the  aid  of  quicksilver  rollocting  the  t^old. 
Henco  this  is  a  cheap  method  of  ininiii;^,  doing  awuv 
with  human  labor  to  a  great  degree  ;  and  the  extent 
of  the  deposits  to  be  worked  over  would  take  a  cen- 
tury to  exhaust,  at  the  rate  of  the  production  of  1m7'.). 

Every  method  of  mining  is  more  or  less  destructive 
to  the  other  natural  resources,  and  especially  to  api- 
culture. During  tiie  most  active  period  of  placer- 
mining,  the  face  of  the  earth  everywhere  in  the  other- 
wise beautiful  foothills,  river  bt)ttoms,  and  canadas, 
and  even  in  the  border  valleys,  was  scarred  by  tlie 
miner's  i>ick,  leaving  unsightly  excavations,  witli  cor- 
resi)onding  heaps  of  earth  and  stones.  The  encliant- 
ing  groves  that  adorned  the  sunny  slopes  were  ruth- 
lessly and  wastefuUy  sacrificed  to  the  inmudiate 
requirements  of  a  houseless  population,  while  the 
whip-saw  was  brought  into  requisition  to  convert  trees 
into  rockers,  sluice-boxes,  and  flumes.  When  the 
claim  was  abandoned  these  unlovely  relics  were  left 
ujion  the  ground,  adding  to  the  general  disfigurement 
of  the  scene. 

Quartz-n)ining,  although  confined  to  certain  IdciiI. 
ities,  had  also  its  unsightly  features  in  the  waste  mck 
and  the  washings  after  milling,  besides  the  many 
prospcK'tors'  shafts  and  the  tell-tale  heap  of  earth  and 
stone.  The  cfl:ect,  too,  upon  the  soil  of  whole  dis- 
tricts, of  burying  it  beneath  rock  and  clay,  wa.s  to 
render  it  unfit  for  cultivation. 

But  if  placer  and  quartz  mining  had  these  destrui- 
tive  local  tendencies,  Indraulic  mining  was  more  fntal 
to  the  whole  country.  The  vast  amount  of  del>ri.s 
washed  into  the  streams  which  feed  the  greater 
rivers,  and  carried  along  even  to  the  Pacific,  has  raised 
th(Mr  beds  and  caused  the  annual  Hoods  to  deposit 
unfcrtihzcd  sand  and  clay  over  immense  tracts  of  tho 
lu^st  grass  and  farming  lands.  Such  was  the  loss  sus- 
tainetl"and   threatened  that  the  courts   were  called 

I'Tlit!  ])l:iiio  of  low  water  in  tlits  Sac.  rivor  had  liocu  lai.jrd  alioiit  fil  i>vt 
siaco  Ibll).     Ill  ISOJ  thu  ulcvaliuli  ni  llii;  i^ihiai;  al'ovu  that    of  Isr.)  wai  twu 


THE  DfiBRIS  QUESTION. 


647 


upon  to  decide  the  rights  of  miners  to  jeopardize  the 
u^ricultural  interests  of  tiie  counties  tlirough  the 
(liiiigcr  from  mhiing  debris.  After  prolonged  litiga- 
tion  and   much  eli'ort  to  control  legislation  by  the 


fi  ct,  the  more  rapid  filling  having  taken  place  since  that  year.  The  tiile, 
wliicli  formerly  rcise  two  feet  at  Wacrainento,  i.s  iiow  unfult  aliove  Haycock 
sliii.ils,  !(  miles  helow  the  city.  iSlioal.s  have  been  foriiiL'il  in  .'•uii-iin  hay,  and 
lirf^e  dcpoHitH  in  the  straits  of  Car(]uincz.  In  187i)  I'rof.  rettce  found  ll.e 
JKil  (if  Uear  river  at  the  crossing  between  Dutch  Flat  and  Little  ^'ork  UT  feet 
lii:;licr  tlian  in  1870,  while  in  the  same  interval  Steep  IIoHom,  Iietween  l^ittle 
Vuik  and  You  Bet,  liad  risen  13G  feet.  Wliifmifn  Auri/'rntu  dtyirvlH,  ii.,  4'jr>. 
Ill  1S80  Bear  river  was  lilled  to  a  deptli  of  liiO  feet,  ^tcep  Hollow  'JfjO,  and 
tlii>  ( ireenhorn  at  the  crossing  of  the  Nevada  and  l)ut(h  Flat  road  200  feet. 
^Villl  the  excei)tion  of  ahout  11  miles,  vliere  the  grade  is  from  SO  to  140  feet 
to  tlie  mile,  liear  river  is  filled  from  Dutcli  Flat  to  the  mouth.  Experts  es- 
timate the  dcjiosits  in  liear  river  at  8(i,(M)0,(MM)  culiic  yards  ahove  the  plains; 
iiini  at  St),00O,()0O  cubic  yards  below  the  foothills  to  the  month.  Naturally 
the  heavy  bowlders  or  coblde  stones  remain  higher  up,  while  the  saiul  and 
(.irtliy  matter  are  carried  below.  A  similar  condition  exists  in  the  Yula 
river,  where  the  deposits  in  IST'J  above  the  foothills,  were  estimated  by  the 
s.r.iti;  engineer  at  48,402,100  cubic  yards,  ])rincii)ally  in  a  di.stance  of  b  <ir  10 
iiiilfs,  and  below  this  at 'J3,'JS4,(MK),  altliough  from  more  recent  information 
tiiis  estimate  appears  too  low.  Every  winter  Hood  spreads  abroad  the  sol- 
iililc  .111(1  movable  tlebris.  The  Yuba  Fpreads  out  its  ^and  and  gravel  over 
l.'i.OlK)  to  1(),000  acres,  rising  above  the  level  of  the  adjoining  country.  On 
iinrtli  branch  of  the  American  tiie  maximum  depth  of  the  detritus  is  ICO  feet, 
aii'l  is  tliought  to  mea-ure  '_'(),()()0,0()0  cubic  yards.  Now  to  the  results.  Tie 
state  engineer  estimatiMl  frtim  actual  surveys  made  in  1878  that  18,000  acres 
(if  valley  land  on  the  Yuba,  once  the  choicest  in  the  state,  had  been  buried 
biiicatli  mining  debris.  Witnesses  liefcro  tlie  U.  S.  land  com.  in  1879  gave 
tin;  following  statements:  'Altliough  these  lands  have  been  exposed  to  bun- 
siliiiie  and  rain  for  ye;..rs  they  produce  not  a  blade  <if  grass,  nothing  but  wil- 
lows and  senii-aiiuatic  jilaiits  tiiat  derive  their  nourisliment  ch'etly  from  the 
strata  of  water  percolating  underneath  tlie  surface,  not  frf.ni  the  ioil 
il-icll'.  A  settler  of  isr)7.  Mho  purcha.sed  a  farm  on  the  Yuba  b(;ttom,  stated 
tliat  at  that  time  the  banks  of  the  river  were  20  or  22  feet  high  at  low  water. 
His  t;inn  was  two  miles  away  from  Bear  river,  and  had  no  water  upon  it  he- 
fiiie  IS(;2,  when  it  was  under  0  feet  of  water,  which  left  large  banks  of  i-and 
.•iiiil  sediment.  The  amount  has  increased  from  that  time  until  now,  when 
liis  l,o;{0  acres  are  buried  25  feet  deep  under  .sand,  which  reaches  to  the  tops 
(if  tlie  telegraph  jioles.  lie  succeeded  iu  protecting  !I0  acres  of  his  land 
with  levees  until  1875,  when  the  water  rose  over  them  and  covered  his  IK) 
aere.s  also  with  sand.  His  garden  fence  is  now  5  feet  under  the  surface.  The 
lioiise  where  formerly  he  lived  was  eoiii))letely  Idled  with  water  in  the  w  inter 
of  IS7S  1).  The  country  which  was  once  filled  with  farms  is  now  a  wilder- 
ness; and  no  man  can  tell  where  was  tlie  original  channel  of  the  river. 
Oilier  witnesses  testilied  to  similar  devastation  from  mining  debris.  The 
lied  (if  Feather  river  was  raised  8  feet.  The  loss  in  Yuba  Cd.  was  istimated 
liy  a  n^siduiit  to  be  not  less  than  .*9,724.000,  and  in  Sutter  co.  $."{,  1 52,000.  Tlie 
water  (if  the  Sac.  ovi^rllowed  the  high  batiks  to  a  deiith  of  (i  inclics  in  1849  .^0; 
12  iiiehes  in  l852-:{;  2  feet  in  1801-2;  .1.^  feet  in  18(17  8;  and  5  feet  in  1877  8. 
1  have  not  .space  here  to  multiply  evidences  of  the  ruinous  eU'ects  of  running 
niiiiiii'jr  (h'hris  into  the  river.s.  But  it  sliouldbi;  stated  that  the  detritus  from 
tlii>  t^ravel  ndnes  is  not  as  injurious  as  the  tailings  from  the  (iiiart/.  mills, 
wliieli  do  not  decompose,  and  wiiich,  under  the  name  of  'slickens, '  was 
f"M_'lit  in  the  courts  for  several  years.  Undoubtedly  there  are  other  causes 
(>;>ei  aiing  tu  rai  ie  the  beds  of  the  larger  streams,  amoug  which  is  pluughiug 


M 
t 

(' 


!>» 


111 


4» 


%■ 


i&' 


■I   •  W 


648 


MINING  AND  MINING  STOCKS. 


ditch  and  mine  owners,  as  mentioned  in  another  r]i;ip- 
ter,  the  practice  of  dumping  waste  matter  into  the 
rivers  has  been  discontinued,  and  already  tlieie  is  a 
marked  improvement  in  tlie  navigability  of  the  natural 
water  courses  as  well  as  in  their  purity  ;  but  tlif  luin 
wrought  in  considerable  portions  of  the  foothill  re- 
gion is  irremediable. 

To  cause  hydraulic  mining  to  be  abandoned  would 
seriously  cripple  the  mining  interest  in  the  state.  The 
amount  of  capital  invested  in  mining  in  California  u\ 
1882  was  estimated  to  be  $150,000,000,  of  wliioh 
$100,000,000  was  in  hydraulic  mines.  As  ancient 
gravel  channels  exist  for  at  least  200  miles,  from  Sis- 
kiyou county  to  Mariposa,  having  a  depth  sometinu  s 
of  several  hundred  feet,  and  a  breadth  of  fn^m  200  to 
2,000  feet,  throughout  which  gold  is  pretty  evenly 
distributed,  it  is  not  probable  that  the  e^'ort  to  cxtrai  t 
the  precious  metal  will  cease,  although  to  spread  sueli 
an  amount  of  debris  over  the  adjacent  /alleys  and  in 
the  channels  of  our  rivers  would  entfeil  incalculalile 
injury,  not  to  say  utter  ruin  upon  important  agricul- 
tural portions  of  the  state.  In  1884,  after  several 
years  of  discussion  and  careful  investigation,  Jud^e 
Sawyer  decided  the  case  of  the  state  against  the 
North  Bh)oinfield  Mining  company  by  a  jterpetual 
injunction.  This  being  a  test  case,  determined  the 
status  of  hydraulic  mining  thereafter.  The  law  ikav 
confines  hydraulic  mining  to  certain  narrow  liniit.s, 
and  impounds  the  debris.  KlamatJi,  Del  Norte,  and 
Siskiyou  counties  do  not  yet  object,  but  probably  ^\  ill 
in  time.  In  the  lower  counties,  especially  Sutter  and 
Yuba,  the  citizens  have  formed  a  committee  of  in- 
cessity  to  enforce  the  law  against  washing  down  gi-avi  I 
banks,  although  drifting  is  still  profitably  carried  m 

the  earth  and  destroying  the  grass  roots  which  formerly  held  together  tlie 
soil  partielcs  which  tlie  rains  now  wash  off.  As  to  the  intlnence  of  river 
silt  in  shoaling  the  straits  at  the  entrance  to  Suisun  hay,  and  atrcctiiii:  tlie 
har'<or  ciiannel,  the  deposit  here  i.s  slight,  and  there  areotlier  catisc-i  at  Murlc 
in  the  harbor  of  San  Francisco,  such  as  the  sewerage  of  the  city  :aid  tin-  ('|i- 
orations  of  the  railroad  company  in  huilding  a  causeway  and  di'i'nt  ■_'!  iiunl 
far  out  frou  saore,  uimiuiiiluug  the  tidoJ  area  to  a  cuusiduraLk  uxti.'iil. 


RIVKIl-r.ED  MIXING. 


049 


in  Placer,  Nevatla,  and  Sierra  counties.  As  tlie  liy- 
(Iraulic  process  was  an  invt-ntion  of  the  California 
iiiiiK-r,  so,  perhaps,  will  be  sonio  future  feasible  method 
lA'  saving  the  riches  whicli,  in  the  changes  of  the 
earth's  surface,  have  lain  hidden  for  thousands  ofyears. 

Kiver-bed  mining  consists  in  turning  rivers  wholly 
or  in  part  from  their  channels,  and  washing  their  bt^ds 
for  the  gold  they  contain.  It  was  formerly  extensively 
jtraotised,  the  richer  portions  being  worked  out ;  but 
a  revival  of  this  business  has  taken  ))laee,  particularly 
on  Scott  and  Klamath  rivers,  and  also  on  some  of  the 
streams  before  regarded  as  exhausted  of  their  treasure. 
For  diverting  water  from  its  channels  large  tunnels 
weie  driven  at  eligible  sites.  One  of  the  longest  of 
tlit'so  adits  was  at  the  big  bend  of  FeathiT  river,  the 
total  length  being  11,200  feet,  and  draining  12  miles 
of  the  river  V)ed.  The  Chinese  swarm  to  these  claims, 
])urchasing those  wliieh are  abandoned  by  wliite  miners, 
and  making  good  wages,  as  a  Chinaman  estimates 
iiiiiiing  results. 

Silver-mining  in  California  has  not  boon  followed  to 
anv  ureat  extent,  although  silviT  was  known  to  exist 
from  the  earliest  settlement  by  the  ijold  hunters.  " 
The  fii-st  notice  of  a  silver  mining  company  that  I 
find  is  in  January  1S51,  when  a  comitanv  was  op'an- 
i/ed  in  Stockton  to  work  a  silver  mine  near  Los  An- 
odes. Silver  was  discovered  near  (,'ai'snn,  then 
suii[)osed  to  be  in  California,  in  lHr)0;  but  little  atten- 
tion was  given  to  such  discovoiii  s  for  reasons  readily 
suggested  by  the  early  ditliculties  in  woiking  gold 
mines — gold  being  a  metal  whicli  only  recjuircMJ  freeing 
horn  the  rock,  while  silvir  was  an  ore  that  could  only 
he  extracted  by  laborious  processes  after  the  rock  was 

'-'  A  silvor  mine  liad  lipnn  in  operation  some  time  near  Monterey,  said  to 
li  ■ 'I'.iitc  rich.  Anfitlicr  silver  <ii-«'(>vcry  near  town.  .S'.  /•'.  ('iill/nriiiitii,  April 
!'.'  aiid  .Tu'y  1."),  ISIS.  Sdvcr  mine  di-icnvcicd  near  San  .lo-se.  Cil.  >i/ ir, 
Minh  IH  and  April  I,  ISIS.  .V.  /'.  SiH-  ll')t,  .May  !.'."»,  187(1.  'Silver  and 
ii'iti  in  al>tinilaTi<i-. '  Sutt>r's  ffirri/.  A])ril  IMS.  In  ('arson's  Kir!>/  /'irnliir- 
/'■'/<.  .")H  *J,  is  nientiou  <>l  an  e.xpuditiou  to  Mooru'.s  cruuk,  C'al.,  iu  search  of 
!>ilver. 


i 


i 

•   I: 


if 


\n 


650 


MINING  AND  MINING   STOCKS. 


crushed.  There  were  some  Mexican  miners  in  the 
country  who,  after  a  rude  fashion,  cruslitd  and  ainal- 
ganiated  silver  ores.  From  these  the  AnuiKuii 
miners  learned  all  that  they  knew  or  practiced  of  sil- 
ver reduction  previous  to  the  Washoe  discoveri(S." 

Kc[)orts  of  silver  discoveries  ctmtinued  to  be  niado, 
Monterey,'*  Kern,  Sun  Joaquin,  San  Diegt),  and  San 
Bernardino  counties  being  mentioned  as  silver  jao- 
duciiig.  Even  smiling  Napa,  with  its  flowery  nieacls 
and  ouk-shadowed  hillsides,  was  turned  into  a  })aiidc- 
nionium  of  silver-mad  wealth-seekers  in  the  winter  of 
1858-1).  The  cause  of  the  sudden  mania  was  tlie 
discovery  in  a  canon  of  mount  St  Helena  of  a  IkIlh' 
of  pure  silver  1  It  was  the  business  of  the  assay  of- 
fices to  furnish  certificates  of  the  value  of  mnu  s  at 
$15  a  piece.  The  owner  of  this  wonderful  leduc  re- 
ceived the  usual  credential,  but  upon  being  convimtd 
subsequently  that  his  mine  })roduced  iron  pyrites  in 
great  abundance,  and  of  silver  hardly  a  trace,  the  ex- 
citement he  had  occasioned  quickly  subsided. 

Cotemporary  with  the  Washoe  discoveries  there 
wa!3  a  sympathetic  enthusiasm  for  silver  in  Califoinia. 
The  first  discovery  in  Al[)ine  county  was  made  in  tliu 
autunm  of  18G0  by  three  prospectors,  Johnson,  Har- 
ris, and  Perry.  In  the  following  June  several  claims 
were  located  on  the  same  lode.'"  The  mines  in  tliis 
rugged  region,  lying  from  5,000  to  11,000  feet  aliovc 
the  sea,  have  been  found  to  carry  about  equal  ameunts 
of  silver  and  gold,  and  have  never  yielded  largely  of 


'^Tt  is  said  that  m  lSr)2  and  previously  consideraMo  emtio  silver  Imllioii 
was  disposed  of  at  Stockton.  In  1870  an  abandoned  silver  mine  wasdiscov- 
erod  alxmt  a  day's  ride  from  Antioeh.  All  the  old  workings  were  im  (inl 
wit!i  a  growth  of  underbrush.  A  dilapidated  house  and  chinuicy,  ipiiai- 
ently  used  for  smelting,  stood  near;  and  a  stone  plat  which  liad  served  :is  a 
jiatio.  A  consiilcrabli:  amount  of  good  ore  was  covered  up  witli  soil,  ami  in 
tlic  house  were  lounil  (JOO  or  700  ]ionnds  of  crude  bullion.  The  shaft  ami 
dump  were  overgrown  with  large  trees. 

^^C'liinf.  SiinK'i/,  18.")"),  182;  J/iti/e.i'  SrrafM,  Ahntrrey,  l.'JT-GO. 

^•'Mimifnr  OnztUr,  Jiin.  14,  180.').  The  claims  were  named  the  Monnta  ii 
No.  1.  tlie  Mannnoth,  Silver  Creek,  ,IeOer.-ou,  Wasliington,  and  A-<tc>r.      'I-; 
Naj)oh>ou  ledge  was  discovered  in    I8(i;{  in  Slinkard's  valley,  (i  uiil<'< '''^  '  " 
Monitor.      It  was  workeil  by  llie  Mount  Vernon  co.,  and  yielded  nativ>.-ilvt'r 
by  roaatiny  iii  an  ordinary  lire. 


INYO  COUNTY  ^IINES. 


C51 


either,  partly  on  account  of  their  aliitutlo  and  tlie 
short  workinn;  season.  They  liad,  besides,  tj  wnit  tor 
the  discoveries  in  anialj^anuition  to  become  iir(»fit:ihK). 

The  Inyo  county  mines  were  discovered  in  1S(>5, 
and  althougli  tho  region  is  one  of  the  most  eh-vatcj 
in  tlie  state  or  on  the  coast,  it  is  rich  in  gold,  silver, 
and  other  minerals.  Withhi  its  borders  are  mounts 
\Vliitnc3%  Tindall,  and  l^rewer,  on  whoso  lofty  brows 
tho  snow  of  eternal  winter  sliines  with  a  white  radi- 
ance. The  princij)al  mine  in  the  county  is  the  I'nion 
Consolidated  company  of  the  Cerro  (lordo  mining  dis- 
trirt,  lying  in  tho  mountains  which  form  the  eastern 
wall  of  Owen  valley.  The  ore  is  reduced  by  smelt- 
ing, and  has  yielded  many  millions  of  dollars.  In  tho 
s;uiio  district  the  Ygnacio  and  San  Lucas  are  ricli  in 
silver,  and  tho  Palmer  in  gold.  The  Kearsarge  mines 
and  the  Hex  Moates  are  situated  in  the  Kearsarge 
pt'ak,  which  is  13,700  feet  above  sea  level,  and  12 
miles  east  of  Independence.  The  Kearsarge  has  been 
worked  ever  since  18G5,  Much  of  the  ore  from  this 
district  is  of  so  high  a  grade  that  it  nmst  be  shii)[)ed 
to  San  Francisco  to  bo  smelted.  The  country  (k'- 
pcndent  upon  these  mines  is  the  Owen  and  Panamint 
valKn'S. 

All  along  the  western  flank  of  the  Sierra  arc  dis- 
tri<ts  wliero  silver  predominates,  but  in  all  the  ndnes 
gold  is  to  bo  found  in  some  proi)ortion,  as  it  is  in  tho 
silver  mines  on  tho  eastern  slojie. '"  ]3iscoverics  are 
still  being  mado,  and  will  be;  made  far  into  the  future, 
but  while  gold  remains  more  easily  mined  than  silver 
it  will  bo  more  sought  after,  by  prospectors  at  least. 
A  table  of  the  production  of  tho  state  by  counties  in 
IS81  will  give  a  better  understanding  of  tln^  corni)ar- 
iitive  mineral  wealth  of  dilferent  parts  of  the  state 
than  any  description,  although  changes  in  these  rela- 

'"Tlio  Rattloamkc  ledge  disoovercd  in  ISfiS  1)V  .Taooh  Alnnltrr  and  .Tulin 
FnI'vciler.three  (juartcrs  <if  a  inil(!  s.  K.  of  Meadow  lake,  assay<'d  ■•?r)4  silver 
^iii!  !?'•  g(dd  to  till!  ton.  The  Ari/oiia  le.lgc,  near  tlic  foriiuT,  assayed  §47.37 
ill  silver  and  §27.50  in  gold.  Mtiulow  Lake  Sun,  June  D,  16(J0. 


C52 


MlXIXr}  AN'D   MIXING   STOCKS. 


tivG  values  arc  liable  to  take  place,  either  by  fresli  dis- 
coveries or  by  the  introduetitui  f)!'  nu)re  eaijital.'' 

Tilt'  produetioii  of  IHHC)  was  nearly  the  same,  sinnc- 
thiM:_^()\'r  $18. ()()(), 000.  It  will  be  observedthatiii-aio 
Nevada,  Mono  eounty  produced  inon;  of  both  siKtr 
and  L^-old  than  any  other.  This  county  has  had  a 
peculiar  history.  It  was  oru^anized  in  IHGl,  >\itli 
Aurora  as  the  county  seat;  but  when  the  eastirii 
boundary  line  of  the  state  came  to  be  survt'vcd  it 
was  discovered  that  Aurora,  then  a  thrivinuj  {>la(cr 
niinhiij:  center,  beloP'-ed  to  Xevada.  After  the  li.^s 
of  the  county  seat  and  surr<»undiiiL;'  mines,  and  the 
exhaustion  of  p.acers  generally,  the  county  lost  iiitist 


1'  Cor.NTY. 

Aiiiailor 

Aliiiiiu 

Biitto 

Calaveras 

Ciilusa 

]M  Norte 

]•',!  Dorailo 

Fresno 

Iluiiilidldt 

Ii>yi> 

Kern 

Lassen 

Los  Angeles. . . . 

Marii)osa 

Mendocino. . . .. 

Mereeil 

Modoc 

Mono 

Nevada 

Placer  

['lunias 

Sacramento  .  . . . 
San  Bernardino 

San  Diego 

Santa  Barl)ara  . 

Shasta 

Sierra 

Siskiyou 

Stanislaus 

Tehama 

Trinity 

Tulare 

Tuolumne 

Ventura 

Yuha 


Total 


Ooi,i>. 

'-'.(KK) 

6r)0,(i()0 

800,000 

3,500 

CO,0(M) 

sno.ooo 

90,000 

7r),()oo 

170,000 

l'.)0,()00 

71,000 

]:{,()()0 

200,0li0 
1,000 

i,r)Oo 

20,000 

3,38r),()00 

3,700,000 

SoO.OOO 

1,350,000 

425,000 

0,000 

60,000 

2,000 

350.000 

5>50,000 

850,000 

t):},ooo 

500 

550,  (1(K) 

}S,000 

500,  OOi) 

500 

800,000 

$18,200,000 


SlI.VF.U. 

^Sl,500 
2,100 
1,000 
1,200 


900 


.300 

140,000 

14,000 

1,000 

31),  000 

1,200 


1,500 
300,(H)() 
9.500 
0,500 
2,(K)0 
1,(MJ0 
lOO.OtH) 


85,0iK) 
0,(MI0 
1,500 

31,000 


1,500 
1,666 


1,300 


■?75O,O00 


Total. 

81,45 1, ,".(10 

4,1(11) 

(15 1.  ( 101 » 

8()I.-J();) 

3,.-0() 

OO.tiiK) 

C5(l.(HI.) 

yO.IHK) 

75.  MM) 

81  i  (,(100 

201.0(1.) 

7l'.(«i;) 

5:.',  (too 

20I.-J()i) 

1, 01 10 

1..MII) 

2I.5IK) 

3,()S5.(I0.I 

3, 7( »'.»., "Ml  J 

s5ii,.'.o:) 
l,:{5-_'.(Mjo 

4'Jli,(M)) 

10!l,'./fl!) 

(jO.OiK) 

2,01)0 

435,  oo;) 

!).')( 1, 000 

85I.."mI() 

1)4.0  10 

500 

551.(101) 

8.()()() 

501,010 

50; » 

801,3(10 


.SIS.O'.O  (HID 


MTNIXO  STOCKS. 


Cft3 


of  its  population,  but  in  1877  tlic  Standard  luino  Avas 
discovered,  attractiuL^  a<i;aiu  a  iiiiiiiuL'f  population,  and 
tlio  invtvstnu'nt  of  ('a[)ital.  Many  siiNci'  mines  Avcre 
nt'terward  dcvcliipcd.  Jiikc  Inyo,  tliis  county  lies 
{iiiioni;  tliolii}^iieat  i)caksof  tin;  Sierra,  in  the  si  adows 
(if  mounts  Dana  and  Lyi^H,  eacli  over  li5,UU0  feet  in 
altitude. 

'I'licrc  is  no  way  of  deternnninj^  witli  certainty  the 
expense  and  ]m)fit  of  niininjj;.  The  output  of  many 
mines  is  swallowed  u[)  in  their  dt;veloj)nu  nt  for  a  long" 
time,  if  not  altogether.  It  is  im[)ossible  to  deter- 
mine whether  the  assessments  levied  upon  stockhold- 
ers of  incorporated  mines  are  or  are  not  necessary;  or 
whether,  if  the  product  of  the  mines  were  fairly  di- 
vided, there  would  not  be  8omethin<(  coming;  to  the 
stockholders.  During  the  year  1880  there  was  $300,- 
oOO  levied  in  assessments  by  27  mines,  more  than 
lialf  of  which  \vas  paid  to  Mono  county  mines.  As 
to  the  dividends,  few  mines  were  paying  any  pub- 
licly. Prior  to  1889,  however,  there  arose  a  better 
ftiiing  among  mhiing  companies.  Mining  f^harrs, 
which  are  taken  as  an  indication  of  tlie  value  of  the 
mines  they  represent,  became  lower  in  the  market 
than  at  any  time  previous  to  the  gr^at  rise  and  fall  in 
Comstocks  from  1875  to  1878;  but  a  |  art  of  this  de- 
pression was  thought  by  some  to  have  been  the  re- 
sult of  the  feeling  of  insecurity  caused  by  the  heavy 
l()sse3  during  the  wild  speculation  of  those  years. 
Others  charged  the  low  market  upcni  the  mine  owners 
themselves,  who,  they  said,  were  endeavoring  to  buy 
in  all  the  most  valuable  stock  at  their  own  figures. 
No  one  can  prognosticate  what  a  few  hours  may  bring 
forth  in  the  stock  market.  With  all  the  disadvanta- 
ges, the  cost,  and  the  uncertainty  of  mining,  there 
stands  forth  the  grand  fact  that  California,  betwctn 
1848  and  1881,  added  to  the  precious  metals  of  the 
world  to  the  value  of  $1,178,000,000,''  of  which  $14,- 
014,452  was  in  silver. 

'"  It  ia  interesting  to  know  of  the  remarkable  gold  nuggets  which  have 


1 

i 

1 

,     ')  ; 

I,, 

(1 

I 

'■  '  !'l 

)i:. 

'^y^ 

ti . 

^a'^^A 

era 


MTNINf}   AND  MINING   STOCKS. 


Tlicrc  were  soveral  causes  to  account  for  tli(>  ap- 
parent  dcdino  in  the  niininj^  interests  of  tlie  slate, 
prominent  anu.iig  wliieli  was  the  increase  in  the  aii;ii- 
cultural   interest,  showing  wealth  in  the  soil  whose 

occasionally  boon  discnverixl  in  f'al.  In  1854  Samnul  N.  West  took  ;i  liiinp 
frDiii  a  plac'ur  iiiiiiu  near  Cohunhia  in  Nevada  u<>.  M-uigliing  (i'>  [touml-i,  uIjuIi 
ho  sdld  for  l*(J,(17r».  Another  piece  found  in  the  same  ntMghliorhixid  w.is  \;i|. 
uod  at  $8,500.  San  J (>!«'.  Phiieer,  Feb.  1(5,  1878.  A  nugget  worth  <»vi;r  .<l,o,)o 
found  in  1857.  A  'spucimeii '  worth  $I,(M),)  fouml  nciar  Siiasta.  .Vimtli'T 
{t'ece  found  hy  a  Chinauian  near  Yreka  worth  i^'i'V).  Qiiiiici/  Cnhn,  Frli.  •_'(», 
18(i4.  A  l>iccu  found  weigiiing  20^  ouncci.  Sun  Anilinui  /I'lyi.stn;  .hui.  II, 
18(54.  A  lump  of  gold  ntinod  weighing  80  pounds.  A  solid  chunk  nf  gul.l 
Weighing  \ii\  ])ounds  taken  out  of  a  claim  on  American  river.  .A  mijiyit 
found  among  tailing.-i  of  the  Hope  and  Despair  co.  in  Sierra  co.  wort  i.*l,77i). 
The  Fellow  l>rother.H  took  to  tiio  ea.^t  with  tiiem  a  nugget  shapoil  like  ;i  tint- 
iron,  and  about  two  thirds  tiio  size  of  an  ordinary  Hmoothing  iron,  \vi'ii;liin({ 
G7  ounce  1.  Triiil/i/ Jouninl,  Aug.  13,  lS(5t.  James  \Vil.<on  found  a  iiicci' nf 
gold  we'ghing  over  21  pounds  in  hi  4  claim  at  .Spanish  Dry  Digg'ngs  on  tlie 
midiUu  fork  of  American  river.  Inilcpendvnt,  Aug.  17,  1805.  A  tcniiuiicc 
piece  found  at  Orleans  IJar,  Klamatii  co.  Clcur  Ldr  Joitnud,  Sept.  'JS,  1sj;,"i. 
The  Oregon  claim  in  Forest  city  yielded  a  nugget  worth  !j>5l.)8.  (l.yi.is  Vull,!/ 
L^iiim,  June(i,  18(55.  A  handsome  spocimon  taken  from  a  hydraulic  oLiim 
liLdow  Moore's  Flat,  Nevada  co.,  was  worth  nearly  151,000.  Xirn/i  I). 
Trimrripf;  June  12  ,  180(5.  Another  on  Greonhorn  creek  was  valut'd  at 
^182.  A  nugget  taken  from  a  grouml  sluie*' at  B'rench  ravine,  Yuliaco., 
weighed  5(5  ounces,  and  was  valued  at  $1,000.  Marysrille.  North  C'lUf.nii'in, 
June  10,  18(57.  Also  on  Dry  creek,  Teliama  co  ,  a  piece  worth  ><l,0!)0  \ 
10-ounco  piece  taken  from  a  claim  on  Douglas  hill  near  San  Andrea<.  Sun  An- 
(livi.i  /if/i.-ifrr,  Jan.  12,  18(17.  A  slug  of  gold  weighing  §1 10  Wcas  p'ckiicl  iij)  at 
Black  Hawk,  (^iiincy  Phuiiim  Nntimal,  Aug.  24,  18(57.  A  nugget  weinhiiii,' 
36  ounces  found  between  the  north  and  south  fork  of  the  Weber  cicok. 
Plan-mil:  Cniriir,  April  27,  18(57.  A  nugget  worth  §800  or  §!1)()0  wa--  fouiM 
by  David  Robinson  near  Volcano  in  18(5(5.  The  .same  man,  in  plounliiiit;  liis 
farm,  turned  up  a  package  of  gold  containing  $90;)  in  1807.  PoLimi  T<'h  >irt]'li, 
May  25,  1807.  A  nugget  taken  from  the  old  Spanish  digging ■■  in  i'hiuru 
CO.  was  valued  at  6500.  The  owner  of  the  Hines  claim  at  ("olunibia  (I'dii  il 
up  a  piece  of  gold  valued  at  .*  5,500.  Soiorn  Dcinocnit,  July  1 1,  IStiS.  .\  hiiii[) 
of  gold  weighing  240  pounds,  and  wor  $20,000,  was  founil  in  a  claim  on 
Remington  hill  in  Nevada  co.,  which  \>  vs  thought  to  bo  the  largest  liiiiii)  cf 
gold  ever  diicovcred.  Wo-vliwl  Dfnoi-r'tf,  June  29,  18;>8.  A  nu^',;(>t  wat 
found  in  18!59  in  the  Monumental  claim  on  the  Sierra  Buttes,  1.'}  niilcf  frniri 
Downievillo  in  Sierra  co.,  whieli  weighed  103  pounds.  After  being  ilcancd 
in  a(;id,  and  all  the  loojo  particles  removed,  it  weighed  97  pounds  Ti-oy;  Imt 
neither  of  the  :e  was  as  large  as  some  Australian  nuggets.  At  Sliinglc  S[iriii','s 
two  piece-i  of  gold  were  picked  up  weighing  04  and  130  ounces.  A'r/i/i  <!  i- 
zcttc,  April  17,  18G9.  Out  of  a  claim  on  S(piirrel  creek,  near  Koiii.'li  and 
Ready,  was  taken  a  lump  of  pure  gold  worth  ^297.  Ncrvln  Tru(<i-i-i]>i, 
April  2,  1809.  At  Chalk  Bluff  a  nugget  weighing  39  ounces  and  valued  at 
$754  was  found  in  Timmons'  diggings.  Ncnuln  Onzette,  May  15,  IMiO.  A 
ii'iggot  valued  at  $2,000  was  found  in  the  New  Orleans  CO. 's  claim  at  Little 
Ctrizzly.  A  gold  bowlder  worth  $3,200  was  found  in  a  claim  in  Slia^^t a  i". 
A  claim  at  Grass  Valley  in  Nevada  co.  yielded  a  piece  of  gold  wortii  .'*4'.".). 
Onisi  Valley  Natioiml  Qazi'tte,  March  15,  1870.  At  Baltimore  ravine,  near 
Auburn,  some  Austrians  found  a  nugget  weighing  106  pounds,  containinj;  !•'/ 
jiounds  of  pure  gold  valued  at  $19, (KM).  N(^v:u/a  National  Oaz'ttc,  Aug.  l?., 
1870.  An  8-pound  piece  of  gold,  and  18  ounces  in  smaller  pieces,  weru 
fouud  in  one  claim,  and  an  11 -pound  nugget  in  a  neighboring  claim.    Near 


MININU  INTEIIKSTS. 


C,-5 


returns  wcro  more  cortain  and  easily  obtained  than 
tin'  t^old  and  silver  of  the  rocks.  Anotjier  was  the 
o;ia(lual  disappearance  of  the  prospector  of  the  earlier 
period,  who  lived  in  the  mountains,  and  s[»ent  his  life 
in  hunting  for  gold  and  silver.  To  the  too  often  un- 
rewarded toils  of  these  meti  wo  owe  most  of  our  pres- 
ent knowledge  of  the  minerals  of  California.  Ca[>ital 
does  not  <so  in  search  of  mines.  It  waits  for  a  dis- 
covery,  and  takes  it  at  the  h)\vest  price  at  which  it 
can  afterward  bo  obtained.  Formerly  there  were 
some  dishonorable  transactions  in  mining-claim  s.des, 
where  foreign  capital  was  grievously  misled.  ]^ut  all 
this  business  was  later  [tlaced  upon  a  safer  foui.mg. 
The  output  was  not  as  great,  but  neither  was  thccost)f 
living  the  same  ;  and  as  money  is  only  an  exchange 
for  what  we  require,  one  dollar  is  as  good  as  '■  i.  it'  it 
buys  the  same  amount  of  life's  comforts  and  pleiis- 


1* 


ures. 


Poxmi  •iMe  a  $1,000  nuggot  was  found  in  1870,  and  in  the  Ramo  ground  tbe 
fiiilowing  year  iiiiotlier  weighing  I"")  ouncea.  (fnum  Vallfij  Unhii,  l'"c'). '.;."), 
1S7I.  Some  Cliiuainen  tiiKling  a  40-j>()UU(l  nugget  on  tlio  niiddlo  fnik  of 
Ki' itiicr  river,  to  avoid  excitement,  chiselled  it  up  into  small  piec.'s  and  sold 
it  at  different  times  mixed  with  other  dust.  A  nugget  weighing  over  a  ton 
M  i-i  found  in  Plumas  co.  It  yielded  ore  worth  .':r.'?,000.  Xafion  il  <!iiz>Ue, 
Niiv.  10,  1S7'2.  A  claim  near  Placorville  yiehled  several  nuggcta  wortii  from 
81,01)0  to  .$12,000.  A  Chinanuin  found  a  pieco  of  pure  gold  worth  $170,  which 
lio  >old  to  C.  W.  Brewster  of  Placerville,  and  soon  after  unearthed  another 
iuii:;gct  Worth  $700  in  the  same  locality.  El  Dn-iulo  Ci.  ItcjiuUicdii,  Feh.  2t>, 
KS7-.  In  March  1872  Reese  ami  Depew  found  at  Itandolph  Flat  a  stratum  of 
ilcii imposed  (juartz  rescmliling  rod  and  white  Castile  soap  in  consistency. 
Fmm  a  pit  8  feet  long  and  3  feet  wide  they  took  out  §5,000  with  a  j  ick, 
aJKivcl,  and  pan.  From  the  ground  in  the  vicinity  a  piece  was  picked  up 
Worth  §800.  jVemda  7'rn:ixrript,  March  20,  1872.  A  Frenchman  at  Mornion 
Bar  found  in  the  earth  of  the  road  a  migget  weighing  08  ounces.  Coliim  Sioi, 
M.ircli  2,  1871.  A  chunk  of  gold  weigiiing  240  jxiunds  and  worth  S'O.OOO 
was  found  in  the  claim  of  a  I'hinese  company  at  Moore's  Flat.  Ci(>rcr<l<ilc, 
B'v,  Feb.  8,  187;^;  PluiiiitK  Ouzi'Uc,  Feb.  1,  1873.  A  u-pound  gold  nugget  was 
taken  out  of  Boulder  creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Sac.  a'>ove  Shasta,  in  1S74. 
IViLiiiii'/lon  Entvrprke,  Oct.  22,  1874.  Big  nuggets  are  still  being  found  in 
various  quarters. 

''■•  References  consulted  for  mining:  TnrrilVs  Cal.  Note.%  180-1;  Stvwnrt's 
Mill.  1'i.t,  14;  Mi'.r.  tidz.  and  Pririn  Ciinrtd,  Jan.  4,  18(50;  Bnymond  Miii.  I'ch 
Aim.  licipt,  for  several  years — 1809-75 — in  U.  S.  II.  Ex.  Doc;  ]V/i<'i'lir\i  t'iio'- 
vi'i/t,  1870,  47-69;  Hypkinn' Common  Seme,  7-10;  C<d.  A<p-ic.  Soc.  Tnin.^.,  lS(i0, 
80  8;  ca.  Lntul  Off.  licpt,  1809,  191-2,  359-00;  Mi,i<-t-  i.  G-8,  18-23,  28  45, 
52,  58-00;  Co,ut  Keview,  1872-9;  Cnl.  Ann.  Min.  lirrlrw,  1878,  139-43;  Bur- 
diiird  Min.  Pmluc,  1881,  11;  1882,  15;  188.3,  705;  U.  ,S'  //.  Ex.  D>,:,  vol.9, 
pt  5,  p.  505-6,  47  cong.,  1  sess..  Com.  Ifotdd  mid  Mni\- i  litvii'ir,  July  10, 
16G7;  McClellan,  Golden  State,  312;  Coleman's  Ann.  Circ.  and  Murket  Jiivkio, 


m 


'  -i 


'  m 


636 


MINING   AND  MINING  STOCKS. 


As  a  product,  indispensable  both  to  gold  and  silver 
mining,  quick'  ilvcr  may  bo  deemed  of  the  greatest 
value  to  the  mining  interest  after  tlic  precious  nutals. 
Fortunately  for  that  interest  it  was  discovered  heroic 
gold.'"'     It  is  found  in  various  kinds  of  rock,  Danielv, 

.1  ■.;!.  I'J,  lSo4;  Simoiiin   Vic  Snnterrcinc,  IJ8G-93;  Mines,  Miiu,  Jloncy,  Ui7S-0, 
l'_.)-r,":  liiir.'i's  /fi/drimlir  Miiiiii(/,  78-S(>,  24-1-51. 

"C'liinalar  was  ii.-icil  by  the  natives  to  paint  their  T)0(lie3,  both  in  Cal.  and 
0.-ogi>:i.  In  \'6'2-l  one  of  the  Robles  family,  liaving  been  infornieil  i.f  tiic  ex. 
i  ,to:R'c  of  the  ore  by  the  Indians,  revealed  it  to  Antonio  Sufud,  who  vnikid 
it  for  a,  short  time  imder  the  impression  that  it  contained  silver.  In  ISl.")  a 
M  j.\ lean  oliicer  named  Andre.s  Caitlllero  was  shown  some  pieces  of  tlic  t.ru 
at  the  Misaion  of  Santa  Clara.  Having  .some  knowlcilyc  of  minerals  lie  do- 
tect?d  fiuicksilvcr,  an(' remarked  to  those  present.  Father  Reed  and  .laicili 
P.  l.ei  e,  that  if  the  mine  could  be  proved  a  ;  ricli  as  tlioso  of  Spain  tl<l0,0()(l 
v/ould  be  paid  by  tlie  Mexican  government  for  the  discovery.  In  onler  to 
."iLcure  t'.ie  tiole  to  himself  Castillero  proceeded  at  once  to  take  the  stijis  rc- 
(j-.lred  by  Mexican  hiw  for  that  pnrpOoC.  Possession  was  given  by  tin.'  al- 
e:il  le  of  tlio  district,  with  a  grant  of  3,000  yards  (varas)  of  land  in  all 
directions  from  the  mine.  Castdlero  divided  t'.ic  mine  into  'J4  sliaius,  4  nf 
w'.iich  lie  gave  to  Jose  Castro,  4  to  the  brothers  Seciindino  and  Lcdilini 
RoMo%  keepiiig  t'.ie  remainder  for  himself,  and  employing  an  Ameiican  fmiii 
Columbia  co,,N.  Y.,  to  open  the  mine,  'ihisman,  William  (1.  Chard,  sci'in.-i 
to  have  been  a  genius  from  his  manner  of  mining.  Taking  sevcrel  gunlai-- 
rjli,  he  filled  tliem  with  bits  of  the  broken  ore,  stopped  tlio  vent<  with  clay, 
placed  the  muzzles  in  a  ve-isel  of  water,  and  built  a  fire  around  the  dtlnr 
e:id.  The  heat  vaporized  the  mercury,  which,  passing  into  the  water,  was 
condensed,  and  precipitated  in  the  form  of  metal.  Chard  next  tried  a  fur- 
naca,  which  i)roved  a  failure.  His  third  experiment  was  with  six  tr\ -pcits 
uied  by  whalers,  capable  of  holding  3  or  4  tons  of  ore.  By  inverting  (nie 
over  tlie  other  he  formed  a  furnace,  and  by  the  application  of  heat,  ami  cmi- 
ducting  tlie  vapor  into  water,  succeeded  in  saving  about  2,000  pouiitls  df 
quicksilver.  This  method  continued  until  August  1846,  the  Mexican  t'dv- 
ernment  being  informed  of  the  facts.  Then  Chard  and  his  Indian  aliandi  noil 
the  mine.  Tlie  same  year  T.  0.  Larkin  forwarded  information  if  it  In  the 
U.  S.  During  t'.ie  winter  of  184G-7  Castillero  sold  a  part  of  liis  shares  to 
the  Engli.sh  house  of  Barron,  Forbes,  &  Co.  of  Tepic,  Mex.,  whodi.-.pat(.'lii'il 
an  agent,  Robert  Walkinshaw,  to  h.old the  property,  who,  with  a  man  nanicil 
Alden,  took  possession  in  May  1847.  In  Nov.  came  Alexander  For'ics  witli 
a  corps  of  miners  and  appliances  for  mining.  Retorts  were  used  until  IS'iO, 
when  furnaces  were  constructed  under  the  superintendence  of  fl.  W.  Hal- 
Icck.  It  was  not  until  Jidy  1S50-1  that  the  production  of  quicksilver  fur 
tlie  market  was  commenced,  since  which  time  to  1880  the  New  Alniaiieii 
mine  hail  furnished,  with  the  Euriguita  on  the  same  propertj',  54,.'!7f'.4IN5 
pounds  of  the  metal.  The  mine  was  closed  from  1858  to  1801  by  injuiatiim, 
the  legality  of  the  title  being  disputed.  It  was,  however,  confirnicd  tn  tlie 
K:r.;lish  company,  who  sold  it  in  1804  to  a  company  chartered  under  tlie  laws 
of  N.  Y.  and  Pa.  as  the  Quicksilver  Mining  co.,  with  a  capital  of  S10,(tO(),(KiO, 
divided  into  .SlOO  shares.  Mlrx'  licj.,  Ixxvi.,  140;  S.  F.  El  Ifirahlo,  Oi  t.  •.'.\ 
IS18;  S.  F.  Xrws,  ii.,  106;  If  ayes'  Scraps  Mill.,  ix.,  10-13;  Whitiwjn  MtM- 
W  i.th,  180-93,  105-7;  Miscellany,  iv.,  v.,  vi. ;  Henicws  of  Com.  ami  /■'iiniii'-i, 
ISTC),  p.  71 ;  Tn/hrs  El  Dorado,  ii,  12;  S.  F.  Cal. .Courirr,  Sept.  27  and  Nov.  IS, 
18r;0:  Xew  Aliiiii'lfii,  U.S.  vs.  Castillero;  Sac.  Transcript^  Feb.  1,  1851;  North 
Picific  Rcricw.  Dec.  18G2;  Castillo  Mem.,  Az^/ite,  57-8;  Ilnrper's  M<i'j..  .hi'"' 
18(53,  25-41;  Pi  to  Res.  nf  America,  171;  Farayr  Erjtlnr.  Min.,  23-25;  Vohiwt. 
/fipp^rf.  sur  l''s  Mini's  tie  N.  Almatlen;  Ann.  Scientijic  Disc,  1852,  "JKS '.•; 
J/nnt's  Mcrch.  Maj.,  xx.,  557-8, 


QUICKSILVER. 


667 


sandstone,  decomposed  serpentine  or  talc,  porous  ba- 
salt, rotten  slate,  and  some  harder  rocks.  The  prin- 
cipal quicksilver  mine  of  California  is  at  New  Almaden 
ill  Santa  Clara  county,  and  produces  somewhat  less 
tlian  the  amount  produced  by  the  Almaden  quicksilver 
mine  in  Spain,  after  which  it  was  named.  The  total 
production  of  the  world  in  1881  was  115,600  flasks 
of  a  little  over  76  pounds  each,  of  which  California 
furnished  60,851  flasks,  or  more  than  half,  and  of  this 
amount  the  Xew  Almaden  yielded  20,060.'"'  From  the 
maximum  output  of  79,3i)6  flasks  in  1877,  the  yield 

■-'Among  the  other  quicksilver  mines  are  the  Phcenix,  situated  in  the 
Mayacamas  system  of  mountains  N.  w.  of  CaUstoga,  in  Napa  co.,  discovered 
ill  1800  hy  A.  J.  Bailey  and  J.  Cyrus.  An  excitement  followed  the  discovery, 
and  many  locations  were  made.  The  Phtenix  was  worked  until  1878,  when, 
owing  to  the  low  price  of  quicksilver,  it  was  shut  down.  The  Kediugton,  in 
tilt)  same  co.,  is  situated  in  .Sulphur  canon,  n.  of  Berryesaa  valley.  It  was 
iiioiirporated  in  18151,  and  worked  continuously.  In  1881  it  had  produced 
4,!).')8,.'$15  pounds  of  quicksilver,  Tlie  Washington  mine  in  Pope  valley  ad- 
join <  the  Pliiimix.  It  is  a  good  mine,  but  suspended  on  account  of  low  prices 
in  1S78.  The  /Etna,  in  the  same  valley,  was  successfully  worked  for  a  time, 
and  given  up.  Tlie  Summit  mine,  opened  in  1872  upon  the  top  of  the  May- 
acamas range  (the  boundary  betweei^  Sonoma  and  Napa  counties),  was  in 
njiL'ration  in  1881,  the  furnace  having  a  capacity  of  24  tons  of  ore  per  diem. 
Tlie  Oakvillo,  on  the  west  side  of  Napa  valley,  incorporated  in  18(58,  iiad 
furnaces  capable  of  reducing  25  tons  daily,  but  is  now  lying  idle.  The  Man- 
hattan has  a  similar  history.  The  Napa  Consolidate<l,  situated  at  the  head 
of  Pope  canon,  was  discovered  in  1872.  From  1870  to  1881  it  produced 
1,227,!>78  pounds  of  quicksilver.  The  Ivanhoe,  Hamilton,  New  Burlington, 
Red  Hill,  Silver  Bow,  Overland,  Mutual,  and  Mammoth,  are  all  in  Napa  co. 
Tlie  Oakland,  Cloverdale,  Great  Eastern,  and  Mount  Jackson  arc  in  Sonoma 
CO.  The  last  was  continuously  worked  from  1873  to  1881.  Several  other 
discoveries  remain  unworked  in  this  co.  The  county  of  Lake  also  furnishes 
.several  quicksilver  mines,  of  which  the  Sulphur  Bank  is  the  foremost.  It 
was  opened  ia  Oct.  1874,  with  limitetl  means,  but  produced  from  that  date 
to  Sept.  187(5,  when  prices  were  good,  12,.'U1  llr"ks,  wo'-th  §(500,000.  The 
(iroat  Western,  in  Sonoma,  is  situated  in  the  range  between  St  Helena  and 
Cobb  mountain,  on  the  west  side  of  Loconoma  valley,  and  yields  well.  Yolo 
CO.  has  also  its  quicksilver  mine,  situated  in  the  \.  w.  corner,  4i)  miles  from 
Woodland.  The  works  employ  150  men.  Sta  Barbara  revealed  to  the  pros- 
pector in  18(50  and  1874  the  ore  of  cinnabar  in  Sta  Ynez  valley,  but  no  re- 
duction works  exist.  Colusa,  San  I  uis  Obispo,  Monterey,  San  l)iogo,  San 
Benito,  Plumas,  and  San  Beruanlino  have  laid  claim  to  discoveries.  In 
Fresno  co.  is  the  New  Idria  quicksilver  mine,  whose  fame  has  been  wafted 
abroad  not  more  on  its  own  metallic  vapor  than  on  the  wings  of  rumor,  the 
property  having  been  in  litigation  for  13  years.  It  was  locateil  on  a  pre- 
teiiilod  Spanish  grant,  which  in  the  course  of  its  history  was  fraudulently 
bought  and  8<dd  several  times.  The  mine  was  at  last  sold  to  Montgomery 
Blair  of  S.  F.  for?l,000,000.  S.  F.  C/i roiMe, Ma,ix\i  19,  187(5;  B<itr/i'.'<  Mim:'<  ami 
.U(/('T.«,  540;  M<'Oarr(i/i(in,  Memorial,  82;  Mr(}(irrnhitH>*  QnkkxUrer  Minrs  qf 
Pmiorhp  Ordiidfi;  U.  S.  Sen.  Mine.  Doc.,  15,  42d  cong.,  1st  sess. ;  (7.  S.  Com. 
li'p..,  33,  i.,  40th  cong.,  2d  sesB. ;  MitedUiny,  iii.,  \o.  7,  241)  pp.;  Iftiyes' 
S'-rnpx  Miniifj,  i.  93;  Fresno  Expmitor,  Dec.  11,  1872;  Caxtillo  Mem.  Azotjue, 
59-(54. 

HiBT.  Cal.,  Vol.  VII.    42 


\b 


'1 


;  !i'    I 


i\'     1 


I 


658 


MININot  AND  MINING  STOCKS. 


of  the  California  mines  decreased  to  20,000  flasks 
in  1888,  of  which  latter  amount  fully  one  half  was 
exported.  Even  with  so  few  mines  of  this  metal  in  the 
world — the  Idria  mine  of  Austria  being  the  tliiid 
great  producer — the  prodution  of  quicksilver  (!x- 
cecds  the  demand  in  Europe  and  America,  and  only 
by  allowing  China  to  purchase  the  surplus  can  the 
price  be  kept  up  to  remunerative  figures.  Its  use  in 
this  country,  except  in  mining,  is  limited,  but  the  Chi- 
nese employ  it  in  the  preparation  of  paints  and  iu 
other  ways.  A  high  tariff  is  required  to  keep  ]']ur()- 
pean  quicksilver  out  of  the  New  York  market  and 
enable  California  producers  to  pay  the  heavy  freight 
charged  by  the  transcontinental  roads. 

Iron  ore  exists  in  many  parts  of  the  state,"  but 
owing  to  the  large  amount  of  capital  required  in  work- 
ing it,  as  well  as  its  cheapness,  and  the  greater  fas- 
cination of  the  pi/cious  metals,  it  has  been  neglected. 
California  must,  in  the  near  future,  produce  the  pig 
iron  consumed  in  her  manufactures,  and  in  supplyuijr 
rails  for  her  many  railroads.  Ore  was  first  discovered 
on  or  near  American  river  in  1848,  and  later  in  Placer 
count}",  where  it  was  of  such  purity  that  tools  were 
made  from  it  in  blacksmiths'  forges.  It  was  not  until 
1880  that  smelting  works  were  put  in  operation  for 
turning  out  pig-iron."  These  works  belong  to  tiio 
California  Iron  company,  whoso  location  is  three  niiks 
from  Clipper  gap  in  Placer  county,  and  wliich  owns 
13,000  acres  of  iron  and  timber  lands.  The  caparily 
of  the  works  is  15,000  tons  per  annum,  which  auiuuut 
was  produced  in  1886. 

Coj)per  was  one  of  the  raining  manias  of  California, 
like  gold,  quicksilver,  and  sdver.     It  was  known  to 

''•^  Iron  ore  is  found  in  Nevada,  Placer,  Sierra,  Calaveras,  Santa  Clara, 
Shasta,  Los  Angeles,  Napa,  Humboldt,  Alpine,  and  San  Luis  Oliispo  coun- 
ties. In  Sierra  co.  it  is  chiefly  magnetic  ore.  The  ore  of  riaccr  is  also 
magnetic.     Chrome  iron  is  found  in  San  Luis  Obispo  and  Sonoma  ooiintic^. 

■'^  As  e  rly  as  IS.lfi  the  (rold  Hill  Mining  co.  smelted  some  iron  oiowliieh 
yielded  CO  per  cent,  apparently  as  an  experiment,  as  no  iron  appcareil  in  the 
market.  Tho  Clipper  Gap  mines  were  located  and  owned  by  Applegatu  and 
Myres. 


corrER. 


GCD 


exist  as  early  as  1840,  liavinjiif  been  discovered  in 
Solodad  pass,  90  miles  north  of  Li^s  Angeles.  It  is 
iiioiitioncd  in  the  Califomian  in  1848  as  having  been 
discovered  "north  of  the  bay."  J.  B.  Trask,  who 
acted  as  state  geologist  from  1851  to  1854,  found  it 
ill  nearly  every  county,  his  first  observation  of  it  being 
inado  in  Nevada  county,  near  a  place  called  Round 
Tout.  From  1855,  when  some  copper  mining  was 
dune  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  on  the  old  Carson  road,  to 
IRdO^*  little  attention  was  given  it.  Then  came  on  a 
copper  excitement.  Men  spent  their  all  and  risked 
tl loir  lives  in  searching  the  mountains  for  green  and 
blue  carbonates,  red  oxides,  and  shining  vellow  sul- 
plmrets.  The  fever  originated  in  Calaveras  county, 
at  Salt  Spring  valley,  where  the  town  of  Cop})eroi)- 
olis  is  situated,  on  the  Union  copper  vein,  and  was 
communicated  to  every  part  of  tlie  state.  It  culmina- 
ted about  18G3,  bv  which  time  it  was  found  that  Cal- 
ifornia  had  copper  enough  to  supply  the  world,  but 
that  there  was  not  capital  enough  in  the  country  to 
entice  it  from  its  native  gangue ;  or  where,  as  some- 
times happened,  it  was  nearly  pure,  to  extract  it  in 
merchantable  blocks.  Coi>i)er  is  worked  in  a  small 
way  at  one  or  two  localities,  but  tlie  value  of  the  an- 
nual output  is  not  more  than  $100,000. 

Borax  fields  exist  in  Inyo,  San  Bernardino,  and 
Lake  counties.  The  annual  yield  is  5,000,000  pounds 
froiiiatract  of  10,000  acres  in  San  Bernardino  and  Inyo. 

Salt  is  produced  from  the  waters  of  the  bay  in  Ala- 
meda county,'^^  from  springs  at  the  head  of  the  Salinas 

'■"  The  Union  mine  at  Copperopolis  was  discovered  in  July  1800,  by  Reed. 
Tiio  ore  was  rich,  and  was  sent  east  for  reduction,  but  the  vein  was  not  per- 
iiiiiiit'iit.  About  1867  the  Copperopolis  works  were  shut  down,  t'til.  Moun- 
Idtmrr,  i.  3(i(j-8;  Brown's  lies.,  '207-19;  Nfw  York  Sun  in  J'unamn  Star  ami 
llirnld,  1876.  I  find  mention  of  copper  works  in  I'lumas  eo.,  in  1865,  on  Queen 
of  Union  mine — also  in  Mariposa  co.  in  1866. 

''■'  Hy  John  Biirton,  a  native  of  Leicester,  Mass,  were  built  the  first  and 
largest  salt-worka  in  California.  Coming  to  this  state  in  184'J,  nearly  twenty 
yiNirs  later,  he  began  the  manufacture  of  salt,  soon  merging  lii.s  interests  in 
till'  Union  Pacific  Salt  company,  of  which  he  is  president.  On  his  recom- 
iiit'iidation  the  site  selected  was  Kock  Islan<l,  at  the  mouth  of  Kden  creek, 
Alameda  co.  The  output  for  1888  was  14,000  tons,  distributed  all  over  the 
cuust,  aud  forming  nearly  one  half  of  its  total  product. 


;'?■»' 


i'l  A  ! 


660 


MINIMO   AND  MINING  STOCKS. 


river  in  San  Luis  Obispo  county,  and  from  a  salt  lake 
in  Los  Angeles  county.  The  amount  marketed  is 
about  30,000  tons  annually. 

Sulphur  is  obtained  from  the  sulphur  bank  on  the 
eastern  shore  of  Clear  lake  in  Lake  county.'*  It  is 
freed  from  earthy  matter  by  heat  alone,  bein^  finally 
purified  before  passing  into  the  molds  by  uieltiiii^  in 
pots.  It  was  first  manufactured  in  18G1.  Hydraulic 
cement  is  manufactured  at  Benicia,  where  the  linu'- 
stone  necessary  for  its  production  is  found.  About 
1,500  barrels  are  manufactured  monthly. 

Tin  was  discovered  at  Temescal  in  San  Bernardino 
county  in  1856  by  a  Mr  Sexton,  and  subsequently  re- 
ported to  be  found  also  in  Los  Angeles,  San  Diego, 
and  Siskiyou  counties.  But  it  is  a  prettj^  well  estab- 
lished fact  that  this  rare  metal  is  in  such  abundance 
in  the  first  named  county  as  to  make  the  possession 
of  the  mine  a  prize  worth  contending  for.  This  im- 
portance has  been  the  occasion  of  litigation,  wbicli 
lias  been  prolonged  from  the  discover}-^  to  the  present 
time.  Ore  of  the  Temescal  mine  is  said  to  yield  GO 
per  cent  of  tin.  The  assay  gave  97.9  metallic  tin, 
with  traces  of  antimony,  arsenic,  sulphur,  and  iron, 
and  a  residue  of  tungsten.  The  bar  so  assayed  was 
made  in  1870,  and  is  the  first  and  only  bar  of  tin  pro- 
duced in  the  United  States  from  native  ore.  That 
a  tin  mine,  for  the  discovery  of  which  congress  had 
offered  a  bounty  of  $200,000,  should  so  long  reuiain 
undeveloped  is  somewhat  of  a  reproach,  no  less  than 
a  drawback,  to  the  community. ^'^ 

*  An  immense  deposit  is  said  to  exist  in  Ventura  co. 

'"The  history  of  the  Tenioaeal  tin  mine  is  as  foHows:  Leonardo  Serrano, 
a  native,  claimed  a  grant  of  live  leagues  of  land  known  as  the  Temescal 
raucho,  which  claim  was  rejected  by  the  U.  S.  land  conuniasioiu'iv.  In 
I8r)9,  tin  being  discovered  and  Serrano  having  died,  Abel  Stearns  iJiinliased 
(»f  the  widow  whatever  right  she  liad  to  the  land  occupied  l)y  Serraiiip  as  a 
settler.  The  house  of  the  widow  was  three  miles  from  the  mine,  ami  suaiiis 
appealed  from  the  decision  of  the  commissioners,  getting  a  reversal  of  it  in 
the  U.  S.  dist  court.  The  locators  of  the  mine  then  apjiealed  to  the  U.  S. 
Supreme  court,  which  restored  the  five  league  grant  to  the  public  laiuls  in 
18()7.  Pioche  k  co.  of  S  F.  desired  to  purchase  the  mine,  hut  failing,  lionf.'lit 
the  San  .lacinto  rancho,  twenty-six  miles  from  the  mine,  and  endoavoreil  to 
float  their  purcbasii  to  make  it  cover  it.    Litigatiou  that  seema  cudlui>:i  lia« 


COAL  AND  PETROLEUM. 


GGI 


Coal  lias  been  found  in  most  of  the  counties  near 
tlio  sea,  and  in  several  near  the  Sierra.  It  ^vas  dis- 
covered in  1850  ill  San  Diego,  in  185'2  in  Contra 
C»)sta,  and  in  1854  in  Humboldt.  The  Contra  Costa 
mines  were  slightly  worked  in  ISoo,  and  in  IPVJ  had 
henun  to  produce  a  fair  proportion  of  the  domestic 
coal  used  in  the  market  of  San  Francisco.  Their  out- 
put in  18G5  was  120,000  tons;  in  1881,  144,000  tons. 
Other  mines  may  have  brought  the  yearly  amount  up 
to  the  estimate  of  239,1)27  tons;  but  mines  hardly 
known  in  the  market  arc  not  likely  to  have  added  so 
largely  to  the  outi)ut  of  the  state.  The  coal-fields  of 
Contra  Costa  have  their  principal  veins  showing  on 
the  north-east  side  of  Mount  Diablo.  Like  the  Ore- 
<ron  and  Put;et  sound  coals,  this  is  of  recent  geologic 
origin,  but  is  superior  to  them  in  being  a  steaming 
coal  of  a  half  bituminous  character.  The  Black  Dia- 
mond, Em[)lre,  and  Bruce  are  the  principal  mines. 

Petroleum  has  been  known  to  exist  in  st)me  of  the 
southern  counties  from  the  earliest  American  occupa- 
tion of  the  country.  During  tlie  great  oil  specula- 
tions of  Pennsvlvania  this  knowledge  was  revived, 
and  a  petroleum  fever  seized  the  community,  which 
resulted  in  finding  it,  or  some  evidence  of  it,  in  almost 
all  parts  of  the  state."'  Numerous  exj^eriments  with 
tlu'  crude  material  have  been  made,  proving  in  general 
too  expensive  for  profit  in  a  market  where  the  eastern 
oils  are  i)lentiful  and  chca|>.  The  most  successful  works 
arc  in  Ventura  county,  where  there  is  a  steady   \n'o- 

fdliiiwed.     In  ISSO  a  company  tonk  possession  to  vnrk  tlio  iiiino,  l>ut  was 
soiiii  driven  away,  and  no  one  yet  knows  vliat  tlie  oud  will  l)o. 

-'■  The  countic*  Mliich  liavc  laid  claii  .  to  oil  wuUs,  or  to  what  slionld  lie 
oil  wcU-i,  are  """jl'.i!  It,  where  it  was  discoviMt'cl  iti  jS.V.l,  and  a  tlowinjj  well 
in  t Sim:  Tlao.  ,  ^c'd  lS.">!t;  Sierra,  disc'd  1S(>I:  Santa  Clara,  disc'd  ISHI; 
Napa,  disc'd  18(),";  San  Joaipiin  made  a  sliijinient  in  l.Sli,");  Fresno,  Siskiyou, 
Contra  Costa,  Korn;  Saiita  (^ru/,  disc'd  ISiiH,  and  worked  to  some  I'xtciit 
fmm  KS(i4  to  the  ])resent;  Los  Ans;clo-i,  dise'd  on  the  first  settlement  of  the 
coniitry,  and  worked  in  IStj.");  Santa  Barltara,  dise'd  in  1S()'2;  San  laiis  Ohispo 
nncl  Ventura,  disc'd  ahonttho  sanio  time.  I'pon  the  report  of  Prof.  Silliman 
Kiinic  eastern  jiarties  wire  induced  to  jnirchase  the  Ojai  raneho  in  V(Mitiira, 
.iiid  several  other  properties  were  sold  for  ^ond  ju'ices  on  account  of  ])r(W|)ec- 
tivo  wealth  never  realized.  Then!  is  a  sjiring  under  the  .sea  olf  the  Sant;i 
Hirliara  coast  from  whicli  the  oil  lioat.s  ou  the  water,  and  can  be  detected  hy 
tlie  odor  ia  the  air. 


il 


I, 

I 


V. 


I-  , 


C«2 


MINING  AND  MINING  STOCKS. 


cluction,  and  the  crude  oil  is  conveyed  for  G3  miles  in 
iron  pipes  to  a  shipping  point  on  the  coast,  wheiict'  it 
is  taken  to  Alameda  to  be  refined.  There  were  8,000,- 
000  gallons  manufactured  in  1884  anda  largeranu.uiit 
since. 

Asphaltum,  formed  by  the  evaporation  of  the  vola- 
tile part  of  petroleum,  is  very  plentiful  in  Santa  Cruz, 
Los  Anj^eles,  Monterey,  Santa  Barbara,  and  San 
Luis  Obispo  counties.  It  is  called  bitumen  and  tar 
when  found  in  ahalf  fluid  condition,  and  is  used,  mixed 
with  sand,  in  making  asphalt  pavements  in  San  Fran- 
cisco. As  might  be  expected,  from  the  presence  of 
the  substances  above  named,  natural  gas  is  sometimes 
discovered  in  boring  artesian  wells,  but  it  has  not  yet 
been  much  used  for  lighting  or  heating  purposes. 

Mineral  soap — for  which  no  better  name  has  been 
suggested,  possessing,  as  it  does,  the  cleansing  quali- 
ties of  manufactured  soaps — was  discovered  as  early 
as  1849,  and  re-discovered  in  1855  at  Table  mountain, 
two  miles  from  Grass  valley  in  Nevada  county,  tlio 
vein  being  fifteen  feet  thick.  It  is  of  a  gravisli  color, 
somewhat  rough  to  the  touch,  as  if  composcil  of  sand 
compacted  with  some  oil,  is  easily  mined,  and  a  really 
good  article  of  soap,  so  far  as  its  cleansing  (|ualitii-s 
are  concerned.  It  has  been  found  also  in  Sonoma, 
Santa  Bdrbara,  and  Ventura  counties.  Mineral  paint 
is  found  in  Contra  Costa  and  Sonoma  counties,  and  is 
an  article  of  commerce.  Limestone  is  not  abundant 
on  the  Pacific  coast,  but  is  found  in  Contra  Costa, 
Santa  Cruz,  and  San  Luis  Obispo  counties.  A  coarse 
marble  belt  extends  along  the  west  side  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  from  Mariposa  to  Butte,  a  distance  of  KiO 
miles.  Gypsum  is  found  in  San  Benito,  San  Luis 
Obispo,  and  Alameda  counties;  alabaster  in  San  ].uis 
Obispo  county  ;  lead  in  Monterey  county  ;  manganc^i - 
black  oxide — in  Napa,  Marin,  and  Alameda  countirs; 
plumbago  in  Tuolunnie  and  Sonoma  counties.  The  last 
named  was  discovered  in  Tuolumne  county  in  185"  l>y 
F.  S.  and  H.  S.  Macomber,  who  left  it  undcvcl< 4)^'d 


OTHER  MINERALS. 


663 


until  186n,  when  bv  accident  discoveriujj  that  the  fine 
particles  cf  the  black  lead  were  more  buoyant  than 
the  earthy  matter  when  in  water,  tliey  were  furnished 
witli  the  solution  of  tlic  problem  of  separating  them. 
Tlie  Sonoma  mine  was  discovered  in  1878. 

Saltpetre  was  discovered  in  1848  in  Sonoma  county ; 
jube.stov'  in  Plumas  county  in  1873  ;  antimony  in  San 
Bernardino  in  l.s.'iO;  and  platinum,  a  scarce  metal,  I 
find  mentioned  in  1S48,  and  more  recently  in  1871); 
also  magnesia  (sul[)liate)  in  1855;  and  chromium  in 
San  Luis  Oijispo  in  1877,  besides  emery  in  18G3;  and 
at  different  times  and  places,  mica,  alum,  (in  Alpine 
county)  chalk,  (on  the  ^lokclunme  river)  silicon,  bis- 
muth, zinc,  iridium,  osmium,  obsidian,  soda,  co[)peras, 
chalcedony,  jasper,  agate,  toi)az,  and  diamonds."'  Lith- 
ographic stone  was  found  on  the  Merced  river  in 
^lariposa  county  in  1807;  and  at  other  points  }H)rce- 
lain  clay,  soapstone,  .slate,  sandstone,*'  marble,'"  onyx,^'" 

■''N^iiiio  of  the  precious  stones  of  Cal.  arc  of  great  fineiiesa.  A.  good  many 
oiuN  hive  hooii  fouu'l  wliich  are  iiiarketaldc.  The  opal  mine  on  Slokehimne 
liill  was  worke  1  in  IStio,  an>l  the  stones  sent  to  Kiirope,  where  they  were 
f  A  1  for  ahiiut  .^2i)  a  pieoe.  A  iliainond  excitement  was  started  in  1S7'2,  the 
li  1 1  Ixiiii^  located  in  Wyoming  or  Colorado,  for  frau<Uilent  piir]ioses.  ]$iit 
s:i ''i  dia:n  >:i  Is  as  Oil.  Ins  are  real  and  l)rilUuit,  althougli  not  of  a  great 
vahi'.  Tiiey  are  indii  1  ;  1  in  tlio  cit;iIogiie  of  t'al.  minerals  at  the  Paris  ex- 
pxition  of  1S7S,  an  I  are  fro'i'ivirl/  mentioneil  in  the  ( 'al.  newsj)a]iers,  atid 
are  sp  )!ie:i  of  in  the  S-r-'if'/-  /V<<  of  Mareh  'J(>,  1S70,  and  Mareii  4,  1871. 
Tiiey  were  found  in  placer  mining  claims  at  Cherokee  Flat,  10  niiluj  from 
Oroville.  and  at  Shaw  Flat,  in  Nevaila  eo, 

*'It  WIS  for  some  ti>ne  helieve  I  tliat  Imililin'^  stone  was  not  aliun<lant  in 
Cil.,  but  a  better  knr>wl';  Ige  of  tliis  class  of  resources  reveals  an  ever- 
iii  •;• 'isini;  list  of  valuihl;  material.  Oa  Angel  islaml  tiicre  is  a  freestone 
uuirryof  line  col  >r,  ho  nogene  >us,  and  easily  wurked,  wiiicli  heloiigs  to  tlie 
girt.  At  Hivwirds.  in  Alameda  co.,  is  another  (luarry,  of  wjiiiii  the  hank 
of  Cal.  .aill  Young  Mn's  Christian  Association  buildings  are  eonstrncted. 
T'lese  quarries  were  the  earliest  in  use.  Stoiu?  ipiarriesan!  found  at  Kniglit's 
F'!rry,  in  .Stanislaus,  and  near  Pl.icerville,  in  r',1  Dorado  counties.  In  1S7.'!, 
an  iin'usnse  san  l<tone  deposit  was  ili-icovered  lU'ar  .'^an  Diego. 

•"  The  lirst  marble  workcl  in  the  state  was  by  K.  11.  Robert's  of  Stockton, 
w'l.)  cstablislie  I  a  marble  y:ird  at  Culunibia,  in  Tuolumne  co  ,  in  IS."i7.  A 
lil'i'k  of  thi.s  stone  was  taken  out  and  dressi'd  for  the  Washington  monument 
in  that  year.  Tiie  material  for  lirofb'rick's  monument  came  from  Columbia. 
Tlie^e  works,  probably  on  .account  of  tlie  co-t  of  transportation  at  that 
j>''rioil.  were  closed;  but  tliere  was  a  rediscovery  of  marble  in  the  same  locality 
ill  ISii.^.  anil  again  in  1S(».S.  .\t  Iowa  Hill.  I'lacer  co.,  a  quarry  of  liiudy 
virii>,'ited  niarble  was  discoveretl  in  1S.">.">,  and  the  same  year  a  vein  of  gray 
inirble  in  .Sierra  co. ;  al-i>  alioiit  the  same  time  near  Suisun  bay.  Calaveras, 
Vubi.  VA  Dorado,  Amailor,  Monterey,  Los  Angeles,  and  Tularo  counties  all 
have  their  marble  beds. 

■'-  Onyx  in  bowlderd  was  found  first  near  Suisun  bay,  where  it  was  worked 


I 


I        II 


664 


MINING  AND  MINING  STOCKS. 


granite,"  fire-clay,  and  fire-proof  stono.  Califor- 
nia, in  connnoii  with  tlie  whole  Pacific  coast,  i.s 
rich  hi  mineral  waters  of  various  heaHii<T  qualities. 
Those  best  known  arc  tlie  Geysers"  and  Skaj^i^s  hot 
springs"  in  Sonoma  county,  the  Bartlett  springs'"  in 
Lake  county,  the  White  sulphur  si)rinL;s  of  St  lie- 


out,  and  later  in  San  Luis  Obispo,  where  it  is  more  aluimlant.  J.  F.  Kos:  Icr 
&  Co.  of  S.  F.  own  the  mine,  •wliieh  is  in  a  slate  forniatiini.  At  a  still  liter 
jieriixl  the  quarrying  of  onyx  has  been  carried  on  in  Solano  co.,  li\eiiiilfs 
north  of  Fairtiulil. 

^^Tiio  granite  quarries  of  Cal.  are  several,  but  tliat  of  Sac.  co.  was  tlic 
oldest.  It  was  ojiened  in  IS.IS  by  (}.  (Iritiitli,  who  furni.ihed  this  iiiatcriid 
for  tlio  fortilieations  at  Alcatraz  and  Fort  Point,  and  for  iniportant  biiiliiiiiirs 
of  the  period.  In  1804,  (iritlith  IvH'ateil  the  I'enryn  quarry,  situatiil  ilncu 
nules  from  Auburn  in  I'laccr  vi\  'J  lie  quality  of  tliis  granite  is  equal,  if  iMt 
superior,  to  any  in  the  world,  being  free  from  iron,  and  never  chani^iiij,'  coli  r. 
I'liero  are  polishing  works  in  connection  witlj  this  quarry,  at  wliuli  a  m  ll.l 
Mock  of  10  t4)ns  can  be  polisjiod  with  ease.  There  are  tliree  varii'tirs  in  this 
plact,  blue  or  dark,  white,  and  black.  The  granite  quarries  at  Folsom  wvvn 
opened  in  185(5-7,  ami  worked  by  convicts  of  tlie  branch  state  prison.  Santa 
Cruz,  Yuba,  ami  Monte  ey  counties.  Tlio  miners  of  Tuolumne  co.  scuta 
block  of  granite  as  their  contribution  to  the  Washington  monument.  In 
1S(U  the  legislature  agreed  with  the  Central  Pacilic  11.  11.  to  grant  a  crii.i  ii 
subsidy,  one  of  theeonditionsbeingadced  of  atractof  granite  land  in  riacrr 
CO.,  but  the  state  never  derived  any  benetit  from  the  ac(iuisition.  'i'hci-carc 
((uanics  of  building  stone  in  Solano  co.,  of  slate  in  Calaveras  and  Sau  l.uis 
Obi.-.po,  and  of  lire-proof  stone  in  Tehama  and  Sierra  counties. 

"'  'i  licre  are  two  geyser  localities,  botli  sitJiated  in  a  deep  gorge  in  Simoiiia 
CO.  known  as  Pluton  cafion,  about  l,7tX)  feet  above  the  sea.  liiey  covi  r  an 
area  t)f  several  acres,  and  number  over  300.  Tlie  temperature  of  tlle^^a!^l• 
varies  from  200^  to  210"  Fahrenheit.  Four  miles  up  the  cafmn  are  the  l.i;;lo 
(Icysers.  Hero  tlie  M'ater  is  purer,  and  the  temperature  from  I'.IO'  to  'JOii , 
The  springs  hu\}.  in  solution  a  great  variety  of  salts,  the  suliihatcs  of  iiMii, 
lime,  and  magnesia  predominating.  Sulphate  of  magnesia,  tartario  aciil, 
alum,  magnesia,  and  sulphur  are  f(mnd  in  abundance,  a'.id  give  the  rocKs  a 
peculiarly  vivid  coloring.  These  waters  are  sought  to  cure  rneumatism  and 
iikin  diseases. 

^■''  Skaggs  Hot  springs  are  three  in  number.  The  first  is  impregnati'd 
with  sulphur,''  iron,  and  borax,  with  a,  temperature  of  128'  to  l;:il".  'il.e 
second  spring  contains  manganese,  iron,  sulphur,  and  soda,  with  a  tciiipcia- 
ture  of  i;i8^  to  140°.     The  tliird  is  an  iron  spring. 

^''Tlie  Bartlett  springs  contain  sulphur,  magnesia,  manganese,  pota-siiim, 
and  calcium.  In  tiie  same  locality  is  one  nearly  ice-cold,  highly  cliarj:ed  «  itii 
carbonic  acid.  Another  called  the  S<iap  spring,  is  25  feet  long,  12  wide,  anl 
0  deep,  with  a  natural  wall  of  bowlders  all  around  it.  Its  tepid  wait  is  cuii- 
tain  borax,  soda,  salt,  ami  sulphur.  A  few  feet  distant  another  sjuiiig  ein- 
taiu*  iron,  soda,  and  chloride  of  sodium  at  a  teniiicrature  of  8.").  A  ((uaitt  r 
of  a  mile  away  is  a  cold  spring,  always  bubbling  with  the  gas  cstapiiig 
from  it. 

Lake  co.  has  calso  Hot  Borax  springs  or  Borax  lake,  lying  east  of  Char 
lake  and  separated  from  it  by  a  low  riilge.  About  a  mile  biiyond  the  liilgo 
are  the  sulphur  banks  before  named,  a  feature  of  great  interest  as  .■^liow  :iig 
the  geological  formation  of  the  region  wliere  solfatara  is  still  going  on.  'I'ln' 
banks  cover  an  area  of  about  40,000  stpiare  yards,  and  from  beneath  tliciii 
appear  to  How  the  hot  borate  springs.  Id, 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


GC.1 


Icna,  and  the  Calistoga  hot  springs  "  in  Xapa  county, 
the  California  Seltzer  springs  in  ^[eiulocino  county, 
the  l^iciKc  Congress,  and  New  Ahmuiden  Vicliy 
s[irings  in  Santa  Clara  county,  El  Paso  de  l\ol)les  in 
San  Luis  Ohispo  county,"  Montecito  hot  sulphur  in 
Santa  Barbara  county,"  Agua  Caliente  in  San  Diego, 
and  the  San  Bernardino  hot  spritigs,  although  this 
does  not  exhaust  the  list  of  well  known  mlniral  and 
hot  springs.  Tassajara  springs,  four  miles  from  Mon- 
terey, the  Chalybeate  springs,  near  the  mouth  of 
Carmel  river,  and  Baraiso  springs,near  Soledad,are 
all  in  IMonterev  countv.  The  n»ineral  siiriniis  at  Te- 
liaehapi  and  Mojave  in  Los  Angeles  and  Kern,  the 
Tolenas  s))rings  in  St)lano  county,  the  sulphur  and 
other  meilical  waters  in  Colusa  and  l^laeer,  and  the 
soda  springs  in  Siskiyou  are  only  a  part  of  thos(!  which 
really  exist  in  the  mountain  regions.  They  are  very 
su'jf^estive  of  the  near  neighborhood  of  the  i^n-at  lab- 
oratories  of  nature,  where  are  pent  up  the  forces 
which  occasionally  exhibit  themselves  in  volcanic 
eruptions  and  eartliquakes. 


^'  Calistopa  hot  springs,  at  the  town  of  Calistoga,  are  situated  in  the  level 
valley,  r)(X)  I'eet  alxive  sea-level,  ami  stirrdundi'd  oil  tlireo  siilea  by  liij^h 
iiKiutitains.  'i  lie  waters  contain  sul[>luiretteil  liviirogeii  gas,  chloride  of  so- 
dium, cliloride  of  e;ili-iiiiii,  earhoiiate  of  soda,  suliiliate  of  .soda,  sidi)hate  of 
magnesia,  silica,  and  alumina.  There  are  similar  springs  at  St  ileleiia  in  the 
saiiH!  county. 

^>'K1  Paso  dc  Rohles  (meaning  White  Oak  Pass,)  licit  springs,  are  .situated 
in  a  Hat  valley,  -without  any  attractive  features;  The  Maters  are  closely 
allied  to  the  tliermal  waters  of  Aix  la-C'hapelle  in  Rhenish  Prussia,  possess- 
ing the  unusual  eomhination  of  heat,  cldorido  of  sodium,  8ul[)]inretted  hy- 
drogen, carhonic  acid  gas,  and  an  active  amount  of  alkaline  earlionales.  It 
is  lieneticial  in  g(Uit,  eln-onie  rheumatism,  and  dartnuis  skin  diseasi's,  in  eon- 
triietion  of  the  joints,  ami  old  gun-shot  Wounds.  IS'eweoni  wliite  sul])iiur 
.^IM-ings,  fourteen  miles  from  San  Luis  Ohisiio,  and  Peelio's  springs,  lifteen 
Hides  from  S.  L.  O.  and  two  from  the  coast,  are  all  in  S;in  Luis  Olii.  po  co. 

^"The.se  springs  are  .situated  at  the  hcid  of  a  canon  four  or  live  miles 
northeast  of  tiie  town  of  Santa  I'arhara,  ll."i()  feet  ahove  tlie  .sea.  They  aro 
seven  in  nuinlier;  four  of  wliieli  are  lU'arest  the  head  of  the  cafmn,  having  the 
y.iina  properties  of  free  sulphur  and  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  witii  a  teiiijiera- 
tiiruot  11 4"  Fahrenheit.  Anotlier,  100  yanls  wtvst,  has  a  temperature  of  11"', 
and  its  principal  constituent  is  sulphate  of  ammonia,  suljihato  of  iron,  soda, 
liotash,  and  a  trace  of  arsenic.  Tiie  (itJier  two  have  not  heen  analyzed,  hut 
li.ive  a  lower  temperature  than  the  lirst  named.  Tliese  springs  are  visited 
fer  riienmatism,  skin  diseases,  contraction  of  the  joints,  paralysis,  and,  an 
an  auxilliary  in  the  treatment  of  seeoudary  and  tertiary  syphilis. 


666 


MINING  AND  MINING  STOCKS, 


California  went  through  tlio  excitement  of  lior 
orolden  era  witijout  a  stock  excliango.  lu  1851,  wimi 
Fremont's  Mariposa  mine  was  placed  upon  the  Kuiu- 
poan  market,  there  prevailed  a  mania  for  joint-.stock 
mining  associations  abroad,  and  numerous  coiMpiinics 
were  formed  in  London  and  Paris  with  j)rinces  as 
presidents,  counts  and  barons  as  vice-[)residcnts,  and 
names  followed  by  many  abbreviations,  as  directors, 
which  caused  the  stock  to  be  purchased  with  aviditv. 
Four  mannnoth  companies  were  advertised  in  the 
London  Times,  in  one  of  which  100,000  shares  woic 
quickly  taken  at  a  pound  a  share.  The  Nouviau 
Monde  mining  company,  with  a  Paris  council  of  su- 
pervision, of  which  Prince  Louis  Lucien  Bonaparte 
was  president,  Couno  do  Lantivy  and  others  vuc- 
presidents,  was  organized  in  France,  with  the  object 
of  working  the  Mariposa  mines  under  a  lease  from 
Fremont,  the  capital  being  5,000,000  francs  in  shares 
of  '25  francs  each.  But  in  the  United  States  and 
Calif  >rnia  this  form  of  mine  manipulation  did  in  it 
conic  into  favor  until  the  Comstock  lode  of  Nevada 
had  been  sufficiently  prospected  to  show  its  character 
as  a  true  fissure  vein,  carrying  silver  and  gold  in 
probably  vast  amount.  Nor  did  the  need  of  an  cx- 
cliange  then  impress  itself  on  the  public  *"  foracoujile 
of  years,  during  which  time  shares,  which  were  tluu 
called  "  feet" — a  foot  representing  a  sliare — were 
transferred  in  the  same  manner  that  other  ])ro])orty 
was  bought  and  sold.     When  companies  multiplied" 

**Tlie  first  mining  and  milling  company  organized  in  San  Francisco  to 
develop  a  claim  on  till!  Comstock  was  tlio  W'a-iiioo  <  r.  and  S,  Mining  co.  It 
was  the  rc-mlt  of  a  visit  of  Alniarin  B.  I'aiil  to  that  region  in  Marcli  ISiiil. 
He  agrectl  with  the  Snccor  co.  for  ;?.">, 000  tons  of  ore,  returned  to  S.  F.,  nr- 
gani/ed  his  company,  was  appointed  sup't,  and  set  about  constructiiii,'  a 
uteani  mill.  His  example  was  imitated,  and  .koou  there  were  several  niill-inii 
the  t'omstock,  while  the  list  of  mines  incorporated  in  Cal.  swelled  rapi'lly. 

^'The  li*it  of  mining  conii)anies  located  in  tlie  Washoe  district  in  IMilt, 
were:  'Washoe  C>.  and  S.  Mining  co.,' capital  stock  $500,000  in  ],(Wlt  "i 
$50;!  i-ach;  toriii  of  existence  five  years.  'Chollar  Silver  Mining  co,'  ciqiitid 
stock  SliSO.OO;),  in  5,000  .share*  of  §;{00  each;  term  of  existence  i'O  years. 
'Sierra  Nevada  Silver  Mining  co.,'  capital  stock  $1,500,000,  in  '.UMM) 
shares  of  $,')00  each;  term  50  years.  'Ophir  Silver  Mining  co.,' ciqiital 
stock    $5,040,000,    ia    10,800   shared    of    $'MQ   cachj    term     50    ycaa. 


THE  SAN  FRANriSCO  STOCK-nOAUD. 


667 


greatly,  as  tlicy  did  in  1801,  and  salos  wore  attended 
with  a  rorrespondini^  exeitenioiit,  foot  and  inches  were 
soinotinies^  aold  at  auction,  or  by  the  board  of  brokers, 
whose  business  it  was  to  dispose  of  i^as  and  water 
stocks,  bonds,  notes,  and  other  securities. 

The  rapid  incrcoseof  nnnini^  properties,  and  the  op- 
portunity afforded  for  deception,  with  the  growini^de- 
.sire  of  the  public  to  invest  in  niinin^jj  shares,  sujjjj^csted 
the  establishment  of  a  stock  exchange,  where  fair 
and  legitimate  investments  might  be  made,  wliile  the 
market  could  not  be  governed  by  j)rices  created  by  the 
]iretended  sales  of  one  broker  to  another,  as  had  been 
(lone.  Franklin  Lawton,  secretary  of  the  board  al- 
ready referred  tt),  made  the  suggestion  to  some  of  his 
associates  to  form  themselves  into  a  board  similar  to  the 
Xew York  Stock  ExchanLre,  thou<rh  he  at  liistuiet  with 
()[)l)osition  from  dealers  who  had  found  other  methods 

'l?uckeyo  G.  and  S.  Mining  co.,' oapitil  stock  .?'2S0,000  in  2,800  sliarcsof 
$I(K)  each;  term  50  years.  MJouM  au'l  ('urry  Silver  Mining  co.,' cajiital 
stuck  8'-',4(X),0()0,  in  4,800  shares  of  8.")00eacli;  term  oO  years.  'Scorpion 
Silver  Mining  eo.,'  capital  stock  S-io.OOl),  in  X)0  shares  ^l(M)  each:  term  ;")() 
years.  'Yankee  Silver  Mining  co.,' capital  stock  •'irr>()0.0<H)  in  .'>,(MK)  sliarcs 
of  .slOO  cacii;  term  oO  years.  The.so  were  all  the  companies  wliose  incur- 
jiiiration  papers  were  on  file  in  ■. «ly  1.1,  18()0.  as  I  learn  by  the  .V.  /'.  Alia  of 
tiiat  (late.     Tiicir  aggregate  capital  M'as  !ji0,!t;{5,000. 

There  was  a  tracing  place  for  stocks  in  1800-1  calle<l  Oliiey  &  Co's 
Washoe  Stock  exchange,  wliere  James  N.  Olney  had  his  first  rcgnlar  <anction 
sale  .Fan.  14,  1801,  although  stock  had  hcen  sold  tiicre  in  1800.  1  tind  a  no- 
tice of  a  report  made  in  llecemher  of  tliat  year  as  fnUows:  'Dec.  l!0,  1800. 
Mining  stocks  of  all  descriptions  have  hcen  for  ton  days  past  quite  inactive. 
Tlic  interruption  hy  storms  of  communication,  Ixitii  l>y  express  and  telegraph, 
with  the  mining  locations  on  the  eastern  slope,  has  liad  much  ctfect  in  sus- 
pemling  ojierations  in  this  market.  Tlie  following  may  bo  considered  as  the 
present  ruling  rates  for  the  prominent  stocks: 

Opliir ."^S'J.')  to  f<8."i0  ]>er  foot.     Sales  limited. 

California .">.")1)  to    OOJ   "     "  Little  i. tiercel. 

(iiiulil  &  Curry lii'.')  "     "  Assess 'ts  unpaid. 

I'liollar 70  to  :.">      "     "  "        paid. 

Lucerne S.")  to '.>0      "     "         Dull  sales. 

St  Lonis ."lO  "     "  "       " 

Boston.    'JD  "     *•  •'      " 

Hope "JO  "     "  "       " 

Sucker 14  to  10      "     "  "       " 

Hdiicrs 8  to  10      "     "  "       " 

Li.ly  Bryan 0  to    8      "     "  "      «' 

At  the  first  regular  sale  in  .Tanuarv,  ISOI,  '  a  very  larcie  company  was 
present,  and  a  consideruMe  amount  of  W.isiioe  and  K^meralda  interests  M'ere 
disjjosed  of  at  fair  prices."  None  of  tlie  principal  Coinstock  stockj  wero  of- 
fered, except  Gould  &  Curry  at  .$:282  per  share  of  three  inches. 


I:  f 


'    H'i 


i 


668 


MIMINfl  AND  MFNINO  STOCKS. 


jjrofihiblo,  and  also  from  ownors  of  ininin<jf  property, 
wlio  foiin'd  tliat  speculation  would  be  ihcrcusfd  In  it. 

Tiio  tirst  ineetiiii^  was  held  on  thcHtli  of  Stptcnilici- 
at  4-H  Moiiti^'omery  street,  when  a  coiniuittee  wjis 
clioscu  to  draft  a  constitution  and  by-laws,  nanulv: 
John  Perry,  Jr,  T.  C.  Sanborn,  Henry  Critclier.  luib- 
ert  C.  Pago,  David  Henricjucs,  and  Win  W.  Law- 
ton.*'  On  the  1 2th  the  by-laws  were  reported,  an. I. 
with  some  modifications,  ado[)ted.  This  was  the  hc- 
gimiinijf  of  an  association  which  has  witnessed  tli.' 
making  of  many  fortunes  and  the  undoing  of  more : 
which  is  revered  as  the  pantheon  of  the  gods,  or 
reviled  as  an  assembly  of  demons,  according  as  tlic 
])rices  of  stocks  ascend  or  descend  the  ever  slidinj; 
scale.  This  is  the  San  Francisco  Stock  and  Exclianj,' 
board. 

In  1872  business  had  so  increased  that  the  eighty 
members,  to  which  tin;  first  exchange  was  limited,  wnc 
not  considered  sufficient  to  properly  conduct  all  the 
daily  transfers  of  stock,  and  a  aecond  board  was  ur- 


*'Tlio  Tniimhprs  of  tliia  board  were  cliargod  a  fee  of  ,$100,  ]mt  paid  only 
6.50  at  first,  as  they  crnliiuMi  tliuir  opfratitiiiM  to  a  small  roinu  in  Mdiitudiiicry 
lildck,  fnriiisliod  witli  a  jilain  taldt;  in  horse-siioe  form,  with  dc^ks  lor  tl.r 
preHidoiit  and  secretary.  Tiie  lirst  inemhers  were:  .J.  I'crry,  Jr,  V.  V.  San- 
born.  S.  Heydenfedt,  (too.  R.  Harelay,  II.  C.  Logan,  Robert  C.  Page.  (\  11. 
Wakelei!,  .Joseijji  Grant,  .1.  B.  K.  I'avallier,  S.  ('.  Bruce,  P.  C.  llyniiui, 
Henry  (Vileher,  P.  B.  I'ornwall,  N.  A.  Watson,  Wm  L.  Higgins,  E.  ,T.  lic 
Santa  Marina,  Simon  Mayer,  Franklin  Lawton,  D.  V.  Williiinis,  lliiny 
Sehmiedtdl,  H.  P.  Wakelee,  D.  W.  Teacle,  O.  Abbott,  R.  K.  Brewster,  .\. 
Marius  (,'liapolle,  E.  Dupre,  A.  .T.  Shipley,  R.  H.  Sinton,  T.  A.  'I'ldlcit, 
Wni  Willson  Lawton,  Frank  M.  Pixley,  David  HenriipieH,  Win  U.  I'mkcr. 
Wm  R.  (Jarrison,  .J.  Downe  Wilson,  A.  Van  Lokeren,  Charles  K.  Siniiii. 
As  business  increased  new  applications  for  membersliip  were  received,  .iiiil 
it  was  resolved  to  limit  the  number  to  SO,  and  to  increase  the  fee  to  .^'Ji'd 
then  to  $X{) — and  iinally  to  $1,000.  Finding;  themselves  restricted  for  want 
of  sitacc,  after  sovf  vil  removes  they  finally  secured  a  room  in  the  new  Mrr- 
chant's  Exchange  luilding  on  California  street  between  Montgomery  ami 
Sansomo,  taking  st  k  in  the  building  to  the  amount  of  ,¥'20,000.  But  even 
vded,  and  again  changed  tlieir  quarters  to  |)uncans 
nia  street,  wiiere  tliey  reniaini'd  until  Oct.  1877,  wlun 
of  their  present  elegant  Exchange  building  on  I'iiic 
i-ni  here  is  70  feet  6  niches  square  with  the  ceiliii!,'  •'•' 
seats,  and  a  gallery  for  spectators,  and  a  special  unc 
Rurjdus  of  .'Sfi.'i.OOO  was  divided  amonp  the  im  nil'irs. 
mouij  to  1872  had  risen  to  :$3,000;  since  then  it  has 
been  as  high  as  .^0,i..X).  In  the  early  practices  of  an  inexperienced  bn.-inl  no 
charge  was  made  for  entering  a  mine  upon  (heir  list,  and  calling  it  (hiring.'  ;i 
Bessiuu;  but  now  a  fee  of  $0,000  is  required.     Tho  style  of  recording  tiau- 


here  they  were  c" 
building,  411 A  Cab 
tiiey  took  po.sses.si 
street.  The  Board 
feet  high.  It  has  11 
for  ladies.  In  187(5 
The  price  of  seats  ] 


OTHER  STOCK  BOARDS. 


G69 


pfanlzctl,  called  tlio  California  Stock  and  Exdmninre 
hoard.*''  Ill  1  HTf)  a  third,  tlu^  l^acific  Stock  Kxclian«;c," 
was  formed,  the  former,  now  defunct,  beinLj called  "the 
little  board,"  to  distinj^uish  it  from  the  San  Francisco 

mictions  JH  nliown  l)y  tlio  following  extract  from  the  Iwioks  of  tlio  hoard  in  the 
hcj^Mitiing: 

Friilnii,  Sfftcmfifr  i'lith,  IS'!:'. 


Sk.m.eh 

BUYKU 

Quality 

Stock 

PlllCK 

Tl.\lE 

Perry 
Marina 

Logan 

Sanlmrn 

Pixley 

S.">(X).00 
10  feet 
50  .shares 

Starr 

("hollar 

^'  I.  Uaviilson 

3!:i87.50 
185.00 

8.(H) 

I'erry 

iSatunhnj,  Sfjitfiiilirr  JUh,  18  :J. 


Perry 


Logan 


5  share.) 


l"al.  Navig'n      $:M).50 


Momloy,  Sqttemlirr  ^Olh,  18'r2 

Perry 
Wilson 

Logan 
Perry 

.*3,000 
0  feet 

S.  F.  Bonds 
Ksnicralda 

S70.50 
50.00 

Tumlny,  Sei>t«iiil>er  30th,  J8'12. 

Logan 
Sanborn 

Cavallier 
Cavallier 

50  feet 
10  feet 

Deasert 
Potosi 

$  1-2.50 
187.00 

Wvilnfuiiiiy,  lh-ti>lM'r  Id,  18<i'2. 

Marina 

K.H.Wakelop 

I'erry 

Logan 

Logan 

I'erry 


Cavallier 

Mayer 

Shipley 

Perry 

Hyman 

Sanborn 


1 5  feet 
10  feet 
20  shares 
10  feet 
:1G2.\  feet 
7  shares 


Chollar 
Sierra  Nev. 
Mt.l>avidson 
Merideth 
Merideth 
IJousley  Wa- 
ter Co. 


$175.00 

140.00 

(5.50 

20.00 

20.00 

.35.00 


*^Tho  California  Stock  and  Exchange  Board  was  organized  in  .Ian.  1872, 
snon  after  the  development  of  the  Crown  Point  and  Belcher  mines,  wliich 
caiHcd  a  lively  market,  by  .an  association  of  40  men,  many  of  whom  were 
experienced  brokers.  The  membership  was  limited  to  70,  which  number  of 
seats  was  quickly  taken,  but  reduced  afterwards  to  62.  The  saliM  during 
the  first  year  amounted  to  $16,000,000.  The  total  sales  down  to  .July  IS7() 
were  $SO,000,000.  The  constitution  and  by-laws  were  nearly  identical  with 
tlie  older  association.  Seats  in  this  board  were  valued  at  from  §1,000  to 
#2,000.   Ill,  ,33.     Itsusnended  operations  in  1880.  Minimj,  .520-1. 

♦♦The  Pacific  Stock  Exchange  consists  of  80  memliors,  each  of  which  paid 
in  at  the  start  ^,000,  making  a  cash  capital  of  $400,000.    Aa  much  as 


m 


I  r :. 


w    ■  t 


fc 


ii:"'^     '     \ 


tm 


670 


MINING  AND  MINING  STOCKS. 


Stock  and  Exchange,  or  "old  board."  Tlie  Pacific 
board  endeavored  to  associate  ^^o  most  active  opera- 
tors on  the  coast,  and  embraced  a  scheme  for  loaning 
money  on  mining  securities.  Half  the  members  W(  le 
selected  from  the  California  board,  then  in  the  height 
of  its  prosperity.  The  members  of  these  boards  an- 
honorable  men,  and  the  stock-brokers  of  San  l^'ran- 
cisco,  whetlier  members  of  boards  or  not,  arc  gencr- 
ally  honest,  although,  as  in  every  otlier  busmess,  .some 
men  have;  been  sucked  into  the  maebcrom  of  excite- 
ment and  gone  down,  sinking  tlieir  ov/n  and  their  cli- 
ents' means  in  hopeless  depths  of  ruin.  It  i.s  the 
privilege  of  tlie  broker  to  make  a  commission,  wlietlier 
he  bu^'s  or  sells,  and  when  he  keeps  to  his  commis- 
sions he  is  ordinarily  sure  to  make  a  fair  income.'* 
Often  he  knows  no  more  of  the  value  of  a  mine  tlinii 
the  least  informed  of  his  clients;  and  equally  as  little 
of  th'  "mpending  rise  or  fall  of  any  stock  on  the  list 
of  the  boards.     In  the  great  gamble"  going  on  he  is 

$10,000  was  offered  for  a  seat  in  this  board.  It  lield  its  first  incctiiif,'  for  tlie 
purcliasc  and  sale  of  .stocks  in  the  Halleck  huilding,  on  tliecoriior  of  S^iti-iome 
and  Hallook  streets,  June  7,  1875.  It  had  already  purchased  fur  SU'J."). (I(K> 
tlie  property  now  owned  by  the  association,  on  which  has  been  enctid  a 
handsome  e<liiiL'0  fronting  on  Leidesdorff  street,  extendinc  back  to  Miinti,'oni- 
ery,  and  communicating  with  an  exquisitely  ornamented  rotunda,  and  that 
with  a  si)acious  vestibule,  elaborately  decorated,  opening  on  Mon|i;oiiiciy 
strt'et.  It  was  opened  May  15,  1876,  and  the  day's  sales  amnuiitiil  to 
$'288,000.  The  charges  for  placing  a  mine  on  the  list  of  the  I'acitio  Stdik 
Exchange  are  S500,  with  a  renewal  fee  of  ?100,  to  be  paid  annually.  'I'lic 
constitution  and  by  daws  are  the  same  in  effect  as  those  of  the  San  Frauci.-ico 
Stock  and  Kxcliange  board. 

*'  S'-/i III fitleWs  Statement,  MS.,  5. 

'^Tliere  is  a  perfectly  bcM'ildering,  and,  to  the  uninitiated,  wniiitollif!ililn 
scene  enacted  every  day  at  the  stock-boards,  something  like  this:  The  silmliI 
to  t"omn\ence  the  day's  operations  is  a  metaUic  bang!  clang!  baugl  'Ciill  tie 
roll,'  says  the  chief  magician  from  his  curtained  dais.  Another  iiu'tallic 
banging,  then  'Optiir'  is  shouted  by  the  caller.  In-stantly  thoro  is  a  ni-li 
of  brokers  to  the  pit  in  front  of  the  dais.  Shouts,  yells,  gesticulaticri.  ami 
bellowing  go  on,  for  a  moment  only.  What  they  cry  is  the  number  of  ^iiarci 
they  will  sell  or  buy,  and  'sell  'emcasli,'  '.sell  'em  reg'lar,'  'sell  'em  .-ilU  r  .'iO.' 
To  sell  for  cash  means  that  the  stock  must  bo  delivered  and  paid  for  liuforo 
2  P.  M.  the  same  day.  To  sell  'regular  '  means  delivery  on  the  followinj,'  liay. 
To  'buy  or  sell  'M'  means  that  the  buyer  or  seller  has  30  days  to  iklinT  or 
demand  the  stock.  Most  brokers  buy  stocks  regular,  and  hohl  tliiiii  as 
required,  charging  a  heavy  interest,  the  customer  paying  such  'margin  as 
the  broker  demands,  from  '20  to  50  per  cent  of  the  price  of  the  stock.  SIihuM 
it  fall,  the  buyer  must  put  up  more  money  (mud,  it  is  termed)  to  kcc])  up  thi'. 
margin,  or  the  stock  is  sold  at  his  risk.  Should  the  stock  of  a  'liiiy<r  .'tO' 
rise  the  day  after  purchase,  he  has  a  right  to  demand  it,  or  the  ditlurciicL'  iu 


STOCK-GAMBLING. 


6T1 


merely  the  irresponsible  agent,  unless,  as  is  frequently 
the  case,  he  borrows  fn^ni  the  banks  to  carry  tlie 
stocks  of  his  customers  on  a  margin,  \vhen,  if  they 
have  a  rapid  decline,  he  may  become  involved  with 
his  principal. 

There  have  been  manv  individual  fraudulent  trans- 
actions  in  mines,  chargeable  to  the  greed  and  ras(  ality 
of  mining  impostors,  who  have  even  gone  abroad  f(  r 
their  victims;  but  this  is  a  matter  separate  and  apait 
from  the  "gambling  deals"  in  the  stock  n)arket. 
Knowing  the  wealth  hidden  in  the  mineral  veins  of 
tlie  coast,  the  people  were  always  looking  for  some 
great  develoj)nient,  and  were  only  too  willing  to  le 
di'ceived  by  their  hopefulness.  The  silver  mines  on 
the  Comstock  were  at  first  a  great  mystery  and  a 
great  promise.  When  their  managers — manipulators, 
thoy  are  called — caught  the  hint  given  by  the  faith 
of  the  people,  they  conceived  the  scheme  of  trading 
upon  it.  In  1803  Gould  and  Curry  sold  for  $(5,300  a 
foot ;  Ophir  $2,700  ;  Savage  $4,000  ;  Hale  and  Nor- 
cross  $2,100;  Chollar  $1,000,  and  so  on.  Thcso 
prices  were  dependent  on  the  rc[)orted  yield  of  a  ric  h 
ore-body  in  Gould  and  Curr\%and  when  it  was  showing- 
signs  of  exhaustion  the  better  informed  threw  their 
stock  on  tlie  market,  creating  a  panic.  This  was  the 
cause  of  loss  to  thousands  who  had  followed  the  load 
of  the  rich  stockholders  in  buying,  but  could  not  fol- 
low it  in  selling  because  the  market  was  broken. 
Losses  of  this  nature  usually  inspire  a  desire  for  re- 
trieval through  the  same  medium,  and  the  lesson  of 
1S()3  had  little  eft'ec'  in  discouraging  stock  specula- 
tion. Again  shares  were  multiplied,  until,  instead  of 
reiu'esenting  a  foot  on  a  vehi,  a  share  might  only  rep- 
tile ]>rico  at  which  he  Imiight  it,  and  tlic  <]uotation  at  tlie  hoard  that  day. 
Winn  one  stock  has  hocn  ealled,  tho  hrokors  rntire,  and  another  is  shouted 
out.  Perhaps  it  i.s  'Consolidated  \'irgini:i.'  In  an  instant  IJahel  is  let  loose 
again,  and  the  pit  is  full  of  stain|>inj{,  pushing,  pulling,  yelling,  roaring 
Rtoi'k  fiends.  But  only  for  a  tnonu^nt,  and  so  on.  to  the  end  of  tin;  list.  An 
lidiir  or  less  has  passed,  but  millions  have  ehanged  hands,  and  the  teh>grii]ih 
1ms  llashod  tlio  intcUigouco  across  the  uuutiucut,  aud  thruugU  the  Atlantic  to 
Europe, 


w.% 

iVjj 

f  Y 

m 

i.j< 

m  • . 

p    1-  ■ 

II, 


\.    i 


I    ', 


I 
I 

i 


■}■  Ml 


iir 


i 


672 


MIXING  AXD  MIXING  STOCKS. 


resent  the  thickness  of  a  sheet  of  paper.  But  pooide 
purchased  tlicm  nevertheless,  paying  tlie  prices  fixed  by 
the  manipulators,  and  tlie  real  gambling  spirit  si lowed 
itself.  In  June  1871  Crown  Point  sold  tor  $(;,UU()  u 
foot.  In  the  previous  November  it  was  sehing  at  !?;] 
a  share.  The  discovery  was  made  of  a  body  of  ore  of 
fine  quality  which  was  afterward  found  to  extend  into 
Belcher,  the  adjoining  mine,  but  was  not  announced  to 
the  share-holders,  until  one  capitalist  had  quietly  pur- 
chased 5,000  shares,  and  1,000  shares  had  been  Keciirod 
by  another.  Then  the  news  was  sufllered  to  be  niiulo 
known,  and  the  price  advanced  rapidly.  The  piiiici- 
pal  buyer,  with  the  object  of  controlling  the  board  of 
directors,  kept  on  purchasing  all  the  sliarcs  witliiii 
reach  until  with  the  last  4,100  shares  at  $;i00  he  liad 
paid  $1,230,000  for  his  intei  !st  in  the  mine.  There 
were  but  600  feet  in  the  mine,  divided  into  12,000 
shares,  and  the  price  paid  was  at  the  rate  of  $G,()00  a 
foot.  There  was  but  a  fraction  of  an  inch  in  these 
shares ;  whereas,  by  and  by,  tht.Te  was  but  a  lino,  if 
that.  Being  so  very  attenuated,  what  did  it  matter 
whether  there  were  any  mine  at  all  except  tlie  name 
on  the  stock  list  ?  Soon  afterward  a  small  body  of 
ore  was  uncovered  in  the  Savage  mine,  which  is  lo- 
cated almost  in  the  centre  of  the  Comstock  lode. 
And  now  ensued  one  of  the  most  frantic  stock  excite- 
ments ever  witnessed  on  the  Pacific  coast.  It  was 
believed  that,  when  depth  was  attained,  the  ore-body 
In  tlie  Crown  Point  would  be  found  to  extend  the 
entire  length  of  tlie  lode,  and  the  prices  of  sliarcs 
advanced  accordingly,  often  rising  $20,  $30,  or  even 
$50  in  a  day.  Crown  Point  selling  for  over  $l,S00a 
share,  Belcher  over  $1,500,  with  others,  as  Savaijo  at 
over  $700,  in  proportion.  The  stock-gambling  mania 
extended  throughout  every  portion  of  the  coast,  ami 
pervaded  all  classes  of  society,  the  merchant,  the 
farmer,  the  mechanic,  the  laborer,  and  the  professional 
man  all  taking  part  in  the  frenzied  rush  for  sudden  and 
easily  acquired  riches.     The  prices  of  these  lines  were 


STOCK-GAMBUNO. 


67S 


vciy  well  sustained  *'  until  April  1872,  and  then  came 
a  Clash  in  which  the  value  of  silver  stocks  declined 
§60,000,000  in  ten  days.     The  capitalist  above  re- 


*'  Here  ii  a  tal)le  of  prices,  bullion,  assesaments,  and  divideiids  for  the 
BiDiitli  of  October  1 800,  witii  coinparative  totals  for  the  years  1800,  1867, 
IBlJS,  ami  1800  for  tlio  Baino  month. 


Highest 
Price 

Lowest 
Price 

Bullion 

Assess- 
ments 

Divi- 
dends 

Salej  of 
Stock 

Alpha 

IWrlu'r 

Bullion 

Crown  Point.. . . 

(.'(mli.lenco 

Ciitillcir-Poto.d. . 

Daney.  . . .- 

Exilu'i[uer 

Kiiii>;re 

ilould  Si  (.'urry  . 
Col.l  ll.llQuai-L; 
li;ilc  <c  Norcnu 

liiipcrial 

Kuiituck 

L.iily  Hyron 

Ocvi.lcntal 

Opliir 

?  l.'j.OO 
10.00 
1.5.00 
17.00 
25.00 
17.00 
1.00 
7.50 
30.00 
77.50 
.30.  (K) 

Itl.OO 
37.00 

ISO.  00 
13.00 
1.3..''.0 
22.00 

125.00 

8.50 

51.00 

18.50 

43.00 

5  10.00 

1 1  00 

15.00 

11.50 

20.00 

1.3.  .50 

1.00 

3.  .50 

15.00 

CO.  .50 

27.00 

110.00 

28.00 

11 2.  .50 

8.00 

9.  .50 

13.00 

77.50 

5.00 

37.50 

7.00 

.35.00 

?  108,070 

7,523 

28,!)33 

2,02!) 

110,110 

143,381 

12,820 

31,271 

10,100 
150,000 

,«!01 0,843 
.5.3.5,  i(>l 

.$  20,000 
90,000 

8,000 

33,000 
0,400 

!j  28,000 
7,500 

Ovfi-nuui 

S,-'a„cHliJclchc: 

Sava;;c 

Sierra  Nevada.  . 
Yellow  Jacket  . 

Total  in  ISuO.  .  . 

$104,000 
lOO.OOO 
205,tK)l) 
104,020 

.$  35,500 
120,0(K) 
240,(H)0 
107,000 

.*(;!),08!),73I 

11.5,!)13,IIO 

00,274,577 

Total  in  1S08.. . 

Total  in  I8C.7... 

1,070,70!) 
1,032,713 

Total  in  ISOO.  .  . 





32,835,893 

Ciiiniicrciiil  Herald  and  Mnrkvt  lievinn,  Jon.  14tli,  IS^O. 

In  another  table  I  find  the  statement  of  the  annual  product,  as.scssmcnts 
and  dividends  for  the  above  years  as  follows: 


Years 


1809 
1803 
1S07 
18,)0 


Bullion  Product 


i  7,205,.37S 

8,499,7C9 

13,020.002 

11,732,100 


Dividends 


§1,175,000 
2,41.5,000 
.3,99I,(H)0 
1.754,(M)0 


Assessments 


,«1, 419,000 
1,82.5,000 
1,290,000 
1,194,820 


Of  the  niiiici  which  produced  over  one  million  in  1809  there  were  only 
four,  ('hollar- Potosi,  Hale  &  Norcross.  Savage, and  Yellow  .lacket.  ft  will 
liu  observed  that  the  a.ssessmeiits  in  this  year  more  than  ei|iialle<l  the  divi- 
iloiiiN,  notwithstanding  the  proiluction  .should  have  covered  all  expenses. 
The  iliacrei)ancie^  arc  not  less  marked  iu  the  other  years. 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  VII.    43 


'1     ■ 


1  ,     i.  , 
I        i 


f'i 


m 


674 


MINING  AND  MINING  STOCKS. 


ferred  to"  was  credited  with  a  gain  of  $25,000,000, 
and  a  few  others  with  enorinoua  profits," 

In  this  case  the  rise  was  due  to  tlio  actual  <Iis(()V(  rv 
of  a  new  ore-body  in  Belcher  and  Crown  Point  simiii- 
taneously  with  rich  discoveries  in  the  l^ioche  district, 
hut  the  fact  of  these  developinents  could  not  Lave 
affected  the  market  *to  such  a  degree  had  it  not  hecn 
for  the  manipulation  of  the  great  dealers,  in  colkision 
with  the  banks.  Every  preparation  was  made  to  h  ad 
the  credulous  public  to  their  fatal  plunge.  In  this  t lie 
speculators  were  assisted  by  certain  ncwR])aperK,  af- 
fecting to  give  authentic  reports  of  the  condition  and 
prospects  of  the  mines,""  But  these  journals  wi  re 
not  in  the  secrets  of  the  manipulators  any  more  than 
those  to  whom  they  gave  false  advice. 

Early  in  the  history  of  the  Comstock,  the  bank  of 
California,  under  tlie  management  of  W.  C.  lialstdii, 
sent  its  confid(>ntial  agent,  William  Sharon,  to  Nevada. 
The  result  of  the  policy  pursued  was  that  mining  was 
made  possible  that  otherwise  would  have  been  impos- 
sible. Money  was  advanced,  and  stock  taken  as  se- 
curity. Before  1872  the  bank  of  California  held 
shares  enough  to  control  most  of  the  prominent  mines, 
and  by  means  of  this  control  could  govern  the  opera- 
tions of  the  mills,  even,  it  was  alleged,  loaning  money 
to  mill-men,  and  afterwards  refusing  to  give  them  tie 
custom  of  the  mines,  until  they  fell  into  bankruptcy 
for  want  of  employment.  In  1875,  Sharon  was  pKS- 
ident  of  the  Union  Mill  and  Mining  company,  wh'wh 
owned  16  quartz-mills,  of  a  value  of  from  $15,000  to 
$300,000  each,  aggregating  $1,200,000,  The  water- 
works at  Virginia  City,  valued  at  $7,000,000,  and  the 

^^  Alvinsa  Havward. 

^'Sharon,  of  tlio  li.ink  of  California,  was  said  to  have  mads  .?20,000,(XK), 
C.  A.  I,ow  S 10, (KM), 000.  and  J.  V.  Jones  the  same. 

''^T\w  Dnili/  Stork-  /i'(j)ort  was  estalilislied  in  I8(>.3,  being  tlic  rildi'st  il.uly 
paper  of  its  class  on  the  entire  Pacific  coast.  It  was  small  at  first,  Imt  was 
a  financial  success  from  tlie  start,  and  is  now  a  large  quarto  sheet,  fiUcil  "itli 
ofticial  lists  of  the  stuck  sal<!S  at  all  the  boards,  the  latest  intelligeiicf  tniiii 
the  mines  (which  jnay  be  true  or  false),  and  the  freshest  rumors  about  stucks. 
It  purports  to  be  conservative.  The  iiroprietors  in  1887  were  Wm  M.  Uuiiktr 
and  A.  C,  liiester. 


THE  BANK  OF  CALTFORXIA. 


075 


Viri^lnia  aiul  Truckco  railroad,  wortli  $.3,000,000,  wero 
under  the  control  of  tlio  president  of  a  bank  whoso 
nominal  eaintal  was  only  $5,000,000.  What  wonder 
that  lie  fell  into  the  pit  lie  himself  had  duLj  for 
(>thers.  The  property  held  as  security  by  the  Cali- 
fornia bank  amounted  to  $25,000,000.  The  milling 
business  was  almost  entirely  in  the  hands  of  the 
Union  Mill  and  Mining  company;  the  railroad  con- 
trolled the  tinil)cr  and  wood  necessary  for  the  mines 
and  mills;  and  tliere  was  littleconnected  with  the  Com- 
stock  that  was  not  owned  by  the  institution  presided 
over  by  Ralston  except  the  Sutro  tunnel.  To  believ(i 
that  a  stock  mania  ever  came  on  without  being  pre- 
determined by  the  holder  of  so  much  mining  estate 
was  to  be  blind  and  credulous  to  the  point  of  resign- 
ing the  reasoning  capacity. 

But  a  day  of  reckoning  was  at  hand  for  the  bank 
of  California;  it  was  to  be  beaten  at  its  own  tactics. 
Ill  1873,  notwithstanding  the  tumble  of  1872,  while 
Crown  Point  and  Belcher  were  paying  large  dividends, 
the  Virginia  Consolidated  commenced  dividing 
S.500,000  monthly  among  its  share-holders.  In  the 
following  year  a  drift  run  from  the  1,200-foot  level  of 
the  (jlould  &  Curry  disclosed  a  large  body  of  rich  ore, 
which  further  exploration  showed  to  be  from  300  to  400 
feet  in  width.  In  December  1874  a  professional  ex- 
port,"^ and  one  well  acquainted  with  the  Comstock,  said: 
"  I  assert  that  there  is  already  shown  in  the  two  mines, 
CiHfornia  and  Consolidated"' Virginia,  $1,500,000,000 
of  ore.  I  make  the  assertion,  and  am  willing  to  stand 
hy  it.  I  think  it  will  bo  perfectly  safe  to  say  that 
the  ore  will  average  $200  per  ton;  I  have  examined 
drifts  150  feet  in  ore  that  averaged,  ton  ])er  ton,  as  it 
was  taken  out,  $500.  I  should  say  the  Consolidated 
Virginia  and  California  are  worth  at  least  $5,000  per 
sliare;  that  is,  I  have  no  doubt  but  that  amount  of 
money  will  be  paid  out  in  dividends.     I  have  been 

''  Philip  Dcidesheimcr. 


W 


i 


m 

■       1  SilSI' 

i  ,:|i 

';:  '    i  '(i 

\    '  ■'■.y. 

; 

f;fs| 

■;; [.., 

i.£|l 

i   '{'■ 


676 


MINING  AND  MINING  STOCKS. 


mining  twenty-four  years,  or  most  of  my  lifotimo.  I 
am  very  careful  about  my  statements."  It  is  jnolju- 
ble  that  while  thus  so  vastly  overestimating  tlio  ox- 
tent  and  richness  of  tjjo  bo  lanza,  the  expert  stated  only 
what  he  believed  to  be  the  truth.  Superintendent  Fair 
reported  at  the  close  of  1874:  "The  quality  of  the  (.10 
is  of  very  high  grade,  and  far  exceeds  in  value  any  ivtr 
removed  from  the  Comstock,  The  quantity  now  ex- 
posed to  view  is  almost  fabulous.  .  .  .  The  quality 
and  quantity  of  ore  developed  in  the  mine  the  past 
year  far  exceeds  in  value  that  of  any  mine  which  has 
ever  come  under  my  knowledge  or  observation." 

Seeing  endless  dividends  in  prospect,  all  classos 
were  eager  to  possess  shares  in  the  great  bonanza, 
which  rose  in  value  $10,  §20,  and  §30  a  day,  and  on 
one  occasion  as  much  as  $100  at  a  single  session  of  the 
board.'^^  The  oldest  o[)erators  were  deceived,  because 
the  amount  of  bullion  so  far  produced  had  really  ex- 
ceeded that  of  any  of  the  Comstocks,  ana  no  one 
doubted  the  integrity  of  the  men  who  controlled  it. 
As  the  event  proved,  they  were  themselves  greatly 
deceived  as  to  the  value  <»f  the  mine.  The  seems 
at  the  stock  exchanges  at  this  period  and  for 
the  first  weeks  of  1875  were  weird  m  their  excite- 
ment, the  brokers  crying  one  to  another,  like  the  un- 
seendy  harpies  of  Dante's  liell,  every  jry  carrying  the 
Comstock  higher.  Not  only  at  the  exchanges,  hut 
on  the  street,"  the  wild  bidding  for  fortune's  favors 

*'Tlie  Consolidated  Vircinia  mine  was  divided  into  10,700  sharps,  its 
length  being  1,310  fcut.  The  firm  of  Flood  &  O'Brien,  Macka^-,  ainl  F.iir 
bought  up  a,  majority  of  the  sliares  at  .?4  to  .?9.  (For  a  hintory  of  t\w  nl:i- 
tioui  of  these  men,  sec  my  I/i-it.  Xfru/'t.)  The  projierty  was  dividcMJ  into 
two  mines.  Consolidated  Virginia  and  California,  with  108,000  shares  ciili. 
Subsequently  the  mines  were  divided  into  540,000  shares  cacli.  Xnlnuly 
cared  now  about  the  ground  conveyed — it  was  the  object  to  share  in  tlic 
division  of  what  the  mine  cont<ained. 

''^One  of  the  means  of  stock  gambling  pursued  in  S.  P.  in  18Tfi  w;n  liy 
puts  and  calls.  A  'put'  is  a  contract  with  a  firm  of  brokers  whereby  the 
purchaser  of  the  privilege  agrees  to  payadoUar  a  share  for  all  that  the  stock 
may  fall  in  the  market  during  the  next  I,")  days,  the  price  started  from  luiiig 
from  one  to  ten  per  cent  below  the  market  price  on  the  day  of  purchase.  A 
'call '  u  the  reverse  of  tliis;  it  is  the  privilege  of  a  rise  that  is  given.  But 
as  the  ])rice  fixed  in  either  case  i<  .so  much  above  or  IkjIow  the  market  rate 
that  the  buyer  has  little  hop'j  of  reaching  a  higher  or  lower  point,  he  giucr- 


^JICI 


THE  BONANZA    MINES. 


677 


went  on,  and  at  almost  every  diiiiiig-tablo  in  tlie  city 
the  day's  advances  in  stock  were  canvassed  anew. 

In  January  1875  the  reccij)ts  from  Consolidated 
Vir^nnia  were  $1,001,400;  in  February  $1,200,000; 
in  .Marcli  $1,705,000;  in  April  $1,50'.), 000;  in  ^Fay 
81,521,000;  in  June  $1,502,000;  in  July  $1,(104,000, 
or  over  $15,000,000  in  seven  months.  The  prices  of 
all  shares  on  the  Comstock  were  carried  far  bevond 
their  real  value,  and  althou'jh  lluctuatinof,  were  for  a 
tune  sustained  by  the  develo[)ments  in  the  bonair'.a 
mines.  At  the  highest,  in  January,  California  brought 
$7.sO  j)er  share;,  the  stock  then  being  divided  into 
108,000  shares.  Consolidated  Virginia  brought  over 
$7  00.  In  February  California  Vv'as  divided  into  540,- 
000  shares,  fluctuatmg  for  sonic  weeks  between  $(>'J 
and  $4(>.  This  Wiis  a  falling  ofl'  ill  value  from  $84,- 
240,000  to  $37,200,000,  and  then  to  $24,840,000. 
^banwhilc  Comstock  values  had  declined  more  than 
§100,000,000,  shrinking  $42,000,800  in  a  single  week. 

The  decline  resulted  from  a  variety  of  causes,  chief 
anionjx  which  was  the  natural  reaction  which  inevita- 
My  follows  undue  inHation.  A  few  months  later  tho 
dijiression  was  further  intensified  by  the  failure  of  the 
hank  of  California,  whose  president  had  long  been  in 
the  unsuspected  agonies  of  a[)proaching  ruin,  brought 
(111  bv  his  too  'lenerous  treatment  of  others  and  his 
own  unauthorized  speculation  with  the  funds  of  tho 
hank.  On  tho  20th  of  August,  1875,  the  bank  closed 
its  doors,  and  on  tho  following  day  llalstt)n's  dead 
hody  was  taken  from  the  water  at  Xorth  IJeach.  The 
whole  city — indeed,  the  whole  state,  and  Nevada  as 
Well — mourned  tho  dead  king  of  the  Comstock. 
Whatever  the  faults  of  llalston,  they  felt  that  he 
had  intended  to  befriend  the  community  in  which  ho 
lived;"  but  being  only  mortal,  he  had  not  been  able 

ally  loses  his  invosttncnt.  However,  two  S.  F.  firiiis  were  compelled  to  siia- 
l^Mhl  OH  at'c-ouiit  cif  tlie  extreme  lluof.uations  of  this  year,  whicli  sunk  ull 
tlieir  cai>ital. 

■■*  Besides  tlic  niiiiieroiis  projcoti  in  Ncvaila  in  wliieli  ll:ilston  was  inter- 
ested, ho  waa  iustruiueiital  iu  building  the  dry-dock  at  Huuter'a  I'uiiit,  Alia- 


1    I 


i 


i 


h  I 
•  I 
r      I 


m 


678 


MINING  AND  MININC,  STOCKS, 


to  keep  out  of  tlio  strong  current  of  speculation,  wliich, 
like  a  tidal  wave,  had  swept  the  fair  land  of  ( 'aliloruia. 

Largely  through  the  efforts  of  Sharon,  tlu>  all'airH 
of  the  hank  were  rchahilitatod,  and  within  a  few  davs 
the  directors  had  decided  to  resume  business.  ]\l('an- 
wiiilo  the  stock-boards  suspended  operations  lor  a 
period  of  two  months.  In  ()ctober  the  bonanza  firm 
oj>ened  tlie  bank  of  Nevada  in  San  Francisco,  witli  a 
capital  of  $10,000,000 — afterward  reduced  to  .^:l,000,- 
000 — and  with  Flood  for  president.  The  Nesada 
bank  then  became  the  support  of  the  stock  niarkt  t, 
and  for  a  time  confidence  was  mruntained,  at  kast  in 
the  Consolidated  Virginia  and  California  mines. 

While  since  1874-5  there  have  been  periodical 
stock  excitements,  as  that  of  1878,  when,  und(>r  pro- 
tended developments,  Sierra  Nevada  rose  to  !?'JSO  a 
share,  and  Union  Consolidated  to  $170,  with  others 
in  proportion,  the  former  almost  without  a  ton  of  pay 
ore  in  sight,  of  late  such  excitements  have  grown  Itss 
frequent  and  less  pronounced.  Nor  could  this  well 
bo  otherwise  when  it  is  considered  that,  with  two  or 
three  trifling  exceptions,  no  Comstock  mine,  apart 
from  Consolidated  Virginia  and  California,  has  dr- 
clareda  sinsjle  dividend  in  all  the  lonix  interval  betwct  ii 
1874  and  1890.  Of  the  two  bonanza  mhies  the  out- 
put of  the  former,  between  1873  and  1880,  in  wliicli 
latter  year  it  ceased  to  be  largely  productive,  w;is 
$04,97*4,810,  of  which  $42,930,000  was  disbursed  in 
dividends.  Of  California,  the  yield  from  187G  to  1 SSO 
— the  extraction  of  ore  on  a  largo  scale  beginnini;  in 
tlie  former  year— was  $40,742,250,  with  $;U,32()',O00 
in  dividends.  Thus  out  of  a  total  product  of  $111,- 
717,072  for  tho  two  mines,  $74,250,000,  or  about  two- 
thirds  of  the  entire  amount,  was  distributed  ajiuMiij 
tho  stockholders,  a  larger  proportion  than  has  f'nll'Mi 
to  their  share  from  any  mine  on  the  Comstock,  if  not 
on  the  Pacific  coast 

sion  woollen  mills,  S.  F.  sugar  refinery,  West  coast  furniture  factory,  Conn  11 
wateli  factory,  (.'alit'ornia  theatre,  Oranil  and  I'lilaco  liotcb,  and  in  iii'lauu- 
ing  Sliorniau  ialauil,  with  many  minor  works  of  beu"(it  to  tho  public. 


A  NEW  BONANZA. 


679 


A  few  years  after  tlio  exhaustion  of  the  jj^reat 
bonanza,  the  two  mines  were  consolidated,  and  tlx^ 
number  of  shares  reduced  frt)m  1,080,000  to  21(;,000, 
as  before  tlie  subdivi.sion  in  1875.  Meanwhile,  from 
over  ^700  in  January  of  that  year  the  stock  declined 
to  twenty-five  cents  in  1885.  And  now  came  still 
another  of  thovso  transitions  which  have  inarktHl  the 
history  of  the  Comstock  lode.  Karly  in  188(5  det'p 
mininuf  was  for  the  time  abandoned,  and  the  lower 
levels,  some  of  them  being  then  at  a  depth  of  ,'5,000 
feet,  were  alK)Wed  to  fill  up  with  water,  for  the  [)ub- 
lie  would  no  longer  pay  assessments,  nearly  evt^y 
stock  on  the  list  selling  below  a  dollar  a  share,  lint 
a  few  months  later,  at  the  verv  time  wIumi  every  one 
had  lost  faith  in  the  future  of  the  gri'at  lode,  another 
bonanzi),  was  unearthed,  and  again  in  the  ground  of 
('Onsolidated  Virginia,  whose  stock  rose  to  over  $()() 
a  share,  with  others  in  jn-oportion,  though  followed 
soon  afterward  by  the  usual  collapse.  From  this 
new  ore  boily  several  millions  had  been  extracted, 
and  nearly  $3,400,000  disbursed  in  dividends  up  to 
the  spring  of  181)0,  when  the  ore  body  showed  signs 
of  exhaustion,  or  was  at  least  deteriorating  in  (|uality. 
In  other  mines,  as  Confidence,  and  ]Iale  and  Nonross, 
smaller  bodies  of  pay  ore  were  disclosed,  and  in  nearly 
all  was  low-grade  (juartz,  long  known  to  exist,  yield- 
ing from  $10  to  $'20  a  ton. 

From  18()0  to  18i)0  the  total  yield  of  the  Comstock, 
most  of  its  shares  being  held  in  California,  may  \n) 
estimated  at  some  $350,000,000,  from  which  has  been 
paid  in  dividends  a  total  of  about  $130,000,000,  oH'set 
by  assessments  of  nearly  half  that  amoui»t.  " 

'•' Tlio  legislature  of  1877-8  rtiferred  a  bill  'to  cncnuraRC  mining  iii- 
(Instry,  and  to  suppress  stock-giinihlini;,'  to  a  ooniniitteo,  wliicli  rcporlod  on 
tlu'-io  subjects  at  ItMigth.  It  propost'il,  among  other  things,  to  siippivsa  stock- 
f^iiiiibling  by  bruaking  up  the  praotico,  on  tlio  ])art  of  mining  nlliciais,  of 
ki'i'ping  secret  infonnatiou  abont  the  ininos  for  stock-jobbing  ])urposc.s,  ainl 
liy  requiring  dealers  in  stocks  to  pay  a,  license  upon  all  purchases  and  sales 
of  stock,  which,  it  was  believed,  would  operate  as  a  check  upon  tictitious 
purchases  and  sales,  'by  which  mainly  the  disastrous  stock  operations  are 
carried  out.'  This  rej>ort  says:  'These  corporations  have  become  so  pow- 
erful that  thoy  have  disregarded  their  ubligutioua,  and  sceut  to  uut  upon 


If" 


^  m^ 


680 


MINING   AND  MINING  STOCKS. 


The  cxluaustion  of  tlic  old  ore  bodies  and  tlic  dis- 
covery of  otliers  have,  of  course,  been  attended  with 
extreme  changes  in  the  price  of  stocks.  It  may  he 
stated  approximately  tiiat  from  a  total  value  of  more 
than  !?;}00,000,000  in  January  1875,  the  market  price 
of  shares  in  the  Comstock  mines,  over  (5,000,000  in 
number,  sank  to  $2,000,000  or  less  in  the  sprini^^  of 
1885,  rose  in  the  autumn  of  the  same  year  to  6<)0,- 
000,000  or  $70,000,000,  and  in  April  1890  had  de- 
clined to  $6,000,000  or  $7,000,000.  There  are  still 
those  who  hold  shares  in  tnlnes  which  they  believe  to 
be  in  bonanza,  but  which  neither  pay  dividends  nor  do 
anything  to  put  money  into  the  hands  of  stockholders. 
This  class  of  traders  are  anxious  for  a  lively  market, 
no  matter  how  produced,  in  order  to  sell  above  what 
their  shares  have  cost  them.  Wo  have  only  to  glance 
over  the  columns  of  the  daily  journals,  wheie  m hole 
pages  arc  filled  with  notices  of  mining  meetings,  as- 
sessments, and  sales  of  forfeited  shares,  to  obtain  some 
estimate  of  the  amount  of  capital  furnished  by  the 
comnmnity  for  the  support  of  mining  companies,  few 
of  which  make  any  return.^" 


the  theory  that  they  have  gained  a  right  by  prescription  to  do  wrong. 
Almost  every  iiiiniiig  corporation  lias  a  cndit  mohilkr  for  milling  oi-lm  or  I'lir- 
nishing  supplies  at  prices  lixetl  at  little  regard  to  the  interests  of  .stmk- 
holders.  It  is  within  tlio  ex[)erience  of  almost  every  citizen  of  this  stato, 
that  in  the  purchase  of  mining  shares  he  takes  a  greater  risk  upon  the  Imii- 
esty  and  cHicieney  of  the  management  of  the  corporations  tlian  he  dors  upou 
the  product  and  prolit  of  the  mines.  Indeed,  it  is  notorious  that  most  of 
tliem  are  manipulated  more  with  a  view  to  making  money  out  of  tiio  pulilic 
than  out  of  the  mines.  Mines  that  were  reasonably  worth  a  few  iiuiulriMl 
thousand  dollars  have  been  sold  at  the  stockdjoards  for  millions.  After 
the  stock  has  been  thus  floated,  assessments  have  been  levied,  niontli  after 
month,  and  year  after  year,  ostensibly  to  develop  the  mines.  In  this  way 
the  mining  corporations  formed  under  the  laws  of  this  stato  have  collccud 
within  the  last  three  years  assessments  as  follows:  1875,  $1 1,880,000;  ISTii, 
$11,008,000;  1877,  $1],5'.)8,000=-$^S5,080,000,'— nearly  a  million  a  moiilli,  or 
more  than  all  the  taxes  raised  in  the  state  during  the  same  time  for  state, 
county,  and  city  governments. 

""^  In  my  JliMoi-y  of  Nevada  will  be  fonnd  brief  biographies  of  the  bonaiizi 
quartet— J.  <J.  Flood,  W.  S.  O'Brien,  J.  G.  Fair,  and  J.  W.  Mackay— aUo  cf 
W.  Sharon,  J.  P.  Jones,  P.  Deidesheimer,  and  others,  whose  career  is  innro 
or  less  associated  with  the  history  of  the  Comstock  lode.  The  foUowiiiu'  are 
a  few  of  the  more  prominent  men  who  are  or  have  been  connected  with  min- 
ing, mining  companies,  and  mining  stock-boarda,  though  from  want  of  s|)aeo 
the  names  of  many,  such  as  VV.  M.  Lent,  R.  Sherwood,  and  the  late  \V.  Ji. 
Bourne,  Lave  been  omitted  from  thia  chapter: 


MlNINd  MA(iNATES. 


C81 


Tim  will-ktiown  mining  inugnate,  Jtilni  D.  V'r^,  or,  as  liis  fricnil.s  iirffirrrd 
t<i  call  liini,  ('iiloiu'l  Fry,  in  iilliision  to  Iiih  uaily  cxiiloit.M,  vas  liorn  at  (ilunt, 
hy,  .Inly  I'),  ISi'J,  and  tlirown  eaily  upon  lii.-t  own  ri'suuici's.  lU'i'(>j;n;zinu 
hn  lU^li  and  lii-ninus.s,  un  unelL-,  (Icn.  Fry,  slu'i-itf  of  (irt'ou  on.,  111.,  aiiipointed 
liiin  ditpnty  at  the  oarly  ago  of  !(>.  Konr  yoaiM  later  lio  wa.-t  tlccli'il  to  huc- 
reel  liini,  and  then  served  as  recorder,  and  wa.s  twice  ciio.sen  for  the  lej;i.vla- 
tiire.  Ill  IS41)  ho  arrived  in  Cal.  in  tho  eoniiiany  of  Miaron,  with  Mhoni  ho 
funned  a  hi.sting  friendshiii,  acting  as  his  liusinu.s.s  (lartner.  Ho  liehl  the  jioHi- 
tidii  (»!'  ■i)eci,U  agent  for  the  post-ollice  dept  of  the  racilie  coast  from  \bi>',i  to 
ISdO,  when  he  resigniMl  to  devote  hini.self  to  mining  enterjiriMos,  to  which  iio 
hnmnht  hoth  theoretic  and  ])ractical  knowledf.'e.  In  l^(;S  he  wax  choncn 
lirc-iident  of  the  Crown  ]'t  ami  Hclclur  mines,  which  under  hi.n  i.niicr\  i.sion 
yit'hied  their  famous  'bonan/as. '  In  later  year:i  hu  turned  his  attention  to 
Al.i.ikaii  ndnes. 

Amon<.'  others  who  liccanto  wealthy  Ity  timely  purchases  of  Crown  Point, 
Ik'lcher,  tho  lionan/a,  and  other  mining  Hhare.s,  i.-.  K.  J.  Haldwin,  the  j)ro- 
prictor  of  tho  hotel  which  hoars  his  name.  A  native  of  Ohio,  he  came  to 
t";d.  in  \H'}',i,  and  after  a  varied  experii'iice  turned  hisattmtion  to  real  estate 
and  mining-stock  oiierations,  finding  tlio  latter  more  to  his  taste.  Mr  Unld- 
win  is,  however,  a  largo  real  estate  owner,  his  .Santa  Anita  ranch  in  Los 
Aiigcle.i  CO.,  where  is  his  country-seat,  being  one  of  the  most  hcautiful  in  tho 
Rt  itc.  That  which  men  have  termed  his  good  luck  is,  in  fact,  the  result  of 
tiie  rare  judgment,  foresigiit,  and  enterprise  with  which  iie  is  gifted. 

To  tho  mendicrs  of  the  .San  Francisco  stock-hoard  and  to  the  leading  men 
ill  linauciiil  circles,  the  name  of  J.  W.  Coleman  is  familiar  as  that  of  tuiewho, 
to  use  his  own  pliia.se,  'has  jirospcred  hy  attending  strictly  to  his  own  busi- 
ness.'  A  Kentnckian  by  birth,  he  came  to  this  coast  in  l^M,  and  after 
wiirlving  for  three  years  at  tho  ndnes  in  Amador  co.,  was  appointed  manager 
(if  the  Alta  California  Telegraph  co.  In  1870  or  KS71  ho  lormed  a  jiartner- 
sliip  with  James  H,  Kocne,  with  whom  ho  entered  largely  into  mining  stock 
(i(iii-ation3.  In  187(5  ho  was  elected  president  of  tho  'old  board,' and  under 
Ills  supervision  was  crecteil  tho  building  on  I'ino  st,  already  referreil  to.  In 
IM.S,")  ho  was  chosen  president  of  tl;o  North  Pacilic  Coast  K.  K.,  and  in  tho 
same  year  president  of  tho  Union  club. 

At  tho  outbreak  of  tho  Comstock  excitement,  one  of  the  first  to  arrive  on 
tlic  ground  was  George  Hearst,  a  practical  ndner  fr<nn  Mo.,  bis  native  state. 
CiMiiing  to  Cal.  in  ISSO,  he  workcil  at  the  I'lacerville  mines  with  iiidiOcrcnt 
.success,  but  afterward  became  wealthy  tliro\igh  timely  purch.ises  on  tho 
Comstock.  After  losing  his  fortune  n  few  years  later,  mainly  through  tho 
(iislionesty  of  his  associates,  he  gradually  became  a  largo  owner  in  .some  of 
tliiM'ichest  mines  in  Cal.,  Utah,  and  Dakota,  aimmg  others  in  the  Ontario. 
Oil  tlio  death  of  Senator  Miller  ho  was  chosen  to  till  tho  vacant  scat,  and 
afterward  elected  for  the  full  term  ending  in  \b9li. 

Among  tho  most  prondncnt  mining  men  in  northern  Cal.  is  A.  C.  Bnsoh, 
a  Hanoverian  by  birth,  who  camo  to  this  state  in  ISof),  and  soon  afterward 
luirchascd  an  interest  in  and  developi'd  the  (iold  HUilF  quartz  mine.  In 
hS70~l  ho  opened  tho  Rising  .Sun  gravel  mine,  at  Loganville,  and  in  l.SNS,  in 
ciiiijunction  with  ( }.  H.  O.  iSunderhaus,  located  and  began  to  develop  the  Young 
Aiiieriea  mine. 

<).  H.  O.  Sundcrh.aus,  who  is  a  native  of  Sierra  co.,  Cal.,  and  of  Ceriuan 
extraction,  his  parents  being  I'ru.ssians  by  birth,  has  been  engaged  in  mining 
and  milling  since  the  days  of  his  boyhood.  From  the  Young  Anierica  mine, 
which  ho  iieli)ed  to  locate  and  develop,  nearly  jfotK), OIK)  had  been  extracted 
up  to  tho  clusu  of  1885,  tho  oru  averaging  about  $'2-1  pur  ton. 


r 


r 


.      i         i 

i     I 


;    iJiill 


i    U 


■  fr,.',l 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 

PROGRESS  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO. 

1857-1889. 

City  asd  County --Fraser  River  Excitemknt — Traffic  and  Imirovk- 
MENTS— Strf.et  Raii.ways-Ekkect  OF  Fukhw,  Earthqiakk^,  asu 
OvERLAMi  Railway — Evil  I.vfluence  of  roLiriciANs -Siock  ami 
Lahor  Excitements — Inflatio.n.s  and  Depressions— Future  of  iuk 
Metropolis. 


I  HAVE  space  only  for  a  brief  review  of  the  leadiii*,' 
events  in  San  Francisco  since  brin<j;ini;  the  citv's 
annals  clown  to  1856  in  the  previous  volume.  Asa 
rule,  the  city  more  than  keeps  pace  with  the  country 
in  material  progress,  but  for  some  time  prior  to  IHsi) 
there  was  evidently  an  inclination  to  rest,  ami  let  tlic 
country  display  its  capabilities,  which  was  done  in  a 
remarkable  dej^rec. 

As  the  chief  seat  of  manufacturing  industries,  and 
as  the  commercial  and  social  capital,  not  alone  of 
California,  but  of  the  Pacific  coast,  the  city  pulsates 
in  sympathy  with  the  fluctuations  around,  while  ex- 
hibiting in  particular  the  effects  of  changing  trade 
currents.  Thus,  the  growing  production  of  food  arti- 
cles, by  diminishing  inij  orts  and  traffic  with  the  great 
entrepot,  combined  with  the  decline  in  placer  niiirni«,' 
to  bring  about  the  crisis  of  18.54-5.  The  wane  of 
flush  times  had  given  an  incentive  to  the  disorders 
which  called  into  existence  the  visrilance  movement  of 
1856,  and  all  these  served  to  check  the  hitherto  rapid 
advance  in  population  and  prosperity. 

In  1858  occurred  the  Fraser  river  mining  excite- 

(682) 


THE  FRASEU  RIVER  EXCITEMENT. 


683 


ment,'  wljich  within  four  inoiitlis  carried  away  over 
If), 000  hardy  men,  the  forerunners  of  thousands  more 
|)repared  to  follow.  As  it  was,  n»any  interior  towns 
lost  half  their  po[)ulation,  some  faded  utterly  away, 
ami  at  San  Francisco  real  estate  declined  fully  one 
half.'  Even  tlie  staunchest  quailed  under  the  predic- 
tion that  California  would  pale  before  the  new  El  Do- 
rado, where  Victoria  was  rising  as  the  new  metropolis 
of  the  coast.  In  August  began  the  return  of  the  de- 
luded host  of  gold-.seckers,"  and  the  cit}',  which,  on 
the  whole,  had  been  a  gainer  by  the  traffic,  rapidly 
canio  forward  under  the  reaction  in  favor  of  California, 
encouraged  also  by  the  settlement  of  land  titles  within 
the  city. 

The  tide  of  prosperit}''  received  another  impulse 
from  the  Union  war,  which  brought  a  large  influx  of 
))(>o[)le  from  the  troubled  cast,  stayed  the  usual  out- 
How,  and  decided  many  wavering  spirits  to  make  their 
liomo  lu^rc.  Further,  by  cutting  off  many  sources  f (  r 
supplies,*  it  gave  the  greatest  ent ouragemcnt  to  estab- 
lishing and  expanding  manufacturing  industries,  whic  li 
mostly  concentrated  at  San  Francisco,  as  jiossessing 
the  cheapest  and  largest  amount  of  available  labor, 
mechanical  talent,  machinery,  coal,  and  other  ad- 
juncts.* 

The  flood  of  1862  induced  a  large  number  of  wealthy 
people  to  settle  in  this  city,  and  the  perfected  com- 
munication with  Oakland,  and  with  San  Jose  by  lail- 


•The  fever  raced  during  April- Aug.;  l.'),0S8  left  S.  F.  in  112  vessels,  ac- 
onnling  to  C'mt.  Ifo.  lifjits,  whilu  Prinn  Current  plui'cs  the  number  at  over 
'j:i,()0(). 

-'In  many  parts  it  was  offered  'for  a  song.'  G<niii>m'  S.  F.,  MS.,  20.  In 
tlie  interim  an  abatement  of  SOjjer  cent  was  common.  Many  Merchants  and 
in-ofe-isionals  prepared  to  tran'^fcr  their  httsinos.s  to  Victoria 

^Wlio  must  have  lost  fully  8!>,0()0,(M)0  in  direct  sacritices  of  time  and 
money,  not  counting  depreciation  in  estate. 

^Partly  hy  war  prices,  and  the  increased  freight  and  risk  for  sliipn-.ents 
under  the  pursuit  of  cruisers;  partly  l>y  higher  tariff  on  foreign  goods,  f(.r 
revenue. 

■'' Not  the  least  heing  Chinese  labor,  without  which  certain  manufactures 
couhl  never  have  been  sustained.  This  gave  the  great  expansion  to  Cliina- 
town.  The  nianufacturinR  interests  of  S.  F.  rose  by  1880  to  an  assessed 
value  of  more  than  $ti7,0UJ,OO0. 


IT'  "1 


,    1  Ji 


■   .!  'i; 


&S4 


rnor;RE.';3  of  sax  francioCO. 


way,  proved  fresh  avenues  for  profit,''  so  that  bulidi.i^j; 
operations  and  inipn^veiueiits  of  all  kinds  were  r;i[)iiiK- 
advanced,  notably  the  water-works,'  the  first  strict 
rail\/a\',"  and  soon  after  a  paid  fire  department,  wliicli 
has  arcpiired  a  n^putation  for  efficiency." 

Aft  'r  the  war  came  a  slight  reaction,  to  whicli  con- 
tributed the  earthquake  of  1805,'"  the  ini]iositi()n  (^' n 
considerable  debt  tlirough  official  neglect  in  water-lot 
sales  of  1853,"  and  the  several  eflfc^'ts  to  des))oil  tlie 
city  of  its  land  and  water-fronts,  upon  the  expiiation 
of  the  wharf  leases/"     But  the  lull  speedily  eii(K(l, 

"  Wliilii  improved  overland  communication  lessened  the  isolation  ami 
remoteness. 

'  For  which  cbarterand  permits  wore  granted  in  1857-  8.  Cnl.  S/ntit/i.-',  IbSS, 
2.")1;  S.  /''.  U'(tlir-w>rk.s,  Chirtcr;  Id.,  Jinli'/i;  Cal.  Jour.  Sen.,  187.")  I i,  aiijt.  (il, 
Frinii  thj  so-called  S[)ring  vaDcy  the  sources  were  extended  to  I'daicitd-^, 
San  Aiidroas,  etc.  Uy  187(5  tiie  oHieial  map  recognized  7  <listriliutiii.,'  ri-tr- 
voirs,  the  chief  lioins;  Lake  Honda  at  the  almsliou^o,  capacity  IVJ, ',(,)',),().))  uul- 
lons;  an  1  thu  College  hill,  of  l."),()i)J,(»00;  total  Gl,  loO.OitJ  gallons.  Tiic  Ingli 
rate,  of  thj  co-np.iiiy  led  in  1S7'_'.  etc.,  to  several  rival  projecti,  notalily  to 
!)ring  vvMt'r  fr.).n  Calaveras  valley,  whicii  was  offerc  1  hy  speculitor*  fir 
§10,0)  »,l)JJ,  hut  nothing  camo  of  it.  ,S'.  /•'.  Mittiinp.  Ji<ij(,  "1874-").  Ui;!;  Aii 
C'tl.,  Vy>.  I   I),  18;l>;  noir,i<iii\t  WntfrCo. 

"  The  oiniiihu-ics  t)  the  mission,  along  the  Mission  and  lower  pirill  1 
streets,  Wi'i  i m'  •'iltt.,  MS.,  14,  were  oversliadowed  iu  July  ISo^lhy  a  -Uini- 
car  along  .\I  irkej.,  whicli  street  had  just  lieen  opened.  Att  i  <J iL,  .\:v.\.  'J\. 
July  G,  I8j);  S.  /•'.  Bull.,  JulyJ,  ISiio.  The  (ir^t  iiorse  railway  wu;  t'.ie 
O'niiihiu  lino,  foun  ImI  in  18lil  hy  1'.  Donohue.  Slat.,  .MS.;  I'd.  J  mr.  .Sm., 
18i;.{  t,  app.  m.  OJicr  linos  folliw'd  rapidly,  o;ie  to  I'otrcro,  acriii  the 
liii.igc'  111  litoi.  S.  I''.  Tiling,  May  6,  13G7.  The  Clay  street  calileroad  wa.'j 
tii.j  lii-st  of  its  hind,  in  1S7;{.  >S.  F.  t'/iron.,  Aug.  '.i,  Nov.  1,  187:1.  The  .Maikut 
street  cable  line,  with  its  nu-nTom  liraiiehos  to  t!ie  park  a;i  1  t.i  "is  h  ^;.  i- 
nowt!i3  m)st  extensive.  Railroad  to  tlic  ocean  opened  in  I'oH'.].  S.  /'.  /'i^ 
Nov.  2,),  ISSi;  ,9.  /•'.  C/ii-'^ii.,  S.'pt.  2!>,   INS.-.. 

".Sei'v'ing  to  ensure  con'.id'Uie  in  tlie  predominating  wooden  strncruic*. 
Tlie  Volume  !r  il.;pt  was  aliilisued  in  Dec.  ISOG,  gnritly  to  tlie  nd  if  of  tiie 
city,  w'lic'i  hid  liM'  ch  if,!d  under  th  :  corrupt  admixture  of  vagih  mdi  a;i.! 
political  tills  introd'icjl  ther>'in  of  I  lie.  .V.  /'.  Jiiill.,  .Apr.  27,  ISTi;  l)v'.  il. 
ISG'j;  .4/<  t  C/(/.,  .fan.  7,  18ljl;  Jan. 'J,  ISSI.  Tclegrapliic  alarms  werj  pi  iiiiiii 
in  ISiJ.  .9.  /•'.  Cdl,  Dec.  '^,  18G:i.  Fire  patrols  are  added.  Tii.;  X.  /'. 
Mini-'}!  II  pt  of  ISSl  .-)  euu'nerates  1,5  engines,  0  hose  and  4  trurk  coinp-inics. 
witn  :i.l(>  men,  recc'iving  .S'217,r)00  in  pay.  Since  then  has  heen  an  iiicna.se. 
iS'.  F.  Fire  Dijit  .Srrit]'.-;   14  et.scij. ;  C'oiist  lliriiir,  pas.sim. 

"Oct.  8tli.  It  merely  crackof:  a  few  weak  walls,  yet  the  shock  frightiiKil 
away  many  people,  and  depressed  real  (vstate. 

"Sjj  chapter  on  S.  F.,  jireei^'ding  vol. 

'^Tliey  liegan  to  expire  early  in  the  sixties,  though  partly  proli'ir-i'd 
against  ]()  per  cent  of  gross  receipts.  For  disputes  and  revenue,  -ic  .>'.  /'. 
Mmd-lp.  R'pfi,  1S.->0-G:),  l(i7  S,  lSiil-2,  LV)!)  et  .se!|.  15y  ISO,!  tiio  city  liid 
control  of  the  water  front.  The  snh<(M|uent  ma.iagement  i  s  noticed  in '.i/. 
J  mr.  S'li.,  lSG<.)-7(),  app.  10,  oS;  1877  S,  app.  20,  71:  .S'.  F.  Cliniii,n-  ('■>  ■>. 
li  pf,  1S70,  l.")-28,  etc.;  // n/  w'  Cd.  A'-./  s,  iii.,  pt  ItO;  Mn„ri\i  I'/.-..  MS.  7 
8.     IVi  or  to  thij  tho  wharf  companie  j  had  combaied  t,,i  plan  a  utouo  hulIvLal, 


RAILROAD  lERMINI. 


080 


under  tlic  largo  iiniuigration,'^  the  rapid  unfolding  of 
San  Joa(|uin  valley  as  a  wlu-at  region,  and  tlie  ]i(i[»es 
buoyed  u[)on  the  progress  f)f  the  ti'anscontinental  rail- 
wa}',  so  much  so  that  the  carthijuake  of  18G8,  the 
most  serious  ever  felt  at  San  Francisco,  left  only  a 
momentary  impression." 

The  expectations  based  on  the  railway  proved  illu- 
sive, however.  The  city  had  neglected  to  manifest 
any  substantial  interest  in  such  enterprises  because  of 
licr  isolated  peninsular  position,'^  leaving  the  Ccnitral 
Pacifii",  completed  in  May  18G1),  to  niako  its  terminus 
at  Sacramento,  v;ith  the  evident  prospect  of  sec'kinga 
bay  port,  either  at  Oakland,  througli  the  Western 
Pacific,  or  at  V'allejo,  through  the  California  Pr.cific. 
Tlie  recognition  of  these  facts  led  to  a  panic  in  San 
Francisco  real  estate,  which  had  been  rising  since 
1858  to  inflated  prices. '°  Vallejo,  on  the  other  hand, 
rose  exultantly,  boasting  of  its  superior  natural  har- 

riinioiting  ill  aiil  a  grant  of  tlio  water  front  for  I'O  years.  Tlie  Icg'ulaturo 
;is-i^nte<l,  ile-pite  the  popular  outcry,  Imt  (lov.  liowiiey  fortunately  vetoeil 
the  liiU.  Cil.  Jour.  Si'ii.  ani]  yli-.<.,  ]>(."»'.)  (iO;  S.  /•'.  Jiiilk/ini'/  Hill,  etc.,  a  series 
iif  pro  and  contra  arguments,  petitions,  an<l  reviews;  Pur.'' iii'-i  UnlLlirtiii,  1- 
!)i;  .v.  /■'.  MU,-(l.,  ii.  tj-(j;,  1-01);  S.  l'\  BnlL,  Feb.  'Jl,  Mar.  '>  II,  Is.V.I;  Apr. 
IS,  |S()I).  One  result  wa4  several  vliarf  improvements,  partieularly  liy  the 
r^cilic  Mail  S.  S.  CO.  In  ISliT  a  .stone  wall  for  a  [lart  of  tlie  water  front  was 
CDutraetcil  for,  and  of  late  years  ilie  sea-walls  have  lieen  eon-itrueted  near 
tlie  iiiis.qon  cove  and  at  North  lieacli.  .V.  /•'.  Mu.iiap.  ]i']it,  ISf!!)  7,  r}Oli  et 
se(i.;  S.  F.  Smwtll,  \-'M);  /{ ihln-'Oii'i  J!rpt,  7;  Oil.  Jmr.  S';i.,  IS07-8,  app.  It, 
hS;  IS71--,  app.  I'J,  etc.;  ('r"iii''.<  l!i']il,  1  -Hi.  The  iiarhor  has  lieen  improveil 
hy  tlie  removal  of  Blosso'i!  rock,  in  1.S70,  the  Rincon  rock,  etc.  U.  S.  <!  r.  Die., 
."list  cong.,  'id  sess. ;  (J  S.  S'  ii.  MI-'C  J)v.,  140;  A/.,  41,  4;{d  eong.,  1st  sess.; 
//.,  I!.]'i  ChlofI-::,).,  ISiiS,  .^S:{,  etc.;  AWi  Cil.,  Apr.  24,  1870;  (Jvrlnwl,  xv., 
4(11  7:  S.  /■'.  (•/,;■(,/(.,  Oct.    11,  1S8."). 

'■'The  largest  since  Hush  times,  1808  showing  a  gain  of  :{."),0;)n,  of  which 
S.  F.  had  its  share. 

"A  dozen  weak  buildings  were  render:  d  untenahle,  5  lives  were  lost  by 
filling  bricks,  and  some  injuries  were  n  .  i:ived  tin  ugh  exaggerated  fears. 
The  shock  occurred  Oct.  21.  See  S.  /'.  iidl.,  ('ml,  etc.;  Urmt  Eir/In/iiak'', 
I  III,  with  ,'>yiu)])-:is  of  damages.  The  earliest  reeordeil  (piaUo  here  was  a 
•'I  vi'ii!  .sliock  in  18li'.t,  ai  deseribi'd  b\  (  .  Fi.nwii,  in  S.  /•'.  <'iill,  |)ec.  21,  bsT/. 
Sliocks  in  |8.-)I,  1S.')4,  and  I8,-().  's.  /■'.  Ihml,!,  May  10.  Dec  27  8,  IS.",]; 
Of.  22,  lS.->4;  .Ian.  W,  Feb.  KJ,  1S.-|I):  H'dl.,  Feb.  1.'),  Oct.  II,  bS.Vi;  (l.Uni 
Ei-i,  .Fan.  (i,  Si'itt.  1,  IS.'i"),  May  II.  18.")i).  Slight  tre-niors  have  been  fre- 
ipicnt.  A  full  list  of  all  notable  (piakes  is  given  in  //iti/"<'  Xat.  P/irnom.,  iii. 
(ill  s:!:  /'/.,  Ei'ii.  Xntr.<,  078  72.1. 

'Yet  in  1.S04  it  was  decided  to  subscribe  for  SI. 000,000  p.  R.  stock:  this 
WIS  com]iromisod  for  a  gift  of  .*-b">0,000  to  the  Central  and  .?2r.0,(Mt0  to  tlio 
WiMtern  IVvitic   •vitlioiit  any  stock. 

"' F.-ipecii''  Will  sr.bnrlH,  much  of  whijh  iiaa  not.  yet  recovered.  The 
pauiu  it:icU  survived  litill  iu  1S72. 


.i 


C86 


PROfiRESS  OF  SAN  FRAXCTSCO. 


bor,"  at  the  outlet  of  tlic  great  valley  rivers,  oP  its 
fine  level  site,  its  fertile  surroundings,  and  proximit) 
to  the  rich  interior.  These  advantages  had  attnirtKl 
the  attention  even  of  foreign  capitalists,  who  in  ihl.H 
opened  the  road  between  Sacianicnto  and  Valli  jo, 
extended  it  to  Marysville,  bought  the  Napa  and  lA  t- 
alunia  lines  as  adjuncts,  and  also  the  boats  of  Die 
California  Steam  Navigation  company,  establisliiiin 
connnunication  with  San  Francisco  of  so  fast  and  su- 
perior a  character  as  to  absorb  and  retain  nearly  all 
its  Sacramento  traffic.  Vessels  began  to  come  litic 
in  large  numbers,  and  the  population  increased  so 
rapidly  that  Vallejo  in  1871  had  reached  the  tliiid 
position  in  the  state,  with  the  prospect  of  further  ail- 
vances  under  proclaimed  plans  for  extending  raihvny 
traffic  in  all  directions.'*  Now,  the  Central  Pacitic 
railway  company,  taking  alarm,  jmrchased  a  control- 
ling interest  in  the  California  Pacific,  reduced  it  to 
subordinate  appendage,  gave  the  preference  to  the 
Western  Pacific,  which  in  18Gi)  had  been  merwd  in 
the  Central  and  completed  to  Oakland,  and  left  ^  a- 
llejo  to  stagnation.'* 

The  suppression  of  this  rival  served  only  to  dii- 
bolden  the  other,  Oakland.  A  long  pier  facilitated 
connection  across  the  bay,  but  the  railway  company 
proposed  to  extend  it  to  Yerba  Buena  island,  making 
this  their  terminus."  The  metropolis  succeedid  in 
defeating  the  scheme,  which  undoubtedly  would  have 
been  of  value  to  the  state  and  to  trade,  saving  to  both 


"  Where  ships  of  any  size  could  unload  at  the  very  shore  almost. 

**  Even  to  Salt  Lake,  to  rival  the  Central  J'iu-ific. 

"  When  the  tlood  washed  away  its  connection  w'ith  Marysville  this 
abandoned  in  favor  of  tlie  Central  Pac  main  line. 

-"Congress  appeared  favorahle,  and  S.  F.  was  rouse<l  to  strenuous  el 
against  tlio  hill,  supported  fortunately  hy  military  and  coast  survey  ciigiii 
who  cxaggeratingly  declareil  the  island  necessary  for  military  pur|iiiM's, 
a  bridge  connection  a  dangerous  obstruction  to  bay  currents  and  tidal  . 
and  consequently,  in  time,  to  the  bay  entrance  itself.  The  Atlantic  ami 
CO.  sought  to  avail  itself  of  the  prevailing  fear  to  obtain  a  $I(),0<J<).(HIO 
sidy  from  S.  F.,  promising  to  ojwn  a  main  line  to  it;  but  the  danger  pa 
Another  counter  movement  was  suggested  in  a  railway  bridge  aiTos- 
bay,  either  from  Hunter's  F'o.,  to  cost  $15,0U0,000,  or  tn-eferably  from 
veuswood,  to  coat  $3,U00,0U0. 


was 

'lilts 

rl's, 
aiwl 

I'ac 

villi. 
SM'd. 

tliu 
lU- 


OAKLAND  V.  SAN   FRANCISCO. 


C37 


much  inconvenience  f<iid  cost,  although  at  the  expense 
of  tlie  city  at  the  (jratcs, 

Althougii  Oakland  gained  one  point,  in  the  ini- 
])rovcnient  of  her  creek  harbor,^'  and  also  in  her  ex- 
traordinary growth  as  a  residence  suburb  for  San 
Francisco,  the  latter  became  practically  the  terminus, 
w  itli  the  aid  of  superior  ferry  traffic,  which  embrace<l  the 
transport  of  freight-cars  by  special  boats.  The  Cen- 
tral Pacific,  moreover,  planted  its  offices  here.  All 
this  was  certainly  no  equivalent  for  the  absorption  of 
residents  by  neighboring  towns,  and  of  trade  by  ihe 
railway,  which  henceforth  carried  most  of  the  passen- 
gers and  finer  goods  that  used  to  come  and  leave  by 
steamer,  and  gave  a  large  part  of  their  distribution  to 
interior  points.  Several  bay  harbors  joined  besides 
uith  Vallejo  in  securing  the  larger  share  of  the  wheat 
Jiipmcnts.  Nevertlieless,  the  city  received  its  quota 
of  the  increasing  unfoldment  of  resources  and  of  an 
immigration,  which,  within  three  years,  added  50  per 
cent  to  the  cultivated  acreauje  (*f  the  state."'  The 
opaning  in  1870  of  the  railway  to  Ijos  Angeles  brouglit 
increased  tribute  to  the  metropoHs,  and  assisted  to 
check  the  rival  aspirations  of  San  Diego,  the  only 
pi^rt  to  tlie  south. 

A  considerable  current  of  wealth  had  been  flowini; 
since  the  early  sixties  from  the  silver  mines  of  Ne- 
vada, the  returns  of  wliich,  being  mostly  owned  by 
San  FrjiK'iscans,  were  applied  here  to  the  erection  of 
fine  buildings  and  to  the  support  of  trade  and  art." 


-I   ■:! 


'.if 

m 


I  ( 


■m 


iS' 


L,;  ' 


■  v-'liriii 


i  i' 


Aj  I  I'  pi .  >tion3  began  in  1S74,  ami  amounted  by  18S1  to  over  SrJOO.OOO. 
S(i  fu,'  111  it  t  oo  irii  (icon  inailc!  nf  tlic  liarli.ii',  but  liopo  i*  still  entcrtaiuiMl, 
stiMiitl-'tuil  I  V  t'lo  i-.|)i(lgr(  ill  ill  tiiiimlat.iiin  of  all  tlio  district  adjoining 
tlic  liarlii..-.     S(      Llio  I'liaptur  on  I4irtli  of  Towns. 

■'-In  1S7.")  tlR'i'c  \\:i8  a  iii;t  gaiii  of  (»l, (JIM)  out  of  107,0f)0  arrivals  in  Cali- 
fornia, tli(!  lart,'i'-it  sinco  IS.Vi,  wlicii  i\\v  gain  was  44,(M)I).  In  ISO")  and  IS(i() 
it  had  falk'u  to  4,000,  and  iu  1871  to  10,000.  By  1877  it  again  abated  to 
IS.OOI). 

^■•Tlie  comparative  fiasco  in  tlio  White  Pine  deposits  found  compensation 
ill  Crown  I't  and  IJolcher  bonanza,  whieh  advanced  the  market  jtricc  of  the 
f-ilver  stock  in  lS7l' from  .S17.000.0rtl)  to  !*,SI,(M»0.01M)  within  .")  months.  Vet 
this  was  eclipsed  by  the  Consolidateil  Virginia  bonanza,  including  the  Cali- 
f.irn;  ,  wh-h  rose  from  little  over  8!00,(MH)  in  1871  to  .':<l.')0,000,000  in  1874. 
TIk   .    )mjtock  pa'd  during  the  '20  yearj  ending  1880  more  thau  i;^ I -0,000, 000 


I'iji 


G88 


PIIOORESS  OF  SAN  rilANCISCO. 


On  the  otlier  liaiid,  ilicy  fostered  ?  ifainbliiiL^  inaiiia 
whicli  led  to  the  impovcriiihinont  ot'a,  'argc  [jroiioition 
of  tlie  inliabitaiits,  while  keephig  chem  on  the  veri;e 
of  hopeful  exeitemeiit.  This  contributed  greatly  to 
inipiii  t  a  ul()\vin»]j  inau;j,nral  to  the  centennial  yvuv  of 
the  iMiion,  which  was  also  that  of  San  Francisco, 
cradK'd  in  the  mission."-* 

J^uilding  operations  and  otlier  signs  of  [)rosperitv 
received  a  rude  check  from  the  drought  of  11177,''  as- 
sociated with  a  diminished  number  of  visitors,  a  cdl- 
lapse  in  the  silver  mines,  and  an  attendant  financial 
crisis/"  This  tended  to  ijiflame  the  spark  transniiited 
by  the  contMuporaneous  labor  riots  in  eastern  states, 
and  to  rou-  ^''^  large  class  of  sufferers  from  the  (K- 
pression  to  i.  -atening  attitude.  Their  animosity 
turnetl  against  ;  j  comj)eting  Chinese,  and  burst  foitli 
on  July  -If),  1877,  into  lawless  proceedings,  which  n- 
sult('<l  in  the  burning  of  one  ]Moni»'olian  laundiv  and 
the  sacking  of  several  others,  amid  the  threats  of  agita- 
tors to  drive  out  all  such  cheap  workers.     Composed  as 

in  (lividondH,  of  wiiioli  over  870,000,000  from  Cons.  Virginia  and  CmI.,  ainl 
§'_'r>.Oi)l),0,)(»  from  Crow  n  I't  and  Hi'Iclicr.  Tlio  gro.ss  yiolil  was  lar  f,'iiMti  r, 
reac]iin,i4  .'^ilO.OOO.OOO  for  the  latter  iu  ISTi.  But  large  amounts  were  luviuil  in 
a*se.isniont.s,  oiiiclly  for  conijiarativuiy  worthless  mines,  altlioiigli  luiuii-nl  it 
was  retained  in  S.  F.  for  rents,  ,salaries,  and  maohiuery  to  .swell  Ihe  trilmtu 
deriveil  from  interior  stoek  gamlilers. 

■" 'I'he  eciitt^nnial  celeliralion  of  whieli  was  celehratcd  on  Oct.  8tli  uith 
oratioiH  and  jn-oeession.  S.  F.  < 'iiilriiii/nl.  Several  eonspieuous  ini]irov<iiiiiits 
marked  tiii-i  j>;i-iod,  as  tiie  I'alaee  hotel,  f)ne  of  the  largest  strneturet  of  this 
kind  in  tlic  woiM,  .ind  the  foi'eniost  of  the  l.'7,0(10  hiiihlings  tiien  existiiiL;  in 
S.  F.,  of  which  4,:i00  of  hrick;  I, (iOO  houses  were  ereoted  in  ISTC).  Mont- 
gomery avenue  was  opened  to  connect  Nortii  Heach  witli  tlie  central  parts, 
a  mea-iure  wii!c!i  should  liave  entered  into  the  original  plan  of  tlic  city,  to 
modify  materially  her  snhse(|uent  e.xpansion.  In  1S77  Oupont  at  win  wiileiud 
to  relieve  Kearny  st,  and  ojien  sevcial  cross  streets  to  trade.  The  new  city 
Iiall  wan  also  partly  occupied.  Details  on  iniproveinents  in  >S^.  /'.  Miiiiii)>. 
h'cpf.i,  IS7-J  :$,  4S,S,  1871)  7,  10-J5  et  sc(i;  r,il,irr  Jfnfrl,  I-IG.  Tiio  new  mint 
had  receully  adilecl  its  emhtdlislimcnt.  Heal  estate  sales  readied  in  |s7.")  the 
higli  ligure'of  .s:!r),000,Oi)0  against  !?'J7,0(X>,(K)0  and  §;}0,O(H),(K)0  for  ISCS  ;•. 
tiic  former  higliest.  Hy  IS77  tiiey  fell  to  .?l'.»,0(H),000.  Concerning  some  ,■( 
the  homcsteail  associations  which  promoted  expansion,  ncu  ('nl  Jour.  Sm., 
187r)-(i,  a]>p.  'JS. 

■^*  Whicli  atleetcil  most  severely  the  southern  counties,  with  their  iullrilcd 
lanil  valuation. 

-'"  AHecting  several  savings  hanks.  Confidonre  had  been  shaken  in  l>7ri 
liy  the  sn-pen-iion  of  the  hank  of  Cal.,  followed  hy  tlie  partial  destruction  hy 
tire  of  X'iru'iuia  cit  v,  wliicli  caused  a  loss  of  !?."), 030,000,  and  lov.ered  stociis 
by  $35,000,000.     Nearly  all  fell  upon  S.  F. 


t- 


h   with 

«d 

lllU'lltS 

<if  tliU 

MS 

dmu  in 

Mnllt- 

^'w 

IKUl-;, 

i 

iiy,  t.> 

^ii 

iiluiicl 

w  tily 

s? 

hnii'iy. 

>!S 

V  mint 

^. 

SCS  '.>. 

i 

Dine  of 

.   .S'"., 

illalfil 

1 

n  IS") 

% 

loll  I'V 

4 

slin'ks 

% 

BUSINESS  DEPRESSION.  689 

the  city  was  of  very  combustible  structures,  with  some 
3U0  Chinese  laundries  interspersed,  the  alarm  became 
general,  so  much  so  tliat  tlie  vigilance  committee  of 
IcSjfJ  was  revivL'd,  with  G,000  members,  whose  appear- 
ance and  patrolling  suttioed  to  restrain  the  turbulent  fac- 
tion. Little  additional  damage  was  done,  but  the 
indirect  injury  to  both  state  and  city  amounted  to 
huge  pro[»ortions,  in  keeping  back  immigration,  re- 
tlueing  the  value  of  real  estate,  checking  improve- 
ments, and  driving  away  capital.  The  depression 
l;i stud  for  several  years.  In  1881,  however,  came  a 
sudden  trade  revival,  which  contributed  to  impart  a 
liualthy  tone  to  the  returning  prosperity. 

Thc  depression  of  Lbi  7-80  had  roused  thc  working- 
men  of  San  Francisco  to  form  a  party  of  their  own, 
aiming  at  the  restriction  of  competing  Chinese  and 
of  the  power  of  capital,  to  which  they  ascribed  most 
of  the  existing  poverty  and  corru])tion,  the  latter 
i  larked  by  evasion  of  fair  tax  rates,  venal  official 
rei)resentation,  and  wasteful  concession  of  land,  money, 
and  privileges  to  corporations.  Their  intention  was 
coiinnentlable  in  the  main,  but  it  lacked  the  high  prin- 
ciples and  influential  leadership  of  the  previous  reform 
movement  of  185C,  which  had  transformed  the  city 
to  a  model  ]>lace  for  order  and  economic  administra- 
tion. The  people's  [)arty  then  brought  forward  was 
of  so  admirable  a  character  that  it  maintained  itself 
for  nearly  two  decades,  although  its  nominations  were 
devoid  of  popular  [)articipation.^' 

The  city  took  the  lead  also  in  proclaiming  the  loy- 
alty of  the  state  during  the  Union  war,  by  suddeidy 
replacing  the  suspicious  politicians  by  a  citizens'  ma- 
jority, and  quenching  the  smoukh-ring  scheme  of  a 
Pacific  republic.  She  also  surprised  all  other  parts  of 
the  Union  in  her  contributions  to  the  sanitary  fund." 

■'"Tlic  tiirltulent  were  kept,  in  check,  and  exiled  criminals  at  .a  distance. 
'In  tlie  latter  lialf  of  1S»>'J  she  sent  ¥:«)(), (MM)  out  of  tlic  S^SO.(KK)  from  the 
inast.     Jn   IStU   she  started  a  montlily  sultscription   of  ljf'25,000.     Slie  gave 
IIIST.  Cal,  Vol.  Vn.    44 


1  -S 


r':n 


r»# 


1  iiV 


I    I 


i  m 


coo 


PROGRESS  OF  SAX  I11AX(^IS(0. 


In  1803  the  news  came  of  Linooln's  assassination. 
which  jjrovokcd  such  an  ebulUtioii  among  a  ni(>l>  that 
scvoral  newspaper  offices  were  sacked."* 

Nevertheless,  the  poUticians  ol»taine<l  the  upper 
hand  in  state  and  city  in  18<)7/*  and  tlie  wedj^e  had 
been  gradually  introduced  for  a  certain  propoiti»tii  df 
corru[)t  achnixtures.  The  rings  and  johhery  thus  fos- 
tered are  illustrated  hy  the  new  city  hall  stnictuir, 
and  the  gradual  increase  in  the  tax  rate,"  hcsidis 
small  additions  to  the  hon<led  debt,  which  has,  Ik  w- 
ever,  been  reduced  under  the  sinking-fund  process  t.» 
about  a  million  and  a  half"     Reform  was,  tluictor. . 

alxnit  lialf  of  tlie  .?1,*200,000  sent  l>y  Cal.  toward  the  total  .<t,.SOO,(M){)  toll,  aid 
iu  the  U.  S. 

'*  For  tlii.s,  tlio  first  .actual  mob  outrage  on  the  city,  the  inuiiiciiKtllty  li.i.j 
to  pay-  'I'ho  lilierihty  of  ]wr  jn'oplu  was  even  mi>re  strongly  exhiliitcl  ■lur- 
ing tlic  Fraiico-<;crmaii  war,  wiicii  tin?  Ftiu-Ii  contrilintt-ii  alinut  .■:!;{(K».t)iM. 
ami  tiie  iJormaus  SI'W.IMM),  t«>  tiieir  ri'sjit-i'tivc  suHercrs  at  Ikiiuc. 

^"('oiii?  AiiiiiiL-t,  MS.,  'H\~,  enters  into  the  causes  for  the  clian;,'o.  .s".  /•'. 
Ji<1>t  (  'mil.   TiiJ'-Jxii/rr.i'  I'lwiii. 

^>The  rise  from  .*!.()()  in  1.S5G-7  to  $-'.5<'i,'^,  in  1850  fiO  was  mainly  uiii. t 
prcfsuro  from  the  peojile  wlio  ohjectcd  to  the  curUiilnieiit  of  siIi.hiK.  i;i,. 
an<I  otli'-T  lissonliais.  Unihr  tlie  rise  of  estate  valuation  fruiii  !?4'.',()(H).(»(H)  m 
KSdl  '1  to  :i578.»KH),(X)0  in  IWiH  4,  the  rate  was  rclnccl  to  si. -JO,  ili,,u._'li  ii-in,' 
again  to  ?'J.10.|j  iu  ISTI-'i.  Xow  the  forccil-sale  valuatiun  was  rijilaii-.l  l,v 
a  cash  valuation,  under  wliich  the  a.ssessnx^nt  advanced  from  .^IOo.imkmkhi  i,, 
$'_'SS,(»()(),(K)0  in  1871!  '•^,  with  a  rate  conse.iuently  h.wered  t.iSl.  'I'll.- a^-,  >, 
ment  fell  to.*i'217.r)(K),(HH)l.y  18711  8(),  while  the  tax  rate  was  lifted  to  $l.);;l 
iu  1878  J>.  Ill  1880  I  the  rate  was  maintained  at.*l.r)7,  altliDiigli  a.ssi'^siiuiiti 
advanced  under  increase  on  jivr-fonal  proiMTty  to  $44(,(K)0,(K)II,  so  i\;ra,.!,li- 
nary  an  amount  a.s  to  leave  halt  the  tax  deiim|uciit.  Under  a  new  sy.stem  «itli 
pledges,  the  rate  was  maintained  hetween  .*l.l*2  and  Sl.oo,  and  after  Is^.'i  at 
4?1,  .although  the  '  tter  amount  is  hardly  siiHicicnt.  The  valuation  A<n»\  la 
188,')  (5  at  ?<'2*27,(»(H>,000,  of  which  S.^MJ.'JOO.IHH)  on  jiersonal  property.  Tli, 
state  tax  rose  to  $1. '25  in  18<»4  5,  declining  with  some  variation  t.)  4.">iiii:. 
in  18S4-5.  The  total  Ux  levy  niountcl  from  $1,'-'0(),(HK)  in  IStU  •_•  i,, 
J4,30(),()()t)  in  187--;{,  after  which  it  lluctiiatcd,  with  one  exception,  lictHidi 
4.\  and  5.\  millions  till  1S.S0.  In  I8SJ  5  it  fell  to  .^{,C»«X),(KH),  yet  <1.miiii.I- 
woro  audited  for  .i<4,.')8(),0()().  iSince  IS5(i  the  property-owners  coiiceriKil  |uy 
two  thirds  of  the  street  work.  In  ISS4  5  the  street  dept  ohtaineil  from  !:.■ 
city  $'_»(U,iHK).  The  cxjiense  of  the  kcIiooI  dept,  which  fell  helow  .i-li:!.!"!!!  h 
18.')7,  rose  to.?17H,()0()  in  isr>:<,  ami  then  more  rapidly  to  g."rf»>,(KK)  in  IsCT; 
after  thi.s  it  fluctu.ated  to  S'.KSil.tHH)  in  1878,  .and  to  .«:n7,(HX)  in  IS7.").  Ti.. 
city  hall,  still  unlinishcil  for  lack  of  appropriations,  Mas  erected  under  an. i  t 
of  1870.  The  corner-stone  was  lai.l  187-J.  AWi  CuL,  Feh.  '2:i,  1872:  V.  /' 
Cmi-iti;  Dec.  30,  1871;  S.  F.  Citu  Ifnll,  1-13;  progress  descrihed  in  .<  /". 
Mnim'rp.  liifits,  1869utseq.,  auJ  C'a/.  Jour.  Sen.,  1871-'2,  app.  52-3;  |S7;>  I, 


ai>p. 


'27-8 


■'^Tho  amount  stooil  in  Jan.  \fV^n  at  .*2.4.55,000,  interest  fi  and  7  per  i<  iit: 
1  ut  the  sinking  fund  on  hand  reached  .?7W.0OO,  with  an  annual  adilitinii  .i' 
ahout  .•?  10.3.000.  Of  the  total,  the  p.ark  .st«M«l  del.ited  for  S47.">.<X)0.  tli.  <  .  -.■ 
tral  and  We-.tern  P-ae  R.  R.  for  S:M)",000.  the  judgment  of  !.S(i7  for  .^24(i.iHNI, 
c  \v  hall  S'44.">,.')00.  old  claims  of  18.">8  only  .?i.3(;,500,  the  rest  for  scliooN.  Ii.m- 
piUils,  and  house  of  correction. 


LAX  I)  TITLES. 


091 


(lisirablc,  althnu<;li  lutt  exactly  wltli  tlie  socialistic 
tints  imparted  by  the  workiii<j;iiU'irs  i>arty  to  tlwj  new 
st^ite  constitution,  and  to  some  of  tlunr  selcictions  for 
otriccs. 

One  result  was  the  reduction  of  the  citv  tax  to  one 
dollar,  ami  efforts  were  njade  to  obtain  anew  chaiter  " 
under  which  to  better  enforce  an  ccononnc  as  well  as 
just  administration. 

The  cloud  overhan;jfini»  the  title  of  city  lands  south 
o^  l*ine  street  ha<l  tendi-d  in  <'arly  days  to  turn  [>op- 
ulation  toward  North  l^each,  and  the  need  for  wharves 
t  >  rea<h  the  shij»j)in;4  led  the  business  comnnmity  to 
till  u]>  the  shallow  cove,'"  and  build  out  to  the  dvvp 
watt-r  front,  whilt;  the  stc^ej)  hill  i-ani;-cs  of  Clay  street 
iiiid  JIussian  hills  n-strained  settlenu-nt  in  that  direc- 
tion, l^ut  with  th«^  adjustment  in  ISHO  of  Mexican 
claims'"  southward  arose  so  marked  a  coididence  in 
iliis  section  that  a  jterfect  rush  of  settlers  ensued,  at- 
t'lnled  by  tin?  rapid  construction  of  both  residences 
and  factories,  stimulated  bv  the  ITnion  war,  and 
aidi'd  bv  the  onenhi''  of  several  railwav  lines,  and  the 
swift  operations  of  the  steam-paddy,  which,  in  the 
course  of  14  years,  assisted  to  convert  some  4r)0  acres 
of  mission  cove  tide  and  marsji  land  into   solid  land." 

^■' Iii.st;mce  Mayor  K.iIImcIi  an'l  CoroiiiT  O'lNciiu'll.  < 'niic'Tiiitiji;  (ho 
KilliK-li  |)e  Voiiii'j;  ili-ii-l.i^iirvi  aii-l  lioiim-iilo,  sci;  .V.  /■'.  /'rw',  Aiii;.  ■_'.">,  IS7'.*; 
S.  /■'.  H'lU..  Ai-r.  •_'!,  IS.HI:  .V.i^.  A'..-.,  .NKIi  li.').  |SSI.  ami  (.tlicr  .I.ucm. 

•■'  SfVcril  i-llnrt-!  liive  Ihh-ii  iiiaile  to  n-viso  or  t'rt'ati'  a  new  cliartcr,  iiota- 
My  ill  IS7I,  IVS:!,  aii<l  lastly  in  |s^7.   >'.  F.  < '/nr/rr  ><'-rii]n,  I    K).  and  jimrnals. 

■^  To  tiiei-xtciit  of  inon- than  .'["JO  aiTiM,  h/.twccn  Folsoin  ami  Hroaduay. 
(l.miiil  Telcijrapli  liill  an-l  Nortli  I'mmcIi  tlie  lilliii;;  lias  of  late;  a.s<unii'il  lar^o 
|.riii>ortions.  Coiiceniiiiy;  tlic  t^t]-,  of  tiU;  land  and  water  lots,  sci'^W/.  ./mir. 
>•/,.,  IsihVt;,  app.  -JT  '.»:   I^IJT  s.  api).  •_".»:    I  still  70.    "il   :{,   ajip.  ."xi,   cte.   S/^if- 

I-'  ,.  i.sr..s,  i:;<.»,  •_»•_':{;  />/.,  J«.,  is*;:.  <;.  soO  .!;  r.  .v.  f/.c.  />»•.,  :{'.i  Con^'.,  1 

Mvs<.;.S'.H.  lh-f.,'H.  The  two  latlir  nlati^  to  state  and  ^ovt  land.  I'etty 
MHiatter  riots  continued  to  stir  certain  (jnarters,  as  inst;ineed  in  .V.  /'.  Cull, 
O.  t.  )•_»,  1HJ7. 

^As  .Sintillan's  an"!  Sliorrel>ack's.  south  of  (',ilif'>rnia  .st,  practically 
overthrown  in  ISlUt;  I*.  .Smith's,  west  of  I^arkin  st.  aeul  Liniantonr's,  rcjectcMl 
twri  years  before,  |)r  Hani's  I'otriTo  claim  lieing  dcifeated  in  l.S(i7.  See  tlio 
cii.ipter  on  lancl  titles. 

"•  The  tillmo  continiiP''.  Tlie  expansion  of  factories  jjave  ex|iansion  to 
the  (^hini'se  (|u.arter,  M'hich  contiiinonsly  radiated  from  the  ori^jin.il  settle- 
ment in  .Sacramento  st.  west  of  Kearny,  until  it.  Iiy  ISS't,  covered  some  ten 
lli^tks,   closely  packed   with  some   '17t,VQ\i   aoiiN,    nearly  ail  uiak»,  witU  a 


\:\: 


I  <i^»» 


i 


i 


4  I 

i 


602 


PROfJRESS  OF  SAX  FRAXCISrO. 


Ill  tlio  early  seventies  titles  west  of  Larkiri  bfcaiii,^ 
assured,"  and  now  this  «iuarter  beeanie  tiie  clinicc  f,  i- 
residences,  assisted  i)y  cahlc-car  lines,  wliieii  tians- 
fornied  the  hillsinto  the  most  ilesiraMe  locations.  Tic 
widening  of  Kearny  street  in  1^<5<»  served  to  make 
this  the  leading  avenue  for  retail  sh(H)S  and  ])rniii- 
enading,  both  of  which  are  now  shifting  into  Marker 
street,  the  evident  main  channel  of  the  city,^"  lea\  in.; 
Montgomery  street  to  mark  the  limits  for  fiiian(ial 
and  mercantile  business/*  Latterly  the  construi  titii 
of  a  fine  sea-wall  round  Tel(>gra|»h  hill  is  bringiiiL;  a 
business  revival  to  the  long  stagnant  North  lieacli.  " 

San  Francisco  has  clearlv  a  great  future  before  Ik  r, 
possessing  as  she  docs  the  only  good  harbor  noith  nt" 
San  Diego   for  a  coast  line  of  more  than  thirti-eii  dt 
grees  of  latitude^  at  the  outlet  of  the  richest  valleys  on 
the  slope,  and  as  the  center  of  a  railway  sy.stem  e\- 

sprinkling  of  loose  females.  Their  expansion  hastened  the  fliglit  of  fasliii.ii 
from  tlie  Stockton  nt  region  to  Soutli  I'ark,  'Aliinoe  tlie  factories  forced  it  ii|i 
Uineon  liill,  whieli  cigain  was  mined  liy  the  Second  st  cut  The  Inng  I'rn'gi- 
over  Mission  cove  was  linislied  in  IHOf),  and  in  IS(i7  it  was  cxten<lc(l  acri'.^s 
Islais  cove,  permitting  a  street  railway  to  connect  witli  Hunter's  I't  dry 
dock.  Butehertown  was  soon  after  forced  hy  settlements  to  remove  fiinii 
Hrannan  st  to  tiic  I'otrero.  A  steam  railway  had  oiiened  ia  IS(>()  along  M.ii- 
ket  st  to  the  Mission,  and  the  Onmihus  11.  11.  assisted  it  to  Imild  up  tins 
quarter. 

^"Thc  city  claim  hero  to  some  4,000  acres  was  contirmed  in  IStUt,  and  Iiy 
ordinance  in  1870,  although  tiie  actual  issue  of  titles  was  jirotracteil,  :niii 
then  mostly  conferred  with  proiligal  looseness  upon  a  ninnher  of  large  lainl- 
grahl)er.s,  thus  losing  millions  tor  the  city,  which  retained  little  more  tliaii 
the  park  tract.  Fashion  assisted  to  give  promint-nco  to  the  west  hy  rhi,-.trr 
ing  round  Van  Ness  avenue,  and  latterly  on  (California  st,  or  Noh  lull,  ■'"h 
rapid  was  the  increase  of  settlement  tha*  assessments  on  jiroperty  «i-t  if 
Larkiii  and  Nintli  sts,  anil  south  of  Mission  creek,  rose  from  .*l,'.tM),(  (K>  in 
18t)0  to  over  §i)O,OO0,0(H)  hy  187C.  The  southeast  heeame  less  aci  ve,  .. 
HUich  so  that  the  i)rolongation  of  Montgomery  st  in  New  Moiiigi  iimy 
proved  a  failure,  ami  likewise  the  cutting  of  Kincon  hill  to  open  Second  >l; 
liut  tiie  southwest  has  heen  steadily  gaining. 

^'Fiy  width  and  length,  and  as  the  converging  line  for  all  trdiutaiy 
treets  from  the  south  and  north,  and  from  the  east  and  west  in  its  \  ah  lu  i:i 
t  prolongation.  The  theatres  and  other  attractions  arc  mostly  soutli  ot 
'ine  st.  1      f    ■  I 

"  After  the  completion  of  the  Merchants'  Exchange  and  the  hank  of  <  a  . 
luilding  in  1807,  California  st  became  the  recognize.l   money   center,   \nlli 
lota  worth  $;i,000  a  front  foot;  stock  brokers  drifted  gradually  into  I  iiic  st 
and  jolihers  and  importers  are  jiressing  from  Front  st  into  Market  ruuuU 
Sansome  at. 

"Assisted  by  the  opening  in  \S~b  i.f  Mi)ii'goiiiery  avenue. 


TlIK  CITYS  ITTTUllK. 


r.!»:i 


tcndinij;,  witli  numerous  rainilicatioiis,  to  tlio  Atlantic. 
This  oonlirnis  hvv  as  the  cMitri'[>6t  and  distributing 
point,  not  alone  for  tlio  state  and  for  several  tributary 
ti'rritories,  but  for  an  incri'asinjjj  tra<l(^  with  the  Orient 
and  Australasia,  with  Si)anish  and  nortiiwest  Amer- 
ica. Slu'  is  also  the  chief  seat  of  fast-unfolding  man- 
ufacturing indnstries,  and  stands  secured  by  millions 
('■['  invested  capital,  and  as  tlu^  great  social  centre  for 


tl 


I* 


d. 


ith 


)f 


oi)e,  with  lis  tram  or  mstitutions 
jihilanthropic  and  literary,  for  sciences  and  fine  arts/' 
A  fivoring  cause  exists  in  the  bracing  climate,  which 
jicr'nits  woik  and  I'xercise  to  an  exceptional  degree. 
While  inviting  to  the  open  air,  to  parks"  and  [)r()me- 
iiades,  it  also  encouragi-s  the  formation  of  pleasant 
homes,  marked  by  a  varied  architecture,  yet  with  a 
lircdominance  of  bay  windows." 

Although  niarred  by  improp(>r  j)lamiing,and  a  neg- 
lect of   public   impovements,   the    aspect  of   the  city 


itself 


is   striking. 


risinuf   on  one  side   from  out  the 


'-To  lie  s])okon  of  later.  Tlioro  arc  iiKiri-  iiiillionairi's  in  S.  V.  tli.iii  in 
.my  otluT  I'ity  in  ]irii]><irliim  to  tin;  ])c>|>iiI;itic'M,  to  siipiiort  siicli  iiistitiitioiis. 
h'.iriui;  tii(!  I'.irly  si\titM  nioto  tliari  1,(M»I>  Ih!I1s(m  rosn  aimually;  ai'lcr  tliis  tlio 
iiiiiri'icr  ili'crci  I'll  to  (iOO  in  \S~'2.  InlSTl  (1  tluTi' was  a  ."iiililcn  incrrase  to 
l.lilKJand  l.()i>i>,  tlirn  a  slight  rcijuo,  anil  lately  a  i,'r<'at  increase  auain.  In 
ver  .">,();>(»  ).'a-!-IainiH.  and  elei-trio  liglits  wero  nnilliplyiiig. 


1" 


itl 


leri!  Were  o 


ir  coiniKinies  ami   rates,  see  .V.  /■.  .\fii 


■ip.  iin 


■t.<,  iss4-r),  i(is-7," 


'J'l 


Jiiilieo  for 'e  liail  iieen  ^radnally  inerea  lod  to  \  ,'Z  l>y  IS77,  tlien  .suddenly  to 
."JK  in  IS7S  <»,  with  suli  (Miuent  a.ldition  i  to  40!)  and  lieyon<l.  The  I'.  S. 
('  iisiit  plaeiM  tin-  jioimlation  at  ,"iC>..s.M)  in  ISiil),  14!»,r>l)0  in  "lS7(),  and  'J.'M.OOO 
ii  ISSt),  sinee  when  t!u!  j;ro\vtli  li.i-i  lieen  lar^^n.  Tho  ('hincsso  h!,'urt^  for 
--.0;H)  in  ISSi).  lint  have  since  ri'ceived  aililitioiu,  under  the  anti-Chinese 
tieliiiLj  ill  th(!  inti'rior.  See,  also,  chajiters  on  society,  trade,  inanuf.ietiirei, 
e  Itieatioli,  and  arts. 


'Tlie  (extensive  ( Joldi'ii  (!ate  jiarU,  rcichhii;  tot 


lie  (ice.-in,  1- 


llipienien 


I'V  file  ^ovt  ]iresidio  i;roniids  aloni,'  the  li.iy  inlit,  liy  jiuhlic  s(| 

Miiiirieiit  in  nunilier,  and  hy  garden  resorts,  as  WoiHfu.ird's,  tin 

ef  wlijcli  wen?   Hayes"  ]>ark,   tln'  Wdlnws,  and   Ivuss'  i^ardeiis,  tiie  ear 

Tie  lieantitnl  ci'inelei-ies   near  t  he  ii.irk  attract  liianv  saunterers.      The  Me- 


K!  iireilec' 


led 
hardly 

irs 


rliest. 


1 

i't  .se 


islitii! 


iild^ 


an   annual    fiir 


Siu- 


( 


IS", 


May  It,  ls."<7;  <''l.  Sf.  /■' 


/•'.   /An/A/,  Sept.   11, 


rritjl.'l,    J, I 


HI.      T 


Ihi-re  are  iicnch  shows,    races,   art  exhihitious,   ami   niuseuuis.       I'he   city  is 
I'lited  for  statuary,  haths,   ,iuil   other   institutions    to  the  i)ln!aiilhroiiy  of 


lilies  Jjck.  to  whom  I  refiT  els.'wl 


fidh 


"  I)iie  >,'!-e,itly  to  the  prevail'ii!,'  winds  ;iml  uddeii  ehanires  in  teni]ier.itui-e, 
«!iieli  render  (ijien  lialconies  less  enjoyalile.  The  CIiica'.^i)  frame  Imildini^  i.s 
tie  favorite. 

"As  explained  in  the  former  cliapter  on  S.  I''.  Tlie  paucity  of  garden 
^i^jHares  if  to  lie  regretted,  and  the  ne;,dcct  to  plant  trees. 


t 


f:i 


iiti;ii|;.!:|  |i 


694 


rUOdllESS  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


waters  of  the  bay,  and  overlooking  on  the  otlitr  the 
ocean." 

*''  For  a  stinly  f  i  tlic  condition  of  S.  F.  at  diffcrunt  poriod.-*  dince  IS.'jtJ  tlio 
following  autlio'ities  may  in;  cousultod:  WHUii.iim'  S/if.,  MS.,  11,  etc.; 
]\'n(ii/iriii-i/'.i  S/'ii.,  .MS.,  47  ct  soij. ;  ILi'ili/'x  Tliriiwjli  CiHis,  14l-'_':  J'iiii/i,: 
Fi-nwI'sViiL,  "J'J  :W;  Siwiin/'n  Triw.,  '_'S  7o":  Ai'.,!/'-'  C<il.  J'ir(.,'2:i'.)-M;  .\'.,r,(. 
//j//"-!  <'.//.,  01 -(57;  MiirH/nilt'n  A/iiir.,  '2M  s:>;  LL.yi/'n  Lijlit-t  </ S.  t\,  vli,,lly 
dc-i<'ri|>tive  of  tiio  city,  while  J/lfdlfn  S.  /•'.  i.s  a  history  of  it,  tho  only  ex. 
hau.stivo  one  Kince  The  AiimiU  of  S.  F.  of  185");  l/iiff'n  (,'iiii/i;  41  7!t;  Srrih. 
iici-'k  Md'j.,  July  187r»;  I'litwiiii's  Mivi.,i.  ({].>>.)  it'tH  (!0:  Miillli(iii'ifii'.<  J^nni:  ii, 
ii..  .'!.").■{;  ItuKxliii'i't  Aiiiir.,  '2H>;  /'rlifD  I'iii'ii;  i.  H(>- .'0.'4-,  Criiiii-i''!<  Cni.  M\- 
lAsllr'HCil.,  lir)'_'(K);  'J\iiii>r--^(liitrM,-\-\-lS,  l>44;  J.iH'Mii's  WU  ot'  Trnyl] 
77  SCi;  TurrUl'>i  A'-.^.t,  .S8  (iti;  //ir/Zn.^'  Pnihrs.  t>  7;  Curtis'  D,t.fiii:'/i,  •-'!)  .VJ; 
Cnl.  Fitn.i,  'i-\0;  Solnno'.'t  Future;  S.  F.  Minilcquil  /{t]y>rt.t,  1859  et  .■<(.■( |.,  and 
its  attendant  sub-reportd  from  dillurent  dents;  ,S.  /'.  Orders. 

Among  the  real  estate  operators  who  have  attained  promim-nct'  un  tin; 
Pacific  slope  the  name  of  Wendell  Kaaton  stands  as  one  of  tlio  foriiiiiif,t. 
Born  in  Mass  in  1848,  he  came  to  S.  F.  in  1854,  where  lie  attended  srljunl. 
At  sixteen  he  obtained  work  in  a  real  estate  oiHce,  afterward  acccptiiii;  ,i 
position  as  secretary  of  the  Crown  Point  Mining  Co.;  lin.iliy  he  itpeiuil  a 
small  real  estate  ollice,  advertising  it  extensively,  afterward  taking  PUdiiilj;o 
as  a  partner,  and  adding  auctioneering  to  the  business.  In  188*2  a  stock  ii>. 
was  formed  to  do  business  in  all  parts  ot  the  state,  Easton  being  its  pnsi- 
dent;  o'2  agencies  were  formed,  and  $385,000  wortli  of  property  sold  the  tir>t 
montli. 

Among  others  who  have  grown  rich  by  real  estate  investments,  is  Orvilk- 
I).  lialdwin,  a  native  of  lleiisselaerville,  N.  V.,  who  landed  in  San  Francisoi) 
in  18(10,  with  fifty  cents  in  his  pocket.     Altera  long  and  bitter  struj;j:lr  witli 

Eovurty  he  was  admitted  into  partnership  in  a  fruit  business,  and  tliis  lie 
nilt  up  until  his  profits  soon  amounted  to  nearly  §1,000  a  month.  Aittr 
accumulating  some  610.000  lie  opened  a  restaurant,  first  on  Montgomery  :inii 
then  on  (ieary  street,  and  from  the  latter  quickly  acquired  a  handsome  I'cr- 
tune,  which  between  1880  and  1889  he  doubleil  in  tlie  real  estate  Im.-iui-s. 
Associated  with  some  of  our  most  enterprising  men  in  building  up  the  rotruro 
and  in  other  enterprises,  he  is  him.self  acknowledged  as  one  of  the  most  tu- 
terprising  and  liberal  men  in  the  metropolis. 

AdoI[)h  (Uistav  Iluss,  the  proi)rietor  of  the  hotel  in  San  Francisco  which 
bears  liis  name,  wa.s  born  at  Hildburghausen,  Saxony,  Jan.  I9,  IS'Jd.  He 
came  with  ids  family  to  this  state  in  184(>.  as  a  member  of  tlie  7th  N.  Y.  vul- 
unteers,  oruanized  for  service  in  Cal.  On  tlie  day  alter  their  arrival,  Adciliiii 
an<l  his  father  each  .seeureil  at  the  alcalde's  office,  S.  F.,  the  title  to  a  .">()  vara 
lot.  and  on  one  of  tliem  built  a  small  cabin  with  lumber  taken  from  the  sol- 
diers' berths.     On  tliis  site  now  stands  the  liuss  house. 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

ropuLATioi'i  AND  socii;ty. 

1849-1889. 

Kakly  AnRiVAi.s— Tntkr-comminicatiox — Decline  and  Advanck — N\- 
TioNALiTiKs — Health  am»  ])isease-i — Benevolent  iNsrniTioNs— 
Woman— Domes  110   Life — Amuskmenis — Dkinkinu  ank  (iAvnLiM; — 

M I N I N< i -M l( K ' K      M A NI A — DI8TI NCl'I VE    TltAITS — EUUCATION — AKT —  LlT- 
EUATUUK  — KELItilON. 

The  coiijijloraerate  humanity  which  wended  its  way 
to  Coloiiia,  the  ^recca  of  ])rugressive  adyentures  and 
uiisordid  money-lovers,  was  much  akin  to  tlie  gokl  in 
its  casing  sonietinius  of  common  clay  and  sometimes 
t'f  hard  and  scintillating  (juartz.  This  )>ilgrimagc  was 
the  romance  of  utilitarianism,  and  presented  striking 
instances  of  human  efforts  under  strong  impulses,  botli 
had  and  g«H)d,  in  its  disi)rder  and  extrayagance  no  less 
tlian  in  its  grand  and  enduring  achieyeinents.  The 
Kvellin<jf  of  mountains  and  the  turninn"  of  rivers  fi'oin 
their  course,  were  but  two  features  (»f  the  process 
which  t)[)ened  a  new  era  in  mining.  The  spanning  of 
the  continent  with  great  railways  was  a  means  toward 
tninsforming  a  wilderness  into  cultivated  fields  and 
gardens.  Never  before  was  republicanism  so  lifted 
hy  self-reliant  performance  to  guide  the  rapid  and 
substantial  advancement  of  a  community,  a  sliinin;.;- 
example  to  the  world.  The  most  strikhig  peculiari- 
ties of  this  society  have  been  delineated  elsewhere  in 
this  series,  and  we  have  now  oidy  to  glance  at  their 
later  modifications. 

The  gold  fever  abroad  continued  long  after  the 
eventful  year  of  1849,   and  the   influx  during  1850 

(fiCu) 


'  ,    '■   i 


696 


rOI'ULATIOX   AM)  S(X^IKTY. 


proved  larijcr  tlian  before.'  AfUr  a  rolapso  in  I^  i 
it  readied  tlie  climax  in  I  Sal!,  assisted  bv  the  ami 
expansion  of  the  Cliinese  iinnii>jfration  to  120,000  ,,  ,t 
of  the  total  arrivals  by  sea  of  (57,000.  The  dichniiiM 
attractions  of  the  <i;old  fields  now  bccaini;  niarived,  iil 
thougli  partly  oflset  by  the  prevail i nj_^  hij^h  wjij^cs  .iiid 
the  uiifoldinjjj  agricultural  resources.  The  crisis  of 
1854-5,  t]i(^  popular  uprising  of  1850,  and  the  Fr.is(  r 
river  excitiMnent  of  1858,  liad  all  a  deiiressin;^  elirct  ; 
but  the  Union  war  of  1801-5  bnmglit  an  inci(;is( d 
imini;j;ration,  particularly  from  tlu'  western  Ixtid,  r 
states,  while  checkinsj;  tiie  usual  lar^e  reHux.  After 
1805  both  of  these  curnnits  were  reversed  awliilc.  ini- 
til  the  construction  of  the  overland  railway,  which 
greatly  raised  the  prospects  of  California  in  c\'isf(  in 
estimation,  ])artly  by  reducing  distance,  and  by  otli  r- 
ini;  an  easier  means  of  access.  Henceforth,  at'n  r 
April  IHOO,  a  fairly  correct  estimate  can  be  mixAr  of 
the  migration,  which  by  1875  attained  the  so  far  un- 
equalled number  of  107,000  arrivals,  against  4;{.()(i() 


'The  cliinnx  was  reached  in  ISiVi,  with  an  arrival  of  07,000 liy  sen  ist 

3ti,()(Kl  for  l.sr)0,  an<l  -JT.OOO  for  IS")!.     Tlic  overhind  curront  can  v 

vaguely  0Htin»ati!il,  owinu;  to  the  nuniher  of  routes  foiloweil,  from  Oi  .  ...1 
Mexico,  anil  liy  tlio  ccuitral  and  soutliern  liigliways  from  the  U.  S.,  wliicli 
again  hranched  into  several  roads  to  cross  the  Sierra  Nevada.  At  Lar;uiiic 
alone  a  certain  record  was  kept.  See  Sor.  Triiii>ii\,  Sent.  30,  Oct.  14,  l^"i(i: 
S.  F.  I'iroyuiir,  Sept.  G,  Oct.  10,  1S.".0;  S.  /'.  //rmlil,  .July  '27,  ISod;  ^^.  Y. 
J/rniti/,  Apr.  1."),  1850;  Par  Xcwn,  Aug.  '21,  Sept.  7.  Oct.  '20,  Nov.  ■.'•_>,  ]KM. 
Proliahly  not  over  40,000  came  hy  the  central  route  in  1850,  leaviii;,'  I.'>.0(K) 

to  enter  through  Arizona  and  from  Mexico,  the  former  bringing  tlic  i t 

animals.  The  Mexican  influx  declined  under  the  maltreatment  in  Cal. 
The  marked  general  decline  in  1851  was  due  to  a  lack  of  vc'  .Is,  under  tlu  ir 
discouraging  desertion  at  S.  F.,  to  reports  of  dread  hardsliips  during  the  trip 
and  at  the  mines,  and  to  conflicting  acconnts  of  tiio  gold-ticM,  sustaintil  liy 
the  natural  reaction  upon  the  excitement,  and  hy  di.sastrous  coninicirjil 
speculations,  didy  maguitied  l>y  an  interested  foreign  press,  fn  1S5'_'  ciirn' 
the  rehound,  and  then  the  .seeoml  reaction,  wiiicii  reduced  the  arrivals  ti> 
more  even  proportions,  lletween  185I{-()7  the  innnher  coming  liy  sea  ran^'eil 
between  'j:{,000  and  41,000.  except  in  1S."4,  wiien  it  stands  .at  4.S.(I(»II.  in 
1852  anil  1854  the  Chinese  form  a  large  proportion  of  the  figures  'JO.tKHi  iiinl 
Ki.OOO,  rcsiiectively,  after  which  they  ranges  between  2,000  and  S,(l(M».  till 


IS()8,  wlien  they  rise  with  white  totals.  Cul.  Pnjml.  Srnipx;  Attn  Cal.  I'eo. 
{),  1851;  Aug,  17,  J8JJ2;  Nov.  2,  20,  1S5.S;  Dec.  10,  10,  1854;  Oct.  4,  IS.-.C.  et 
seq. ;  Jrmr.  Com.,  quarterly  and  annual  rejtorts;  ( '/ihir.tf  fnintli/.,  171;  f-  ^'^■ 
Cnm.  HiL,  Fliujifs,  i.  .Wi;  (I.  S.  Gov.  Due,  cong.  SI,  sess.  2.  H.  Ex.  Do-'.  U\ 
iv.  4;{  6;  Cal.  Gov.  Mfss,u/r,  18.55;  S.  F.  Hernbl,  Oct.  20  0,  18.52,  Dec.  4, 
18.54,  .luiie  7,  18.58,  etc.;  ,S'.  F.  Jin//.,  Oct.  0  8.  2'.t,  1S5(!;  Ilinit'x  Mwj.,  x.\>:ii. 
440;  L'xij's  Jour.,  MS.,  iii.  58;  llaijcs'  Sokts,  S,  Dhjo,  i.  35,  etc, 


t 


IMMFfMlATIOX. 


6.t7 


<lcpartur(>H.'     Tlu;  disorders  of  IH77  proved  dctriiiuMi- 

<;il,  l)ut  with   tiu!  oiM'iiin;^  of  tlif  [>rt'S(!iit  di'c.'ulc!  t1i(; 

•x|»;iii(iiii_<j;  resources  of  tlie  sttite,  notiihly  in  lioi'ticiil- 


assis 


ted  1 


y 


ture,  bewail  to  swell  the  iiiriux  once  more 
iiicreusiiijj^  railwiiy  eoini>etitioii,  hy  iniiiiiiL» ration  soei( 
ties,  and  l»y  a  l)eiULi;n  ehniate,  wjiieh  diaws  not  oidy 
tourists  and  invalids  hut  a  su]u'rior  elass(»f  settlers/ 
The  railways  naturally  ahsoihed  nearly  all  the  pas- 
senj^or  traffi<'  with  tlu>  eastern  states  and  lOurope, 
leaviu'Lif  oidy  a  small  p(>reenta<j;e  to  the  Panama  stennu 
ship  line,  which  j)rior  to  1S(I1>  re<'eived  tin;  most  of  it, 
sharing  the  profits  for  a  time  with  the  Nicaragua 
line.* 

■•"Tito  hnpos  raisied  l>y  the  railway  bad  in  ISfiS  lironj^ht  tlin  arrivals  liy  spa 
toOOJMK),  ami,  ami  iiflcr  a  tluctuatinii  l.ctu.'.ri  :!H,()(Ht  and  r.-J,(MH).  to  7it.(MH> 
ill  |S7;{,  aiKJ  til  Hr),(M)()  in  1,S74.  'I'his  rjso  was  groatly  due  to  liusincss  dc- 
jiri'ssioii  in  tin;  I'ast.  'I  li(>  C'liincso  |iriiiiiirtiiiii  liad  rangi.'d  lictwnti  IO,(HM» 
;uid  IS, (MM)  arrivals  sincu  1S(>7,  and  (Kiiarturcs  lictwctii  H,(MK)  and  S,0(M>. 
'i'lu;  arrivals  l.y  rail  dnrilij,'  IH7()  (i  stood  at  .•<'_',(MM>,  ;i(),(MM),  ;{1,(MK>,  4I,<MK), 
r.r.,(KH),  7r>,(MK)  and  (>I,(MM),  and  tlio  dupartunx  at  '_>:<, nun,  'J'_».(MK),  •J'J,(MM»  X?.- 
0()(»,  2r),0(t0,  .'{0,000,  and  ;{.S,(K)0,  wliiidi  Ifavo.s  little  nioro  than  ono-eigiith 
to  conio  liy  sea,  t'Xtduding  the  Ciiini'si'  route.  In  1SS4  the  Central  Paillic 
railway  alono  hrougiit  over  CO,(XM),  anil  sini'c  then  tin;  unfohling  rosoiim-'s  oi 
tliu  Htate  liavo  drawn  larger  luinibeis.  /'.  S.  (iui\  Dot:,  cong.  4;"),  .ses.s.  '_',  U, 
V,\.  Doe.  70,  p.  745-(»l;  cong.  40,  sesa.  3,  xvi.  701  .">:  .SisLii/'iii  Ajl'dirs,  MS., 
Ki;  U.S.  JiiimiH  Stntisti<:t,  I.S70  NO,  I.S7,  etc.;  J/i>jil:lii.-<'  S>n.-<i;  l-()4;  .V. /'. 
Vliraii.,  New  Year  Handlers;  Vul.  I'liyiil.  Srrnjn. 

^Tlic  stagnation  following  the  reaction  of  lS."i4  created  serious  alarm 
among  jierson.s  interested  in  the  state,  and  in  18r)r)  a  society  was  fornnd  to 
liromote  immigration,  assisted  hy  an  elliisive  local  press.  A  suliscri|iticvn 
opened  with  .*!10,0(K).  <liibl,i,  Eri,  Aug.  I'J,  IS.-)f);  S'f.  I'liiim,  Sept.  II,  iN.Vi. 
Since  then  similar  associations  were  start'  d  hy  foreigners,  hy  countii's,  hy 
landdiolders,  hy  railway  companies,  and  .-.Iso  under  state  anspict'.i.  Ciil. 
Jiiitr.  S'li.,  1871-2,  app.  'J.')  11;  Jinrt'iii  tj' liifnnii.  timl  ('"tnuiz.',  Alt".  I'ul.,  .\pr. 
I'.t,  1H.-)7,  Oct.  27,  IS.IS,  Sept.  1,  I.S7S,  Nov.  27,  lS.s:i;  t'„i(rr!'i;  S.  /■'.,  .Mch. 
!!1,  1S7I;   Jliivkiii.'t'  Siiiic,  V.   i-.\ii.;  S.   F.   C/iinii.,   Nov.  22,  ISSI;  Imiiiiii.  As- 


■s'lr-.,  Art.;  J/iii/i'M  Xi>fr.t,  MS.,  iii.  IIS;  ,S'.  F.  I'.sf,  May  IS,  ISS.'J. 

*Tiio  d(3mand  of  (.'alifornia  led  to  the  huilding  of  jialatial  steamers,  esjie- 
cially  r)ii  the  smooth  waters  of  the  I'acilic.  The  2,:i'.M)  miles  hetween  N.  Y. 
and  Aspinwall  reipiired  10\  days.     The  isthnnis  railway  rediict-d  thi;  transit 


ti 


<lay.     The  .'{,770  miles  from  TaiLinia  to  .S.    K.,  calling  at  Acajiuli 


and  occasionally  other  places,  took  1 1  .J.  days,  at  11.^  miles  per  hour,  against 
OA  on  the  Atlantic.  The  Nicaragua  route  was  fully  700  miles  shorter,  hut 
the  less  coinmodicms  transit  consumed  from  ;{  to  7  days.  Tlie  Tehuantepec 
route  might  have  greatly  reduced  the  time.    <'riiii<'.^  I'/fvirt  in  U.  S.  d'nr.  l>it 


:u. 


:{,  .v» 


Dn 


)1;  (', 


Cii.  2S4-. •{-».'>;  Jnlnisoi,'.^  Fir  W'sf, 


!('>il.,S  :\'2.  c 


oncerning  exy>enscs. 


•t  20;  Colnmin's  Vi;j.,  MS.,  I7r)-,S:{;  /ior/h,> 

ti'eni!rv,  and  life  during  the  vnj'age.  Complaints  against  the  Nic.  line,  in 
AUi  r,it.,  .July  15,  Aug.  8-11,  IS.VJ,  July  :«),  liee.  27,  IMti.  The  latter  of- 
fercMl  the  attraction  of  liner  scenery,  hut  the  dcliy  .••nd  climatic  danger  were 
.stronger  ottseta.  Ita  beginning  aud  end  are  described  elsewhere,  under  trado 
and  vuyagaa. 


PKI 


POPULATION  AND  SOCIETY. 


The  establishment  of  steamer  competition  had  liad 
a  similar  eflect  in  diminishing  the  overland  current.  Ytt 
poorer  people,  hardy  western  men  and  intendiii*;  set- 
tlers, hampt;red  with  families,  live  stock,  and  l>ulky 
commodities,  continued  to  maintain  a  respcctaMc 
migration,  braving  hardships  and  dangers,  treacherous 
savages  and  arid  wildernesses,  from  which  they  es- 
caped at  times  only  with  the  aid  of  relief  expecHtions." 

Such  was  tlie  influx  which  increased  the  population 
of  the  state  from  barely  100,000  at  the  close  of  IS49 
to  255,000  in  the  middle  of  1852,"  to  5380,000  by  isr.o, 
to  500,200  by  1870,  and  to  804,700  by  1880.'  The 
two  remarkable  lieatures  of  early  days,  j'^outhfuliuss 

'To  assist  them  in  crossing  the  Sierra  ami  desert  at  its  eastern  Itjisf.  r,;/. 
Jour.  Sen.,  18iV.',  701,  185S,  anp.  8;  Axu.,  18.53,  703.  IStU,  app.  8,  lit:  r,/. 
Mlk-f  E.q>.,  1S&2,  1-5;  S.F.  lln-nhl,  July  T,-9,  185(),  Aug.  21,  l.sr.l:  r.-/. 
Cottt;  Aug.  2<i,  '850;  AllnCaL,  Oct.  4,  1852,  .June  30,  1853;  HnllU< rs  Si„t., 
MS.,  1;  C(in''illi'i's  Iiiitiil.,  21-250;  Jlirl-imiii'x  Dintr.  Atu/tln,  70-80;  Jiar^l  ii-'h 
St<il.,  MS.,  12-13;  Delano 8  Life,  2.14-42.  The  state  aiiled.  Wald..  was  a 
proniiiiL'iit  relief  Ici-ici.  Concerning  quick  trips  and  return  journey,  nu 
Site.  Tiiimr,:,  June  1,  1851;  AltaCal,  Aug.  23,  1854.  llmpH  Ccitml  hiiU\ 
1-13(J.  (.'ar.son  valley  remained  the  chief  tliorouglifare.  Reports  on  tlju 
bestroute.s  in  Cal.  Jour.  Sen.,  185i5,  app  22; /?o««'  Wine,  tn  Val,  AlS.,  8tl,  l.'W; 
and  my  chapter  on  railways.  After  18.%  the  current  declined  to  les.s  than 
half  <^f  tii.'t  coming  by  sea.  In  the  sixties  it  spread  into  intermediate  tini- 
tories,  especially  Colorado  and  Nevada,  so  that  less  penetrat-'d  to  Cal, 
Mormons  were  accn.seil  of  waylaying  emigrants.     See  //«<.  Utth.  tliis  scries. 

"The  federal  census  of  IS.'iO  has  '.)2,5!(7  for  all  Imt  three  leading  coi'iitic-i. 
The  fair  estimate  for  thc-ie  raises  the  figure  to  112,(HX),  yet  a  semi-.iliirial 
figure  assumes  ]]7,3{X),  excluding  Indians.  A  legislative  <:iimniittce 
claimed  300,000,  and  congress  allowed  105,000.  U.  S.  (tin:  J)o<:,  ciiig. 
32,  se<s.  ],  Sill.  Ji'ijt'f,  113.  Censiis  olistacles  are  noted  in  Sdi:  Trmi.trr., 
Sc])t.  30,  Xdv.  14,  1850.  The  state  census  of  1852  raised  the  total  to  2(U,  KM), 
which  properly  ad<lt'd  makes  only  2.55,122;  including  an  estimate  for  Kl 
Dorado  of  40,000,  based  on  t!ie  votes,  wliich  hy  due  comparison  with  a'ljniii- 
ing  counties  'alls  to  not  over  28,(Kr».  The  diflference  may,  however,  he  iuldid 
to  the  low  figure  for  wild  Indians.  The  toU!  arrivals  between  the  m  ddli'  i>( 
1850  and  18.52  may  be  put  at  not  over  230,000,  and  the  departures  at  lully 
oncdialf.  Indeed,  dunng  the  decade  nearly  two-thirds  of  the  nuniliiT  re- 
corded by  sea  departed,  and  no  doubt  one-third  of  the  uund)er  by  land, 
many  coij.g  to  adjoining  territories.  The  inducements  to  stay  increased  only 
with  the  unfolding  of  industries.  Ilrowne,  Alin.  Ifrn.,  1,5-10,  justly  assumes 
the  increase  for  the  first  six  years  at  .50,0(K)  per  annum.  Kim/n  liiy'l.  t.'i; 
f'roxl'if'n  EiriiU,  MS,,  .52-3.  See  also  tlie  cliapter  on  Indians.  Tlie  gnal  do- 
crease  among  these  may  balance  the  increase  in  births. 

'Of  this  nHml)er  S.  F.  stands  creditcil  with  2.'M,000,  Alameda  fnllnw.s 
with  02,000,  Sta  Clara  35,000,  Sacramento  .34,400,  Los  Angeles  3;i,  KKI, 
Sonoma,  San  Joacpiin  and  Nevada  range  froui  25,000  to  20,000,  10  oilier 
counties  exceed  10,(KX),  and  the  re.st  of  the  .52  counties  range  from  I1,;U0, 
for  Lassen,  upwanl,  Al])iue  alone  standing  at  the  low  figur"  of  53'.(.  iMinii^j 
1801  70  the  excess  of  arrivals  by  sea  over  dei)arture8  was  1.57, (KM).  Ilia 
de])artiir('s  assishid  largely  to  form  the  .30,000  popidatiou  of  Nevada, 
aiid  partly  of  Arizoua,   British  Columbia,  Oregon,  etc. 


CHARACTER  OF  rOPULATION. 


699 


and  paucit)'  of  women,  wliicli  stamped  it  as  a  rom- 
luuuity  of  young'  men,  have  gradually  disappeared 
under  changing  conditions,  as  mining,  with  its  roam- 
ing life,  gave  way  to  agriculture  and  other  industries, 
with  sectlenicnts  and  family  ties.  According  to  tlie 
census  of  1850  more  than  half  the  white  males  ranged 
between  20  and  30  years  of  age,*  and  still  in  1800 
two-thirds  were  between  20  aad  50,  but  by  1880  this 
(lass  had  fallen  below  one-half  of  the  total  population, 
while  children,  under  20,  formed  considerably  mv  re 
than  one-third.  The  imniber  of  females  increased 
fiom  less  than  eight  per  cent  of  the  population  in 
i8r)0,'to  one-third  by  1880.  The  disproportion  in 
SL'X  as  well  as  age  will  require  considirablc  time  for 
{icljiistment  under  the  continued  large  immigration  of 
young  men,  notwithstanding  the  fecundity  of  certain 
p()rti»»ns  among  the  inhabitants. 

Citizens  of  the  United  States  quickly  established 


*0f  the  total  male  pojnilatioii,  8r),t)00j  incluiling  872  colored,  44,770  were 
Iiptwcon  20  and  TO  years,  •2I,4t)0  lietwccn  HO  and  40,  7,r)i)0  hotwcoii  40  aud 
50,  7,8(M)  heldW  20,  leaving  little  over  2,000  for  the  other  ages.  Hv  KSiU)  tlie 
total  27;»,tH)0  of  males,  slii.wed  .S!».900  between  20  and  '.iO,  i;{,200  Wetwuen  'M 
and  40,  2S,'.KM)  between  40  and  'lO,  leaving  only  o'le-third  for  the  other  ag'^  <, 
cliietly  between  1  andlo.  ]{y  iShO  the  total  804, 7'*0  of  bothsexei  reveah'd 
a  more  normal  iiroportion — :{44.700  .iikKt  20,  ltU,r)(M)  between  20  and  .'!(), 
It:?, 400  between  TO  and  40,  lll,2(K)  between  40  and  TiO,  (k),400  bitween  ;'>() 
aud  tiO,  2(5,000  between  GO  and  70,  und  (■■,7(M)  above  this  age,  ineliiding  07 
centenarians.  The  excess  of  jierson.s  in  tlie  prime  of  life  was  maintained 
as  yet  by  tlic  constant  immigration. 

'Of  which  barely  two  per  cent  in  tlie  mining  eonnties.  In  18.")2  it  iiad 
irached  a  little  over  ten  per  cent,  or  nearly  2.'{,0(M)  in  a  total  of  somewhat 
<iV(T  200,000  whites.  Among  Indians  tiie  scx<-s  were  more  ei(ualiy  <'mim- 
erateil.  The  foreign  females  iiuiii'ieri;d  4,Iil>0.  In  riniote  counties,  a.s  Sierra 
and  Trinity,  the  percentai.'e  UAl  to  less  than  two.  Hy  ISlUt  tiie  I'emales 
miiiil)erod  iO<), 700,  against  '27'i,'.M)  males,  9('>,400  lieing  wliites,  7,200  Indian 
iiL'ainst  10,000  Indian  males,  and  1,S(H)  Chinese  out  of  a  total  :i4,'J4M)of  Mon- 
p>U.  By  1880  the  female  prr)]iortiiin  had  risen  to  .■U(!,r»(K)  against  r)IS.2(K) 
males,  tlie  whites  embracing  ;{;t2, 100  females  and  4:{.").  I0»)  males  ami  the  col- 
dPed,  Indians  and  ('Iiin(<se,  14,400  females  and  8;{,  100  males,  the  dis]irepiir- 
tioii  being  among  ("liinese.  Up  to  the  tifteenth  year  the  Kexi;s  are  normally 
i'|ual,  but  after  this  the  males  advance  till  tlmy  iorm  double  the  female 
number,  between  the  age  of  .SO  ami  4.',  and  the  disproportion  contimie<  into 
tiie  sixties,  when  the  males  ligiire  at  l.'i.HOO  .-^.:inst  ."i.OOO  fi'males.  Nnw  the 
litter  creep  upward  once  more  till  they  eijua,'  the  males  in  the  nineties. 
The  native  population  Mitli  Spanish  blooil  continued  very  jirolilie.  and  Irish 
Mill  <;eri;ivns  exceeded  in  this  respect  the  Amen  ;ans.  See  pieviniM  notes; 
'•(/.  Pi^ml.  Srnifm  reports  of  assessors  in  fnlJoii,:  .'?';).,  app. ;  A/..  1S;")0, 
app  7,  !in<\Cal.  Uurrd  IhiiUh,  1870-1,  app.  102-12  contains  romaiks  on  regis- 
tratiou  laws. 


M.  \m 


700 


POPULATION  AND  SOCIETY. 


their  predominance,  nuniorioally  as  well  as  in  iiifliKMico. 
Tlie  first  lar<^e  influx  of  fort;igners  was  oliset  In  the 
expansion  of  land  and  ocean  currents  from  the  Atlan- 
tic states,  and  clujcked  to  some  extent  in  the  only  ob- 
jectionable (juartcrs,  Spanish-America  and  China,  hv 
a  repelling  hostility.'*  Nevertheless,  tho  proi)()iti()ii 
of  forei .rn-born  imniis»'rants  increased  since  1850  tioin 
one-third  of  the  number  coming  from  the  Unitci! 
States,"  until  in  IHSO  it  surpasseil  the  latter  by  nearly 
one-fifth.  Yet  the  persons  born  in  the  state  out-nuiii- 
ber  cither,  so  that  the  foreign  percentage  of  the  total 
remains  almost  the  same  as  in  18.')0. 

The  aborigines  during  this  period  dwindled  to  less 
than  one-half  their  strength,  under  the  withering' 
contact  with  white  civilization,  and  the  native  Si)anisli 
iidiabitants  have  undoubtedly  suffered  a  certain  clii(  k 
in  their  remarkable  fecundity  from  their  anomalous  po- 
sition. They  possessed  an  admixture  of  Indian  blood, 
for  which  Americans  entertained  an  undisguised  and 
irritating  contem[)t  that  was  inconsiderately  exti  iidi d 
to  almost  any  sun-burned  complexion.  Add  to  this 
the  feeling  engi'iidered  by  the  war  of  coiujuest  and 
the  intrusion,  usurpation,  and  other  injustice  to  which 


**Reo  nmler  politics  ami  milling.  Tlie  maltreatment  offerpil  in  Cil.  Ird 
to  rpstrictivo  iiuMsurt's  Iiy  tiit;  {.'nvorniiicnts  in  tlir)se  coiintrii's.  \i  t  tlic 
IhirliuLranie  treaty  <>iK'iie«loni'(Mn<i'-i'.  in  ISCiS,  the  celestial  portals.  Enr'Hicriiis 
were  liaiiii)ereil  l>y  ili^tanee  ami  e\]>ense,  and  interecjited  by  Atlantic  >t.itfs, 

"Tiu!  <'rn.iii'i  (if  IS.")()  has  121. S(K)  foreiiin-lmrn  persons  against  (i'J.lilM)  frmn 
t'lie  U.  S.,  ami  S.OIK)  nat;ve^,  exehnling  Indians,  .'\ceording  to  thi  <  ■'/(.-■»■.•  nf 
IS,")".?  tho  foreijin  residents  numlierod  less  than  ()0,OiK>,  and  the  Indians  nver 
30,01)0  in  a  total  of  'J,V.,00().  That  of  ISlH)  places  the  foreign  I M.rn  at  l»(i.- 
noO  in  a  total  of  :?SO,(»(M).  those  l.orn  in  the  state  at  77,700,  The  C'hinc-e  h:u\ 
with  .'?4.ft(H),  Irish  Xi,]m,  (term.ans,  t»l.(»0,  Ilmilish  I2,'200,  Mexicans  ll,J(HI, 
French  S.'rtK).  The  CrixiiM  of  ISSO  gives  the  forei^'n-horu  at  'J',»'J,!»(M)  :iL':uiist 
571,800  l)orn  in  tiie  U.  S.  Of  the  latter,  ll'.HI.OOO  were  hc.rn  i.i  the  stale,  It'.,- 
300  1»  ling  Indians,  aliout  1,70()  .Mongolians,  ami  l,4(H)  otlier  oolorcil  ra'cs. 
This  leaves  24,"), iSlK)  horn  in  other  .it.ates  of  tho  I'nion,  iiielnding  nearly  li.iKH) 
coh<red,  4:{,700  from  N,  Y,, '-'0,700  from  Mis<onri,  H»,()00  from  Mas-adiu- 
setts,  17, MK)  from  Ohio,  17,;«10  from  111..  I.".,  UH)  from  I'.'nnsylvania,  II.MHt 
from  Maine;  also  a  sprinkling  from  I'acilic  tii'ritories.  The  foreii;n  Iioii'  arc 
Ntill  headed  liy  73,,')()0  Chinc-ie,  plus  1, 7fH)  Mongols  horn  oi  tlie  eeast,  ami 
followed  l.y  03.000  Iri<ii,  .T(.|iH»  Knaiish  and  sV,)tc'i.  •(•.•.,")()()  (iernian',  plus 
3,(K)0  fron'i  .\nstria.  et.'.:  ••.7l»<)  .Scandinavians,  inchidin.;  K.a.'s  '.M'OO 
?>i'nch,  7.'>00  Italians.  .').:!(t0  Swiss,  4. TO-')  I'.irtni'ne  e.  p;i  1  onlv  diO  Spatr  iv.N. 
S.»MH)  Mevicans.  1.S(M)  ,s,.ntli  AmericuM.  L'.OO )  Iliivsiani  i;nd  INdcs  l^iKK) 
from  British  America,  and  'J.OOJ  Au.-.tialiaui. 


RACE  ELEMENTS. 


701 


tlicy  were  subjected  by  unscruplous  new-comers  wLo 
enviously  beheld  the  broad  possessions  acquired  l)y 
long  colonization.  They  were  besides  allied  to  the 
Latin  races  in  America  and  Europe,  and  consequently 
(sxposctl  to  the  hostility  directed  against  them,  and 
encouraged  bv^  the  government  itself  in  a  discriminat- 
iiig  mining  tax,  with  the  result  of  greatl}'  clucking 
the  L:itin  influx, '^  including  the  highly  desirable  con- 
tribution from  France." 

The   la*-gest  foreign   immigration  consists  of  Chi- 

o  O  O 

n'se,  whose  adverse  influence  on  white  labor  led  to 
restrictive  measures  aijainst  them.'*  Next  in  numcri- 
cal  order  come  the  hardy,  versatile  Irish  ;  '  the  sedate 
and  plodding  Germans,'"  whose  traits  apply  also  to 
the  cognate  Scandinavians ;  the  grumbling  En«jlish, 
aptly  complemented  by  the  prudent  Scotch ;  the 
British-American,  in  whom  the  inherited  stubborn 
egotism  has  been  effaced  by  a  manly  independence 
tinged  with  the  sparkling  Gallic  temperament.  Add 
to  these  a  sprinkling  of  Mediterranean  Latins,  Slavs, 
and  other  races,  not  forgetting  the  ubiquitous  He- 
brew, ever  to  be  found  in  the  train  of  connnercial  en- 
terprise, and  we  have  a  material  unequalled  for  cos- 
mopolitan association  wherewith  to  modify  the  pre- 

•'-See  note  nine.  But  for  this  the  immigration  from  western  and  fouiIi- 
n  Europe,  and  especially  from  Mexico,  -would  have  been  far  larger.  l)i,s- 
orders  in  Mexic<»  and  high  wages,  security  and  comfort  in  (.'al.  witc  stroi'g 
causes  for  migration.  Pirn  Dor.,  i.  XV);  Sniiorenii;  March  18,  183.'?,  cti'  ; 
IhujiH  Awnl<!<  Arrh.,  ii.  271)  et  scc).  Increasing  poverty,  and  the  interninr- 
riagc  of  the  fairest  Spanish  daughters  with  Anglo-Saxons,  were  strong  fac- 
tors in  the  growth.  My  Cal.  I'liMtnnd  treats  fully  of  their  life  and  trait.s, 
with  anecdotal  and  romantic  episodes. 

'^Especially  for  I'orticultural  interests  and  valuahle  for  its  vivacity  and 
politeness  as  a 'ace  admixture.  They  were  largely  driven  from  the  mines 
ill  early  days  to  towns  and  viticultural  districts.  Few  sought  naturalization 
or  assimilation.  Lottery  schemes,  etc.,  gave  an  iini)Hlse  to  their  migration 
to  ("al.  in  18.-)0-l.  l^al/no.  Dor.,  xxxv.  SIS;  Alf.i  CL,  Feb.  13,  Apr.  i:», 
IS.")!,  Fel).  10,  May  .'>,  Aug.  28,  1852;  S.  F.  Pinryniic,  Sept.  20,  IS.'il,  etc.  A 
special  history  of  their  conditi(m  exists  in  />'•//,  Let  Frntir<m  <ii  Cnl. 

"The  proportion  of  women  among  them  is  exceedingly  small  and  mostly 
of  the  low  class. 

'•'Who  display  a  hent  for  political  agitation,  and  for  crowding  into  city 
suhurlis.  They  have  a  special  coast  historian  in  De  Quigley,  M'ho  in  )iis  Insh 
Riu-v  in  Cnl.,  548  pp.,  paints  their  wealth  and  influence  in  flaring  colors. 

'"Their  stronger  aiiherence  to  national  customs  and  language,  as  compared 
with  the  Celts,  in  balanced  by  a  ijuiotcr  dipositioa. 


I 


i  ■  i 


lit] 

I 

III 


Ii 


its 


1 

^:1 

»\ 

^i 

1  :  ■: 

t 

:*',  ■,.'• 


702 


POPULATION  AND  SOCIETY. 


dominant  American  element."  This  is  assured  l)v  its 
own  growth,  which  for  over  a  decade  lias  suquiWd 
foreign  accessions,  and  by  a  strong  national  sentiment, 
deniojistrated  by  loyal  adhesion  to  the  Union  in 
1801-5,  and  since  bound  by  closer  bonds  of  conuiiuiii- 
cation.  The  restriction  of  Chinese  alone  sufficis  to 
give  to  Anierican  influx  a  preponderance  which  is  in- 
creasing with  the  approximation  of  the  western  fron- 
tier settlements  that  have  so  largely  intercepted  the 
westward  migration.  The  appieciatiou  of  the  climatic 
and  horticultural  advantages  of  California  is  auain 
drawing  onward  this  current.'" 

The  charact.T  of  the  innnigration  has  been  gn^itlv 
aff'ct  '\  hv  the  chamj:ing  nature  of  its  maijnet,  from 
gold-i)Iac(nvs  to  tjrain-HekIs  and  to  vineyards.  This  is 
strikiiiLjlv  illustrated  in  the  shlftinir  centre  of  poiiula- 
tion,  wiiich  retroceded  after  1851-2  from  the  alia!) 
sorbing  mineral  belt  of  the  Sierra.'*  The  largest 
movement  was  toward  the  bay  of  San  Francisco,  as 
affording  the  readiest  outlet  to  the  best  markets  for 
dairy,  field  and  forest  products,  and  subse(|uently  pro- 
viding, especially  at  the  metropolis,  superior  adNan- 


"  The  Tews  have  attainei]  a  position  of  ni  equalled  influence.  Tln'  jire- 
pouderance  of  tlie  iinuiigratioii  from  New  York  has  heeii  iiiarkuil  in  pulitii's. 
Rifkiitivi'n  Vij.,  M.S.,  "i;).  Tlio  larger  proportion  from  tiie  Atlaiitii'  mii-t 
states  is  due  to  their  more  dense  population,  wliiuh  is  ever  .seiidiiii;  I'nitli 
pioneers,  and  to  the  ready  ocean  route.  After  the  Krst  gold  exeiteiiR'Ht  tlit- 
inhahitants  of  thj  western  interior  state?  found  less  inducements  in  <'.ii.  u> 
outweigh  tliose  around  them.  Tlio  Mormon  project  of  184S  to  colnni/iii;:  <  ':il.. 
dwindled  to  a  few  petty  settlenjcnts  and  to  the  more  important  iHU'  ol  Saii 
Bernardino,  estimiteil  hy  Imh  An/.  St.nr,  Fel).  7,  Sept,  I85'J,  at  7ltO  strmisr, 
witii  mills,  etc.  Iftif.^'  X,>ti-M,  M.S.,  7<),  '204-5;  A/.  S.  Bmi.,  i.  '2  et  >^i-<\:  H.. 
Alt /.,  i.  'J()  7;  with  feolins^  concerning  them.  A  large  tnict  was  lidii^lit  in 
18.")!  for  *7.'>.0I)().  Alt'idil.,  May '28,  .Tune  17,  18.")1,  .lune  1.").  I8.V2,  Iv.',  -J. 
18.53.  Sif.  Uiiimi^i  .May  1,  I8,'»(>,  estimates  the  colony  at '2,0()()souls,  ipwiiiii;: 
a  tract  of  about  Ho  miles  l>y  1*2.  OMmttMeii'ii  A/ormonen,  103;  Mormon  P"li- 
U('M,  1-8. 

'^Counter  attractions  exist  in  intermediate  and  adjoining  territorii-'.  in 
even  Australia,  which  in  tiie  early  fifties  drew  many  gold-seekers.  ]h:\\\- 
hacks  have  Iteen  interposed  hy  the  disorders  of  tiusii  times,  of  18.")(i  and  ISTT. 
the  occasional  droughts  and  eartliipiakes,  and  in  (."liinese  coni|)etition.  l^nt 
nearly  all  have  disappeared  or  fadeil  to  insignificant  proportions,  droiiglits 
buint;  i^n.vitly  modifieil  by  irrigation,  for  instance. 

•'■•('oiniiire  census  (igures  f<>r  agricultural  and  mineral  counties  in  I>«."iil 
ISIK),  and  1880,  showing  the  great  gain  of  the  former,  while  manv  "f  tin- 
latter  lost  or  became  stationary.  Tiie  mining  counties  held  tluee-liftlis  vi  tiie 
popuL  iu  1S52  au«l  only  ouu  fifth  in  1880. 


COUNTERACTING  INFLUENCES. 


703 


tagcs  for  fast  expanding  manufacturing  interests.  The 
l^reat  valleys  adjoining  tlie  gold  belt,  and  partly  set- 
tled from  it,  received  a  large  influx  in  the  sixties, 
when  the  value  of  the  San  Joaquin  lands  for  wheat 
culture  was  recosxiiized.  Of  late  years  the  southern 
part  of  the  state  has  been  gaining  on  the  strength  of 
iis  horticultural  features,  and  similar  advantages  arc 
also  causing  a  reflux  to  the  Sierra  slopes  and  filling 
many  other  neglected  sections  with  flourishing 
colonies.  "'• 

Among  counter-actions  to  the  increase  of  popula- 
tion stands  foremost  the  return  migration,  bv  men 
who  had  come  merely  to  gather  wealth,  and  who, 
for  a  long  time,  remained  blind  to  the  advantages 
for  settling.  The  hardships  of  life  in  the  mines  and 
in  a  new  country,  sickness,  fluctuations  in  business, 
and  family  ties  abroad  were  additional  promptings. 
Tims  in  early  years  departures  largely  excet.'<l\'<l  ar- 
rivals, and  subsequently  adjacent  territories  combined 
to  draw  away  thousands." 

The  gloomy  tales  of  disappointed  and  suflx^ing 
miners  created  at  one  time  the  impression  that  Cali- 
fornia was  not  a  healthy  rcgion,^^  and  the  hardships 
of  a  digger's  Hfe  certaiidy  told  heavily  upon  the  inex- 
perienced though  hardy  gold-seekers,  in  the  shape  of 
fevers,  intermittent  and  remittent,  rheumatism, 
catarrh,  syphilis,  scurvy,  and  notably  diarrhcea  and 

■•*  As  in  Fresno  and  San  Ikmanlinn.  Sec  (•liai>tcrs  on  agric,  mines,  liirth 
of  towns,  and  ni.inuf.  Horticulture  is  iirouiotin^  oentrali/ation  into  cities 
ami  village;!,  in  addition  to  railways,  machinery,  and  other  adjuncts  of  civi- 
li/^ition. 

-'  Au8tral-,i  drew  many  in  18")l-2,  British  Columbia  in  l.S.'S,  Nevada  after 
ISdO,  Arizona,  etc.  In  18.'),")  7  the  arrivals  by  sea  were  S(),(K)()  and  the  de- 
jiiirtures  63,0()().  Tlie  retliix  of  the  land  current  was  less  heavy,  liowi^ver. 
Slu  I/,lp,;-'M  L'iiiil,'20  ];  <'r>in/'s  S/of.,  MS.,  1;  Cil.  Pt,}wl.  S'-rops^  ]'2\ ;  daily, 
weekly,  ami  monthly  reeonls  in  .l//<f  Cal.,  and  other  journal^.  After  the 
ojjening  of  the  railway,  tourists  and  business  men  swell  tlie  de|»artures,  so  as 
to  make  the  figures  deceptive.  Comparatively  few  fortune-seekers  now 
return. 

'•'-'  In  early  days  diseases  founil  freer  play  under  the  cfTeets  of  a  ch<aii(»ed 
cliiuatc  anil  life  upon  systems  strained  by  the  hardships  of  a  trying  laml 
triji,  or  of  a  sea  vovage  in  badly  provided  vessels.  Then  followed  hanl  and 
exciting  pursuits,  labor  in  damp  soil  or  water,  under  a  broiling  sun,  bad 
>\ater,  poor  food  and  shelter,  lack  uf  vegetables  and  remedies. 


,'    1 

M 


m 


!     t 


1  ml 
W 


■«  !.' 


704 


POPULATION   AND  SOCIETY. 


dysentery.  But  circumstances  changed  rapitlly,  with 
increased  experience,  improved  methods  and  ajiiili- 
ances,  and  the  extension  of  traffic,  bringing  witli  it 
better  supplies  and  remedies."  Subsequently  tlie 
regular  liabits  attending  agricultural  and  'other 
settled  modes  of  life  tended  to  counteract  the  wcaknos 
introduced  into  our  exceptionally  youthful  and  hmdv 
community  by  an  increasing  proportion  of  delitate 
women  and  children,  so  that  the  death-rate  remains 
nmch  lower  than  in  the  eastern  cities  and  Euroju.  ' 
Indeed,  the  diy,  warm  atmosphere  of  the  interior,  tie 
bracing  sea  winds,  and  the  equable  yet  invigoratini,' 
temperature,  form  a  rarely  equalhd  cond>ination.  wliidi 
has  made  California  famous  as  a  health-resort.     The 

•^'  In  1849  fully  500  graves  were  dug  at  S.  F.  in  one  month.  Jolin^m'"  ru. 
and  Or.,  iMl-'J;  for  S.  F.  ami  state,  see  S.  /'.  Piniytmr,  Sept  12  Ih.'O:  r,i/. 
Vonriii;  Sept.  V2,  17-lS,  Nov.  1--J,  lN-i(»:  IVl..  '_'7,  Mar.  3,  17,  I  S.')l  ;/'.,/•.  .V-»<.. 
AUd  i'lil.,  etc.,  monthly,  (juarterly,  ami  at  ilose  of  year.  The  rate  fell  t.i>t 
in  the  interior,  until  it  eouhl  lie  safely  plaeed  within  one  jier  cent,  a  1.  w 
figure  due  to  the  youth  and  hardiuc.->.s  of  the  community.  See  military  n  jKirts 
in  U.  S.  Oiw.  Dtr.,  34th  cong.,  Ist  8e.*s.,  Sm.  Dor.,  %,  xvili.  442  etse(|.  Tlie 
Stockton  hospital  rejiort  for  1852  shows  1004  patients,  with  170  ea.-es  ol  iiittr- 
niitteut  fever,  73  remittent.  42  typhoid,  and  32  Panama  fever;  diarrlio.i  :!."i, 
dysentery  51,  rlieumatisni  32,  jmeumonia  2.">,  syphylitic  eases  over  M>,  delir- 
ium tremen  <  24.  At  S.  F.  CO.  hospital  fevers  and  iligestive  tn  ul  1«  s  miIkI 
hii^her.  CiiL  Juiii:  Am.,  IS."i.3,  ajtp.  18,  21;  Soti-yi/x  Mortinnj/  T'fl i  ^.  I  KS; 
SfiUiiiiin'.i  OUiti-v.  Mi'iitr.,  Stirrniiifiilo,  2t>9  et  seq. ;  also  ehai>ter  on  .Miciety  of 
1840. 

'"  In  the  seventies  the  average  may  l)e  placed  at  ahout  14  per  mi  lie. 
Taking  the  Rtjiort  n/  the  BonnI  of  Haiith  for  1870  and  for  1879  80,  we  liml 
the  rate  at  Marysville  17.9  and  21.9,  Sae.  14.5  and  19.7,  Placerville  7.2  iiinl 
12.3,  Stockton  9.7  ami  12,  S.  F.  19  ami  18.0,  Sta  Barhara  17.8  and  17:.. 
Vallejo  in  1879  80  stood  at  10,  Downieville  at  9,  and  San  Diego  at  alxiut  14. 
The  soutliern  San  .T(M(]uin  figures  near  20.  These  rates  do  not  serve  as 
very  reliahle  guidance,  owing  to  the  preponderance  of  families  in  Miine 
places  and  of  hanly  men  in  others,  and  to  the  concourse  of  invalids  into 
certain  places,  at  Marysville  from  the  mines,  at  S.  F.  from  all  parts,  at  Los 
Angeles  and  other  southern  towns  from  the  east,  the  last  being  chiefly  .Mni^iit 
by  consumptives.  Of  the  5,800  deaths  recoriled  in  above  report  for  JST!' 
80  consumption  carried  off  954,  largely  eastern  health  seekers,  and  at  .^.  K. 
where  the  climate  is  severe  on  the  chest  and  throat,  pneumonia  505,  1  bron- 
chitis and  other  respii-atory  troubles  2.'U,  diphtheria  101,  diseases  of  tlie 
stomach  and  bowels  253,  of  the  liver  126,  cholera  infantum  100,  fiviTs, 
typhoid,  142,  others  95;  di.seases  of  the  brain  and  nervous  8yHt»"n  staml  at 
the  high  figure  of  519,  of  the  heart  at  217,  alcoholism  at  (>3,  ami  ^^li^  :ci<. 
109;  all  explained  by  the  habits  of  life,  excitable  tenii>erament,  and  >tiii]U- 
lating  climate  referred  to  elsewhere.  Fevers,  dysentery,  diarrhoa,  and 
rheumatism,  so  prevalent  in  early  years,  have  tleclineil  to  small  i.ropiirtu us. 
See  also  reports  from  hospitals  mCnl.  Jnur  S'li  ,  app.  annually;  S.  /'.  Mmii''- 
/fejtorl-i,  id.;  Nor'lhoff'xCiiLflVl-^b;  DiMurixir*  (linoi,-,  1.54  et  seq. ;  /.n./mi'ii 
Mrdif.  Tiypoij.,  5-53;  P'v.  Mi'iilf.  Jour.,  passim;  Cnl.  Min.  Sjmiijx :  ('(/.'(m 
tables.     Table  of  suicides  ia  .'>.  /■'.  Muiiiiy.  licpl,  li>o'J-00,  57-9,  etc. 


CHARITIES. 


705 


peculiar  topography  gives,  moreover,  to  the  climate 
ii  variety  ot'gratle.s,  ranging  from  the  temperate  to  the 
Miiii-tri)pic.'''  Medicinal  springs  abound,  and  produc- 
tions are  rich  and  varied.  The  above  conditions  ex- 
j>lain  why  epidemics  have  found  a  comparatively  feeble 
t'uotliold,"  and  why  nervous  diseases  present  the  only 
unfavorable  exception,  fostered  by  the  prevailing 
speculative  spirit  and  stimulating  environment." 

The  generous  impulses  of  Californians,  so  marked 
in  benevolence,  and  so  strongly  exhibited,  for  instance, 
in  the  relief  of  early  immigrant  parties,  and  in  un- 
t  <iualled  contributions  to  the  sanitary  fund  during 
tlu'  Union  war,  stand  recorded  also  in  numerous  char- 
itable and  other  institutions,  among  thom  being  two 

■-' I>.'aving  only  a  few  exceptional  districts  near  the  heate<l  tlc-icrts. 
Marshy  tracU  are  neutralize*!  in  their  action  hy  tlie  iieculiar  dryness  of  the 
a;r.  S.  F.  is  not  to  l>c  recommended  for  weak-chested  people;  otherwise  it 
i-i  vt-ry  hracing  and  healthy. 

-''.SmalljHix  carrieil  «tt  large  nuniljers  of  Indians  in  colonial  times  and  in 
iMi'J  3,  hut  has  since  l>een  very  restricted,  and  so  with  cholera,  wliich 
created  the  only  real  alarm  in  1850  and  1851!  S.  DihIkou-^  Hio/.,  MS.,  3; 
K'niLlcr,  Elwh,  1-24;  Unyt^^XiMfs,  MS.,  90-1;  Cil.  Simwjx,  li-^  'S;  AWiV^ii, 
J:iii.  4,  1851,  Sept.  I'J,  1852,  July  Iti,  Sep.  17,  1855;  Jlnycs'  Aiujelvs  Arch., 
V.I.  SO. 

-■After  the  decline  of  mining  the  gambling  .spirit  sought  a  vent  in  stock 
speculation,  ra.sh  enteqtrise,  and  liigli  pressure  of  work  ami  life,  with  attend- 
ant startling  changes  in  fortune,  so  that  the  percentage  of  insane  people 
st.irids  far  al)o*-e  the  average  for  the  U.  S.,  or  1  in  IWO  inhabitants  against  I 
in  544  for  the  union,  according  to  the  tV'//.<«.s  of  1880.  That  of  1800  shows 
I  in  8;i4  against  1  in  1,.'100  for  the  U.  S.  Poverty  and  marked  religious  ex- 
citement form  here  an  insigniticant  cause  as  compared  with  the  cast.  The 
percentage  of  idiots,  blind,  and  deaf-mutes  is  below  the  average.  Concerning 
tlie  formation  of  board  of  healtli  and  medical  societies,  seor'c/.  Polit.  Coilc,  4\i'A 
ct.st.i|.;  S.  F.  Co.  Medic.  Soc.,  annual;  Ctil.  I'lianii.  Soc.  Proceed.,  and  other 
reports  by  such  Ijodies. 

-^  The  special  dept  in  the  Stockton  hospital  was  in  185.3  expanded  into  a 
icparate  asylum,  to  which  several  additions  have  been  iiiailc.  The  iikm'c  iin- 
posiiig  edilice  at  Nai»a  was  ojH;ncd  m  1S75,  and  has  cost  over  5?  1,500,000. 
lliU'll'tt  Cod'',  ii.  1751-2;  and  reports  in  Col.  Jour.  Ati.i.  anil  >S>n.,  esprcially 
Sen.,  1877-8,  app.  9;  SM/iUck,  18.'>;{,  ct  seij. ;  S.  Jmii/.  Co.  Jlint.,  7't  5;  /'ink'- 
ham's  Stockton,  273-iil;  Cal.  Charit.  Scrajm;  A'kjhi  Co,  IJixt.,  200-2;  }\'o(mI's 
/'<o.,49  51. 

The  first  resident  physician  of  the  Stockton  asylum  was  Dr  II.  K.  lieid, 
a  native  of  Erie,  Penn.,  a  graduate  of  tlie  university  of  Tenn.,  and  a  pioneer 
of  1849.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  he  accepted  an  appointment  as 
tur:.'e<'n  in  the  regular  arm)',  ami  after  its  dose  retired  froni  professional  lite. 
Oi  >pcci:tl  value  are  his  contributions  to  medical  science,  inclii<ling  his  rejiorts 
letwecn  1851  and  ]8.'iG  on  the  state  hospitil  and  state  insane  asylum.  In 
1^7'.)  he  was  elected  president  of  the  Stockton  bauk,  iu  which  ho  was  then  a 
uircctor  and  one  of  the  largest  stoekholdero. 
IlisT.  Cau,  Vol.  VIL    *i 


706 


POPULATION  AND  SOCIETY. 


insane  asylums/*  a  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind  asylum,"'  and 
a  large  number  of  orplian  asylums,  homes,  and  lios- 
pitals,  sustained  by  cities,  counties,  and  i^i'ivate  associa- 
tions, and  partly  aided  by  state  subseri})tions/*  In  tin  sc; 
aets()feliarit\'  a  promptand  conspicuous  part  was  tik'ii 
by  fraternal  societies,  notably  the  Odd  Fellows  and 
Masons,  which  was  organized  in  1849."     They  were 


^In  Berkeley.  See  reports  in  C(iL  Jour.  Sen.,  app.  and  ReporU  of  Sup. 
Pull.  liiKlitu: 

-''Tlio  sttato  made  appropriations  in  1S.")1,  Sfntvti'x,  pp.  384,  TjOO  'Jl,  .il-o 
act  May  3,  1>S.")2  and  .May  lit,  IS-IIJ,  for  tiirec  hos^pitali  at  S.  V.,  StiKlunii, 
anil  Sac.;  tlio  la.st  never  ac(|uire(l  a  footing,  that  at  Stockton  was  hUi'i'iiKltiid 
two  years  later,  anil  the  S.  F.  almii-iied  in  IS."),").  A/.,  IS.">."),  p.  47,  (17;  An- 
nnlx  S.  /■'.,  450  '2;  >S.  F.  Mmwnl,  |.S4  '.)().  The  state  iiospital  lun.l,  tlerived 
from  passengers,  was  heneeforth  distrilmted  among  county  Kick  fiiinis. 
Cat.  L'rviiiw  hiw,  74-C.  By  IS.'iO  over  -sl.OOCOOO  liad  ))ceii  cxpiinl.  d  mi 
the  sick  l)y  the  state.  For  aid  to  asylums,  etc.,  see  coinmitree  reiiorts  iu 
Oil.  Jiwr.  Sen.,  app.  The  feileral  gov  t  erected  in  \^'t'.\  a  L'.  S.  muiiiid  ims- 
pital  at  S.  F.  U.  S.  Our.  JJdc.,  cong.  .'W,  scss.  I,  H.  l)oc.,  i:>.'{,  xiii.  It  «:n 
so  severely  .shaken  hy  tlie  carthiiuake  of  KStJS  as  to  he  .surrendi'icd  tor  a 
sailors'  home,  llie  first  orphan  asyhiin  was  the  San  Francisco,  org;ini/i'il  liy 
protestants  at  8.  F.  on  Jan.  .'{1,  1S")I.  Roman  ca*^liolics  followed  tiiv  ex- 
ample ill  March.  Snr.  Tran-irr.,  Mar.  14,  1S51;  Cat.  I'l'iirkr,  .Mar.  (i,  l^.'il; 
S.  l'\  (h-iUn.,  18,")!} -4,  ijl;  Anyliim  h'ljtorln,  passim;  C(tl  Cluirif..  •V''/-'(;i.s',  ',!•_' it 
seq.  Miniirip.  IdyorU.  county  histories,  directories,  special  pamphlet-',  and 
pei-iodical  reviews  in  journals  give  accounts  of  orphan  a.sylums,  f  ouudliii','  iimi 
lyiiiji!)  hospitals,  and  homes.  !S.  F.  has  institutions  sustained  bv  nmre  tlian 
half  a  dozen  nationalitie-i.  Tlic  Magdalen  asylum  is  partly  aided  l>y  state 
and  city;  a  veterans'  home  exists,  a  society  for  prevention  of  cruelly  to 
animal -1,  etc.  Instances  of  charitaMe  Kul>scriptions  are  given  in  llillili"  S. 
F.,  Ii84  5,  44G-7.      Hee  also  in  A/.,  lieipiests  l>y  Lick,  llawes,  etc. 

^' The  Odd  Fellows  met  informally  in  the  autumn  of  IS47  at  PortMnoutli 
house,  S.  F.,  and  the  journals  of  1S4S  record  regular  Tuesday  g;itluriii.'<. 
Lodge  1  was  formally  instituted  on  Sept.O,  IS49,  at  S.  F.  J.,oilge  lig.itln  ml 
at  Sac.  Aug.  L'O,  l,S4'.t,  and  was  formally  instituted  .Ian.  '28,  IS.")1.  I'.y  h",:; 
there  were  eleven  and  the  grand  lodge  organized  May  17,  I8,").1.  For  Ihiuvo- 
lence  and  progress  see  S.  F.  I'(pol■t■^;  I'jihiiin  A'o^c.-i,  l!l»0;  S.  F.  A'- "■  .1./', 
18()G  et  se((.;  Dirirtoric/i,  etc.  Tlie  Ma-onic  order  found  its  first  loilj.'!'  m 
Oct.  1.S4!)  and  its  grand  lodge  in  April  18o0.  IJy  1S,")0  over  100  lodges  stcod 
in.serihed  in  tiie  state.  I'rogress  dei>icled  iu  /■'.  iiinl  A.  Mdnnm'  A''}*';'-; 
W'itiuiiiin'  Iter.,  .Ms.,  l;{,  hy  one  of  the  tirst  Masons  inCal.;  county  histcrh  -i. 
etc.  Still  faster  grew  the  Sons  of  Temperance,  organized  in  lS4'.t,  nvivcil 
Boon  after,  forming  on  Sept.  !l,  18.")l,  the  grautl  division  and  temiile  "f  lioimr 
in  IS")4,  and  niiml>eriiig  liy  IS.")()  some  7, (KM)  memlicrs,  largely  reprc^iiiiil 
iu  the  volunteer  coin|)aniiM  of  the  lire  dei)ts,  Mliicli  at  S.  F.  then  ciiilirartd 
1,000  members.  Nationality  exercised  a  powerful  intluence  in  draw  inu  iiilii 
together.  The  Helirews  set  the  briglitcst  exaiiiph^  in  establishing  live  .-^inic- 
ties  by  1855,  the  first  dating  1840.  The  Swiss  IJeiu'volent  Soc.  toriiud  in 
1840;  a  St  AndreM-'s  in  Nov.  18,')0;  the  French  Dec.  "JS,  1851;  the  liilicrii'iui 
Fib.  :i,  I8r)'_>;  Sons  of  Kmcrald  Isle,  .Mar.  17,  IS,".'.';  an  Knglisli  gov't  liiH|'it-d 
lS5-_»,  fcdlowed  later  by  the  British  Ben.  Sac;  tlu;  (Jerman  .Tan.  7.  l"^"d:  a 
Chinese  in  1854;  Scandinavians,  Latin;,  .Slavs,  etc.,  followed:  a  Ladiei 
Relief  .Soc.  Aug.  18.");{,  the  Seamen's  Friend  .Mar.  'Jti,  1850.  Soldiers  of  the 
Me  :ican  Mar  associated  in  1854,  a  X.  Kngland  Soc.  met  in  18.'.0,  tlicl^rz- 
sslioj  and  others;  also  protective  trade  union  i,  ai  the  chamber  of  eouiuicicc, 


THE  FLUSH  TIMES. 


707 


quickly  followed  by  a  large  number  of  other  associa- 
tions, benevolent,  national,  military,  protective,  social, 
literary,  and  religious,  the  precedence  among  which 
was  accorded  to  the  different  pioneer  organizations  to 
bo  found  in  all  counties  and  large  towns."' 

Next  to  San  Francisco,  of  whose  mstitutions  n^rn- 
tion  is  made  in  a  preceding  note,  Los  Angeles  ftntl  a- 
bly  holds  the  first  place  in  fraternal  and  charitaMe 
associations.  Prominent  among  them  are  the  odd 
fallows  and  kindred  organizations,  branclu^s  of  tlio 
ancient  order  of  united  workmen  and  of  tlie  Amer- 
ican legion  of  honor,  the  young  men's  cliristian 
as-;ocIation,  tlie  orphans'  home,  the  girls'  home,  tlie 
boys'  and  girls'  aid  society,  and  the  secular  corpo- 
ration of  the  trinity  methodist  episcopal  churcli. 
The  president  of  the  three  last  and  a  liberal  contrib- 
utor to  all  of  them  is  Moses  L.  Wicks,  whose  judi- 
cious and  free-handed  benefactions  have  aided  no  less 
in  the  social  development  of  the  city  than  his  enter- 
prises have  contributed  to  its  nmterial  greatness. 

The  generous  and  fraternal  feeling  so  early  and 
widely  manifested  points  in  itself  to  the  healthy  tone 
pervading  the  Hush  times,  notwithstanding  the  bois- 
terous and  reckless  spirit  therei?i  engendered.  There 
was  withal  comparatively  little  of  the  selfish  and 
sordid.  The  vicious  and  criminal  were  piacticslly 
confined  to  certain  lawless  elements  ;  but  their  sup- 
pression by  the  vigilance  committees,  notably  in  18.'^  1 

ty|iiigrai)hical  union,  rigger*  and  stevcilorc.s'assoc.,  KcveTal  ini'dical,  literary, 
military,  and  religious  associations.  See  re])orts  liy  the  <lif!erent  lodges  and 
societies  on  my  shelves;  county  histories,  directories,  [leriodital  accounts  in 
journals.  Lii)raries  and  other  commendable  institutions  are  attached  to  these 
Bocieties  to  expand  their  usefulness. 

^■' At  the  liead  of  all  stands  the  society  of  Cal.  Pioneers,  organized  Aug. 
IS.'O,  and  reorganized  on  ,Iuly  fi,  18.");{,  to  enihraro  all  residents  and  arrivals 
jiiior  to  Jan.  1,  18-tO,  with  a  secon<l  class  for  U.  S.  citizens  extending  to  .'an. 
1,  IS,")0.  Sec  their  Jfqmrt^  and  Coni>(ilii(inm;  Pinnerr  Arch.,  Vallrjo  Dor., 
XXXV.  '249;  Annals  S.  F.,  '28.T-4.  For  the  lirst  year  meetings  were  irregular. 
iJy  1858  there  were  nearly  100  members.  Levy,  Frnnmk,  alludes  to  French 
pioneers  In  1803  a  fine  pioneer  hall  was  inaugurated,  and  in  ISf'fi  a  still 
ni'ire  pretentious  building.  The  limitation  of  ilate  led  to  the  associatiori  of 
Territorial  Pioneers,  Cnndit.,  1874,  and  Firit  Annual,  to  embrace  wVite  malcu 
residing  in  C.al.  prior  to  Sept.  !),  1850,  when  the  state  was  created,  ilindred 
a>'socs.  were  formed  by  descendants,  as  Native  Rons,  also  in  ai'.joining  states 
and  at  New  York,  where  <a  permanent  assoc.  formed  1875.  Assoc.  Ter.  Pio,, 
N.  Y.,  3  et  seq.;  Uphain'a  Notes,  56C,  575-94;  Hayes'  Nutes,  uL  66,  129. 


I  ^  ;;i 


I;        !  ' 


708 


rorULATION  AND  SOCIETY. 


and  in  IS^G,  whilo  purifying  tlio  country  and  im- 
parting a  fooling  of  security,  served  to  intensify  the 
bad  reputation  cast  upon  California."  Witli  more  set- 
tled conditions  and  better  official  suporvis'ion  this 
blemish  was  almost  efl'aced,  when  tbe  outburst  in 
IH77  of  tbe  long  sinoubb'ring  anti-Cliineso  riot  br(»U'L;lit 
out  tlie  stain  once  more,  for  a  time  only. 

Tbe  long  and  costly  journey,  tbe  ruling  liigli  wa;^rts, 
and  the  slight  cost  of  subsistence  have  thus  far  proved 
a  check  to  mendicancy.  On  tbe  other  hand,  tlie  roam- 
ing instinct  that  brought  men  to  this  coast,  tlio 
wandering  life  ct)nnected  with  placer  mining,  and  a 
mild  climate,  fostered  a  tendency  to  idleness  and  vaj^a- 
bondage,  and  bred  in  the  country  the  tramp,  in  the 
town  tlie  hoodlum,  the  latter  a  f/cims  ])€r  .sf." 

The  democratic  equality  fostered  by  mining  life,  and 
by  the  ready  acquisition  of  independence  and  wealth, 
is  still  marked,  but  class  distinctions  are  growing  in  tin- 
cities,  and  spreadifig  throughout  the  state,  under  tlie 
gradual  equalization  of  wages  with  eastern  rates,  the 
dearness  of  land,  and  the  expansion  of  monojiolies. 
Nevertheless,  the  influence  of  workingmen  was  stront^ 
enough,  a  few  years  ago,  t(j  pass  a  state  constitution  of 
somewhat  socialistic  stamp,  whereby  much  capital  was 
driven  from  the  country.*' 


"  Iiiiliresscd  1)y  tlie  cxaggerateil  stories  l>y  favorite  writers  like  Bret  Ilarto, 
Mark  Twain,  B.  Taylor.  Sco  fiiriin-r  chapters  on  S.  F.  society  ami  iriiiic, 
and  my  volumes  on  Piijnilnr  Triliniiiik.  It  must  lie  atlmitted,  liowevir,  that 
shooting  at  sight  was  not  infre(|uent,  and  that  the  law  against  duellinj,'  luii^ 
remained  a  dead  letter. 

^'Applied  to  the  vicious  and  low  youth.  Some  derive  the  term  frDiii 
'huddle.'  A  former  niemher  of  the  fraternity  says  that  it  A'as  oiue  iimn' 
respectahle,  and  that  one  gang  of  lioys adopted  tlie  designation  HocmIiki,  tin; 
supposed  correct  form  of  negro  voodooism,  with  a  language  marked  li\  linn 
endings — hence  hoodooluins.  A  connection  may  also  he  traced  with  the 
hounds,  houndlings,  of  1849.  In  the  chapter  on  manufactures  I  iiavc 
pointed  to  seasons,  machinery, and  Cliinese  as  additional  causes  for  iilKiicss. 
Turk,  Sonoma,  MS.,  1.">~1!),  duscrihes  the  tramp  evil  in  the  country;  aNn 
Ciil.  Crimen  Scraps,  l.'J8,  et  ncq.  A  sparse  population  and  the  trau.sport  nf 
treasure  still  tempt  higliwayinen. 

*'But  there  was  idonty  left.  The  state  contains  more  millionaires  in 
proportion  to  its  population  tiian  perhaps  ivny  country  in  the  world.  Thr 
state  passed  a  ten-hour  law  on  May  17,  18.").'{,  and  an  eight-hour  law  mi  Vi\<. 
21,  1808.  Labor  unions  are  very  strong,  yet  too  exclusive  for  the  heiitlit  of 
the  rising  youth.     A   labor  exchange   received   state  appropriation.    OiL 


CALIFORNIA  WO.MJiN. 


7lW 


Tli(>  iiiflucnco  of  woiium  is  .strikingly  ixliil)iti'(l  in 
('jiiitornia  during  tJic  transition  tVoni  the  t-anip  oru  t«» 
the  present  Settled  ronditi(»n.  As  a  liUrtii  then  tell 
u|Ktn  tlic  rev(!llin*^  miners  at  the  appcjarance  of  a 
Wdinan  in  their  secluded  haunts,  so  a  ciiivuirous  re- 
sjirct  surrounds  her  still  wh(;rever  she  moves/"  The 
cli\ino  halo  which  encircled  her  is  not  yet  faded, 
and  shields  even  tho  fallen  class,  which,  once  so 
(oiispicuous,  has  been  forced  hack  into  shadows  and 
by-ways/'  lEushands,  l)econiin!jf  reconciled  tt>  the 
country,  sent  for  wives  and  dauj^hters,  and  und(!r 
(heir  i)rotection  came  others/"  Yet  tho  gentler  sex 
had  by  1880  risen  only  to  one  third  of  tho  ontiro 
jiopulation. 

There  aro  as  yet  no  indications  that  tlic  moraf  tone 
of  women  will,  in  tho  near  future,  attain  to  puritan 
li^iility.  For  this  rcjisons  aro  to  be  sought  in 
(liiuatie  conditions  and  habits  which  incline  toward 
<4iinibling,  extravagance,  and  excitements.  Tho  lav- 
i.sliness  and  display  sustained  by  attluenco  assisted  to 
Ksseu  the  attraction  of  household  duties,  to  lot.sin 
the  family  bond,  and  invito  outside  adulation/* 
Til  is  was  [)romoted    by  the    inferior   quality  of  tho 

S/'iiiUr.H,  ISO")  70,  145-6,  543.     A  bureau  of  lalior  Btatistics  mudu  iU  first  ro- 
iKirt  t'l.r  l.ss:<  4. 

■'  Sill)  iriiiy  tnivfl  iilono  tlirougliout  tho  lanil,  assured  of  rpsppct  and  jirn- 
tiitidii;  in  Btroot  cars  mun  frtquuntly  rise  to  oHlt  her  a  Beat;  many  eiiter- 
tiiMiin'iits  arif  inaili.'  I'reo  to  liir  in  onlcr  to  attract  more  male  p.itroiiagu;  in 
tlii'Oiiurts  jiidgud  as  well  as  juries  appear  under  lier  inllueuco. 

^'Tlicy  were  imported  in  l»atelies  from  Siianisii-Aiueriea,  France,  et(\, 
mill  iiio.Ht  females  from  ("liiiia  are  stdl  of  that  class.  ('<il.  Coin:,  Oct.  17, 
Niiv.  'J.'),  |.S,")0;  Ciil.  I'<iml.  Srriijis,  \'2\  5.  Ktl'orts  have  Keen  made  to  restrict 
this  Misterliood,  Memorials,  etc.,  in  ('■il.  Jmir.  Sin.,  IS77  H,  app.  IW;  (nl. 
li-inl  ll'iillli,  lliyt.,  l.S7()  I,  ai.p.  44  .'"):{.  At  S.  F.  the  police  liave  more  than 
nine  hlockaded  and  raided  their  dens. 

"My  1>S.V_'  nearly  IM.OOO  Americans  of  the  gentle  sex  hail  come,  and  ov<t 
4.:!0l>  fi.riM^'iiers.  Kxpn.'ss  companiiis  arranged  to  hring  families.  /'<«•.  A'-  "••■<, 
On.  IS,  |,S.-)0;  Site.  L'lii.iii,  .July -Jti,  KS.w;  AUn  Cni,  l>ec.  l'.»,  IS.Vl;  //rlp,rs 
Liwl,  '2\   '2. 

'  Hence  tlii'  frecjuency  of  divorce.  An  tsirly  instance  of  desertion  hy  the 
«it'c  is  jriven  in  r,(/',  Apr.  12,  IS48.  Out  of  l()<>  applications  for  divorcr  in 
1H,")7  only  '_'.■{  were  presented  l>y  men.  The  divorce  liill  created  a  stir  in  IS.'I. 
S'l,;  Tniiinn:,  Feh.  14,  isrd.  Comments  on  fre(pieiicy.  Ciil.  ('riimx  Srfi})", 
()7  8.  The  first  iireaeh  of  promise  hefore  Cal.  courts  was  instituted  hy  Mary 
Oates  vs.  C.  A.  Buckingham  in  IH.">4.  Tin'  married  women's  ritrhts  hill 
li;i->ed  in  185'.'.  /foiu/i'x  Sfnl.,  MS.,  y  10;  JJai/is'  Xukn.  iii.  «y-U4,  with 
aeruuul  uf  Dr  C'ulc'a  rating  u£  C'ul.  wumcu. 


li-i 


•rhii 


710 


rOPULATlON  AND  S(JCIKTY 


women  wlio  Kougljt  California,  as  compared  MJih  its 
men,  ami  the  eonst'quently  largo  number  of  iiicoiiniu- 
ous  marria<jjeH.  LoudnesH  and  fastnesss  kept  a|ia(p, 
and  left  their  impress  on  the  rising  generation.  This 
remark  applies  ispeciall}'  to  the  large  tow ns,  \\\\,  i,. 
domestie  aspirations  are  largely  sacritieeil  to  the  pic  f- 
erence  for  hotel  and  hoarding-house  life,"'  wlilc  li. 
thongh  detrimental  in  many  respeets,  is  yet  unavoid- 
able in  view  of  modern  centralization." 

Houses  need  not  be  costly  or  ovcr-substjniti;il 
in  climates  which  invite  to  out-door  life  aii«l  to 
the  enjoyment  of  shady  gardens.  In  San  riini- 
cisco  the  simple  and  light,  yet  strong,  (Tii(ii;;(> 
frame  structures  predominate,  with  a  pleasing  \a- 
riety  of  style,  yet  with  a  marked  prevalence  of  lay 
windows,  for  which  the  strong  breezes  are  rispoiisihlr, 
hi  rendering  the  use  of  balconies  less  comfovtt'l  Ic. 
Interiors  are  furnished  with  a  richness  coninuusuituc 
witli  the  general  atHuence,  and  the  wide-spriad  ta.-te 
for  music  and  decorative  arts  is  rapidly  (levilo)iiiig  a 
tasteful  surrounding.  A  pleasing  feature  is  ti.e  lovf 
for  Howers,  and  the  evei-blooming  garchn  paldics 
with  which  most  houses  are  adorned.  In  the  < ouiitry 
the  increase  in  horticultural  colonies  and  honxs  of 
wealtliy  people,  and  the  expanding  current  of  tourists, 
are  incentives  for  making  homes  more  attractive." 
Dress  partakes  somewhat  of  the  composite  chaiactor 
of  the  people,"  and  exhibits  hi  a  still  stronger  li^ht 

*•  Due  partly  to  the  expense  of  houses  find  servants,  and  to  spi/ciilativc 
and  unsuttloil  conditions,  hut  also  to  fcinalo  distaste  for  lioii.-okci  |p:njr. 
<'al.  M'as  called  the  hotel  state.  |)escription  of  J'ulncr  llotd,  \-\i\.  vw  nf 
the  finest  in  the  world;  hotel  life,  in  Onilnwl,  v.  I7(»  SI;  Miiriiriiinr'.i  ll'i<U, 
1  45.  The  proportion  of  families  to  the  population  is  fully  efjiial  U>  tlio 
average  for  U.  S  ,  but  the  children  per  family  are  only  4.87  against  uioritlau 
5  for  young  states. 

*''l'his  ilnds  a  favorable  direction  in  Cal.  in  tho  increase  of  horlicultiiral 
colonies. 

*'  Than  they  were  in  colonial  times  and  during  the  long  prevailing  ptnod 
of  speculative  farming, 

*•' French  and  English  goods  and  fashions  are  general,  with  a  certain  addi- 
tional mixture.  Simp-girls  anil  wives  of  laluirers  sport  silks  ami  iiiiii.itiun 
jewelry  to  a  striking  degree.  The  explanation  lies  in  preceding  iiiaK'  mIhI 
female  characteristics,  in  the  cosy  acquisition  of  money,  and  iu  the  iniiigii 
climate,  which  favors  a  snug  yet  light  costume. 


AMUSEMENTS. 


711 


the  bent  for  display,  among  tho  lowly  as  well  as 
noalthy.  Induli^i'iice  cxtcntls  also  to  tho  inner  man, 
/id  although  tho  palato  is  not  sufficiently  studied 
under  tho  pressure  of  !sp(  culation  and  excitement,  no 
restraint  is  placed  U[)on  choice  and  varied  i)andering. 
Thus,  California  consumes  more  sugar,  coHee,  and 
choice  wines  and  fruits  iter  mpita  than  tho  eastern 
states  or  Europe. 

Extravagance  and  frivolity  in  dress  combine  with 
an  innate  craving  for  excitement  to  foster  the  taste 
for  anmsements.  In  this  respect  San  Francisco, 
with  its  hotel  life,  and  its  position  as  the  great  S(»cial 
centre  of  tlu;  coast,  sui'pas.ses  prol)al)ly  any  city  of  its 
si/,e.  Zest  Is  imparted  by  tho  medley  of  nationalities, 
with  their  alluring  variety  of  entertainments,  notably 
tlie  concert  and  beer  halls  of  the  Teuton,  tho  moditied 
f  »rm  of  French  cafe  chantant,  and  the  Italian  mas- 
(juerade.  To  these  may  be  added  celebrations  in 
honor  of  St  Patrick  by  the  Irish,  of  Columbus  by  tho 
Oenoc^se,  of  ]V[ay  day  by  (Germans,  and  of  king  carni- 
val by  the  peoples  of  the  Latin  race." 

At  most  larger  reunions  dancing  is  a  leadin<j  fea- 
turo,  favored  by  the  chilly  evenings,  which  incite  to 
exercise.  The  proclivity  for  drinking  and  gandjling 
remains  strong  under  the  different  social  and  climatic 
iiiHuences.  The  former  is  sustained  also  by  the  gen- 
eral practice  of 'treating,'  a  liberality  to  which  bar- 
keepers respond  by  offering  tho  unrestrii^ted  use  of 
tho  bottle,  and  by  spreading  free  lunches  of  no  mean 
order. *^  Nevertheless,  temperance  societies  ])resent 
an  imposing  array.  (:j}and)ling  has  been  checked  in  a 
measure  by  laws  of  increasing  stringency,*'  although 
lurking   in   corner   groceries  and    more   respectable 

♦'With  leas  public  celelirations  of  national  anniversaries,  as  by  .Spanisli- 
Aniorieans. 

<'S.  F.  has  probably  more  drinking  bars  to  tho  population  than  any 
other  large  city.  Fanev  drinks  are  discussed  in  Harper's  Mnj.,  xlviii.  42; 
Milh>,nlil\'^  B.  Col.,  -MH  80. 

*«  See  iStiUuku  for  1852,  1855,  1857,  etc. 


't 


i:'V. 


I     ! 


.1     -W 


tiilfi 


l:'l'i> 


712 


POPULATION  AND  SOCIETY. 


places,  despite  s|)asiiioclic  eftorts  to  abolish  it.*' 
Mining  stocks  provided  a  legalized  vent  for  tiie  pro- 
pensity, and  thousands  yielded  to  it,  from  sei\aiit 
girls  and  clerks  to  wealthy  women  and  niorcluuits, 
to  tlie  iniproverisliment  of  large  chisses,*^  The 
collapse  of  the  Comstock  mines  proved  a  sevtro, 
yet  salutary  lesson,  although  since  then  lotteries 
nave  been  largely  patronized.  Among  adnnssil»K> 
games,  billiards  take  an  exceptionally  promiiieiit  rank 
throuirhout  the  state. 

The  interposition  of  wholesome  regulations  ijjavc, 
in  some  quarters,  a  healthier  direction  to  pastimes, 
particularly  toward  the  drama.  The  opening  of  the 
transcontinental  railway  tended  to  elevate  the  tlrama 
by  invitinj^  artists  of  ability,  hitherto  restrained  by 
the  cost  of  the  journey;  but  of  late  years  the  laste 
of  the  masses  is  deteriorating  under  the  competition 
of  free  variety  and  dime  theatres,  whicli  also  enforce 
a  reduction  in  rates  at  other  places.  The  taste  for 
music**  promises  well  for  the  presentation  of  operas 
and  concerts;  yet  cheaper  performances  of  tins 
character  depend  chiefly  on  German  and  Hebnw 
audiences. 

The  several  efforts  made  since  the  early  fifties  to 
secure  the  religious  observance  of  the  sabbath  '"  liiive 
not  been  very  successful  in  the  large  towns,  and  Sun- 
day is  jmictically  Germanized.  Multitudes  then  pour 
out  to  bask  hi  the  sunlit  valleys  of  the  surrounding; 
bay  shore,  or  to  promenade  to  the  nmsic  at  the  paik, 
watching  at  the  same  time  the  throng  of  carriages  on 
the  way  to  the  ocean  beach.*' 

♦'Tlio  Cliinosp  arc  tho  moat  inveterate  culprits,  practising  uuilor  guan's 
and  intricate  aiiproaelics  and  l»ril»ery  oi  tiie  pi -lice. 

♦"By  'oases  and  asHessnionta.     See  cliapter  on  trade  an«l  mining. 

**ii.  V.  Iiaa  probably  more  pianoa  and  nin.sie  teaehera  proportionutc!;, 
than  any  other  city  in  U.  S.  One  ehtip  phu-o  of  anuLsenient  haa  siisl.iiiuil 
itself  purely  with  operatic  pieces  for  over  half  a  do/en  year.-.. 

'*t\f/.  Join:  A.i.t.,  18.52.  p.  870,  :Hy,\,  p.  7'Jl;  St'ifiitis,  I8«il,  p.  •"..■.■i,  isC'.l 
70,  II.  5'J;  law  auatained  hy  the  court  in  1 88'_».  S.  F.  ( 'nil,  Mar.  11,1  S8l.>.       '  lli.' 
Nalihath  ia  universally  desecrated.'     Willnf's  Serinom,  'JO  40. 

*' Many  families  give  a  prefercnc  to  the  pleasure  ganlens  like  Wood- 
wards' and  Ocean  Vi  v.  Cat.  AinwicmriU  Sati}m,  7(>-43(>,  cutera  fully  into 
tiiia  topic. 


AMUSEMENTS. 


71S 


Outdoor  life  is  natural! v  attractive  under  tliis  rain- 
less  suninier  sky,  and  oven  in  breezy  !San  Fniiuisco 
the  main  stroets  are  crowded,  (^siuH'iully  in  tlie  even- 
ing. VoY  canjpini^  trips,  few  re^^ions  present  so  many 
favorable  conditions.  Streams  and  lakes  abound  at 
dift'erent  altitudes  for  boating?,  fishing,  and  swimming; 
game  is  abundant,  and  the  air  invigorating. 

The  bent  for  sports  unfolds  naturally  in  this  com- 
nmnion  with  nature,  as  manifestid  in  the  nund)er 
of  associations  for  t'liat  pur[)ose.  Special  trail's  con- 
duct sportjuien,  os|.ecially  on  Sundays,  to  adjacent 
fields  and  ranges;  boats  skim  the  uaters;  baseball 
players  mingle  witli  pic«iic  parti(!.s.  Americans  are 
less  addicted  tt)  ridin^:-;  than  the  SpanLsl.  race.  Tluy 
prefer  driving,  and  trotting  has  therefore  attracted 
most  attention  at  ll:"  races,  wliii'h,  o'ving  to  the « om- 
mon  possession  of  horses,  are  hero  more  fre<punt  tlnn 
in  the  eastei-n  statos.  Latterly,  I'^vvever,  the  excel- 
lence of  the  climate  for  breeding  i'ace-horses  lins  bcf  ii 
ri'cogn./ed,  and  led  to  tlu;  formation  of  numerous 
stabli's.'^  Bull-fights  have  long  si?K'e  been  banmd 
by  the  law;  but  cock-pits  flourish  surreptitiously.* 
l*u<iilisnj  is  sustaine<l  by  a  wide  circle  of  admiriTs 
from  all  ranks,  and  in  the  large  towns  spairing 
matches  are  an  attractive  feature  among  tlieir  enter- 
tainments. 

The  preceding  observations  point  to  a  number 
of  influences,  medley  of  nationalitii-s,  a  (|uicki'ning 
clime  and  environment,  and  the  peculiar  migratory 
habits,  which  stamped  the  Californian  with  ('istin<'tive 
traits.  Distances  and  other  obstaili-s  resti'ieti'd  the 
». (flowing  po|)ulation  to  picked  men,  who,  in  their 
strugirles  under  strange  conditions,  naturallv<leveloi»ed 
a  self-reliance  antl  onergv  which  verged  on  audacitv, 

•'-On  earlier  racps  wn  fhrrn'.^  T.ii',\  MS.,  CT-S;  AM>/7'.<  IJuhfa,  ITS  S2; 
//iii/is'  Aiii/ili'M  Arr/i.,  vii.  74.     Lung  (li.staiiuu  riurs  :iro  lavurcil  liy  >|iaiiiHh 

SCttllTH. 

''|)i>if  aiiil  ji'Hiltry  slmWH  occur  iiniiually  at  .S.  F.,  and  in  coiuicctioii  with 
agric.  fairs.     Baliy  nlmws  liavu  liccn  tried.  S.  /'  Cull,  Jan.  lo,  l!s7ii. 


f.V 


>ii 


U'l 


I  i.'J 


d 


'It; 
Ik 


714 


rorULATION  AND  SOCIETY. 


tlumgli  always  of  a  practical  nature.  Instance  tlio 
advance  in  mining  mctliods,  here  revolutionized,  with 
mountains  demolished,  and  streams  turned  from  tin  ir 
course;  in  agriculture,  in  the  reclamation  of  deserts, 
in  girding  the  continent  with  railroads,  and  in  otlu  r 
uiidertaivings,  whicji  have  transfornu'd  a  wilderness 
into  a  prosjnrous  state. 

It  was  the  work  of  utilitarian  enterprise,  and  of 
men  with  decided  adaptability  ;  men,  who,  careless  of 
foiMU  and  ai)pearancc',  measured  intrinsic  value,  and 
kept  in  view  aim  rather  than  means,  ('isting 
aside  the  hampering  c(Hiservatism  of  okl  connnunlti*  s, 
they  sought  with  flexihk;  originality  and  subtle  per- 
ception new  and  independiMit  channels.  The  lifi-tiiiie 
of  a  year  was  here  compressed  into  a  montli ;  tlie 
life  of  a  month  into  a  dav.  Wit  and  tnuscle  reijued 
sui>reme.  and  democratic  equality  levelled  class  aspiia- 
tions.  With  this,  however,  came  a  regard  f(»rwialt!i 
above  culture,  moral  peace,  and  all  other  considi  ra- 
tions.'* The  entry  into  social  circles  was  eHecIt  d 
with  a  goldi'u  key,  and  sustained  with  gild- 
ing. Tl»o  rapi<lity  with  which  millionaires  wen;  made 
irave  no  time  for  coverin<j:  the  crudities  of  their  hum- 
ble  ori«j:in.'"'  Yet  the  cliange  was  atteiidetl  bv  litth? 
vulgar  conceit,  for  the  caprice  of  foitune  continued 
t)  show  itself  in  tiie  making  ant!  innnalilng  of  men 
within  the  day.  Class  distinctions  gradually  ac(|uired 
some  inHut'nc(!,  but  they  have  not  yet  reached  the  ab- 
surdities conunon  in  the  east.  Character  and  enter- 
prise take  a  leading  rank,  but  they  must  bo  practical 
and  promising.  Education  and  intelligiMice  stand,  nn 
the  averag(!,  higher  anu»ng  the  nwasses  than  [trobably 
in  any  otl.er  country,  owing  to  the  select  immigia- 
tion;  but  the  race  f«.i'  wealth  ha^  for  the  time  subor- 


*'Thiis,  in  farriiiiig,  R|>ci!uliitivo  mHjratioiis  overshadowed  the  desin;  fur 
huiiio-liuililio)4  and  conifnrt. 

'^■'Tho  I'oiitiict  of  <hUV'rciit  ti;itioii,'i1iti<"4  hiid  loft  itstraoo,  hciwcvrr.  in  '^"ft- 
I'nin)^  iiiucli  munli'uwK,  and  it  lias  lici'ii  <>!isiTVi'd  tliat  ri'tiiriiiim  gil  1-r,  Im  is 
wcri"  Tir  iiiiiri!  cnnsidurati-  itad  orderly  th.ui  tlmsi!  giiiiig  ti)  Cal.  li  ii-t/nnti-'.i 
Ciii,  Mi).     Contciitod  asjiiratioJis  liad  tlit-ir  etTcct. 


CHARACTERISTICS. 


715 


cliiiat'i  the  desire  for  wider  and  deeper  mental  at- 
tainments/* 

Nevertlieloss,  the  quest  for  <j;old  is  not  altogetlior 
sordid.  It  is  sought  rather  as  a  means  for  ])t»^verand 
eiijovincnt,  and  as  fi(M>ly  used  as  ae(|uired.  The  cnuso 
lies  in  the  prodigality  of  early  .'inijig  tiiiRS,  in  the 
long  contiimance  of  rielidevelopu.onts  and  largc^  profits 
and  earnings,  and  in  a  soil  and  climate  at  onee  so 
stinmlatiiig  and  benign  as  to prtelude  poverty.  IVToncy- 
niakers  rily  on  easy  reeu[>eratlon,  and  regard  emj^ty 
).v./k(;ts  with  little  apprehension  or  discom))osure.  If 
extravagance  is  Ik  coming  more  showy  and  calculating, 
it  vet  retains  nmcli  of  tlu;  wnerous  element  of  IHlt), 
which  lingers  also  in  the  deep-drinking  setsof  the  l»ar- 
room,  shorn  somewhat  of  early  profanity.  It  is  like- 
wise to  he  seen  in  the  demonstrative  patriotism  of 
national  feast-days,  and  the  sustained  interest  in  the 
affairs  of  the  eastern  states,  and  above  all,  in  the  local 
pridi',  wliich  magnifies  California  as  the  finest  and 
most  pmgressive  of  countries."' 

The  ('(unparativt!  su[)eriority  of  the  men  over  the 
women  is  exphiiiud  by  thc^  nature  of  the  attraction 
which  dnw  tlieni  liither,  for  gold  and  adventure,  com- 
bined with  hanlships,  were  not  likely  to  tear  away  from 
civili/ed  comforts  the  same  select gradc>s of  both  sixes. 
Nor  have  the  prevailing  habits  of  life  produced  the 
same  admirable  development  in  women  as  in  men." 
Yet  both  were  hardy  and  a<hij)tive,  and  these  <jnal- 
ities  have  left  their  impress  upon  the  new  generation. 
Chihh'cn  born  even  of  puny  jtarents  are  healthy  and 
rosy-ehe(ke<l,  and  spiing  up  Iiirg«>  and  lusty,  with 
mind  ami  n(>rve  no  less  piceocious  than  j>hysi(ni(\  .Ml 
features  partake,  mon;  or  less,  of  the  southern  vohip- 

*"In  ciTtaiii  circlt's  a«|lil•.■lnt^  i)f  sliillnw  ciliiratinii  NliriiiU  Ix'fnro  tlii'  cotii- 
]i.iri-«iin  tli.il  wouM  Ix^  invitt'(|  Ky  a  more  lilni'.-il  ii.liMissiuii  of  litcnuy  Jiiid 
St'ifiititic  iiu-n.     Till-  iirnfi'-ni.ins  licro  sf.iinl  nlatis'i'ly  IdWtr. 

■'■  Iiiilcfil,  tho  iiuluHtriuI  iuliiovomt'iits  .>f  CaliforniiiiiH  justify  gnsitly  tlirir 
vanity. 

'"Till' 0.1  rlicst  iiitlucncc'df  wmiicn  was  lioneticial,  in  tlu<  jrri'atcr  onlcr, 
<li'i-i>nim,  rivi|>«'i't,  ami  cliivalry  slv  i)ii))artLMl,  ami  in  IIk-  I'li'^atini;  fainilv 
lifi'.  Sul).st(niuntly  hIic  has  Iiouu  i>!(>ininfnt  in  fosUiiiig  cxtravagani-t;  and 
vanity. 


\'t 


1. 


716 


rOPLI.ATION   AND   SDC'IiyrY. 


tuousness  and  sprijjflitliiu'ss/'  dlsplayiii;^  also  the 
strong  telluik'  iiiHuoncc,  and  raising  the  (lutstitui  .i: 
to   its  ultimato  cttbct  upon  the  race,**     Caliturnia 


eel 


tniiily  ane\eei)tioMaleountry,aiidtiiesizeaiMllieaiii\ 
of  its  prochietioiis,  the  tame  of  its  health-resorts, 
and  alxive  all,  its  variei^i  toj)ography  and  stinmlatiii<f 
coast  (Tnnate,  seem  to  favor  the  ilevelopment  of  tin; 
highest  progressive  type  in  man." 

The  education  of  the  Mexican  half-caste  population 
of  Calitornia  previous  to  the  coiujuest  was  furnisln  il 
entirely  hy  tluir  spiritual  teachers,  who  seldom  rami 
to  do  more  than  impart  a  knowhdge  of  the  reli<:i(ius 
observances  re«|uired  t>f  tlu-m.  Among  the  higlu  r 
Spanish  families,  the  sons  were  sent  to  Mexico  or  tlir 
Hawaiian  islands,  and  the  daughters  wi-re  instructed, 
very  iiuuie(|uati'ly,  by  the  neighboring  or  visiting 
priest.  Hence  ilUteracy  was  the  rule  rather  than  {\a- 
exce[>tion."' 

The  tirst  public  school  after  the  American  occupa- 
tion was  establislu'd  at  San  Francisco  ;  the  nuniln f 
of  persons  in  June  1847  under  'JO  vears  beiiujf  I(i7,  of 
wlioin  ;")()  were  of  school  ago.  On  tin-  'J4th  iA' 
Sej>temlK'r  of  that  year  the  town  coun<'iI  appointtd 
a   committee  consisting  of  Wilham    A.    l^eidesdeiir. 


'*11io  itli.vsical  rosoniManoc  has  licfii  UtukmI  Kii^rli^li.  ami  tlw  iik  iiial  at 


ini'liniii^ 


t(i  llr 


ill   t 


vpi 


Imt 


ii  t-iiiii|ianMi>ii   VI 


th  tlh 


]>aill.->li  ivnc  AH 


<li'Vi.')ii|M'il  ill  Cal.  ami  siiiitliwanl,  rofrrM  Itoth  to  a  <'n;^iiati'  iiilliitiicc.  Kiiiit 
licri-  also  lai'^;c  aiiil  liri^lit.  <Jirls  uiifuM  rniiiilly  ;iiiil  iimtlnTs  arc  |iliiiii]i  iiml 
licaltli.v  at  40  yeaM.  As  in  tlic  rast  tin-  Htoliil  fiatiirts  nf  the  (ifiinaii  iiic 
lii'i'Diiiiii^  sliariK'iit'il,  ami  the  toarsc  >l;iii  ami  lank  liair  if  tlic  l'!nL!li.>li  1:11  w 

may  rvcii   inurf  striking  xariatioiis  ln' c  \ 


III;!    iiiiiri'    ( 


li'liciitu    aiul    virv,    h< 


I"' 


jtt'il  li 


Tl 


II'  lu'rvinis,  uiitiriiiK  nctivitv  in 


F. ,    inijiartfil   l'^'   tlic  lirai-iiii;  ,>i'a 


wiuils,  ililViTs  v'ri'ath  fmiii  tin-  ninilitii'il  fni-rity  ••nfnrcrii  \>y  tlu'warinir  tt  1 


jwratiiri'   nf   tin-    iiitrriin'    niul   tlic 
«[>a'<miiilii'  Siiaiii-*!)- AiiHTii'an 


all 


I  wliii-li  a|i[>i:>ar|ii.'.s  that  ol  tin 


Ciinrisi'  anil  iiitcrr-itiiii;  ai'rmints  of  ('idifnrnia  norii'tv  "my  ''<•  funml 


OivtAki'/,    v.     77.    rtf. ;   Snrilhi'irx  C'll  ,   l.'C  I't    !-ci|.;    7'.(/ 


)-/. 


I.lxilii'x  l.'fjliti  mill  ShiulfH  nf  S.  /■'..■   Mi-i''ill'x  rid:.    I    Hi;  ('orliiiili  rf,   /'«»/;• 


Ili,f,l, 


llfll/H 


.\f<i,. :     /,// 


'"'?/ ' 


Sh-    Ynir:.:  /iiiiiNi'i  Wis/,  -J<M)  nil:  (ii}>i 


<  'ill. 


irim; 


Hi>r//iirl>-l'i    fill.:     />n,rri:i'    .\/'iM)t;    WW  '_'(!;    l/il)nr's 


l.iuiil  (ivnionl); 


FiiliirK  Citi,  a  Htiiily  i>f  cliarai'tcriMti 


l>< 


i.VKii  .1  <  'I'liijiii  ></:  Sii.riiii 


). 


"•' Till'  ^•l'llHll^^  iif  1S."0  jilari'il  tli"  illitcTatf  |M.i.iiIatir.ii  i.f  Cal.  at  'J.'.US  wliito 


nativ(«s,  anil '2.017  fiircijiiiorn,  cliii'tly  Mi'xicaiM  ami  t'liiIiaiH 


tolal   if 


1  U),()(H).  At  MontiTiy  fxistt-il  in  \KUt  a  so  calloil  nm-iiial  kcIihhI,  w  lirii  a 
fi'W  i>riiiiary  liran.'ImH  wore  taught  ati  iudii'iituU  liy  the  |)t!lty  ( 'uAcw'/./i '/•' 
(hiotiiijiii  printud  fur  it. 


EDUCATION. 


717 


William  S.  Clark,  nnd  William  Glovor  to  take  meas- 
ures for  the  establishment  of  a  |»ul)li<'  school.  A 
seliool-houso  was  ereetcd  on  Portsmouth  sijuair,  iVvjr- 
iiifiod  l)y  the  name  of  Puhlie  Institute,  and  on  the  .'Ul 
of  April,  184H,  a  school  was  o|K>ned  by  Thomas 
I).m:4las,  a  Yah;  graduate,  who  received  a  salarv  of 
!?l,0<U)  per  year.  From  this  beginnin*;  has  grown, 
with  some  interruptions,  the  public  school  system  of 
California." 

**  Ti>  1>o  liintoricalIy  acM'urato,  it  hIiouM  1)o  statcil  tliat  a  iirivatc  ai'liocil  had 
Ix'Oi)  krpt.  Milieu  till!  iii'i'i'i'iliiii;  A]iril  l>y  oiio  Marstoli,  u  iiooi'ly  ciliii'atcil  Mm-- 
1111)11,  will)  li.'iil  alitiiit  'M  ]iu|>ils  ill  a  Hliaiity  wuMt  of  |)ii|iiiiit  hI,  lu'lwri'ii 
liroailway  ainl  racilii;.  As  t'lirly  as  1847  it  is  said  tliat  tuii,-  Tvli'r  t:iu>jlit  a 
cl,i«s  -it  ( 'iclir  cri'fk,  ami  WluMtoii  soou  after  taii){lit  at  W:isliiMi;ti)ii. 
Miss  Mi'<  'unl  al<o  taii^lit  at  Tri'iiumt.  Tlic  n;i)lil  I'Xi'iteiiiciit  carrifii  all  i.tl'  to 
tilt'  millet,  and  wlii'ii  next  a  selieiil  was  o]ieiied  in  S.  F.,  it  wa-i  liy  AIIktI 
Williams  in  Ain-il  KS«>  with  '_'.">  imiiils.  Al.cmt  the  last  of  Dee.,. I.  <'.  IMloii 
estalilishe  1  a  freoselKinl,  wliieli  in  April  I.S.'iO  was  taken  iincler  the  iialnniaj^o 
and  coiitrnl  of  tlio  city.  An  assintant  lieiii;^  re(|uired,  Mrs  I'eltnn  was  iioin- 
iiiat.id.  The  salaries  oflmth  together  were  lived  at  8">tH)  a  iiioiitli.  .V  .selinol 
ordinanco  was  passeil  April  Sth,  !.S,"i(>.  prescrihinj?  rules  and  re;,'iil,iti.iiH  lor 
the  puhtii;  sehiiol.  One  hiimlred  anil  f.irty-eight  iiiipils  Iftweeii  the  .-imM  nf 
4  a'ld  hi  years  wcro  adiiiitled  the  lirst  term,  as  follows:  Aiiierieam  77;  for- 
eij»ii,'rs  71.     The  iiuinher  had  iiiereasecl  hy  .Ian.  IS.'il  to  174  piipiW,  of  whom 


mil. 
d  tl 


ils    III 


u^  only  aiiove  iii- 


|i)"i  were  'oreigii  and  75  were  nirls,  most  of  tl 

taiiey.  Freijueiit  tiroDaiul  other  eaiLscs  oceasionod  tlio  removal  ot  the  .si-hool 
to  tlie  v.irions  cliurelies  which  had  eseaped  their  ra\aues.  liy.liiiie  IS.'il  there 
wer  !  .'{(>()  eliildrcn  on  the  nelioollist,  reiiuiriiij;  two  ailditional  teachers.  ()v,  ing 
to  a  mi-iiinderstanding  coiieorniii^  sal  iry,  .Mr  IVlton  eloseil  his  seliool  in  Sept. 
IS.'il,  havin;i  ^iven  iiistrnetion  diirinj^  his  term  to  over  l.KK)  children.  /',/- 
t>ii\li,pf.;  ill  S.  /<'.  //mil,/,  All  I.  n,  IS''",  .''/  M.irr/,,    /S'>l.     T!i>'   /'./-•.    .V-z/w 

's  ]iarade  with  a  li.mner  iii-icriheil    "'Vh 


>f  Nov.  !.  I.s:i(),  refers  tn 


i-hildr 


First  P'll.li.!  Seiiool  of  California. ■•      iro.../'.v /'/.«<■.  c  \Vn,k;  MS.,  <»;  .s\  t\  Alfi, 


Foil.  7  and  March  1.  14,  |S.-,|;  r,l.   (' 


•pt.    17,   I.S.Vt:  .V.  /•.  /', 


S.pt.    A,    i:»,  lS,-.();  S.  F.  Ihdli;,,,  May  •J7,  I.S7"»;  N"-.  7'/' 


■>]>i.  M.Mch  14, 


H.'il;  Williii'.i  T/iirf;/  1'  r/w,  4:1  »:  l{  >'n'  SI  itmniit,  MS.,  I.H.  A  tniMie  .xcliool 
wai  taught  ill  Monti^rey  in  |Sr.»  l.y  liev.  Willey,  in  Ciilton  Mali,  Viillijo 
/>')••.,  .viii.  9.  In  Sacramento  also  a  school-hoiisu  was  luiilt  on  I  street  liy 
Prof.  Shepherd  in  |S4!),  and  occiipiecl  in  .\iig.  hy  V.  H.T.  Palmer,  who^jath- 
erod  lip  a  do/^eii  out  of  the  'tO  cliildreii  in  the  place.  J.  A.  Iteiiton  nest  es- 
sayed a  school  in  Sao.  in  Nov.  with  even  less  success.  In  the  spriiiir  of  lS."i() 
Fer>{ii  ioi  t.  iiij^ht  a  school  in  the  7tli  Alelhodist  elinrcli  in  Sac,  Inil  al-o  I'liled. 
(lev.  ,1.  Uouers  followed  and  kept  a  school  for  twn  years.  Mis>  I!  uf  lii;_' m 
tea  'liin^  ill  tlui  autumn  of  |S."i(),  and  Mrs  Spear  oiieiied  a  jjirN'  school  in  the 
mimmer  ol  IS.'il.  A'//-/7«'s  /)ii.'.,  vii.  Il.'tli.  .See  otiier  authorities  under  ' Sa^- 
ranii'iito' in  tho  chapter  on  liirth  of  towns,  this  vol.  The  matter  of  schools 
was  aijitateil  in  Stockton  in  .M.iy  IS.'il),  « '.  M.  lilakc  teaching  in  a  Iniilding 
furnished  liy  Welier,  Imt  failiii>,'.  /'ac.  A'' »/•<,  .May  10.  IS,V).  In  tlu;  aiitiimii 
.Mrs  Wood  I  ojiened  a  select  school,  and  early  in  IS.'il  W.  P.  Ila/elton  started 
a  free  nchool,  after  which  proj{ress  hecatne  rapid.      Ilist.  Sti>fl,fi'i,,  '2S\   "J. 

The  lirst  si'liool  on  the  Mokelumiio  was  ii]ieiied  in  a  tent  lilted  nji  on  the 
Staples'  rincho  in  lS."i4,  l>y  .Mr  and  Mrs  |).  .1.  Staples,  and  tiuj^ht  hy  A.  A. 
Wheidock.  \  Miiigiin,'  hcIiooI  ami  Sunday  school  was  taujjht  there  under  the 
iuupiccn  of  Mm  Staples  and  Mr»G.  C!.  Ualman.  iititj>l,H'  ,St<Ut:iicHl,  MS.,  15. 


Iliiii^'  ji! 
iiih 


718 


POPULATION  A\D  SOCIPH  Y. 


Tlio  state  constitution  of  184'.)  providrd  IHh  rallv 
for  public  instruction,  but  o\viii<^t<>  tbc  j^nat  »x|i(n>(' 
of  the  t>;ovcrniii«'iit.  tht;  Icj^isiature  omitted  to  frjiin.  n 
scliool  law  until  its  second  and  third  sessions.  In 
IBoIJ"*  antl  1Sj5  this  law  was  revis«!«I.  and  with  nianv 


At  Los  AngcJcs  the  first  Knglish  sdiool  wns  tauulit  ill  IS.'iI  l>y  IN  v.  Wicks 
aixl  ■!.  <!.  Nirliiil-i.  S.iiit.-i  K:irli;ir.'i  in  IN.'K)  edtalili.-<hL-<l  a  (mlilic  x  IhhiI  witli 
I'J  |iu|)il-i,  anil  <>iit>  private  ('Stulili-liiiit-iit. 

lUiiiciii  ill  IN.'il  liail  a  {iiililic  stliiinl,  and  Sonoma  al-o  one  of  .'{7  ini|iilj. 
Kvcii  iiiiniiig  faiiips  iiail  suliiHils  in  |S,">I  At ' -rass  Nallcv  Mi--i  IJ.  K.uiiiii.'- 
tiiii  taii).'iit.  (I'liixH  r.;//<v  /''/■"■' •/".'/,  1S<;."),  i:{;  or  Mr<  .1.  I'.  Stone,  accoiiiiiii.- 
to  tlio  \itfi  'ii'il  of  Marcli  'JX.  ISt;s.  tltlior  iiarticnlar-i  art'  fiiil>o"Iiril  in  i(|i.ii-t 
of  Htato  sniit.  of  scliools  for  |S,VJ.  Altlion^'li  tlii' ccihiis  of  IS.'iO,  )>  :!7I  ."i. 
cnniiicrit<M  l>ut  S  scliooU  out^iilf  of  tlic^t  Icailiiik^  loiintic-i,  with  an  iii.'i>iiii>  of 
ovur  SI  I, (MM)  ainl  ahoiit  I'OO  jmpils,  yet  four  ur  tivc  times  that  nuiiiher  daimi'd 
to  altoMil  school. 


M 


In  ls."0('i«l.  T.  J.  Xcvins  orj;ani/o«l  a    free   class   in  Hapjiy  \'all 


cv.  nrar 


ami  Second,  whidi  the  town  c<>iiii<-il  aidi-il  and  in;idc  a  puhhc  >cIiim,| 


It  clii;!')!  in  till'  K|inng  of  IS'il,  though  having  'JO>)|iu|>il-<,  to  rc-o|H'ii  later  i 


tlie    fice-sclioiil    ordinance.      I>ater    Ni-viiis    I'l-ected   a  lari^e  Imdd 


iiL'  at 


Spriii);  \'iillcy  on  the  Pre-iidio  road  andoiieiied  .a  selnml  at  which  a  small  fe 
w:n  c!iaii,'eil.  /'re.  A'' ic,  .laii.  7,  I'^'d.  IV'sides  the<e,  select  sehiMih  taii;.'lit 
liy  tlu'  clergy  of  t!ie  sevcril  denominations  wcreniimcnuis.  <)  liornc's  mIc-i 
scliiiol  iin.ler  l're-.Iiyteriaii  ans|iices;  l>r  N'er  .Mclir"s  t  ir  ice  K|iisco|)al  jiari-li 
si'liocl;  Kcv.  Preveaiix,  S.  F.  Academy  under  IJajiti-t  liatron:ii,'e;  ('.iic^ne^. 
tioiial  eliiireh  mcIiooI  opeiiecl  in  Sept.;  Trinity  seiio.d  adverti-ed  to  open  .l,in. 
14,  IS.'),),  for  hoys  only,  terin.-i  ."SloO,  taiiv:ht  hy  F.  S.  Mines  and  .A.  Kitdi. 
Soon  after.  Miss  ,1.  11.  Winlaek  oiwiied  a  si'ininary  for  nirl.s  lierir  <  I  irk  s 
I'oiiit  (Vallejo  st).  /V.r.vr  7V//.'x,  May '_••-»,  |s5(»:  /*./<•.  A'.  »•■',  Jan.  .">.  Iv">(t; 
S.  /'.  Ilii-'iU,  Sept.  4,    |S.'>1».      .\ii   Kiijilisli  I'ldy   also  advertised    l,>r    p'lpds. 


Tl 


lere  were 
'•'The  (ir,t 

J.  C.     Pelt. 


two  Catholic  .schiMils  and  sevi-ral  primaries  in  the  city  in  l>'il. 


il  law  was  drawn  mainly  hy  <!.  II.  I.,ini;ley,  assj-tcd  \\\ 


d  .1.   C.    M; 


■  p 


>t  of  puMic  instruct 


Ion,    Mjliwe    repi'lt 


niipear<  in  fit.  Jour.   I.i-iii.,  |.s."i|.   p.    iriii'.V     See  also  dtl.  Sf-i>..  |.s.">l.  I'.»l 


f)(K».     The  revision  of  ISVJ 


IS  done  hv  F.  Soiile,  .Marvin,  Pcltoii,  and  P. 


K.    Ilul.l.: 


'i'lie  ^itatlltes  of  that  year,  '.1111  of   IS.'i.'l  ami    IS.Vt  sin 


til. 


proveiiieiit  made  in  the  law.  The  state  school  fund  at  t!iis  tiinedependi  d  on 
the  sale  and  reiit.il  of  .MNt.tNK)  .-icres  of  .state  laiicl.  ami  on  escheated  e-tite-. 
to  which  were  added  the  poll-tax  and  a  st.ite  tax  of  ."i  eent<  on  each  S\m)  of 


assessed  property, 
crty,  j;r.idiially  inc 


The  loe.il  fiiiiil  was  derived   fr. 


>m  a  jierecnta'^e  on  piM|'- 


•a-ed  from  H  to  10  cents,  and    in  cities  to  '2't  cents.     |i 


l.S."i;{  coniircss  made  the  .same  firant  to  California  of  the  Kith  and  otiih  .sec- 
tions of  land  for  school  ])iirpo-.es,  which  had  Ix-en  granti-d  to  the  states 
carved  out  of  the  piihlic  territory  previously  derived  from  the  >,'ifts  of  the 
orii;in:il  states  to  the  jieni'ral  ^{overnmcnt,  or  purchased  from  the  aI>oii'_'ines. 
The  sum  total  of  the  (grants  of  the  act  of  ]XXi  was(;.7l'».'>.."0t  aere-i.  \i<  nM»,.f 
vliicli  was  to  he  deducted  for  a  state  seminary  of  learning;,  and  (>.4I>  >  aeivs 
for  jmMic  liuililin;.'s,  hut  addin);  to  the  umoiint  left  the  .'()(»,(t(IO  hciore  de- 
voted to  schoiil  juirposcs,  ^'ave  7.-l"_'.'.'*J4  acres  appropri.  ted  for  the  Mip]i.>rt 
of  jiuhlic  education;  l.'.'n,»>>S()  acres  had  already  heeii  solil  at  S'J  per  acre:  ami 
af  the  minimum  of  SI. '_'.">  per  acre  the  fund  ari>inn  from  the  remainder  woiiM 
ainonnt  to  .'*8,7"i(). ">•">,  •.vhich  at  7  l>er  cent  would  yield  .^il()..s.')S.s.'j,  or  wiili 
the  sum  already  realized  added  to  .•*«>4:{..'M,"i.*J'J,  annual  income  for  the  sup- 

Ixirt  of   free  schools.      The  value  of  escheati'd  estates  in  Is.'.'i  was  placed   at 
!1.0(iS,:{7."»,  which  was  another  soiirei'  of  revenue.    ('<il.  J^tir.  Sni..  |s."i.">.  'Xl 
40;  Cat.  Ediic.  Scrtti^f,   IS- 'JO;  Z-i'niA-i';  Land  LaiN,  44,  47-8.     The  ieiK>rts 


EDUCATION. 


719 


nindiHrations  ami  iinprovtiiioiits,  is  now  tlu  basis  of 
the  sK-liool  law  of  California. 

of  the  state  nchiiol  8iii>erintoiiili'iit  contain  statiittici  sliowing  tlit?  ciniilitidn 
of  tlie  ormntry  to  l>f  \try  un-cttlnl  in  Mjianl  ti«  ncliools,  luit  that  m.i*  nn 
III)       ■'  '  ■   -•  - 


I'c  than  »a-<t<i  I  c  i-\|HCtc'il  from   IS.Vt  to  IMIO.  (hirini;  tin-  jiti-iml  of  t| 


gri-:ite!<t  rf-tl-nsnc-w 


tl 


I'"I' 


il;it 


riif  (li'liciuni'y  of    juiM 


\\,n   partly    BUpphnl  hy  private   onc-i,    tca<'li<'r<   ln'ing  niinu  roiis 


IC    sclliioli 


1'.    K 


HuMn  was  Hti.f  sunt  from  INoIl  to  IS.">(i.  Ili;  was  succcfdcil  liy  A.  .1. 
Moul.ler,  >:n»<liiatc  <>i  tlie  Virj^inia  iiiiKtary  iiistittito.  Tlic  nport  of  T'-.'id 
mIiow-)  i-hiMrt'ti  of  s.-luMil  apr  in  C'al.  to  nniiilicr  .'^O.O.'f!):  ciirollril  on  ]inli|,c 
jsclii-'l  rtgistt-r  l.'i.OKl;  daily  atlcnclanci-  .S,  l!!,'i;  hihool.-i  ."i'JI;  t«a(  htrs  .'i'.i'J. 
A  lar^jc  liunil>iT  of  the  cliiMren  \»  ere  uiiilcr  private  instnietion.  San  Fran- 
ci.'oo  t<>f>k  ami  maintained  the  had  hy  passiM}{  tlit;  lirst  loeal  ordinance  un- 
der the  KeiiiH>l  law  Sept.  "J.'i,  1S.""I,  dividnii^  the  eity  into  7  di-'Iriets,  and  pr 


vidinL'  for  a  free  m.- 


hool 


ni  laili,  an 


1    f. 


i>r  a   I  loan 


1  of  edi 


ali.ii.      'i  his  Mas 


hi«-lly  due  to  eity  .nnpt  \evins,  v.  lio  or^ani/ed  the  department,  an  appropria- 
tion ol  SX'i.lMM)  havin;;  Un^n  .seeureil,  and  in  Is.'c' anotlier  of  .>:!0,tHMI.  and  a 
M'liiMil  tax  i>(  oiii'-lilili  of  one  ]K-r  eeiit  levied  for  m-IiooI  piirpo-e-i.  'I  he  tir-t 
;j  seh<Mi|-  o|>en<d  in  1>.">1  nmler  the  ordin.inee  were  the  Ma]ipy  \'aIKv,  nnder 


J.    hel 


lan;  the  l*o«ill  st  or  North  lle.tch,  niuhr  .T.  'I'r 


lev  Ml 


Ml  .\i'V.; 


the 


Washinjiton  «t  ^niminar  .•.ehoul  nnder  K.  .lon-'s  I'ee.  'J"Jd.      in   IS.");'  (he  Itin- 
hr  .1.  \\'e-it<rn.  8tli  .Ian.;  liie  Sprin>,'  Vall.y  nnder  .\.  W.  Col.',  Ktli 


eon  un 
Fe'..;    .Ml-'^i 


oil  graMiMiar  nn 


ler  A.  1 


.Mi 


r 


f,'r.uiiniar 


't  <■ 


l.v  X 


jH>nit  nndiT  -X.  Holmes,  .Iiine  7th.     'I'hi:  .Spri:i^'  Valley  m!iooI   waj  h-a.-id 
thi  •      -  •       -'  '        •  •         •      '     - 

jK, 


!o 

for  W  \i-ir*  for  the  n<i;iiinal  sntn  of  .>'7iM)  f>f  the  entire 


xl.     Thi-re  wax  a 


I'on.stant  inerea^e.  nntil  in  |S.')((  (| 


.1  -.M.  vi/.: 


averavi"'  att«-ndane»;  In-in 


(  grammar, 
la 


nived,  11  interniriliale, 


S.   !•'. 
J'  ■ 


.'-eliool  1  niini- 
ir\',  thi'  da,I,' 


ill!  ont  of  ;t.:!7l)  enroih'd.      .Niiuli   tioidile  wh 


h.id  eoneernnij;  will  Mil  hi*s  ou  inj^  to  .sipiatter-.   .S'.  /•'.  Anii-i-.  list   ,">.      I'ntd 

|S.">I  the  eity  owneil  l«nt  oi f  the  selioi'l  hnddingi,  hnf  afl<  r  thi<  a  nnnilx  r 

were  ereirteil.   S' '/■  .V«;/  /!']</.  ISiJt  ,">,  :}pj  rA  ^el|.      In  oiiler  to  fnrnidi  sehool 


h 


ioiis<-'i  the  eitv  eontra<. 


■la<lel.t  of  ."?(•.(),{»; HI  in  |S.->l    and 


niere;i 


Md    tl 


ta\ 


nite  from 'JS  eenn  for  eity  and  connty  to  II?  eenli.  Tlie  had  .inil  dishonest 
tinanei.il  iri;ui.v.ri'm'-nt  of  the  state  ollieers  and  legislators  alleeled  tiie  pnhlic 
DeluHil  fund  diinri^'  a  jierio  1  of  years. 

Tiie  lir>t  .-)p|Htrtionnient  from  the  state  fund  was  njade  in  1S,"(|,  and  ita 
inade<|uaey  is  ajiparent  hy  the  following  tahle. 


lS5t 
IVVi 
iJvitJ 

State  Fund 

<'.>nnty  and 
City  Tax 

.Snhseriiit'ns       . .  .     ■         '  ,-          ,-^ 
an.lratehdl.      '^''•'^'""'^      |  Kxpend.ture 

;J,V.'.«»C.I 
tyA.tkt-2 
(iU.lHil 

?i.-7.7<r_' 

ll'.i.l-JS 

i--'i,(;:» 

??4'.'..V.7         j!  s.'..s(;(»         .^'J7.'>. <;(»(; 
:«•.:«).".      '     iM.'.Hiii          ;!:;i.(;;!s 
i^x.tiii)         'jott.'.ui          :t(i.-..-.-ji 

It  was  not  until  Is.'tt!  that  a  high  sehool  \mis  organized  in  S.  F.,  Ilir  lai'k 
of  it  eoni|Kdliiig  pan-lit  4  to  vend  ehildreii  .iw  .ly,  aad  to  pilroiiize  .Mitaiian 
KehiM.h  ag.iinst  their  jnilgmelit;  lint  the  first  hi:i\y  i'\peii-<'  of  ei-iitnig 
neliiMil-hoiiM-s  had  lir^t  t«>  lie  home.  The  )ire.-enl  pul'he  .--ihoul  fund  is  de- 
rivid  from  three  soiireo-i;  the  state  fuiiil.  the  enimly  fund,  aiul  tin-  di->lriet 
or  loeil  fund.  '1  he  state  fniiil  is  deiixd  mainly  from  a  propirty  tax.  snp- 
lileiiieiited  liy  a  j>  .|l-ta\,  and  hy  interest  on  eeitain  liond-"  licld  in  trust  hy 

the  .state  for  the  iHiHlit  of  piililie  ^1 1<,  and  also  hy   iiitere  t  mi   hahinees 

vet  line  on  iwIkmiI  lands  purehas<-d  from  tlie  state.     'J  he  ainoinit  of  th.e  state 
fund  ap|H.rtioneil  in  IS.S.-|  was$I.S».'.,ss:{.0;i:  and  in  iSSt!  it  \vn;  •.'.0|--'.'j::."i.OI. 
Tlie  eoiinty  and  |iM-al  fninls  male  up  tlie  riinaiinler  the  total  i'\peii<es  of 
the  pnl'lie  ^ch.Mlls,  l«ing  for  eaeh  yi  ,ir  over  .'Sil.tHNJ.tMK).    Idyl  i/  Sf  <l    Siqit  <•/ 
Sdntolf  J  r  1687  iu  L>j.  Juur.,  ajip.  uo.  7.     Aeeordiir;  to  the  tiehool  eensiia  of 


!■''.! 


1 


730 


POPULATION   AND  SOCIETY. 


California  1ms  her  state  university  at  Berkeley,"'  a 
normal  school  at  San  Josd,  with  a  branch  at  Los 
Angeles,""  the  university  of  Southern  California  with 
seven  affiliated  collej^os,*'  atjcl  will  soon  have  in 
operation,  in  the  Ijeland  Stanford  Junior  university, 
an  institution  conibining  the  best  features  of 
existing  colleges  with  more  practical  methods  and 
branches  of  education/'*  For  a  state  so  young, 
California  has  received  some  magnificent  gifts  in  aid 
of  learning.  Among  them  are  the  Toland  medical 
college,  now  transferred  to  the  state  university;"'  the 

1SS8  the  mimher  of  white  children  in  S.  F.  of  school  age  (5  to  17)  was  81,;V.»'2, 
whilu  17,01)1)  infants  Mcro  soon  to  augment  thin  tiguro.  Of  thin  81,U(H)  auil 
over,  4'J,()77  were  hoys,  3S),ol5  girls.  Of  colored  children  tliere  wtru  l.VJ 
boys  ami  IIG  girls  of  school  age — total  82,01)3.  Native-born  Chinese,  .")15 
boy.s,  .'{"20  girls.      Foreign-born  ehiMreii,  %'J. 

'^  See  J).  31)2,  this  vol.  In  the  buildings  are  excellent  apparatus,  lilior- 
atories,  niiisoiiiii,  machinery,  library,  and  art  gallery.  In  San  Francisco  an.' 
located  tli.i  colli'ges  of  pharmacy,  deiiii  .try,  Toland  college  of  medicine,  ami 
Hastings  law  college.  The  many  entlowments  of  the  university  agt;r<'^'atc 
?l,8Dl.a')2  7;').  Otlier  gifts  to  the  institution  are  valued  at  §3,8til,!t,r_'.7J. 
The  expenditure  of  18S2  was  .?<.).'),0()0  and  the  income  gOS.OOa.  Tlie  eluef 
benefactors  have  bix-n  E.  Tompkins,  I)r  Hugh  H.  Toland,  S.  C.  llastin^'s, 
Ja  nes  Liek,  the  college  of  California,  William  and  Eugenie  Hillegass,  (ieorj;o 
M.  Blake,  A.  K.  P.  11  i  i.w>n,  H.  1).  Bacon,  Michael  Keeso,  D.  O.  Mills,  F. 
L.  A.  I'loeho,  l)r  Hitchcock,  and  I)r  Cogswell. 

"'Tile  legislature  of  1802  ordained  the  establishment  of  a  state  normal 
Bctiool  at  San  Francisco,  'or  at  such  other  place  as  the  legislature  may  here. 
after  direct.'  It  was  the  outgrowth  of  a  normal  school  alre.-nly  estalilislicd 
in  this  city  by  A.  J.  Moulder,  John  Swctt,  and  city  supt  Henry  H.  James, 
who  in  1857,  assisted  by  (iuorge  W.  .Minus,  Ellis  II.  Holmes,  and  Tiuiiiias  .S, 
Myriek,  opened  scch  a  school,  Minns  being  made  principal.  The  bianrh  at 
Los  .\ugeles  was  established  iu  1881  by  act  of  legislature.  Otl.  Stut.,  1>S1, 
p.  89;  III.,  188:J,  281. 

*'  The  president  of  the  university  of  Southern  California  is  Dr  Marion  M. 
Bovard,  a  native  of  lud.  and  of  French-Huguenot  descent.  Beginning  lile  ai 
a  physician,  he  became  impressed  with  the  idea  that  his  vocation  was  to 
pre:ich  tilt!  gospel,  and  first  receiving  a  thorough  college  training,  came  tn 
Cat.  in  1873  as  a  methodist  missionary.  After  laboring  for  some  years  at 
Riverside,  Compton,  San  Diego,  and  Los  Angeles,  he  organized  the  univer- 
sity in  conjunction  with  .ludgu  Wiilney  an»T  others.  In  I88!)  it  had  500 
students  in  attemlancc,  and  its  property  was  valued  at  ^3,000,000. 

**  For  this  institution,  founded  in  memory  of  his  only  son,  wlio.se  deec.isu 
occurred  March  14,  1884,  Mr  Stanford  donated  valuable  tracts  of  land  in 
Butte,  Tehama,  Santa  Clara,  and  San  Mateo  counties,  with  other  gifts,  rep- 
resenting in  all  several  millions  of  dollars.  It  was  the  intention  to  make  it 
an  educational  centre  adapted  to  all  classes,  the  course  of  instructinn  em- 
bracing many  departments,  from  mechanical  trades  to  the  higher  braneln's  of 
art,  science,  and  literature,  with  colleges  of  law  and  ine<licine,  a  seluml  of 
agriculture,  a  conservatory  of  music,  a  museum,  library,  etc.,  and  with  pre- 
paratory schools  for  elementary  training. 

•»  l>r  lluyh  Huger  Toland,  a  native  of  South  Carolina,  where  he  was  born 
April  17,  180!),  tame  to  this  coast  in  1852,  after  [iractising  successfully  "^'ir  ■•» 
number  of  years  in  his  native  state.     He  at  once  took  rank  among  the  leaa- 


MUNIFICENT  BEQUESTS. 


721 


Lick  observatory;  and  the  Cogswell  Polytechnic 
school  of  Sau  Francisco,  each  accessible  to  all  classes 
upon  easy  terms. '"     Private  schools  of  a  high  order, 

ing  i>ractitionerg  of  San  Francisco,  and  was  appointed  physician  and  sur^'con 
tn  tlio  county  lingpital,  and  a  member  of  the  uourd  ot  liealth,  which  hitter 
position  he  liehl  until  Ilia  deatli,  Feb.  2(),  1880.  Tiie  Tohmd  medical  collegu 
was  built  in  18G2  and  largely  supported  at  this  own  expense.  The  doctor 
was  twice  married,  hi:t  secoml  wife,  Mrs  B.  M.  (iritlley,  iioe  Morrison,  being 
known  to  the  world  of  letters  as  the  authoress  uf  several  beautiful  poems  uf 
a  romantic  and  legendary  ciiaracter. 

'•.James  Lick,  in  disposing  of  his  estate  in  his  lifetime,  gave  .?700,000  for 
an  observatory  which  should  surpass  any  in  existence.  Tiie  trustee.-<i  secured 
the  manufacture  of  a  lens  .%  inches  in  diameter,  with  a  magnifying  power 
of  3,'StJO  diameters,  mounted  as  an  equatorial  telescope.  The  ob.'^ervatory  has 
also  a  ti-iuch  and  a  12-inch  telescoiic,  and  is  in  all  respects  the  most  tiior- 
ougidy  eipiipped  in  the  world.  The  trustees  in  1888  transferred  tlie  estab- 
lishment at  .Mount  Hamilton  to  the  state  university.  Visitors  are  permitted 
the  u-ic  of  the  instruments  on  certain  days  of  the  week.  Peii/  uf  Tniit  nj 
Jiimes  Lick,  1875;  BunUuiina  Rejit  on  the  UlMiervtUory,  1880;  Century,  .May 
18S*J. 

Lick  also  gave  $540,000  for  the  establi.sliment  of  an  institute  of  mechanic 
arts  at  San  I"  rancisco.  This  also  will  be  turned  over  to  the  university  when 
the  trust  sliall  l>c  executed.  It  is  proper  to  mention  in  this  idaee  that  the 
observatories  for  astronomical  studies  are  numerous  in  Cal.  Prof.  Davidson 
of  San  Francisco  hasa  ti.4  inch  object-glas.^t,  eipiatorially  mounted,  and  placed 
in  a  portable  observatory  at  the  cor  of  Clay  and  Octavia  st.s,  ami  devoted  by 
act  of  the  suiMirvisors  in  1880  to  the  use  of  the  coast  and  geoilctio  survey  a^ 
the  standaril  telegraphic  longitude  of  the  Pacific  coast.  The  Cliuliot  oi>- 
servatory,  with  an  8-inch  glass,  was  donated  to  the  city  of  (likl.md  l>y 
Anthony  Chabot  in  1882,  with  an  endowment  of  810,000.  It  is  situiitecl  in 
I.,afayette  8i|uare  bet  10th  and  11th  and  Jefferson  and  (rrovcsts.  The  Ibu'k- 
lialter  observatory,  with  a  lOi  inch  glass  is  the  property  of  Charles  Biuk- 
halter  of  West  Oakland,  situated  on  Chester  st,  and  is  the  work  of  his 
hiiuds.  The  Blinn  observatory  at  Higldand  Park,  East  Oakland,  is  auotlior 
private  establishment,  and  contains  a  5-inoh  Clark  chromatic,  eiiuatorially 
mounted,  and  a  1  j  inch  Latimer-Clark  transit,  with  a  mean-time  and  side- 
real-time clock. 

At  the  university  of  the  Pacific,  San  Jo.se,  a  Methodist  institution,  ia  a 
G-inch  telescope  and  working  observatory  witli  several  instruments,  the  gift 
of  Captain  Charles  OoodaTl  of  San  Francisco  and  David  .lacks  of 
.Monterey.  Mills  College,  Brooklyn,  is  also  provided  with  an  observatory 
and  a  5-incli  telescope.  The  university  of  California  was  provitlecl  liy  the 
legislature  of  1886  with  a  students'  ob.servatory,  criuii>pe(l  witli  a  0-inch 
eijiiatorial  refractor,  and  other  glasses  and  docks  necessary  to  complete  the 
facilities  for  astronomical  oliservatorie.s;  situated  at  Berkeley.  The  eleva- 
tion of  Lick  observatory  is  4,200;  Davidson,  378;  university,  .320;  Blinn,  I. ')0. 

To  the  university  of  the  Pacific  .Mr  Jacks  also  presented  a  handsome 
donation  for  the  erection  of  new  buildings.  A  Scotchman  by  )>irth,  an<l  after 
the  gold  discovery  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  at  Monterey,  wliere  he  lauded 
thin.  1,  1850,  Mr  Jacks  was  formerly  one  of  the  largest  farmers  and  stock- 
raisers  in  this  section,  his  estate  covering  an  area  of  ()0,(KX)  acres.  To  col- 
leges, churches,  and  charities  he  has  always  been  a  liberal  contributor,  aniong 
Ills  gifts  being  one  of  ^29,000  to  the  niethodists,  wherewith  to  establibh  to 
tiie  Pacific  grove  retreat. 

Dr  Henry  D.  Cogswell,  l)e8idcs  the  aid  given  to  the  university  of  Cat., 
crectod  a  drinking  fountain  in  San  Francisco,  and  latterly  a  handsome 
polytechnic  school  on  26th  and  Folsom. 

Among  private  schools.  Mills  seminary,  now  Mills  college,  an  institu- 
UlST.  Cal.,  Vot.  VU.    46 


722 


POPULATION  AND  SOCIETY. 


and  sectarian  rollo*jr('sand  uuiversiiii's"  aro  riuniomn^. 
Tlio  moans  of  education  aro  furnislied  at  the  institu 
tioii  for  tlie  dwif,  duiah,  and  blind,  the  orpluuiiijjtts, 
and  tho  Iiidiistria.'  school"  near  San  Francisco.  'J  lu- 
state  is  also  ambitious  to  supplement  practical  edi  <a- 
tion  with  special  and  general  forms  of  culture.  It  is 
but  natural  that  art"  should  follow  science,"  and  hut 
reasonable  that  a  hii^her  development  should  be  l(»ok( d 
for  in  both.  No  better  field  for  tho  scientist 
could  bo  found ;  nor  a  more  inviting  one  tor 
the  artist,  although  tho  extraordinary  lieights  and 
depths  of  mountain  scenery  militate  against  i\\v. 
production  of  small  and  unjireti'nrling  pictures,  and 
tend  to  thi;  bizarre  etiects  of  great  single  objects. 
Sculpture  in  California  is  not  represented  by 
American  artists,  and  but  slightly  at  all,  althoujili 

tion  fur  till-  ciliu-at.oii  of  yoiiiiK  women,  has  inaintainud  a  liigli  ro|)tit:itinii. 
It  was  iiK'iii'|iiiratt'il  a.s  Mills  rollc^d  in  ISS(i. 

•'  University  oolU'f^L'  of  San  Francisco  was  foumlctl  nniler  the  aus|iitT-:  i.f 
Calvaiy  oiiurili  in  ISiiO.  It  oiH'iicd  in  tho  liasunicnt  of  that  c'dilico  iiii  ;m- 
the  clircctinn  of  |lr  IJurrows.  A  lot  M'as  imrchasctl  at  tho  cor  of  (a-aiy  ;ii..| 
Stockton  sts,  npon  which  asuitalilc  cdillcc  was  erected,  with  tiic  intcnti.'U  if 
renioviiii;  in  tiiiio  to  a  tract  of  laml  4  miles  from  the  city  on  tho  San  iiniiio 
roail.  It  13  however  at  present  located  ou  llaight  st,  hot.  Octavia  au.l 
l^a^tiina  sti.  I'iio  (ilan  of  tiiis  institution  is  to  (;ive  an  education  c<|iKd  t.i 
any  of  tho  eastern  colicjjes.  It  is  now  in  tho  hands  of  a  hoard  of  uii><it\- 
rian  trustees.  S.  F.  Theological  seminary  located  on  Ila:i;ht  nt  was  i>iii  ik  1 
in  1S71  for  students  of  all  denominations.  The  .lesuit  college  of  .Stl^iiaiii-i 
in  .S.  F.,  ojicncd  in  1S,").'>,  is  a  wealthy  and  well  eijuijiped  institution,  and 
the  same  might  ho  said  of  the  colleges  of  otlu'r  catholic  orih-r-',  mIid-c  s<c- 
tarianism  i.s  tho  means  of  power.  Sacred  Heart  college  ha<f  in  I.SS7  TiM)  stu- 
dents. .Sacred  Heart  rresentation  convent,  opened  i:i  1801),  ha»l  GUO.  St 
Mary's  collcue,  ojicned  in  18(i.'{,  had  '-'.">()  Htudonts. 

'•'In  April  1851)  the  ]egisl.^turc  passed  an  act  for  tho  cstahlishmcnt  of  a 
Ktato  reform  school,  and  an  appropriation  was  inadu  of  ?:iO.(M)0  to  vuri 
liuildings  on  a  tract  5  niilou  from  .Marysvilh-,  which  in  JStil  was  incrcaMil 
hy  the  further  ap|iropriation  of  §'Ji),(K)*l.  The  institution  was  lirokeii  up  ui 
ISiiS,  and  tiic  property  turned  over  to  the  city  of  Marysville.  ( W/.  ,s7 '.'. , 
l«i;o,  '_'(K)  .').  In  April"  IS.'.S  the  legi«l:ituro  estahlished  tlie'ln<histrial  Scl  . .  I 
department  of  the  city  ami  county  of  Sau  Francisco,  still  ill  existence.  !t  > 
aim<  are  reformatory  and  punitive. 

'".San  Francisco  has  an  academy  of  design  doing  very  ereditahlc  Wor!;. 
It  has  not  hitherto  attracted  tin;  attention  of  men  whi>  had  moiu'y  to  he- 
Btow  on  eilui'ational  nhject'i,  anil  has  struggleil  alonj.;  w  it!i  sucli  suiiport  an 
pupils  and  artists  have  given  it.  For  many  years  it  wat  under  the  care  ei 
Virgil  WilliaMH,  a  land-icape  painter  of  note,  and  a  con-ieientious  teaeiier. 

•'The  California  academy  of  sciences  in  S.  F".  organized  .April  4.  IS.":^ 
first  occupied  hired  rooms,  hut  8ul>se<iuently  moved  into  tiie  (>ld  clinrch  at 
the  cor  of  California  .ind  Dupont  sts.  There  was  given  to  the  .society  h,- 
•Tames  Lii'k  a  valual>le  lot  on  Market  st,  on  which  the  future  home  ot'  tho 
auiuluiuy  w  ill  bu  urcuUid.     Xuu  muiubcnliip  in  at  pi'u:>cut  oM. 


»r:l 


EDUCATIONAL  A PV AXT A( i  ES. 


781 


licrc  and  tliero  a  monunioiit  rises  on  public  grounds 
to  the  Mieniory  of  national  genius  or  worth." 

The  subject  of  California  literature  lias  been 
treated  elsewhere  in  thif  series ;  hence  1  give  it 
little  space  h>  re.  It  w.»uld  be  folly  to  look  for 
any  pi'culiarly  local  type,  such  as  one  might  say, 
"  It  is  English,"  or  "  It"  is  French,"  or  "  It  is(  rerinan  ' 
in  thought  or  style.  English,  French,  German,  and 
American  writers  have  furnished  the  h  oks  whicli 
treat  of  Californian  subjects,  and  there  is  no  really 
homogeneous  Californian  literature.  That  every  trav- 
eller to  this  coast  in  the  gold-period  and  before  felt  it 
almost  as  a  duty  to  give  his  impressio!is  was  but 
the  eftoct  of  the  general  demand  for  descriptions  of  the 
country.  Those  who  came  and  went  wrote  books 
about  the  coast ;  those  who  finally  settled  down  to 
residence  hero  had  incidents  and  recollections  to  re- 
late attractive  enough  to  gain  readers,  although  the 
rhetoric  and  grammar  may  have  been  open  to  criti- 
cism, as  was  also  the  matter,  too  fre(|uently.  The 
f'agerness  of  the  public  in  the  eastern  states,  and  even 
in  England,  to  consume  these  narratives  led  to  the 
exaggeration  which  became  a  feature  of,  if  not  a  fac- 
tor, in  California  writings. 

Perhaps  nothing  more  cultivates  pathetic  humor 
than  hardsliip  endun'd  with  braverv  bv  ordinarilv  in- 
tolligent  men.'  The  resistance  of  their  courage  to 
the  assaults  of  physical  pain  or  suffering  causes  them 
to  seek  anmsement  in  absurd  Hights  of  fancy  and  tnld 
combinations  of  imagery  ;  until  he  who  draws  the 
long  bow  most  successfully  in  a  company  or  comnm- 

'■'' .I.iines  Li("k  left  a  fimd  in  trust,  to  ho  apitlicil  to  erecting  a  nionnincnt  to 
P'rancis  Soott  Key,  author  of  tiie  'Stiir  Spiiiiglcd  lUiiiicr. '  It  was  uiiveile'l 
.Inly  4,  1S«S.  Tlio  artist  was  W.  \V.  Story.  Statuary  for  tiie  city  hall  Wius 
also  ])roviik>iI  for  in  the  Lick  Itequests.  The  state  oapitol  at  Sacramento  is 
a<lorne(l  witli  figures  hy  P.  Mo/.zara  of  S.  F. 

'"Hstanpe  the  remark  of  the  famous  mountain  stage-driver,  Hank  Monk, 
^vllen  ilying:   'I'm  on  tlie  down  grade,  and  can't  reach  the  hrake  !  '     A  more 
\t>r(Msive  image  of  certain  doom  could  not  have  been  presented,  yet  it  waa 
Vdingly  uttered. 


I  ! 


I  'I 


■  :( 

: : :  rt 

;'T 


^  I: 


7M 


rOPULATION  AND  SOCIETY. 


nity  is  admired  as  a  man  of  «jfcnius.  ITenrc  taloH  of 
adventure,  wliich  simply  related,  mis^ht  have  Ixcii 
rei'koned  no  more  thriiling  than  others  of  conimon 
occurrence,  when  dressed  in  quaint  langua<j;e,  with 
hai>|>y  hits  of  {)athos  or  fine  points  of  climax,  rise 
ahove  the  commonplace,  and  cliarm  even  a  critual 
audience. 

Mininjjf  life  in  California  furnished  inexhau.stihlo 
material  for  the  exercise  of  this  talent;  and  almost 
every  book  produced  in  the  <;t)lden  era  «j;ave  specimens 
more  or  less  entertaininj^  of  the  wit  and  humor  devel- 
oped hy  the  strujj;»j:le  with  homelessness,  physical  sulKr- 
inj^,  and  mental  gloom.  And  when,  perchance,  a 
writer  had  never  heard  original  tales  of  the  kind  he 
felt  hiniself  exi>ected  to  relate,  ho  took  them  at  sec- 
ond-hand,"  or  invented  them  for  the  occasion.  In 
order  to  make  them  more  improbahle  still,  he  had  a 
dialect  of  slang,  bad  grammar,  and  blasphemy  in- 
vented, which,  by  fre(]uent  use,  became  standard,  and 
was  taken  by  tlic  outside  world  as  the  actual  utter- 
ances t>f  the  men  engaged  in  mining;  while  the  truth 
was  that  men  in  the  mines  spoke  as  they  were  used 
to  speak  ;n  the  state  or  country  from  which  they 
came — no  better,  no  worse.  Some  were  connnon  la- 
borers, some  artisans,  some  farmers,  some  professional 
men,  and  being  from  every  part  of  Christendom, 
could  have  no  dialect  such  as  was  imputed  to  tluiii. 
Yet  this,  if  any,  constitutes  in  popular  belief  the 
special  characteristic  of  California  literature — a  belief 
fostered  by  writers  of  a  later  period,  who  have  jn-e- 
ferrcd  pandering  to  it  rath.or  than  to  sustain  the  dig- 
nity of  the  society  of  v  iiich  they  were  a  part. 

But  it  cannot  be  assumed  that  there  has  ever  been 


"  Even  the  moat  powerful  of  Bret  Karte'a  stories  borrowed  their  inciilonts 
from  tlie  letters  of  Mrs  Laura  A.  K.  (.'lait;),  wlio  iiiidiir  the  noiii  ile  phiiiic  nf 
'Sliirley,'  wrote  a  series  of  letters  piililisliet!  in  the  I'ionirr  Mmjitzinf,  IS.'il  "J. 
The  'Luck  of  Roaring  Camp  '  was  suggcsteii  hy  inculents  related  in  Lcttir 
II.,  p.  174  6  of  vol.  i.  of  the  Phiieer.  In  Letter  XIX.,  p.  lOS  lO  of  vol.  iv., 
is  the  suggestion  of  the  'Outcasts  of  Poker  FU.t.'  Mrs  Clapp's  simple  ciii-*- 
tolary  style  narrates  the  facts,  and  Harte's  exquisite  Btylu  inqtarts  to  thi'iu 
the  glamour  of  iniagiuation. 


CALIFORNIA  AUTHORS. 


m 


a  California  literature,  good  or  baa.  For  tlio  ImkiIvs 
of  travelkrft,  rusidonts  arc  not  rosjumsihlc.  Most  of 
the  books  produced  by  resident  writers  linvo  been 
(ulled  forth  by  a  demand  for  information  upon  some 
local  t<»|)ic.  A  few  lovers  of  science  have  furnished 
monographs  .)n  these  favorite  studies.  Books  of 
rather  connnonpla«H>  biography  have  been  produced. 
Fi'W  works  calling  for  an  exercise  of  creative  talent, 
or  purely  phih)sophic  essays  have  been  attempted  ; 
the  reason  for  this  being  two-fold — the  impracticability 
of  endeavoring  to  c<»mpetc  with  the  established 
coteries  of  eastern  magazines  in  their  own  field,  and 
the  poverty  »)f  publishers  in  a  sparsely  settled  and 
ist)lated  region,  which  renders  tliem  unable  to  en- 
courage pure  literature,  for  writers  of  merit,  like  other 
professional  people,  must  be  paid  for  their  work. 
Tiiis  reduces  the  authorship  of  almost  any  state,  when 
taken  by  itself,  to  a  minimum,  the  two  or  three  jiub- 
lisliing  centres  of  the  Unitt'd  States  hardly  redeem- 
ing the  individual  states  in  which  they  exist  from  the 
sanie  reproach  of  having  no  literature  of  their  own. 

Add  to  these  conditions  for  California  the  further 
fact  that  the  comi)aratively  few  persons  born  in  this 
state,  who  have  arrived  at  maturity,  have  furnished  it 
witli  no  marked  literary  ability,  and  it  is  evident  that 
notliing  which  might  be  called  characteristic  has  vet 
appeared  to  distinj'uish  this  from  any  other  commu- 
nity of  equal  numbers.  Those  who  edit  the  news- 
papers and  conduct  the  various  periodicals  of  the 
state  are,  from  every  part  of  the  union,  besides  com- 
ing from  Mexico  and  Europe. 

What  will  be  the  ultimate  result  of  this  admixture 
of  race  prejudices,  talent,  and  culture  upon  the  future 
literature  of  the  Pacific  coast  can  only  be  conji'ctured. 
That  a  generation  or  two  should  be  allowed  in  whi<  h 
to  erect  some  local  standards  is  consistent  with  rea- 
From  the  desultory  eftbrts  of  the  present,  little 


son. 


can  bo  judged,  although  they  are  not  without  promise 
should  the  native-born  and  home-educated  writers  of 


726 


POPULATION  AND  SOCIETY. 


the  future  prove  even  as  iiulustrious  and  full  of  w- 
Hourcos  as  those  of  to-ilay ;  for  althouj^h  I  have  said 
there  is  not  yet  a  California  literature,  I  have  ijot  dr. 
nied  that  there  is  an  extraordinary  number  of  bo;>ks 
niat^azines,  and  newspapers  for  the  po[)ulatiou,  or  that 
a  fair  projjortion  of  them  are  written  and  conducted 
with  as  much  ability  as  the  same  class  of  publicatinDs 
in  other  countries,  or  that  the  material  is  absent 
which  should  inspire  a  local  literature  of  a  high  order. 
For  remarks  u[>on  particular  works  the  writer  is 
referred  to  my  Kamt/n  and  Miacellauks. 

The  advent  of  Americans,  and  the  ^o\t\  diacov(>ry, 
had  the  etiect  of  savin«^  from  final  and  entire  abaiidi)ii. 
ment  tlio  Uoman  catholic  missionary  field  in  Califor- 
nia. Tln'ir  religious  establishments  were  seculari/^ed, 
tiieir  pious  fund  diverted,'"  their  converts  scattered, 
and  the  priests  who  remained  faithful  t)  their  clu  pjfo 
wore  poor,  if  not  somethnes  starving.  The  in  nes 
opened  to  tliem  a  treasure-house.  Their  cloth  <'ha|»  Is 
Jiiose  in  all  tln^  chief  mining  camps,  their  blessiii'j;  t 
WTO  bestowed  impartially  when  golden  chisixis  w.  lo 
Ljiven,  and  the  <'hurch  became  rehabilitated.  St 
Francis'  church  of  San  Francisco  was  organized  in 
1849  by  Anthony  Langlois,  and  a  wooden  etlifict;  was 
consecrated  to  its  uses  in  December  of  the  same  year 
by  John  Mcdrinnis.  In  1850  Joseph  S.  Aleinany 
was  a])i)ointed  bishop  of  Monterey,  but,  tranferrid  to 
San  Francisco  m  ISiVI,  and  made  archbishop  in  IHJ'i, 
while  t!ie  lower  bis]n>pric  was  given  to  Tadeo  Aniat. 
There  were  fiftt>en  ''atholic  priests  in  Califoinia  in 
IHr)0-l,  tiu'  r 'si<lue  of  the  F'ranciscan  missions,  \vli<» 
elainjed  1.3,000  connnunicants,  24  churelM's,  and  (uic 
(N>ll(>ge  ;  also  the  renitinder  of  the  former  mission  sys- 
ttMii,  with  the  exception  of  St  Francis,  and  the  clnth 
chapels  before  mentioned.     Twenty-five  years  after- 

'"Tlio  n'i'ovory  <>f  lli"  liimls  whit-li  tin'  C.itli.  cli.  liail  iuirwohmoI  uii'lcr  I  ho 
McxiiMii  <l(imir.;itiiiii,  Imt  li.i  1  Ih-i'M  ili>|)r'iv<>il  nf,  w.n  urdurcil,  or  iinlciiiiiiliril 
by  luni  UiiiU  ti)  the  extuiit  of  3:t,(KM)  aoru4  liy  tliu  U.  .S.  (iovt.     ,'\mni,  '.'It. 


REIjr.TOU.^  E>TAnLTSIIMKNT.S.  727 

wards  there  wore  tliivo  l)isli()j)s,  \)l\  olmrciios,  Hi 
cliapels,  1*21  priusU,  13  convents  and  acadeniies,  four 
collet^es,  seven  orplianagt^s,  five  hospitals,  and  tour 
asylums,  suj>}>orted  hy  1100,000  connuunieants. 

I'rotestantisin  was  introduced  into  California  fr<»ni 
tlie  niethodist  niissions  in  Oregon  in  1H4(»  hy  William 
Itoherts,  and  was  kept  alive  hy  the  continued  if  slight 
immigration  from  the  hordi-r  states,  and  occasional 
religious  services  hy  clergymen  of  various  denomina- 
tions, tem|K)rarily  sojourning  in  the  cj)untry,  and  in 
their  ahsence  hy  the  volunteer  effort  of  serious-mintled 
laymen.'*  In  the  spring  of  I  S4i)  (i -re  was  amid  the 
sudden  influx  of  population  a  fair  proportion  of  pro- 
fessional preacJiers,"'  few  of  whom,  indeed,  lived  hy 


"Kliliii  Anthony  was  annnnnred  to  proacli  in  tlic  Vulili''  Imtitnti'  (hoIkxiI 
homo)  'in  I'ortiiniiiutli  Ni|n;ir<',  Si-pt.  H,  IHIS.  .S\  />'.  ('iiliinniinii,  Scjit.  'J,  IHJS. 
I'ajit.  Tlii>niii.-i,  ■!(  the  Lmirii  An^i,  Ucin^s  xi'lioilfil,  'iilily  nilici.itcil '  ut  t'lii- 
Instituti!  for  Hcvi'i-al  Snnihiyn  in  OetdltiT  1S4S.  On  the  l^^t  of  NHv  ,  T.  Iiwi^ht 
Hunt,  of  lloiiolulii,  at  a  nici'tin^  pru.siih'il  over  liy  K.  II.  Harrison,  ■lainc't 
('rciji<hton,  Kec,  was  chosen  jn'otestant  chaiiliiiu  to  tho  citi/ens,  witli  an  an- 
nual .salary  of  .*J,r><M)  to  he  raixeil  hy  Kuhseri|iliori.  A  Iteautif-.il  liiMo  \\:v< 
pri^euteil  for  the  ehajtlain'.s  use  l)y  \V.  F.  Swasey.  A/.,  Nov.  4,  IMS:  ,s'.  /. 
t'rhifl,  vi.  !»;i;  I'nhlii'iiiiH  V..  iii. ;  S.  F.  DinrI  ,••}/,  l>S.V.'  a,  p.  H;  Willnfs  l\r- 
KiiH'il  M  iiii>riin'l'i,  SH.  Siiin  Hrannan  Hoinelinies  preaeheil  to  the  Mormons. 
l'"uiilliiij<  Si'iti'iiiiiil,  MS.,  4.  On  the  l.stof.lan.,  IS4'.t,  the  .sai'ranii'Ut  of  the 
Lonl's  supper  was  aihninisten>il  for  the  first  tiini'  to  I'.'eiinnnunieaiit'iof  (i<hf 
ferent  lU^nnniinations.  (irrrini'l  Mnnilifii,  ,lniie  IST.'I,  jt.  r>-MI.  limit,  in  .Iniy 
1HH>,  orij.ini/eil  th»!  F^irst  ('ciiinre^;;itional  elnin-h  of  S.  F. ,  the  ;M  ehuriii  in 
point  uf  (late  in  the  eity.  Its  first  place  of  meeting  was  at  the  cor.  of  .lack 
Hon  ami  Virginia  sts,  hut  noon  a  ciinreh  was  erectecj  on  the  cor.  of  |)ii)inii! 
ami  I'.klifornia  st.s.  hater  tlio  eililice  was  phtoud  on  thu  8.  K.  cor.  of  I'ost 
and  Mason. 

"' |{y   the  steanishi|>  '■'»//7<w»/'f,   in    Feh.  IS4!),  there  arrivec]  4  cicreymcn 
().  < '.  Whceier,  haptist;  Sy|v,.^tvr  \Viiodhridu;e.  .lohn  W.  Pouylas  miiI  S.   II. 
Willi'V,    presliyt'-rians.       M     vl'n    /'i'ni'rr    Woil,;    Hi,    S'.l.      \Viiodl)rid;.'e   and 
W'llley  lamled  at  Montorey  w  icre  for  Koine   time  the   l.ifter  ri'in.iim  d.     On 
tiu'  l.'ith  of  .*<e]»t.,  1S;'»(\  he  ori{:ini/ed  the  Howard  M.  K  chiircli.  witlil  iiiein 
hers,    the  church   !'eini{  erected  mi  Vatoma  st,  upon  liml  diui.iteil  hy  \V.  |) 
M.  MoM.ird.      Willi  y  \'ei..:iined  p.istor  for  I 'J  years.      Woodhriilue,  coinini;  to 
S    K.,  preached  oneo  in  Hunt's  pl;i<'e.  and  then  repaired  to  Kcnicia  wI'itc  lie 
oi'Umi/ed  a  preshyterian  cl\nrcli  on  the  lOtli  of  .\pril.   |iroli,iMv  the  lir-t  rey 
nlar  church  oruani/ation  amonif  thf>  Americans,  and  certiinly   the  lir^it   p-cs. 
hyt  .rian    elrirch.     This   church    flourished    for    manv  ycur-i;  lint  in  |S(i|  it, 
(lissoived  of,  account  of  political   dissensions.      Wootlhridu'c   p.iid  a  \i-if    to 
Saeramenfo   in    April    IS4\»,   ami   preached  there  the  first   sermon  which  its 
pOOph^  had  heard  Hiuce  the  settlement.      Uoii^las  went  to  San  .lose,  where  he 
ornani/ed  a  ehureli,  hut  afterwards  retnrneil  t-ast. 

In  the  nieantinn-,  Alliert  Williams,  anotlier  preshyterian  had  .irrivi'd,  and 
on  the  '2()tli  of  May  ori{ani/ed  the  First  I'reshyterian  church  of  Saii  Ki:iiicii'o. 
holding;  servii-es  in  .i  tent  erected  for  the  j>nr|io<e  on  Idipont  st.  Thr  -i.c  i't\ 
afturwarJ   uaud   a   iituru  room  in  the  L'U.sluni  hou.se,  and  later,  the  SuiM^riiit' 


>    N 


POPULATION  AND  SOCIETY. 


their  calling  alone,  but  most  of  whom  contributed  l»v 
teaching,  and  otherwise,  to  the  advancei..unt  and 
refinement  of  society  in  the  townn,  San  Franc  isco 
and  Sacramento  receiving  a  large  proportion  of  tiicir 

court  room  in  the  city  hall  l»y  authority  <if  the  i)rovi.sion!il  lfgi4ature  of  the 
(ii.itrict.  .V.  /'.  Piiyii/Hiif,  Dec.  25,  18J0.  In  1851,  a  church  cililicc  friKiicil  in 
the  oast,  antl  HhipiHxl  roun<l  the  Horn  on  the  bark  (luorgu  llciry,  uaxcnctiMl 
on  Stockton  Mt  near  Kroadway;  hut  it  was  tlcMtroyud  in  the  great  lire  of  that 
year.  Another  edifice,  costing  .*75,0()(),  wa.i  urectu<l  ia  1857  hy  this  kikh  ty. 
.S'.  /'.  /Jtor.Jaa.  '2.\  1850;  .S'.  F.  Ilmbl,  Fcl>.  3,  1851;  WiUi<i,>i^'  I'i.wu-  /'./v 
<i>r<f</',  18-'jH;  Ji'irlon'i  Sl'itiiiifii/,  MS.,  4;  KiiiilHill'n  S.  F.  IVrcrton/,  Is'iO,  |'J7. 
On  the  '24tli  of  June,  184'.>,  O.  V.  Wheeler  organixed  the  First  HaiitJHt  cluinh 
of  8.  F.,  and  in  July  thi.s  aocicty  erected  a  couiinodiou.s  Imilding  on  \\'ii>h' 
ington  mt  l*et.  DuiM)nt  and  .Stockt^m.  Wheeler  wax  tiie  only  niinistir  not 
sent  out  by  the  missionary  Hocietics.  His  congregation,  in  October,  I'llrnil 
him  §10,00()  for  his  sorviccn,  wiiich  was  accepted.  In  IS5«)  lie  vi.site(l  Sinia- 
Uiento  und  Marysville  organi/.ing  churched,  aMsiHtnd  by  Itev.  I'reveaux  nf  the 
lioston  Mi.-»«ionary  Hociety.  S.  /'.  Cii/.  t'ouWtr,  Sept.  14,  1850.  Uev.  (  apcii 
took  charge  of  the  Sacramento  church. 

In  July  1H4'.(,  J.  A.  lU'uton  arrived  at  S.  F.  and  procee<h'iI  to  Sncrameiitn, 
whore  he  arrived  on  the  14th,  and  found  W.  HobcrtH  and  I'r  I'eal  atleiiiliii){ 
to  the  religious  atl'air.s  of  the  comnmnity  On  the  lUth  of  Si])!,  he  er^Miii/nl 
the  First  (.'onxregational  ehureh  nf  Sacranieiito.  Its  lirtit  church  edilici'  w.ih 
erected  in  1850,  eostiuL'  9<.(,U(N>,  and  was  eons\inied  in  the  tire  of  1854.  On  its 
a-tlies  arose  inimeiliately  a  handsome  church  cimting  ^'J,(MM).  'I'his  iiIm>  vas 
much  injured  by  the  flood  of  !S(i-J,  aiul  repaired  at  "onsiderable  expense  in 
I8<»;{,  in  which  year  Benton  was  ilismissed  at  Iuh  own  re<|uest  from  tlie  pa^- 
torate,  and  I.  K.  I>winell  of  Salem,  Mass.,  was  installed  in  his  place. 

Uolierts  announced  to  'a  largo  and  respectalile '  congregation  at  tlie  cor 
of  K  and  Tliird  sts,  in  July  1K4*.),  that  he  had  '2  churches  under  way  for  (  al. 
one  to  bo  net  up  in  S.  F.  and  the  other  in  Sac.  In  August,  Itev.  Cm  k.  a 
baptist,  arrived  in  Sac.  and  preached  there.  A  Nundayschoiil  was  bej;iiii  l.y 
Prof.  Shenherd  und  tkken  U|)  by  Itentoii,  with  the  hidp  of  two  women  wlm 
formed  a  library.  In  (K-IoIkt,  Isaac  Owens  took  charge  of  the  M.  K  M.cnty 
of  .Sac.  and  a  Hmall  church  building  was  f<eiit  out  by  the  Baltimore  cciiI'it- 
enee,  and  occupicil  in  Nov.  Honn'ii  Siir.  Dinctory,  1853  4,  p.  8;  S.  /'.  I'ir- 
iiifiiiH,  Sept.  4,  !K.'iO. 

Another  miniHter  arrived  in  July,  in  the  i>crson  of  Flavcl  H.  Mines, 
from  tlie  dioccHf)  of  N.  Y.,  who  (irst  pjeached  on  tlu'  8th  of  that  mouth  m  S. 
F.  Ou  tilt!  'JUitl  till!  church  of  the  Holy  Trinity  was  formed  with  'J'.'  meiiiliers. 
On  the  '..**.lth  wanlens  and  vestrymen  were  elected,  w  lit)  invited  .Mines  In  lie 
their  rector.  lie  waa  duly  elected  Aug.  tith.  The  following  month  a  imi- 
tract  wa<  let  to  eret^t  a  church,  but  the  agreement  was  for  home  rea.soii  imI 
carried  out,  and  Mines  was  absent  in  N.  Y.  some  months.  On  liis  return  iiii 
iron  building  was  erected  on  Pino  st  bet.  Montgomery  and  Kearney,  \\\iuU 
was  oiieiieil  abfiut  F.aster  18.V2.  Mines  died  in  Aug.  of  tiiat  year,  and  was 
biiried  Ix-neath  the  church.  He  was  succeeded  by  ( '.  H.  Wyatt,  of  N.  V.. 
who  arrived  in  F'eb.  1853.  The  church  building  was  enlarged  this  year. 
Wyatt  was  succeeded  in  1S,'>»(  by  ,S.  Thrall,  of  N.  Y.  dioccKO,  who  eniitiinii'l 
ill  cliarue  until  Aug.  18«5I.  Wyatt  returning  nt  that  time.  Tin-  iron  elmnli 
was  abandoned  in  l>ec.  ]HCtCt,  when  the  congregation  removed  to  a  new  eliiirili 
on  Post  and  Powell  sts.  The  lot  cm  Pine  Ht  brought  ?70,.')0()  and  the  lot  en 
Post  st  cost  $3(),()00.  The  cornor-stono  of  the  new  church  was  laid  by 
Bishop  Kill. 

hnriiiK  the  summer  of  1849,  Minos  visjteil  Sacrnmeuto  ami  organi/eil  nil 
e|ii<eii|«il  society,  which  Ue\ .  liurnhain,  in  Nov.,  went  to  preside  over,  (lying 
in  April  1850. 


CHURCHES.  729 

labors"  from   1849  ot  1853.     Perfect  tolerance  was 


In  Sept.  1S40  arrived  Ver  Melir,  misninnary  of  the  episcopal  clinrrli,  who 
first  I>rl^'iclllMl  lit  tliu  American  hotul,  afterward  at  tlin  hUiIv  iiiiiriiii!  Iiii-(|iilitl 
(III  Stiioktoii  Ht,  and  later  at  private  rexideiiveit.  On  t\w  'MMi  of  hi-o.  a  piiiiii 
Imilding  ciMtiii>{  ffX.OOO,  wan  eroetod  on  tiic  c<»r.  of  Powell  and  .loliii  sts.,  and 
c.illud  Oraoe  oiiapcl:  and  in  IHiH)  a  parish  was  regularly  oruaiii/.ed,  K.  Krvaiit 
and  K.  D.  Tiiriu'r  liuiiig  tirst  wardens,  Ver  Mehr  lieing  falUfd  to  the  rector- 
Hliip.  'I'hu  oiitik^rcgatioii  increasing,  a  larger  liuilding  wa8  erected  in  \Hiil, 
paid  for  ill  |urt  liy  the  proceiMis  of  musical  etitertainiiieiits  given  hy  the 
Siitiger-hund  ami  )>y  Sigiiora  Klisa  Kiscaceianti,  who  Hang  the  Stulitil  Miidr 
of  KiAdiii.  llHhop  Ki|i  took  charge  in  IS54.  Christ  church  of  the  saiiiedu- 
noiniii'ition  wi'i  orgaiii/.c  I  in  IH't'A  and  occupied  a  room  ovi-r  tlie  po^t-ollicc; 
Joiiii  Morgiii,  pador.  St  Jolin's  churcli,  'episcopal,'  was  orgaiii/cd  in  Stock- 
ton, A1115.  '2't,  IS.")!),  t).  Ilarriiiian  holding  the  lirst  service.  In  .May  iSi'MJ, 
Jainui  \Vti )  l-i,  wlio  arrived  l>y  sea  around  the  Horn  at  the  close  of  |S4'.I, 
pruiohe  \  t'le  dc/licatioii  .sorinon  of  the  tirst  church  erected  in  Stockton — 
proshyttiri.iii   -wliicii  cost  ?!|4,000. 

Ain>n.?  this  arrivaU  of  ISti)  was  Win.  Taylor,  methodiit,  who  estahlishcd 
the  Fint  M.  K.  church  of  H.  V.  on  Powell  st,  of  which  lie  Mas  pastor,  ami  in 
additioii  pruiclii'd  Sunday  afternooiH  in  tlie  open  air  on  Port.siiioulh  si|uarc. 
Hii  prcii-hiil.;  wii  well  atttMideil,  and  liis  life  sv.s  devoted  to  doiii).'  good. 
The  lirU  unaiii.}  of  the  S.  F.  ilildo  Society  was  It  Id  in  ISP.t  in  the  .M.  K. 
ch  iroh.  T.iyUr,  Ver  .VIehr,  and  Williams  lieiiig  elected  vicc-preMdeiits. 
M'!thodi4t  scrviciM  were  aUo  held  in  IS.'il  iii  tiie  recorder's  courtroom,  city 
lull,  hy  .T.  Btriu'.{  of  the  inothodist  churcli  soulh.  1).  W.  Pollock  of  thi.t 
cliiir.;li  w.n  pruicliing  at  .Sacramento.  A  M.  K.  c!iiir(;li  was  orL;aiii/i-d  in 
Scockt'tii  ill  IS'il,  and  a  church  huildiiig  erected,  and  dedicated  in  .Inly. 
Thi!  ('al.  aniiuil  coiil'erunca  of  that  year  iiHtriictt-il  Taylor  to  form  a  M.  K. 
society  in  this  sout'i  p-vrt  of  tiio  city,  and  a  congregation  was  org:iiii/cd  un- 
di!r  tlio  naiun  of  the  .Mirkct  st  cliarge  of  the  M.  K.  church,  M.('  .  Hrigys, 
itiitor,  wiiich  in<!t  in  tlie  school 'iioii-ii;  on  Market  st,  and  in  Music  hall  on 
Biisli  st,  uiitd  their  church  wan  enscteil  on  Folsoin  st  in  IH.'iH,  wiiere  they  re- 
in line  I  until  IS((2.  [ii  IS(12  :)  the  present  editicu  wax  erected  on  Howanl  Ht 
hct  '2  I  iui  1  .\  I  sts. 

In  1S.")I)  a  so 'ioty  of  UuitariaiH  held  services  in  Hohinson's  and  F.d\vard's 
drainitii;  miMc'iiu  on  (California  st.  .Foseph  Harrington  arrived  in  IH.V.'  hut 
diiiil  of  P.iiii<ni  fever.  T.  F.  tiray  succeeded  him.  hut  returnecl  to  Ko.ioii, 
a'ld  died  in  IH.'i.').  II.  1*.  ('utler  arrivi^l  in  l.S.'il  ami  remained  until  |,S.'i«». 
H.!  WH  sueceoded  in  IStlt)  hy  T.  Starr  King.  On  the  17th  of  .luly.  |K.V»,  a 
hiid'ioine  cliurcii  wn  erected  on  Stockton  st  het  t'lay  and  Sacramento. 
Tiiis  huilding  was  sold  to  the  Zion  M.  K.  cliiirch,  c4i|orei^,  and  a  stiil  hand- 
so  nur  one  erected  on  <  ioiry  and  .Stockton  IHli'J  .'{.  That  was  also  sold,  and 
the  churcli  retn^v  vl  farthiT  froin  tlm  hiisincss  portion  of  the  city. 

Tlie  He'irew  Congregation  Kmaiiu  K!  \«  as  organi/ed  in  |.S.")|.  Its  present 
hiiiclsoino  syii  igogUH  was  erecteil  in  jsiiiJal  a  cost  of  .*ls.'>,(IOO.     There  arc 

two  otiii!.*  coiigrcgitions  with  tin iilices  on  Mason  and  Post  streets. 

Calvary  PiiMliyteriaii  chun'h  helongs  to  the  early  period,  haviucj  lioon 
organized  with  t(l)  inemliers  in  IS.'il.  .\  church  hiiihliin;  was  completed  in 
IStM  on  Ki  h  st  costing  !?70.(H)()      Tlic  tii-t  pastor  was  William  A    Scntt. 

"'Thoti-<t  church  orgaiii/.i'il  at  Nevada  city  was  the  .\I.  K.  Noeiety,  in 
1S.T0.  hy  K  IV.  Isaac  Owen.  A  rude  meeting  house  was  erei'led,  and  llev. 
.\.  Blind  settleil  to  jireach  in  it.  hi  tl;e  aiitnmn  of  the  namo  year  tl'c  M. 
K.  (fhiirch  south  was  organized  hy  the  Hevs  Itoriiig  and  Ballnek.  In  l.s.'il  a 
I'hiirch  edilice  was  erected  for  Kcv.  .1.  II.  Warren.  In  tin?  same  vc.ir  a 
cvtiiolii!  church  was  formed;  and  in  iH.Vi  an  episcopal  church  hy  Itev  Mill. 
^t.'t.O'H)  coiitriluited  for  religious  piiritoses  in  \H!\!i.      Plaeerville's  (irst  iliurch 

was  eoiistriictecl   of    poliM,   i fed    with    canvas.       It   \\i\-*  erei'led    for   llev. 

Kallovh,  haptiiit,  father  of  the  afterward.*  notorious  I.  S.  KaUoeh.     The  tiritt 


•30 


rOPULATIOX  AND  SOCIETY. 


pmctisril.  In  IB.j'J  then;  wore  37  cliurclKS  or  oliap- 
« Is  ill  San  Fnuicisco.  That  a  coiMinunity  In  whicii 
bi'ini;  a  rclijjfious  nuin  was  considered  "not  exactly  a 
crime.  l)iitonly  a  misfortune,"  siumld  freely  lend  its  aid 
to  tile  support  of  relii^ion  is  not  so  paradoxical  as  it 
sei  ins,  since  the  fundanu-ntal  itlca  of  Christianity  itsi  if 
is  that  of  vicarious  sutfenn;j;  for  sin.  The  average  San 
Francisi-an  was  quite  uillinn'  to  pray  hy  proxy,  havini^ 
his  i^ood  dollars  instead  of  his  ^ood  deeds  recorded  in 
licaven.  Hebrew,  (ireek,  Chileno,  Ciiinaman.  Mor- 
mon, presl)yterian,  methctdist,  or  urnversalist  hade(|iuil 
liherty  to  find  a  niad  to  heaven  for  himself,  Takint^ 
evervthinu;  into  account,  there  were  as  manv  keeniii'f 
in  the  straij^ht  and  narrow  way  as  ct)uld  have  heen 
looked  for,  and  after  only  forty  years  »>f  j^rowtli  tlie 
nund)er  and  condition  of  reli!j;ious  societies  throni:li<>ut 
the  state,  and  especially  in  the  towns,  will  con  pari> 
favorably  with  other  parts  of  the  United  States.  The 
pulpits  of  San  FrancLsco  have  been  filled,  since  tlio 
ilays  of  the  anj;(Miauts,"'"'  when  heroic  men  pna«]ifd 
without  pulpits,  with  the  best  talent  of  the  ct»niitiv. 
Such  nun  as  W.  Int^rahani  Kip,  William  A.  Scott, 
T.  Starr  Kintr,  Joseph  S,  Alemany,  Andrew  L.  Stone. 
Horatio  Stebbins,  and  a  lonj^  list  of  elo(|Uent,  sdml- 
arly,  and  zealous  pniuhers  have  left  their  inipuss 
upon  the  thoU}j;ht  of  the  connnunity.  There  an-  to- 
day  over  a  huixlred  places  of  rc|4ular  w<M'sliip  in  the 
citv,  and  twi>  hundred  professional  clen^'ynien.  The 
value  of  church  property  in    1H50  was  3-''7,HOO  for 

tMTiunnc'iit  ciliflco  for  W'ir>liii>  wrtM  cni-tcil  in  IS.'il  as  ii  Minimi  cIiiiiiIl'  .1. 
S.  hi'ilil,  iiii'tliixliMt,  jtrcailH'il  iiiost  frt'(|iii'iitly.  lliiM  imt  Ih'iii;-  liirur  iiikiil-Ii 
to  ucciiniiiiiiiliiti'  till'  l•oll);r^^^•^tlll||  mi  tlif  ofciiiimi  nf  tlio  vi.tit  of  lli^lniji 
Soiilc  ill  is.'r.*,  Hiiviii'M  wfii'  litlil  iii  a  ^itiiililiii^  s.iIimih. 

'•■('alifiiriiiii  n'lcivc.l  nix  iiiiHsioninifM  in  l.s.VI  liy  tlic  xliiji  7'/'"'''  Hi///, 
W.-Ut  iii.ist.T.  Tluv  wfiT  S.  M.  H.1I,  .1.  (i.  Mall,  K.  H.  Wiilwoitli,  >  S 
liarnimi.  .laiiu'H  I'irriioiit  aii<l  W .  ^'.  I'liiid.  Tluy  int  arlu-d  ami  t.uijjli'  m 
interior  town^,  i-xi'cpt  I'oml  who  was  (lasfor  of  nctliaiiy  coiijiii'iiiiliiiji  il 
rliiirfli,  lijirtli'tt  nt,  S.  F.  Ilarinon  rMtalili.Min'il  a  .xciiiiiiary  at  Wiislnn-tuii 
4\>rn('rH,  Alaincilu  fo.,  and  Hft<'rward>4  in  lli-rki'lcy.  wlu-n-  Im'  diici.  r«il, 
jin-iliytrrian,  wan  tin-  (irst  imltlii"  iircaciuT  in  Oiklaiul  Marcli  •.'•>.  I''"'!*  - 
UKiiiK  tlio  Hi'lioiiMiiiiiHi!  nil  nil  ami  Clay  for  a  cliiircli.  IC|iisfo]iiil  mrvii-cj 
liad  Ix't-n  held  in  iirivatc  lioiim-s  in  IS.'cJ.  Tlio  Int  lliptitt  iliiiruli  of  O.tk- 
Unil  wttM  or;^ani/ud  in  \6H  l>y  E,  J.  WilUn,  wliu  Ujuuuiu  puntur, 


REIJGION. 


m 


the  wliolc  state;  in  1860  it  was  .$1,853,340;  and  in 
1870  was  $7,404,lJ35.  The  increase  in  the  last  tij^h- 
tten  years  is  unknown,  but  must  have  been  ronsiilrr- 
able  each  decade  to  keei)  pace  with  tlie  growth  of  tlic 
state.  Owhjg  to  the  hohi  wliich  the  catliolic  church 
had  in  the  l)cginnii»g  uptMi  tlie  resident  popuhition, 
and  the  influx  of  foreigners  from  catholic  countries, 
this  denomination  for  a  long  time  was  in  the  nscin- 
d<'ncy,  aditterence  which  the  recent  immigration  froni 
the  eastern  states  is  probably  diminisliing.  liut  reli- 
gious bigotry  cannot  Hourish  in  a  city  or  state  where 
no  church  monopolizes  the  wealth  or  the  intellig<  nee 
of  either,  and  where  in  all  public  aflairs  the  coin-  the 
true  test — of  one  is  as  good  as  that  of  another.*''' 

•'  Olio  of  tlu)  most  popular  and  justly  estccniod  of  <livinc.s  Mas  tlic  lato 
TlioiuuH  St.iiT  Kiu^,  u  iiiitive  ul'  N.  Y.  ciiy,  wliero  liu'AaH  Inrn  !)i!c'.  \',,  1(S'J4. 
At'tor  rucuiviiig  liiii  ciUicatioii  at  varinUM  scIuhiIm,  uiiidiil;  iitlirr.s  tlic  liuiikiT 
Mill  graiiiuiar  hcIuhiI  at  CliarlvHtowu,  Miuii,  arul  tin-  \Viiitliri>p  kcIiooI,  Iiu 
Ix-i-anio  iiiiui«L-ir  a  toaclicr,  and  at  tiiu  agti  of  twenty  viiiei)':!  u|miii  Iiih  iiiinis- 
try,  lit.'iii<,'  called  iu  1^40  to  tlie  pastorate  of  the  lirxi.  uiiiverKalirt  Mneiety  at 
Cliarlostowu,  aud  in  1H48  to  that  of  tlie  liolli.s  mI  HO'Mety  iii  HomIoii.  |{u- 
inoviiig  iu  KStiO  to  S.  F.,  where  lie  had  aceepted  aeull  to  tl'e  uiiitai  i.iii  eluireh, 
tilt!  good  work  he  ilid  iu  upholding  the  union  (-i.u.se,  at  a  time  when  tin-  ele- 
nuMiti  of  HecuDhioii  Wert)  vigorously  at  work,  cannot  !>',•  iivere'<liiiiuteil.  'I'o 
tilt!  excu.s.sivi!  Htraiii  oii  his  hyHtciu,  mainly  causvtl  hy  this  work,  wuh  due  his 
iluui^aso  t)ii  tliu  4tli  of  March,  !8(il. 

Koreiiiost  among  tlio.ic  m  ho  have  reiulered  gooil  Hcrvict!  to  the  cauite  of 
filueation  Nlnmld  lie  lueiitioiieil  the  two  Lv  Contes,  of  w  hiiin  ilolin,  tin  ehler, 
was  horu  on  their  father's  plautaiiou  in  Lilierty  co.,  tia,  I'ec.  4,  IMH. 
Completiug  his  education  at  iht!  university  t>f  <ia,  and  the  eoUij^i!  ot  physi- 
cians and  surgeons,  \.  V.,  in  IS4'_'  ln'  Jptgan  t-i  pracvise  liis  piofessinn  in 
SavKuuali,  though  devoling  more  of  his  time  to  the  pre]iar;(ti<'n  of  medical 
aud  other  scieutitic  treatises,  review.-,  and  lectures.  Alter  liolding  protcssor- 
ships  in  eastern  colleges,  licing  iiieaii\«  liile  ap|>oiiited  a  meml>er  <>t  >ever:il 
MCieiitilic  assoei:itions,  in  IMi.S  he  accepted  the  chair  oi  (iliysics  ami  iielustrial 
mei'hanicK  in  the  university  of  Cal.,  <if  wliieli  in  l^7<i  he  Mas  cii ded  presi- 
dent. JoKcpli,  whosi!  I  lir  til  pi  ace  was  also  the  ( ia  plan  I  at  ion,  and  w  lii»e  lurlh- 
day  was  Felt.  'Jl>,  iN'J^i,  aftir  atleiiding  the  same  iiirttitutioiiM  as  his  luntlier, 
studied  under  .Xgassi/,  and  ur.idiiated  at  tiic  Lawrence  .scieiititic  sclmol.  In 
IS.VJ  he  was  a|ipointed  to  tile  chair  of  natural  science  in  Oglclhoipc  univer- 
sity; ill  IN.').'!  to  that  of  geology  and  natural  history  in  the  univir»>ty  ol  (i.i; 
III  Is")'  to  tilt!  iirotessorship  ot  giiliigy  ami  chemi^liy  m  the  S.  ('.  college; 
and  in  IHtlH  to  that  of  geulKgy  and  natural  plidnscipiiy  in  the  university  of 
( ',i|.  Me  is  also  the  author  ol  many  scieiitillc  ami  pli>|oHo|dii>'al  treatises, 
and  a  meinher  «if  most  ot  the  ttocictlcH  in  whuh  his  lu'ollur's  naiiii!  is  en- 
rolled. 

Among  ilioso  who  according  to  their  means  have  contnUiited  mo'>t  lilxT- 
ally  to  the  cause  of  relignui,  education,  and  chanty  was  the  late  N  itliainel 
flray,  a  native  of  I'idham,  .Mass,  \>  ho  ni  lS."i<)  e(iialili-ht!d  in  Nan  Fram  itco  » 
liranch  house  in  conneelioii  with  an  eastern  lirm  ol  iindertak<  rs.  To  the  ,S.  F. 
thi'ological  seinin.iry,  the  MilU  ^<elnluary,  the  hospital  tor  ciiildren  and  train- 
ing schiMil  lor  nurses,  ami  to  otln  r  institutions,  he  conti  iliiiied  largely  til  lim 
muiiii.s,  while  Ills  private  henetuclions  were  nt>  lean  miiniticcnt. 


I  I 


732 


roruLATiox  and  society. 


Dr  William  FIrtclicr  MoNutt,  long  reci.gtiizcti  a«  one  of  tlic  f<ircnii><t  of 
the  iiiU'lU':tl  |)roluit.tH>ii,  i^  u  nutivv  of  iruri>,  Nova  Sc-otia,  wliurv  lit;  w.u  iHira 
Mitrcli  '_**.),  I8^ill.  llecuivuig  ii  tliorou^li  nu-ilicul  education,  lie  w<u  <i|>|Miiiit<  .1 
aHHiMlaiit  Nurgttoii  iir  the  U-  -S.  navy,  ami  iierveil  through  a  |Mirtioii  ui  luc  w.ir. 
TixMi  a  lur  f;inher  Htuily  ami  [>racime  In-  caiiif  t»<S>iii  b'ruiiciitcu  in  the  .■•(uiii^ 
of  ItHiti,  un<i  then;  alter  a  hanl  ^ttruggle  gradually  won  his  way,  Ih  iii^  .kdiiuti.  <| 
ill  [filO  a  partner  of  H.  T.  Maxwell.  The  connection  laMtetl  four  yckr.t,  atu-r 
whicli  III-  Iitiilt  up  for  hiinHelf  a  !ar(;e  and  luurutiVL  practice,  lie  lixi  In  .  n 
a  tr).>i|ii<'iit  contnliutor  to  nictlical  literature,  and  of  aiieciai  value  are  inn 
report'*  to  the  (..'.tliforiiia  Htate  nitnlical  ii<K;iety. 

I»r  I5<'Vcrl»>y  <'olc,  b«irn  at  .Maiiclic.<t4T.  Va,  Auj{.  12,  1829,  after  f^nidii- 
atilii!  at  (he  iJelawari;  eolle^'e,  and  the  .letreriMUi  nieilieal  collc^e,  I'a,  cuim-  i>i 
San  KraiiciHco  in  IHTrJ,  by  way  of  raiiaiiia,  Hutfering  niaiiy  hanUhipi  iii  Iim 
joiirticy  acrotiH  the  Iitthmuit.  For  iii;iiiy  year-*  he  hatt  Iteeii  aekuowlud^^i  <|  ,m 
one  of  the  hading  iihyaiciana  in  the  I'.tcilic  c«ia«t  nietroiN>li8. 

Among  iiiir  Icailiivg  medical  iiractitionem  wait  also)  the  late  I)r  Waiiliiii;;- 
ton  Michiicl  Kyer,  u  native  «if  N.  Y.  city,  where  he  waa  horn  July  24,  l^^l. 
After  xtiidying  medicine  at  St  l^miit  and  New  York,  he  U'gaii  to  practi>i  m 
the  latter  city,  ainl  afterward  m-rved  aH  a  Htatf  HUrgeoii  in  the  Mcxuaii  uiir. 
On  reaching  Cal.  lie  practised  hiit  prof<iMion  iii  Stm'kt^tn  and  itn  iKi^hixir' 
hood  for  a  niimlHT  of  yran*.  Ky  judiciouH  iiiveittiiieiitK  iii  land,  rather  tlian 
hy  the  ijaiii.i  of  hi.s  prufeitMion,  he  grew  wealthy,  among  hiii  poiwHsmns  Ik'Hiij 
Uycr  i.nlainl  in  the  •Sacraineiito  river,  which  he  reclaimed  with  inhiiitc  htlx.r 
au*i  expfiirie. 

One  of  tile  leading  physicianit  of  I^is  Angidon  was  Or  William  F.  FjL'.ir.  \ 
Keiitiickiaii  hy  liirth,  who  in  IKt:>  wan  appointed  aatixtant  Hurgi-on  in  lii.' 
U.  S.  itiiiiy.  After  nerving  until  IH7I,  he  Hettled  in  that  city,  wlierc  fur  Iim- 
yearx  he  pn-M-tixed  hi<4  proicHxioii,  and  ^if  whicli  liincu  I^M2  liu  has  U'cii  a  |m  r 
riiiiiient  resident.  He  in  one  of  thiwe  who  helped  to  organize  the  tii-Ht  mcdi'.il 
society  of  Lori  .-\iig)-|cii.  and  ii«  or  liait  lieeii  connected  with  iteveral  of  itn  U-.ul- 
ing  eiiterpriftex  and  .:iit'<iHM.itionM. 

Among  the  forcino«t  medical  I'ractitionoraand  RtateHnien  of  northern  <  ".di- 
forma  is  Itautel  Ueain,  who  w;ut  iHirii  near  lla^'emtown,  Md,  in  \^'M).  i>-. 
moving  with  Imh  family  in  early  Ihi^IuhmI  tu  III.,  and  later  to  low  a,  %«iiei'e  at 
the  !i;>e  of  eighteen  he  In-gaii  to  (tractive.  In  lho2  he  came  to  ( 'al,  ami  in 
ItiiHi  xettli'd  at  Vreka,  where  he  hiw  ever  since  refilled.  After  hervm^  .m 
coroner  and  rtln'ritl'of  Si.'^kiyou  o«>.,  in  IS77  ho  wan  eleet«'«l  Mtite  »enat<ir,  and 
rendered  go<Ml  service  during  Iiih  tt:rm,  eHiiecially  atf  chairman  of  tiie  coin- 
initttH!  oil  hospil;(lH. 

I'romiiietit  aii:oiig  the  iiiomlKn*s  of  the  legal  itrofeHMion,  and  at  itn  head  in 
liin  Npci'ial  (lepartiiient  a.s  a  iiateot  lawyer,  i<i  .Milton  A.  Wlieatoii,  a  iiati.e 
of  N.  Y.  Htate,  hut  of  New  Klif^laiid  aiiecHtry.  At  twelve  vtsiiH  of  age,  li.iv- 
ilig  ine.inwhile  .  ;^eiided  the  district  MchiMd  in  winter  ami  wiirki  d  in  tlie  jiir- 
vest  tii'ld.s  in  Hiimmer,  he  found  iM'ciip.ilioii  with  a  farmer,  receiving  for  liii 
nix  monllix'  work  ^10  ami  hin  Uiiird.  From  liiH  own  earnings  on  farm  and 
in  ftfctiiry  he  paiil  for  hi:<  education  in  after  yearn,  ami  in  l^f■'>■'i  eaine  to  (  d. 
to  earn  the  means  to  complete  it.  Two  years  later  he  entered  tin-  law-olii'  e 
of  farter  tV  H.trtley  of  .Sa<'r:iiueiito,  and  early  in  IS.*i7,  lieing  then  nilmittot 
to  tlie  l>ar,  l>ei,'an  to  practise  at  ."siiisun.  In  IHlki  he  reiiiiived  to  .*<.  K..  aiel 
Hoon  alterwar<l  turned  his  attention  to|>atenl  law,  his  ahility  aiul  /eal  i|iiirk's 
winning  mo  wide  a  reputation  that  he  wa.s  emplnyed  in  all  the  leadin,:  [>ai-  n; 
caHcM  on  this  <-tHi.st  and  in  not  a  f<  w  in  the  eastern  ntates.  Mr  Wlieiton  ii 
an  odd-fellow,  a  master  mason,  and  a  knight  of  theCal.  eommandr>.  He 
has  het'ii  twice  married  and  has  three  children,  his  prcMMit  wife  Infiiig  a  native 
( 'al'iirnian,  and  oi  musical  and  artistii'  tast4-s. 

.Among  our  Iit4!rary  men,  though  for  thi'  timelM-ing  a  r<  sidi-nt  of  N.  V  ,  is 
(lay  M.  tJrecne,  a  native  oi  S.  K..  where  he  wan  Imni  Marc-h  12,  IS."i<l.  .After 
rec(!iviiig  his  education  at  the  City  college,  .S.  K  ,  the  Santa  Clara  coiii-v"-, 
and  tlie  universitv  of  Cal.,  he  iM-came  .i  mei.ilH'r  of  the  ol.t  iNuinl  of  hrtik>  rs, 
in  which  liiisinesK  he  remained  until  |s7','.  when  he  adopted  literatun*  a-i  a 
lirofcHiiion,  and  ()»|i«cially  dramatic  litAirature,  among  hi«  pUya  being  'Struck 


PROMINENT  ARCHITEITS. 


m 


Oil,'  'Chispa,'  'Hanjt  tltu  Uuatiiiaii,'  and  ntlicrH  th»t  havu  bcoii  muiit  favor- 
ably n:cc-ivu<L 

A^  oue  of  our  most  prominent  aruhitecU  ohoulil  Imj  iiiuntinnoil  IVtcr  J. 
ltarlM;r,  wliii  iwttiiU);  at  .SauUt  Itarbura  ni  ItSlil),  Iium  iilannuil  niuMt  of  tliv  IhukI- 
soiitu  Uuiltliug*  tlutt  liavu  Ixivn  erected  there  williin  recent  yearn.  A  native 
<ii  NvUun,  Ohio,  Mr  liarlwr  came  to  thia  couxt  in  1852,  three  ycarit  later 
Htartiug  lu  ItusiueM  in  San  I'Vanei.Hco  an  a  voulractor  an<l  builder.  In  IMSO 
h<;  wao  ilvcttrd  uiayor  ot  Sauta  Uarl»ara,  iu  which  capacity  he  rendered  ex- 
cellent wrvice. 

Another  architect  and  litiildi-r  worthy  of  note  ix  Kichard  UolH>rt  Knlion- 
Htein,  who  wan  lN>ru  in  IKoUat  Stettun,  I'rusNia,  and  cotnin){  to  thiit  country 
;it  .'Ui  earjy  age  han  evi  r  muee  followed  thin  calli:ii;,  huildinu  in  IM^8  'Jli  reni- 
denecn  in  the  city  of  .^tiM-kton.  In  1878  ho  wan  eleetud  pulilio  adiiiinintrator, 
in  IH<0,  and  :«i{a!n  iu  18S7,  a  ineuibur  uf  the  city  council,  aud  iu  Ih88  to  the 
mayurally  of  .St4N:kU>u. 


CHAPTER    XXV. 


UKIKXT   KVKXTS. 


LkOIRI.ATION— TlIK     JlMUriAKY       I'oMCK     AM)     CrilMR- OoVEKNOn     WaTKK- 
M\n's    AltMINI.iTKATIDN       I'im.lC    ImI'KUVKMKN  IS    -SrATK   Tkx  I-IkmiK- 
FaKMISII  — iKKHiA  ll<»N      Kki  iri{AisiN<;   AMI  Kunr  .Siiii'MKMs     Wim 

MAKIStl  — HaI.SINH  Si.m  K-ltAISlN(l  ThK  I  HON  MtMl.liKl.s'Sl  KIK  K  Mill- 
lUUI.IIINl]  — RaILKUAU  lNl>KirrKI>NK.>I.S — MiSINU— CoMMKKt  K  AM>  l'.\sk 
ISIl   -KKAL  KsTAIli-   I'lllHlKK.SS   AM>    I'UllJtl'KCIS. 

It  lias  lifcii  rciiiarkril  that  a  nation  or  statt^  is 
n'^.i  r  so  wi'II  <4<»viiii»'(l  as  when  tiicrt'  is  littli'  that  is 
/ortliy  <>r  ncoid  in  its  political  annals.  It'sudi  lir 
tli<'  case,  tlu'ii  tor  tlu'  hiht  year  or  two,  at  lta>t,  should 
('alit'oiiiia  have  hccii  ono  of  tlio  In-st  trovcrncd  conii- 
trics  on  earth.  In  thr  thirty-i'iLfhth  sission  ol"  the 
loL'isl.iturc  '  nuincrons  nn-asun-M  wtTt*  ciiarti'd.    Anjoiij,' 

'  MciiiImt.s  of  tlic  Hciiatc  diiriiiij  that  Hcs^mii:  K.  Mi'<!ii«;m,  lluiiili<i|<lt  iinl 
I)i'l  Xiirtf  roiiiitirs;  J.  M.  Hricflainl,  'rniiity,  Smkiyoii.  iiiiil  Sliasla;  M.  II. 
Mfinl,  Miiilin',  La.'sni-ii,  l'luiiii4M,  and  Sii-rra;  A.  F.  .Ii)iif-i,  Miittr;  K.  M.  I'n- 
tun,  NcHiiiii;  .\.  Yill,  McmliKino  ami  Lake;  T.  Kra^iT,  I'lacir  ami  Kl 
l>iiiailii;  .1,  n<>i!)j;<<,  Ciiliisa  and  'I'rliama;  K.  S.  S|ira;.Mii',  Vnlo  and  Na|>i;  iv  ( '. 
II  in  haw,  Siiiniiiia;  (.J.  .1.  I 'aiii|ilM'll,  Siiiaiio;  K.  II.  (InMJy,  Yulia  and  Siittir; 
F.  K.  l>iMy,  SaiTiimnitii;  \.  < 'ainiinlti,  Amadur  and  I 'alavfi-as;  F.  l".  I>i' 
Liinj^.  Mann  ,inii  r,.iitr:i  Costa;  F.  .1.  NlMllit,  \V.  K.  I»aii{l<,  and  M.  \N  ItiMn, 
Alaimd.i;  .1.   \V.  Wtl,  li,  T.  .1.  I'in.l.  r.  W    O    H.i.k-.  .1    N.  K    Wilson.  U.  II. 

Williams.    I'.    .1.    Murphy.    F.   K     IJiilt.  T.   II.    Mel aid.  .1.    K.    HaiiMll.   a :,.| 

J.  H.  S|Mlli>'y,  San  !•  rancisi  o;  A.  .1.  Mt-any,  .Mtrci'd,  Stanislans.  and  Tii^'l- 
uinnc;  A.  \V.  <  randall  and  K.  H.  ('onkliii.  Santa  t  lara;  .1.  |l.  IImims,  S.iii 
Matfo  an  I  Sunt.i  Ciii/;  (1.  <1.  «!oUi  lnr,  .\l|iinr,  Maiiiio-ia,  Muiio,  and  l''ir-ii(i: 
'I'.  Flint.  .Ir,  .Moiilcny  and  San  IWnilo;  .1.  Kotii.  Inyo.  I'lilirc.  and  K«iir. 
K.  II.  lliMcotk.  San  l.iiis  Oliisjm,  S.iiita  llarlma.  and  Vciuuim;  S.  M  Uii.ti 
ailcl  .f.  F.  Mit'omas.  I.,os  .\n^cU's;  and  \V.  \V  UovtiTs.  San  hiinardiiio  and 
Nan  hii'ito.  I'losidint  |iio  tcni  .  S,  M.  W'luti':  xrc,  (J.  \\  .  I'cikliam;  a>si 
HUCi,  .1.  .1.  Mi'C.iilliy  and  .1.  II.  Coicoran;  nciiil- itariim.  (i.  W .  F.isl>>r;  a^st 
HiTKt;it;irins.  II.  .M",  Livy;  niiiintf  i  liTk,  \N  K.  ili'iwi  ll;  jonrnal  clrrk.  .1. 
A.  <  i.ill  iiid;  I'liiolliii);  cliM-k.  T    \V.  OS  ltd;  i'ni;ro-<sinii  rlffk,  II.  1.  Ward. 

.Mi'iiiliiTs  o(  tin'  a.s.siinlily :  .1.  MiA'av,  l*»d  Norlc  ;;nd  Siskiyou:  .1.  O. 
Murriiy  uiul  H.  Williuiiis,  lluinholdt;  T.  \V.  II.  Sliaiiuhan,  Trinity  and  Sllu^ta; 

17311 


JUDICIARY. 


m 


the  nioro  important  wore  arts  am('HcliM«.j  and  supple- 
iiH'iitiiii,'  tin-  iiriiLjation  act  of  IHS7  ;  one  estaUlishiiii^  a 
si'liool  of  iiuliistiv;  one  t'stal)li8liiii!jf  a  roforni  s<'liot)I; 
certain  anicndinciits  to  the  civil  code  of  proccduri' ;  ami 
tlio  usual  nppropriation.s  for  public  improvements,  in- 
stitutions, and  deficiencies,  not  forgittin<:f  the  appro- 
})riations  for  the  pay  and  cxi»enses  of  the  leu^islatuic. 
Amoni;  the  memhers  of  the  judiciary  some  chaiiLjes 
liad  taken  pl.u'e.  \V.  H.  Heatty  hein^  chiel"  justice, 
with  J.  J).  Thornton,  J.  1).  Works,-  .1.  ii.  Shari>stein, 


.1.  Iteavi.'t,  M.iiloo  niul  Li<isfii:  H.  K.  TtiniiT,  PI 


iiniiis  am 


I  S 


iiTr.i; 


\V.  1* 


Matliiwi*.   Tiliiim.i;   C.    M.    I'ortcr  iiiul   I-.    nmw.  II,    liiitt.';  .1.   •'.   «'.iini« 


(Ml 


.^'iittiT  an 


.1.    II. 
1  Vi 


•.well,    MiMiili 
.1. 


Sims  an 


C.    M.  «• 
1   .1.    i.    Svkt 


rl.inl,  Lak.':  1).   A.   iNti 


MihltT.  Kl   Doiul..;   \V.    M.    IVtii-,    K.  C.    Hut. 


la:  .1.    I»avi 
.1  L.   H.   V 


V 


II. 


ii»ctt,  Nacr.i- 


iiiiiitii;  Ij.    H.    Atlain.4,    ^'(ll(>;   K.    L.   CooniNs,   Napa;   K.    Ii.    Miiljinw,   .1.    W, 


Ua-^«lal•^  ari.l   U.  II. 


SciiKirna;  .1.  A.  Mallaiii'V  ami  .1.  F,  Hinwn,  ."^nlain 


.1.  \V.  AlluitiiM,    .Maiiii;    T.  Mulvi!\,  .1.   |).  l.,i.ni',  T.   .1.  Branii.iii,   .1.  Maiult;, 


W.  K.  Dm.iii,  i:.  .1.  U.  vnoMs,  II.  II.  I>nl.l.in,  ('.   II.   Kicii 


r. 


.^l■a^< 


>,  l». 


S  l:.';;aii.  .).  McCartliv,  Iv  Mnirav,  II.  ('.  Dil.l.U-,  K.  S.  Siloniori.  I,.  L 
Iavmii!,  II.  .M.  Hla.k.  II.  M.  |{ri,kw..l.l,  .1.  Uoavov,  «i.  W.  Hurn.tt,  aii.l  T. 
r.  M.ilicr,  .Sail  KraiuMsco;  I,.  ,1.  Franks,  San  .Mati'o;  .1.  A.  Hall,  Santa  Cruz; 
.1.  .MoKicwii,  \V.  Smii.s.m.  M.  I»  lly.lc,  K.  S.  Culver,  M.  C.  i'liaimian,  an-l 
< '.  O.  AlfX.imlfr,  Alaniola;  II.  Umik,  Contra  Custa;  \l.  S,  .IdliiiMui  ami  .1. 
Mi'Mullin.  Sm  ■1i<a(|uili;  C.  T.  I.a  (iravi',  Aniadnr;  .1.  (ianliui-,  C  ilavira.i; 
I..    K.  'I'ulliM'ii,  Tuiilunnii';   I'.    HiT.-try,  .1.   U.    Liiwc,  ami   I..    .A.  Wlnti  liur.<t, 


S.inta  i'lara; 


V    i;   lla 


mu",   S(anisiau-i;  \V.    M.    Uumlcll,    Mi 


.1   M.I 


|Mi«a;  ]•].  < '.  'I'ullx,  .San  Ik'iiitfn  T.  ll'Miison.  MonliTi'S :  Iv  11. 'I'mkiT,  Flt^sml; 
<;.  S.  Mrrry,  TuLirr;  C.  Coli'man,  .Mpim',  .Moiin,  atnl  hi_\ii;  I ).  \V.  .lanirt, 
San  I.UM  Oliispo;  {'.  A.  Stnrki',  .*<inta  IVirtiai.i;  C  W.  Wear,  Kitm  ami  Ven- 
tura; .1.  U  hrierly.  .1.  .M.  Hamron,  ami  K.  K.  IMvvar.ls,  I,.h  Anuele^;  K.  W. 
Ilolinex,  San  I'.eiii.'ii'ilind;  ainl  \.  A.  N'ouul',  S.in  |)ie(,'ci.  .Speiker,  It.  Ilowe; 
eiiief  eii'rk,  K.  Iv  Le.ike;  asst  elerk",  .M.  Vi^jer  auil  II.  Hart;  ser^'tatarnis, 
.1.  .1.  |)i'i<ei>ll;  a<st  st  r^jtal  arms.  F.  Aiiaya;  minute  clerk,  IV  I'lnili'.'.ist; 
j<i\irnil  clerk,   C.  Sprllini;;  eiigrossin^'  clerk,  C.   Slieeliy.   Sfuf.  <>/  Cil.    ISS!), 

XXVI.     XXVIII. 

Aim>n>5  Hlatesmeii  ainl  (niliticiaiH  of  wlunii  only  ii.issiii),'  niciition  Ii.is  yet 

lierli    niaile    is   Tliniilliy  ( i  liy    I'llelps,  a   nitive    uI    \.    V.   state,   where    lie    \\  ;>s 

liiiiii  |)ei'.  'Ii),  lv.'4,  ami  a  (iieneir  ot  \SA\\,  lamlin^  in  .S.  !•'.  in  l»ec.  nt  that 
year.  Alter  a  liriel  hut  sue.  es-ilul  ItU'^iiiess  can  er.  in  JS.'i.'l  he  ili>|in-eil  nt  hi.H 
iiiti-rests  ami  investeil  Ins  ImikU  in  real  eitate.  In  is.Vi  he  \\;is  eleeteil  tn  the 
Kt.ite  leijislature  on  the  lirst  re|iul>l.ean  ticket  isviieil  in  C.il.,  ami  \v  i-.  twice 
.ilterwanl  elnisen  lur  the  utatc  senate.  In  JMi'.l  lie  wis  a|i|iiiinti'<l  inllectcir  of 
custDiiM  for  the  purt  <«t  S.  F.,  which  jinsitiiiii  he  held  for  Hevor.il  Ncirs,  with 
eruilit  to  hiniselt  ami  satist'aetioii  to  tin'  {tiililic. 

^.lohll  hoWliey  Works,  in  IVMi  ilecleil  juilye  of  the  sll|ieiior  Court  for 
San  Pieu'o  eo.,  i^  a  native  ol  Iml.,  Ins  youth  Ixiiii;  jiisseilon  a  farm  until 
till'  oiillireak  of  the  w.ir.  when  at   17   he  joineil  a  ea\airy  reiiinieiit,  in  which 


.1   f. 


two  y.'ar' 


leiiiu  pri'si' 


It  at    X.ishville  ami  at   the 


•ai.ti 


Moliile.      In    l*»(>S  he  siiceeeileil  to  his   f.ith'r's   iiractici',  in   his  native  statu, 

reinoviii^  to  .s. Ill   |iiei;i>  in   I^K-'I  on  ai iint   of  tailing  lictlth.      Ili-iwork   on 

luili.ini   praetme,  )ilea>liii){?4,   ami   forms  and   his  treatise  on   tin-    removal  of 
cuuitu«  from  atutu  to  feilurul  cuurts  ure  among  our  stumlurd  law-lmok.i. 


i' 


1 

,1 
,"1 


Ii  » 


^i 


--  11 


•13 


7M 


UKCKNT  KVKXTS. 


J.  T«'m|»l(',  Vail  II.  Patrrsoii,  aiul  T.  H.  NfrKailiiinl 
UH  assdciatc  ,iu<l;^«>H.  Our  of  tlu>  iiiorr  proinini  nt 
ras«'s  that  oiTUpicW  tlir  attention  of  tin;  cnmt.N  was 
tim  suit  of  the  Spring  X'alKv  conipany"'  ajj^ainst  tlir 
fity  of  San  Kranrisco,  «'auMrtl  l>y  an  onlinant-t'  wliicli 
passed  tln'  l)t>anl  of  supeivisoiH  in  b\'l»niarv  l^s'.», 
reiluiintr  the  eHtahlisluMl  water  rates,  whieh  reihictinn 
the  eoihpany  refused  toaeeept.  \\\  the  su[»renie  e«»uit 
tlie  ordinance  was  declared  invalid.  In  our  supeiiur 
courts,  either  throu^^h  pri'ssurt'  of  husines-i  <)r  for  other 
r<'as(»ns,  the  wlu'tis  of  justice  dni«^'i;ed  sonieuluit 
slowly,  cases  taken  on  appeal  Itein;^  delayed  for  a  y<  ar 
or  nior(>  hefore  it  decision  was  pronounced. 

Attention  has  often   l)e(>n  called  to  the  snialliies.s 
arul  inelKcieiicy  «>f  our  police  systi'iu,  ileclared  hy  the 

i1ntiii'.4  A.  Wiiyniirt',  who  wan  iMirn  im  tho  Hito  of  tlio  pn'm-nt  city  nf  St, 


•loM<-|ili,    Mil.,  lK->'.  {»,  IM 


til  tliiH  ciiiiMt  wlifii  toil  yviii'M  iif  unv,  li\iii|( 


with  hix  Kniiiiltalhcr  atnl  iittciiiliii){  Hrliiml  iiciir  Uimi'liiir)(,  in  tin*  riii|ii|ii,i 
viilluy.  Or.  Il<•^llllllllk;  lift'  iih  a  mi'IuhiI  tfiiclu^r,  iii  INOI  hit  t-iiliNttMl  in  tlir  1st 
Or.  fiivitlry,  aiid  Hfrvin^  with  iliMtiiu-tiuii  in  tliu  liuliikii  I'itiiipiii^iiH  <■!  iMil!  I, 
Witx  a|i|iiiiiiti'ii  lii'Utt!li!illt.  .Siiiiic  tiilir  yi!iirrt  l.itrr  hi'  lii-rf|it«'ii  ii  rniiiinin-'iiiii 
ill  till'  ri'milar  iiriiiy,  Imt  in  IS7l>  was  ailtiiittr<l  to  tliu  Or.  liar  ami  lir^an  lo 
|irafti«'  l.iw,  iirst  at  Sale 


il  later  ill  San  KriinciHoo,  iiifaiiMliili'  ui'tii 


ii:  ui 


|iliiiiin\(ra|iliii'  i'i'|ii>i  tcr  lnr  tho  Hiipri'iiii'  I'oiirt  of  C'ul.  He  rosi-  rapiiliy  m  I>h 
itroft'sitinii,  wax  i'iii|iliiy('i|  in  many  iiii|iiirtant  i'liHui),  ami  in  IHSI  Ihi'mmh  .\ 
jii>l>,'t<  III   the  siiiioriiir  cniirt.      KrNiiinin^   |trai'tii'«!  at  the  cIumi'  <if  liin  trrm,  Im 


hart  I 


HH'ii  liir  may  yearn  acl 


kmiwli'^fil  itH  iiiic  nf  tliii  IcailcrN  nl'  tho  l>ar. 


Another  iiit'inlier  nt  the  ('ill.  jmlieiary  wa.n  t'harles  Fayette  l^olt,  w  lio-e 
Hfcoiiii  tei'iii  a.s  jii<l;;e  of  tliu  rtueiiiiil,  funiierly  tliu  ninth,  jiiilieial  ili-'lint 
cmleil  in  IS7l>,  ami  \vli<we  Htriet  iiii|Nirtiality  ami  huuihI  ami  liieiil  iiiti'i|>reta- 
tioii  of  the  l.iw  gained  for  liiin  iiiiiver.tiil  ri'Kpect.     Ol  Kiiglish  aiicrstry,  aii<l  a 


iiativu  o 


f   !• 


'iiilierton, 


N.  .1.,  when!   I 


le   waH  horn  on 


th.     I^t  of  .IliU.    IN'.'I. 


nfter  eiimpietiiig  hi.'*  uiiiieatioii  at  the  St  l.oiiiM  iiiiiverNity  aii<l  Htiiil}  itiu  l^iw 
at  t^iiimy,  111.,  .Mr  l^itt  wan  called  to  the  liar  of  that  state  in  IMS,  cin.s,iiij,' 
the  plains  to  Cal.  in  tin.-  t'ollowin^  year.  In  iM'il  he  wax  elceteil  to  llie  sl.itc 
Huiiate,  ami  ileeliiiinj^  a  leiioiniiiatioii,  practiHcil  liiii  profesHion,  in  p:u'tiiei>liip 
with  W.  r.  Sexton,  lir.u  at  lianiilton,  then  at  Itulwell  liar,  ami  lain  at 
Oroville,  lliitte  eo.  In  IS.V.t  he  wan  uleeteil  eliairiiian  of  the  ileiiiocratii' coutily 
committee,  which  position,  though  a  tlioroii;;hly  iiiiioii  ileiiiocrat,  he  li<  I'l 
throughout  the  civil  u.ir.  Still  one  of  the  Icailiiitt  practitioner.'*  in  his-ir- 
tion  of  the  Ntate,  he  irt  iiUo  litr>;ely  inlurcHtuil  in  lamU  ami  miiicK  in  Uiitto 
ami  I'liiinas  co.'*. 

'  Tliu  superiiitemlunt  of  tho  co.  Ih  CharluM  Klliott,  who  wiw  hIhh  nupl  d  tin- 
Meimley  lo.,  iiicoi  por.itiil  ill  l>S.">7,  ami  in  IStW)  imrgeil  in  tho  Spriiiu  \'  illi  y 
CO.  A  native  of  llitli,  .Me,  ho  oainu  to  Cal.  in  IS.')|,  ami  after  paM.iiiL;  llnie 
yoird  in  Or.,  Muttlod  ia  tho  foruiur  ututo,  of  which  ho  haa  over  hiiuo  Ihth  a 


r:'< 


ih'lit. 


incctioii  with  tliit  CO.  hIioiiIiI  alho  he  iiD'ntinnod   itn  former  su] 


t.  \y. 


H.  I,awie ,  wliowa.s  liorii  in  New  York   in   IHt(»,  and  after  gradual un^it. 

the   Kaiilield  Mciiiinary.  came  to  Cal.  in    IS.V.I,  and  wan  emplovu'l   in  in.ikm;; 
nurvoyn  for  tho  co.     from  ISSO  to  1887  ho  was  u  ituporvisor  of  San  Mateo  co. 


WATKUMANS   ADMIXISTUATION. 


m 


rliii'f  of  jtoliir  liiiiiKcIC  i»>  Im>  in  Saii  Kmncisco,  in  pro- 
|Hii'li<>ii  to  its  nixc,  i\\v  sniuil«>st  uiid  most  iiirtHcinit  of 
any  <'ity  in  tlu'  world.  Tln'  result  is  tliut  rrinu'  and 
'iioodlumisin'  art>  still  ranipant  in  tlio  nirtro|HiliH,  and 
ainioKt  daily  is  lirard  in  Imt  strcots  tlio  sirkrnin|L( 
iteration  of  tlu'  lu-wshoy's  cry:  "All  ahout  tlio  innr- 
drr  and  suicide."'  In  the  country  the  so-<'alled  tramp 
nuisance  is  no  Icsh  severely  felt,  and  from  all  portions 
(tf  the  sUite  cnnie  ur«;»nt  reijuests  that  nu'asun's  he 
taki'ii  for  its  aholition.  Kvery  ytjar  ^reat  daina<^(>  has 
heen  <lone  hy  this  element  through  the  destruction  of 
property  hy  incendiarism,  and  already  it  has  incre-ased 
so  lar<;ely  as  to  he  almost  heyond  control.  No  action 
was  taken  in  the  matt4>r  hv  the  le<;islature,  thou<;h  in 
his  hiennial  message  for  IHHD  the  governor  urj^ed 
U|»on  that  IxMly  tin;  adoption  of  eflectiv*-  remedii's. 

Thout!;h  not  marked  hy  any  special  f«'ature,  the 
administration  of  (jovernor  Waterman  j^ave  «^tiieral 
satisliu-tion  to  tlu:  puhlic,  and  in  his  niessa;>rc  are 
many  excellent  suy^j^cstions  and  remarks.  On  the 
(piestion  of  appropriations  he  says,  for  instance:  "liCir- 
islatui'es  are  too  apt  to  ho  radical  and  inconsisti>nt 
rather  than  firm  and  j'onservative.  Tiny  an;  too  proru; 
to  nejriect  the  vital  interests  of  the  stat*;  and  raise  the 
crv  of  retrenchnu-nt  an<l  economv.  This  is  no  ariju- 
nient;  it  is  simply  demaufof^ry."  Whilt^  recomnu'nd- 
injLj  that  |)rovision  he  made  for  necessary  improve- 
ments with  unsparin<r  Inind,  he  also  recommends  the 
aholition  of  all  nee<lless  hureaus  and  offices,  and  es- 
pt'cially  of  such  as  have  outlived  tlieir  usefulness. 

Amon^j;  other  puhlic  improvements  it  may  he  men- 
tioned that  in  Santii  Clura  county  an  asylum  for  the 
chronic  insane  was  partially  ccunpleted  and  opened 
for  the  re<'i'ption  of  patients.*  At  the  state  prison  at 
San  QutMitin  an  appropriation  was  made  for  tlu-  pur- 
chase of  additional  machinery.  tojL^ether  with  an  extra 

*  At  tho  N.'ipa  niiyhiin  tlic  pationtst  arc  oncouraned  to  wnrk,  witli  cxcfl- 
/iit  reKulti4  to  thuiiiMtilvuit  ami  the  institution.     For  tin:  yeiir  emlinu  .Juni!  :<U, 
ISSS,  tlicro  wire  proilucuil  IIJO  tonn  of  vfgutal»l<'M,  *J*J*-'  of  liay,  and  'J8  of  fruit. 
iliiiniiiil  Mftniiiif  It/ t/iw.  It.    \V.   W'litrniKiii,  IHHV,  18. 
lIlMT.  (Ai...  Vol.  VU.    47 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


A 


A 


(/. 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


m 


IIM    III  2.5 


ISO 


IM    112.2 


It"  m 


2.0 


14    i  1.6 


^ 


^ 


* 


%v 


^;. 


^#  .  %  v- 


<5>. 


c»  .>; 


o/^^ 


/!^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIi'^  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  t'^SO 

(716)  873-4503 


4i^ 


S 


;s 


738 


RECENT   EVENTS. 


building  for  the  manufacture  of  grain-bags  and  other 
jute  fabrics;  but  this  expense  was  obviated  by  run- 
ning the  present  machinery  with  relays  of  prisoiu  is 
every  hour  in  the  twenty-four.  While  it  does  not 
appear  by  what  right  the  state  thus  tampers  with  the 
health  of  prisoners,  the  making  of  jute  goods  is  al»out 
the  least  objectionable  of  penal  occupations,  since 
there  is  but  one  jute  factory  in  the  state,  and  in  that 
one  Chinamen  are  almost  exclusiT'ely  employed. 

A  feature  in  educational  matters  within  recent 
years  was  the  act  of  1885  providing  for  the  prepara- 
tion of  a  series  of  state  text- books,  of  which  some  four 
years  later  nearly  half  a  million  had  been  sold.  It 
was  claimed  that  the  state  would  be  benefited  hy 
having  a  stable  and  uniform  system  of  school-books, 
avoiding  the  constant  changes  that  occured  in  pre- 
vious years  through  the  caprice  or  interest  of  boards 
and  teachers.  By  a  statute  of  1889  a  tax  was  leviid 
of  one  cent  on  each  one  hundred  dollars  of  taxable 
property  for  the  support  of  the  university  of  Cali- 
fornia. The  transfer  to  this  institution  of  the  Lick 
observatory  in  1888  has  given  to-  it  the  most  powerful 
telescope  in  the  world,  with  some  of  the  best  apjili- 
ances  lor  observing  and  recording  the  movements  of 
the  heavenly  bodies.     In  conn  u  with  schools  it 

may  here  be  remarked  that  tin  liool-lands  of  Cali- 
fornia are  sold  at  the  unreasonably  low  price  of  81.25 
an  acre.  In  few  other  sections  of  the  union  is  the 
value  of  such  lands  thus  rated,  the  price  in  Minnesota 
being  $5  to  $6,  in  Nebraska  $7,  and  in  Colorado  S'-l 
to  $50  an  acre.  Of  our  school-lands  there  were  sold 
during  tlie  six  vears  ending  with  August  1,  18i^>i, 
nearly  1,000,000  acres,  realizing  probably  but  a  small 
portion  of  their  intrinsic  value. 

In  industrial  and  commercial  circles  the  year  1889 
was  in  the  main  a  prosperous  season.  To  the  farmers 
and  fruit-growers  of  California,  it  was  one  of  unusual 
prosperity,  the  product  in  many  departmente  being 


INDUSTRIAL. 


739 


the  largest  yet  recorded,  while  never  before  were  the 
shipments  east  of  fresh  and  canned  fruits  and  vegeta- 
bles on  so  large  a  scale.  While  it  cannot  be  denied 
that  California  first  attained  to  prominence  by  reason 
of  her  mineral  wealth,  it  is  no  less  certain  that  the 
position  which  she  holds  to-day  is  due  to  her  agricul- 
tural resources,  and  that  except  for  the  potentialities  of 
her  soil,  the  state  would  never  have  progressed  very 
far  beyond  the  position  occupied  during  the  first  decade 
of  her  existence.  True,  there  have  been  many  vicis- 
situdes, with  occasional  seasons  of  positive  disaster; 
but  since  the  first  timid  and  tentative  efforts,  well- 
nigh  forty  years  ago,  progress  has  been  steadily 
onward,  until  in  1889  California  ranked  second  among 
the  wheat-growing  states,  the  product  only  of  Minne- 
sota being  slightly  in  excess.  To  produce  her  enor- 
mous crop,  variously  estimated  at  from  44,000,000  to 
50,000,000  bushels,^  required,  as  I  have  said,  about 
3,250,000  acres,  and  if  for  that  crop,  delivered  at  tide- 
water, our  farmers  received  only  $30,000,000,  it  must, 
with  improved  and  cheaper  methods  of  working,  have 
been  fairly  remunerative,  even  at  the  low  prices  then 
prevailing  of  $1.20  to  $1.30  a  cental.  To  any  large 
product  of  other  cereals,  California  makes  no  preten- 
tions as  compared  witli  the  older  sections  of  the  union; 
but  in  the  yield  of  fresh  and  dried  fruits,  and  especially 
of  oranges,  grapes,  and  raisins,  in  the  production  of 
wine  and  honey,  she  stands  without  a  rival  among  all 
the  sisterhood  of  states. 

For  the  3'ear  1890  the  outlook  was  less  promising, 
on  account  of  excessive  rains,  and  in  the  nortliern  coun- 
ties of  snow-storms  and  the  scv^erity  of  the  winter 
weather.  For  the  season  of  1889-90  there  fell  in 
San  Francisco  up  to  the  18th  of  April,  1890,  neaily 
43  inches  of  rain.     At  some  other  points  there  was  a 

*  In  y/te  Anmtal  Statistician  and  Econonmt,  1890,  p.  196,  the  yield  of  C'al. 
for  1889,  as  given  in  the  Kept  of  the  Dcpt  of  Ai/ric,  is  stated  at  43,781, 000 
liuslu'ls,  cigaiiiat  45,45(5,000  for  Minnesota.  Other  estiniatt's,  as  mentioned 
elsewliere,  place  the  iiroduct  of  the  former  state  at  50,000,000,  which  would 
make  C'al.  lirst  on  the  list. 


.     I  ',     I."  ' '    '' 


'  1 

i 


740 


RECENT  EVEXTS. 


still  greater  precipitation,  the  heaviest  being  at  Bowl- 
der creek,  where  were  122  inches,  and  next  came  Delta 
with  115  inches.  Bridges  and  roads  were  washed  awav, 
railroads  blockaded  for  da^'s  or  weeks  at  a  time,  ami 
in  places  the  floods  were  hardly  less  disastrous  than 
those  of  1861-2,  though  in  the  recent  winter  Sacra- 
mento was  not,  as  before,  the  principal  suiferer.  Wliile 
in  some  portions  of  the  state,  on  account  of  excessive 
moisture,  the  ground  could  not  be  ])loughed  in  time 
to  plant  a  crop,  in  others  an  abundant  harvest  was 
insured,  and  if  the  floods  of  the  past  year  should  he 
succeeded,  as  is  often  the  case,  by  a  year  of  droui^'ht, 
the  surface  has  become  so  thoroughly  soaked  tliat  a 
very  few  inches  of  rain  would  suffice. 

It  connection  with  agriculture  it  may  here  he 
remarked  that  while  less  than  ten  per  cent  of  our 
population  are  engaged  in  that  pursuit,  and  less  than 
five  per  cent  are  owners  of  farms,  the  percentage  of 
large  farms,  say  of  from  500  to  1,000  acres,  is  greater 
than  in  any  section  of  the  union,  with  nearly  3,000 
farms  of  larger  area." 

*  One  of  our  most  prominent  agriculturists  is  John  Biilwell,  who  owns  one 
of  the  largest  tracts  in  Butte  co.,  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Sacranu'iito 
river.  Here  he  raises  several  thousand  tons  a  year  of  wheat,  with  v;i8t  bauilH 
of  cattle,  horses,  and  sheep.  On  his  property  is  an  orchard  and  viueyar<l, 
and  great  care  has  been  taken  to  beautify  the  grounds  about  his  resilience. 
To  him  the  town  of  Chico  is  largely  indebted  for  its  homelike  and  prospermia 
appearance.  Mr  Bidwell  came  to  Cal.  in  1841,  and  was  one  of  the  tirst  to 
cross  the  plains  from  the  Missouri  river. 

Among  other  prominent  agriculturists  of  whom  no  special  mention  has 
yet  been  made  is  Martin  Murphy,  who  was  born  in  1807  at  Balnaiiioiigli, 
Wexford  co.,  Ireland,  his  ancestry  bieing  traced  back  to  the  king.sof  Lciiister. 
In  1820  he  took  ship  for  Canada,  where  his  father  and  other  members  of  tlic 
family  had  for  some  years  resided,  at  Frampton,  near  Quebec.  In  l!S4'J  he 
removed  to  English  grove,  near  St  Joseph,  Mo.  In  1844  he  crossed  tlio 
plains  to  California,  iu  company  with  his  father's  family  and  others,  inchiil- 
mg  his  wife,  nee  Mary  Bulger,  and  their  four  surviving  children.  In  tlio 
following  year  he  purchased  two  square  leagues  of  land  on  the  Mocosuinne, 
now  tlie  Cosumnes  river,  and  at  his  homestead  was  inaugurated  the  Hear 
Flag  revolution.  In  184!)  he  disposed  of  this  tract  and  purchased  another, 
now  known  as  the  Bay  View  farm,  in  Santa  Clara  co.,  buying  atlditii>ii;d 
tracts,  together  witli  city  property  in  San  Jose,  as  means  and  opportunity 
offered.  A  most  hospitable  and  charitable  man,  giving  freely  to  the  ciuise 
of  education  and  of  tne  church,  he  is  one  of  the  most  respected  citizen^<  df 
his  adopted  co.  and  state.  On  the  20th  of  October,  1884,  he  passed  aw:iy 
peacefully  and  almost  painlessly  ''n  the  'eventy-eighth  year  of  his  age. 

No  less  respected  are  his  sons,  Bernard  l>.  and  James  T.  Murpliy,  hh 
jrother,  General  Patrick  VV.  Murphy,  thrice  a  member  of  the  legislature,  aud 


IRRIGATION. 


741 


Of  irrigation  mention  has  several  times  been  made 
in  this  and  tiie  preceding  volumes  of  niy  work;  for 

other  members  of  tlie  family.  Btirnartl  is  a  graduate  of  ISaiita  Clara  college, 
and  after  studying  law  and  lieiug  admitted  to  practino  at  thu  bar,  was  re- 
<iuired,  on  the  deoeiise  of  his  lirother,  to  take  charge  of  his  father's  estate. 
lu  1870  he  Wiisehoseii  mayor  of  San  Jose,  and  in  1877,  and  again  in  1883,  was 
elected  to  the  state  sena!.e.  In  1869  he  married  Miss  L.  McGeoghunan,  a. 
a  native  of  N.  Y.,  who  is  most  higldy  esteemed  iu  the  social  circles  of  Saa 
Jose. 

Worthy  of  mention  also  among  our  leading  agriculturists  is  Jolm 
Theopliil  Strentzi'l,  a  native  of  Poland,  where  lie  was  born  Nov.  '29,  1813. 
He  eamc  to  New  Orleans  iit  I84U,  and  after  some  elianges  of  residence  and 
business,  to  C'al.  by  way  of  the  plains  in  1849-50,  and  established  a  ferry, 
hotel,  and  general  merchandise  store  at  La  Grange.  Later  he  engaged  in 
farming  and  stock-raising  on  the  Merceil  river,  near  JSnelling's,  afterward 
settling  on  his  present  homestead,  near  Martinez,  where  he  is  president  of 
the  (Grangers'  Business  a.ssociation  and  of  the  Gas  and  Electric  Light  co. 

To  the  commerce  of  Sau  Francisco  it  is  said  that  J.  1'.  Hale  has  contrib- 
uted more  than  8I,()00,0(X)  by  drawing  from  that  city  all  the  sup])lios  for  his 
orchilla  fields  and  other  enterprises.  Coming  to  this  coast  in  18u'2,  after  fol- 
lowing various  occupations  he  engaged  iu  tlie  orcliilla  business  in  Lower  C'al., 
and  became  the  owner  of  6,500  sq.  miles  fronting  on  the  Pacific,  much  of  it 
being  used  for  stock-raising.  He  made  his  home  in  S.  F.,  where,  as  else- 
where in  Cal.,  he  is  also  a  large  owner  of  real  estate. 

A  leading  agriculturist  and  stock-raiser  in  Siskiyou  co.,  and  also  one  of 
our  pioneers,  was  the  late  John  B.  Rohrer,  a  native  of  Alsace,  where  he  was 
born  in  ISJW,  ami  who  crossed  the  plains  to  Cal.  in  18.")(),  and  tlirce  years 
later  took  up  land  and  built  the  first  house  in  little  Shasta  valley.  In 
1872  he  married  Miss  Elizabeth  Jane  de  J-ong,  five  children,  all  of  them 
living,  being  the  result  of  this  union.  His  decease  occurred  Sept.  10, 
188G. 

In  tlie  Salinas  valley  one  of  the  largest  agriculturists  and  stock-raisers  ia 
Jesse  I).  Carr,  who  was  born  in  Gallatin,  Tenn.,  June  10,  1814,  his  edueation 
being  obtained  in  a  country  school.  At  the  age  of  l(i  he  commen''-d  work 
in  a  business  house  at  Nashville,  going  from  there  to  Memphis,  ami  tlicuce 
in  184.'1  to  N.  O.,  spending  also  a  couple  of  years  iu  nortli  Mexico.  In  1849 
he  came  to  Cal.  by  way  of  the  Isthmus,  and  entered  the  custom-house,  where 
he  remained  until  1850.  In  1853  he  engaged  in  farming  and  stock-raising, 
removing  to  the  Salinas  valley  in  1859,  which  has  ever  since  been  his  home. 
Mr  Carr  engaged  in  staging  iu  18tiG,  carrying  the  mails  for  ^190,(X)0  a  year, 
afterward  incrciised  to  §218,000,  carrying  on  this  business  successfully  tor  ii 
number  of  years,  besides  speculating  in  land.  In  1873  he  established  a  bank 
at  Salinas,  becoming  its  president;  also  being  counccteil  with  the  bank  of 
HoUister.  Mr  Carr  was  elected  to  the  legislature  iu  1850,  ami  was  also  a 
supervisor  of  Santa  Cruz  co. 

Hugh  M.  La  Hue,  born  in  Ky  Aug.  12,  1830,  was  of  French  ancestors, 
came  to  Cal.  in  1849,  and  began  mining;  afterward  he  engaged  in  farming, 
which  ho  has  followed  ever  since.  La  Hue  was  elected  slierili'  in  1873,  and 
was  also  elected  to  the  legislature  from  Vulo  co.,  and  chosen  a  member  of  the 
state  boaril  of  agriculture  in  IMiS,  and  again  in  IS78. 

Worthy  of  note,  not  only  as  a  pioneer,  but  as  one  of  the  largest  agricul- 
turists and  stock-raisers  in  Tehama  co.,  is  Henry  Clay  Wilson,  a  native  of 
Floyd  CO.,  Ky,  where  he  was  born  Aug.  19,  1827.  His  youth  Wiis  passed  in 
111.,  and  removing  thence  in  1842  to  Tex.,  where  ho  was  one  of  tlie  Texan 
rangers,  iu  Apl  1849  he  came  to  Cal.  with  $S7  in  his  pocket.  On  his  farm 
«)f  12,(KH)  acres  near  the  town  of  Corning,  he  raised  whent,  cattle,  sheep,  and 
other  live-stock,  and  many  kinds  of  frnit.  In  Grant  co..  Or.,  he  also  became 
owner  of  some  40,000  acres,  but  his  home,  since  1849,  has  always  been  iu  this 
state. 


I 


S; 


742 


RECENT  EVENTS. 


the  history  of  irrigation  in  this  state  begins  witli  tlio 
history  of  the  state  itself.  Much  as  had  been  ahcaily 
aceoniphshed,  it  is  probable  that  in  1889  more  progress 
was  made  than  in  any  previous  year,  and  it  was  even 
claimed  that  when  the  projects  inaugurated  in  that 
year  shall  have  been  carried  to  completion,  the  irri- 
gable area  of  California  will  have  been  doubled.  Un- 
til the  passage  of  the  Wright  law,  our  larger  irrign- 
tion  enterprises  were  in  the  hands  of  capitalists,  wlio, 
owning  vast  areas  of  unoccupied  lands,  thus  hoped  to 
dispose  of  them  to  advantage.  By  the  provisions  of 
this  act,  the  lands  to  be  watered  from  a  given  sourco 
might  be  included  in  an  irrigation  district,  when  so 
determined  by  a  majority  of  the  freeholders,  the  cost 
to  be  borne  in  equal  proportions  by  those  who  wore 
benefited.  The  district  fornied  and  the  cost  detii- 
mined,  an  election  could  be  held  to  decide  as  to  the 
issue  of  bonds  to  cover  the  proposed  indebtedness,  the 
principal  and  interest  to  be  paid  from  an  assessment 
on  the  real  property  of  the  district,  which  assessment 
should  form  a  lien  on  the  property  assessed.  After 
some  opposition  and  several  lawsuits  on  the  part  «»f 
those  who  would  neither  irrigate  their  own  lands  nor 
assist  their  neighbors  to  do  so,  the  courts  sustained 
the  legality  of  the  law  and  of  the  proceedings  taken 
under  it  in  the  several  districts.  As  the  result,  2() 
districts  had  been  formed  up  to  the  close  of  1889,  in- 
cluding more  than  2,500,000  acres  of  land,'  and  thus 
the  long-vexed  question  of  irrigation  was  at  length  in 
a  fair  way  to  be  solved. 

The  damage  caused  to  our  agricultural  interests  l>v 
the  floods  of  1889-90  would,  it  was  hoped,  be  partinlly 
ofiset  by  an  abundant  fruit-crop,  for  which  fairly  re- 

Cnluinlms  Hurd,  a  native  of  Helena,  Ark.,  where  he  was  born  Jan.  21, 
18.15,  became  a  permanent  resident  of  tliis  state  in  1870,  after  two  previous 
visits  caused  by  the  failing  health  of  his  wife.  In  1880  he  settled  in  IIm 
neighborhood  of  Stockton,  purchased  land,  and  engaged  in  wheat-growing  on 
a  large  scale.  He  l>ecame  director  in  the  Stockton  Savings  bank,  and  con- 
nected with  other  prominent  institutions;  he  is  acknowledged  as  one  of  tins 
most  public-spiritoa  men  in  tliat  section  of  the  state. 

'  tor  names  of  districts,  with  locations  and  areas,  see  S.  F.  Chron.,  l>eu. 
29,  1889. 


FRUIT  CULTURE. 


r43 


munorative  prices  were  anticipated  in  eastern  markets. 
It  was  not  until  sliipments  by  rail  became  possible  that 
IVuit-growing  in  California  assumed  any  great  impor- 
tance. Within  recent  years  the  progress  made  in  this 
department  is  on  an  enormous  scale,  shipments  of  fresh 
fruits  to  eastern  points  increasing  from  1,832,310 
pounds  in  1871  to  53,741,(370  pounds  in  1888;  of 
canned  fruits  from  182,000  j)ounds  in  1872  to  35), 281,- 
340  pounds  hi  1888;  of  dried  fruits  from  548,227  in 
1875  to  19,759,140  pounds  in  1888  ;  and  of  raisins  from 
220  pounds  in  1874  to  16,884,570  pounds  in  1888. 
Meanwhile  freights  had  been  reduced  from  3.38  to 
1.37  cents  per  pound  on  fresh  fruits,  from  3.51  to  .94 
on  canned  fruits,  from  2.50  to  1.20  on  dried  fruits,  and 
from  2.81  to  about  1.25  cents  on  raisins.  To  these  re- 
ductions is  mainly  due  the  phenomenal  increajse  in  this 
branch  of  industry,  and  with  the  further  reductions  that 
must  follow  the  advent  of  competing  lines,  still  greater 
development  may  be  reasonably  expected.  In  1889  the 
net  returns  of  green  fruits  shipped  to  the  east  were 
about  2.25  cents  per  pound,  with  about  the  same  aver- 
age for  the  three  preceding  years,  thus  showing  that 
eastern  markets  have  not  as  yet  been  overstocked. 
Says  the  New  York  Sun  of  September  22,  1889:  "The 
California  fruit  trade  in  this  city  has  increased  over 
tenfold  in  three  years,  and  the  product  of  the  l^acific 
slo[)e  orchards  and  vineyards  is  now  competing  with 
the  domestic  fruit  product  and  beating  it  out  of  its 
boots,  so  to  speak,  in  sj)ite  of  the  3,000  miles  of  dis- 
advantage under  which  Californians  laitor  in  conjpari- 
son  with  local  u;rovvers.  There  is  everv  indication 
besides  that  the  California  fruit  business  here  is  com- 
paratively but  in  its  infancy,  and  that  its  future 
growth,  so  far  as  bulk  of  im})ortations  is  concernetl, 
will  be  as  startling  as  that  of  the  last  three  years." 
This  would  appear  the  more  probable  when  it  is  con- 
sidered that  the  yield  of  grain-lands  averages  less  than 
$20  an  acre,  while  that  of  fruit-lands  is  more  than 
$100,  even  allowing  for  trees  not  yet  in  bearing. 


744 


RECENT  EVENTS. 


Of  viticulture  and  the  niakintr  of  wine  a  (Icscriptldii 
has  been  given  in  a  previous  chapter  of  this  volume. 
It  remains  only  to  be  said  that  with  greater  attention 
to  treatment,  clarification,  blending,  storage,  and  l)(>t- 
tling,  the  quality,  if  not  the  price,  of  California  \viiic.s 
is  being  constantly  im{)roved.  According  to  the  tables 
furnished  by  A.  Haraszthy,  in  1888  the  president  of 
the  board  of  state  viticultural  commissioners,  the 
average  price  of  California  wines  between  1875  and 
1887  was  55.7  cents  per  gallon,  the  highest  being  (i2 
cents  in  187G,  and  the  lowest  45  cents  in  1887,  tin; 
low  valuation  of  the  latter  vear  bein<;  due  to  over- 
production  and  to  the  fact  that  the  wine  trade  was 
largely  controlled  by  middlemen.  In  the  earlier  years 
of  this  industry,  all  that  was  thought  necessary  wus 
to  [)lant  and  harvest  a  vineyard  without  regard  to 
location  or  constituents  of  soil,  to  press  out  the 
grapes,  and  allow  the  juice  to  remain  in  a  barrel, 
without  regard  to  fermentation  or  other  methods. 
But  that  day  has  long  gone  by,  and  well  that  it  is  so 
for  the  reputation  of  our  western  vintages,  since  there 
is  perhaps  no  branch  of  industry  that  requires  such 
technical  knowledge,  such  care  and  delica,cy  in  han- 
dling, as  the  production  of  a  sound  and  jmlatable  wine. 
In  1869  there  was  a  large  increase  in  the  eastern 
demand  for  California  wines,  while  several  hundred 
thousand  gallons  of  wine  and  brandy  were  sliipped  to 
England,  to  which  country,  some  two  years  before,  a 
few  small  shipments  had  been  forwarded  by  way  of 
experiment.  While,  during  the  earlier  weeks  of  the 
season  of  1889,  the  prices  paid  for  wine  grapes  were 
exceedingly  low,  later  a  series  of  storms,  destroying  a 
large  portion  of  the  crops,  caused  an  advance  of  more 
than  fifty  per  cent,  and  at  the  close  of  the  season  left 
our  grape-growers  masters  of  the  situation.  A  grati- 
fying feature  was  the  medals  and  encomiums  bestowt  d 
at  the  Paris  exposition  of  that  year,^  fuHy  attest! ii^'^ 

*  Including  four  gold,  eleven  silver,  and  twelve  bronze  medals,  with  ;> 
number  of  honorable  mentions. 


RAISINS. 


743 


the  rccooriiition  which  our  vinta<jfos  have  cariiod  ainonu: 
the  most  experienced  of  connoisseurs.'' 


•  Olio  of  our  loading  viticultiirists  was  tlio  late  Henry  M.  Nagloe,  who  was 
bom  ill  1815,  in  Toiiii.,  was  eailet  at  West  I'oiiit,  Nerved  in  the  Mexieaii  war 
and  in  several  Indian  skiriniiilies,  after  wliieli  lie  engaged  in  ItanUiiig  in  S.  F. 
Ho  servetl  in  tlie  eivil  war.  In  JS.'i'J!  (Jen.  Naglee  had  imrchased  loU  ceres  of 
laiul,  aiiil  afterward  iiiueli  larger  tracts  near  San  Jose  and  elsewhere,  and  in 
1805  lie  inaiio  that  city  his  lioiiie.  Two  daugliters  wore  the  result  of  a  inur- 
riago  made  in  1805.  Visiting  Kuro[io,  he  beeaino  interested  in  the  study  of 
choice  wines  cand  brandies,  and  on  Ins  return  planted  a  vineyard,  and  entered 
upon  the  manufacture  of  brandy,  wiiieh  was  continued  till  his  death,  (ien. 
Naglee  took  great  plea.snre  in  his  two  daughters,  and  withheld  no  etl'ort  or 
means  to  give  them  that  culture  which  they  so  eiiiiiiently  possess. 

At  the  head  of  our  i>roducers  in  tiie  line  of  sparkling  wines  is  Arpad 
Haraszthy,  a  son  of  tiie  late  Col  Agoston  llarasztliy,  who  aided  largely  in  lite 
develoi>iiient  of  (.'alifornia  viticulture.  Horn  in  southern  Hungary  June  'J8, 
1840,  he  came  with  his  family  to  tiiis  state  in  IH5I,  but  in  tiie  same  year 
went  east  to  receive  his  education,  returning  in  18li'2,  after  stuilyiiig  carefully 
in  Franco  the  manufacture  and  treatment  of  cliampagiies.  Taking  charge  of 
his  father's  cellars  at  Sonoma,  he  gradually  extended  the  bu.-tiness,  purchub- 
ing  in  1871)  that  of  Ijiind.sberger  fi  Co.,  and  establishing  tiie  ]iresent  firm  of 
Haraszthy  &  Co.  Between  1878  and  ISSO  he  was  president  of  the  State  Viiii- 
cultural  society,  and  supportdl  by  our  leading  wine-makers  defeated  the  pro- 
posed free-trade  treaty  witii  France.  In  1880  ho  was  elected  president  of 
the  board  of  State  V'itieultural  commissioners,  composed  of  practical  vitieul- 
turists  from  all  portions  of  the  state. 

l>e.serving  of  mention  also  is  A.  T.  Hatch,  a  native  of  Ind.,  wlu^'c  he  was 
born  Jan.  31,  1837.  In  1857  he  came  to  Cal.  After  following  a  variety  of 
occupations,  he  planteil  a  small  vineyard  and  almond  grove  near  Suisiin,  after- 
ward purchasing  land  in  other  localities,  as  means  and  opportunity  otlcred, 
and  gradually  extending  his  operations  until  in  his  own  line  of  business  he  is 
to-day  one  of  the  richest  and  most  successful  men  in  the  state. 

E.  Houton,  a  native  of  New  York,  was  a  sou  of  llus.sel  liouton,  who  served 
in  the  U.  S.  army  during  the  war  of  181iJ,  ami  a  grandson  of  Daniel  liouton 
of  the  revolutionary  army.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  was  he  was  engaged 
in  ii  conimi.ssion  business  at  Ciiicago,  III.  In  the  latter  part  of  1801,  under 
tiie  direction  of  Gov.  Yates  of  Illinois,  he  organized  a  battery  of  light  artil- 
lery and  was  prtinioted  for  gallant  service  at  Harri.sonburg,  (Uuitown,  and 
Shiloh.  In  1808  he  came  to  Los  Angeles,  and  until  1880  was  engaged  in 
siieep-raising,  afterward  becoming  largely  interested  in  the  Nadeau  vineyard 
tract,  containing  3,'J50  acres.  He  also  piirciiased  the  Seritas  rancho  of  7,136 
acres.     (Jeneral  Uouton  married  iu  KS.V.t  Miss  Margaret  Fox. 

To  no  one  is  San  Diego  more  indebted  for  her  marvellous  development 
than  to  A.  E.  Horton,  who  has  done  perhaps  more  tiian  any  other  man  lo 
make  that  city  what  it  is  to  day,  one  of  the  most  [irosperous  on  the  I'aeilic 
coast.  A  native  of  Conn.,  where  he  w;is  born  on  the  '24th  of  October,  1813, 
wiieii  two  years  of  age  he  went  with  his  family  to  New  York,  where  he  re- 
mained until  reaching  his  majority.  Tiie  years  between  1834  and  1851  were 
jiassed  in  Wis.,  where  ho  built  up  the  town  of  Hortonville,  and  at  the  latter 
date  be  paid  his  tirst  visit  to  Cal.,  returning  cast  in  1850.  In  18(il  we  tind 
him  in  San  Francisco,  where,  after  an  absence  of  two  years  in  IJrit.  I'ol.,  ho 
opened  a,  store  on  Market  st.  In  1807  ho  removed  to  San  Diego  and  piir- 
cluised  from  800  to  DOO  acres  in  what  was  afterward  known  as  New  Town,  at 
tho  low  rate  of  20  cents  an  acre.  Tlien  ho  went  to  work  to  build  a  city. 
First  of  all  he  returned  to  S.  F.,  anil  opening  an  otKce  on  Montgomery  st, 
began  to  make  known  tho  merits  of  his  prospective  metropolis.  Ho  then  be- 
gan the  building  of  a  wharf,  which  w.-w  completeil  in  three  months,  at  a  cost 
of  ^5,000.     In  I8G8-9  ho  erected  several  large  buildings,  including  tho  city 


I 


m 


I 


740 


UKCKXT  EVENTS. 


Fn.m  (1,000  b()X(!.s  in  1873  the  raisin  pack  of  (Cali- 
fornia increased  to  *J00,000  boxes  in  1881),  the  lari-cst 
yet  recoitlotl,  except  for  the  preceding  year,  althou^li 
a  loss  of  at  least  250,000  boxes  was  caused  by  heavy 
autunnial  rains.  l*rices  were  satisfactory,  and  lor 
certain  choice  brands  the  demand  in  eastern  markets 
was  ;j,reater  tlian  the  supply.  Of  prunes  about  If),- 
000,000  pounds  were  produced,  the  fruit  being  huLfc, 
of  excellent  quality,  and  even  at  the  low  prices  pit- 
vailing  netting  a  fair  profit  to  producers.  Of  honey 
the  [)roduct  was  estimated  at  2,200,000  pounds,  of 
walnuts  1,500,000,  and  of  almonds  500,000.  During 
the  year  IB8D  nearly  1,800  ear-loads  of  dried  fruits, 
900  of  raisins,  and  GO  of  honey  '"  were  shipjied  to 
eastern  markets,  <jrowers  and  dealers  being  fairlv  sat- 
isfied,  and  with  excellent  j)rospeets  for  the  following 
season. 

To  stock-raisers  the  floods  and  snow-storms  of  th(; 
past  winter  were  even  more  disastrous  than  to  agricul- 
turists, the  loss  of  cattle  and  sheep  being  in  sonie  of 
the  northern  counties  from  one-third  to  one-half,  and 
in  some  localities  more  than  three-fourths  of  the  total. 
Nevertheless  at  the  begiiming  of  1890  California 
ranked  high  among  the  states  as  to  the  numbers  and 
value  of  her  live-stock,  with  over  4,000,000  of  shee[>, 
worth  3^^,400,000,  in  this  department  being  second 
only  to  Texas,  with  nearly  1,000,000  oxen,  milch  cows, 
and  other  cattle,  valued  at  more  than  $19,000,000, 

hall,  Horton  hall,  and  the  hotel  called  the  Horton  house,  the  last  buin;,' 
completjd  and  furnished  in  nine  niontht),  at  a  cost  of  Sir)0,Ol)0.  In  1870  New 
Town  had  a  population  of  about  1,0(X);  but  it  was  not  until  some  years  l:itiT 
that  it  began  to  proj;ress  rapidly,  under  Mr  Horton 's  energetic  nittna;;enieiit. 
He  secured  for  it  the  transfer  of  tlie  poat-olUce,  of  Wells  Fargo's  agi  lu'y, 
and  of  the  court-house,  all  by  judicious  donations  of  land,  and  to  cliurclu'.s  >>f 
several  denominations  presented  building  lots  and  subscribed  towanl  a  build- 
ing fund.  In  all,  ho  expL-nded  more  than  $700,000  in  aiding  to  build  up  tlio 
city,  in  which  lie  is  recognized  as  one  of  the  most  successful  and  untcrprisiiig 
citizens.  In  18(51  Mr  Horton  married  Miss  Sarah  Babe,  a  native  of  New  .lur- 
sey.  Though  never  an  office-seeker,  ho  has  taken  ids  full  share  in  j)olitic:il 
a'i  in  business  affairs,  and  after  retiring  from  active  life,  passed  in  well- 
earned  repose  the  declining  years  of  a  useful  and  bcnelicent  career. 

'"  For  raisins,  prunes,  dried  fruit,  walnuts,  almonds,  and  honey,  it  is  esti- 
mated that  in  188i)  at  least  §G,O0l),0O3  i)a3seJ  into  the  hands  of  dealers  and 
producers. 


MANUFACTURES. 


747 


and  with  over  400,000  horsos  and  nmlo«,  worth  $27,- 
000,000,  or  a  total  value  of  at  least  {?j4, 400,000  lor 
all  t'ariii  and  donicstif  animals." 

•'  Annml  StalUHcim  mul  h'niiioiuiif,  IWM),  i)p.  178-80.  In  tlio  S.  F. 
C/iron.,  Dec.  'Jl>,  I.S«'.»,  tlio  viiluo  ..t  all  livc-stork  i.s  >,'iviMi  at  §();<,.V_'t),(KH»,  tliu 
(liU'oroiice  liuiiig  iu  tlut  hi^licr  uHtiiiiiitr  of  viiluu,  for  tho  iiuiiibtT  «it  uiiiiiiul.s 
Viirifs  l)iit  Hliglitly  from  tint  iilxivo  li^ui-os, 

AiiKiii^  otlita-  nroiiiiiiont  stoirk-raisiT.s  of  whom  no  spociiil  inoiitioii  has  yet 
been  liiiiitu  hIiouIiI  I>o  nunitionocl  tlio  lato  Cliarlus  Lux,  of  the  eattle  linn  of 
Miller  &  Iai\.  An  Alsatian  hy  hirth,  after  \vorkinL;at  his  father'n  tr:  le  as  a 
wheelwrigiit,  he  emigrated  at  the  ai,'e  of  1(5  to  N.  Y.,  where  In  toiiiul  eni- 
})li>ynient  as  a  huteher's  ai)prentiee  at  .iil)  a  nionth.  Coniiiij,' to  S.  F.  in  IHl'.t, 
in  the  following  year  ho  started  in  husitiess,  and  in  IS.')))  formed  a  jiartner- 
ship  with  nenry  Miller.  In  ISSd  this  lirni  owned  at  least  7<M).(MK>  acres  in 
t'al.,  Or.,  and  Nev.,  including'  nearly  all  the  land  for  oO  miles  on  l>otli  sides 
of  tho  San  >loatpiin  river.  At  that  date  their  live-stoek  eonsisti^l  of  ahout 
*;().(M)I)  head  of  eattle,  l(M),(MM)  sheep,  H.tNM)  hogs,  and  '.'.(HM)  horses.  Sineo 
the  death  of  Mr  Lux  tho  possessiuns  of  hiti  partner  have  lieon  largi^ly  in- 
creased. 

Among  tho  cattle  farmers  of  the  San  .Toaipiin  valley  should  also  he  men- 
tioned (Jeorgo  Washington  'rrahorn,  a  native  of  .Miss.,  wht^re  he  was  iMirn  in 
18'J5,  the  youngest  of  live  children.  11  is  youth  was  passed  in  Tex.,  on  tho 
homestead  of  his  hrother-in-law,  ami  in  I84l!  4  In;  ]iasse<l  two  years  of  cap- 
tivity in  Mex.,  lioing  one  of  the  prisoners  taken  hy  .\mpndia,  After  serving 
with  diatinetiou  throughout  the  .Mex.  wm;  in  181'.)  ho  uame  to  Cal.  ami  hai4 
ever  since  been  engaged  in  stock-raising,  liist  on  tho  Calaveras  river  and 
afterwartl  in  tho  San  Joa<piin  valley. 

One  of  the  largest  stock-raisers,  agriculturalists,  and  orchardi.ts  in  Marin 
CO.  was  Francis  l>o  Long,  a  native  of  Vt,  who  came  Ut  Cal.  in  I8."k',  and  after 
engaging  in  hnsincsa  in  S.  F.,  in  ISiiti  purchased,  in  conjunction  with  .J.  U. 
Sweetsor,  the  Novato  ranch,  adding  to  it  from  time  to  time  until  it  contained 
l."),(H)l)  acres,  and  in  1870  buying  his  partner's  interest.  Here  is  also  one  of 
the  finest  dairy-farms  in  the  state.  In  1882  ho  was  one  of  those  who  estalt- 
lished  the  I'etaluma  Fruit  Packing  co.,  who,so  output  is  aliout  1()U,(MN)  ca.sen 
a  year.  Since  his  death  in  1885  tho  estate  lias  boon  manugod  by  his  son,  F. 
C.  Do  Long. 

Another  largo  land-owner  and  dairy-farmer  in  Marin  co.  is  .Tas  Miller,  a, 
native  of  Ireland,  who  came  to  Canada  with  his  parents  in  182U,  and  in  1844 
cros.sed  tho  plains  to  Cal.  The  first  portion  of  his  farm  of  .H,(HX}  acres  Wii8 
purchased  in  184t>,  and  since  1804  ho  has  been  engaged  in  the  dairy  business. 
His  home  in  San  Rafael  is  one  of  tho  most  tasteful  residences  in  that  thriving; 
and  beautiful  town. 

John  Hoggs  is  one  of  the  largest  sheep-farniors  in  Colu.sa  and  Tehama 
cos,  where  on  his  ranches,  in  all  come  4(),0(H)  acres,  are  depastured  about 
20,000  sheep,  with  a  number  of  blood-horses  and  of  ehoico  Jersey  eattle 
fur  dairy  purposes.  Mr  Hoggs  is  a  native  of  Mo.,  a  Cal.  pioneer,  and  was 
elected  state  senator  for  these  counties  in  1870,  and  again  in  18S(i. 

Among  the  leading  stock-raisers  of  Santa  Harl)ara  co.  was  Thomas  F. 
Hope,  an  Irishman  by  birth,  wiio  came  to  the  U.  S.  in  1840,  and  to  Cal.  in 
1840.  After  a  brief  experience  as  a  miner,  and  afterward  as  Indian  agent, 
he  settled  on  tho  Los  I'cMotas  rancho,  which  he  purchased  for  .if8,(MM).  Its 
present  value  is  at  least  §r)(K),0(K).  In  185(>  he  married  Miss  Delia  Fox,  and 
all  their  six  chihlren,  the  result  of  this  union,  have  survived  him.  Mr  Hope 
was  known  to  the  community  as  a  man  possessing  the  highest  <pialities  of 
mind  and  heart. 

Still  another  prominent  stock -raiser,  and  also  one  of  tho  most  prominent 
citizens  of   Woodland,  Yolo  co.,  is  John  O.  Longeuour,  who  was  born  at 


748 


RECKNT  EVENTS. 


In  manufacturing  circles  tho  feature  of  the  year 
1889  was  the  clrwing  down  of  the  Pioneer  woolltn- 
niills  in  San  Francisco,  an  estabhsliment  which  vm- 
ployed  nearly  1,000  hands,  producing  goods  to  tlie 
annual  value  of  more  than  ^1,500,000.  The  cause 
assigned  was  the  excessive  importation  of  eastern 
goods,  the  low  price  of  which  made  competition  im- 
possible, with  the  prevailing  rates  of  labor,  fuel,  and 
capital.  In  the  spring  of  18U0  occurred  a  stiikt? 
among  the  iron-moulders,  from  800  to  1,000  nun, 
including  also  the  laborers  and  case-makers,  thus 
taking  the  bread  from  their  own  mouths.  The  cause 
was  mainly  due  to  the  moulders  passing  a  law  limiting 
the  number  of  hours  in  their  daily  work,  and  the  amount 
of  work  to  be  done  in  those  hours,  together  with  their 
insistence  on  certain  regulations  as  to  the  apprentice 
system.^^ 

Salem,  N.  C,  Nov.  2.1,  1823,  and  came  to  Cal.  in  1850,  for  the  purpose,  aa 
he  relates,  of  iiiukiii^  §1,(XX)  and  tlien  returning  iionie.  Ueaehinf;  Hangtuwn, 
El  Dorado  co,,  with  his  three  brothers,  their  joint  capital  heing  25  ec'nt^*  ami 
a  small  stock  of  provisions,  they  began  digging  for  gold  with  their  Imti  lier- 
kiuves  on  the  south  fork  of  American  river.  After  saving  a  tew  liundrcd 
dollars  they  opened  a  trading  post  at  Yankee  Jim.  In  1853  John  enga;;fd 
in  the  cattle  trade,  and  in  that  and  later  years  acquired  large  tracts  ot  laud 
in  Yolo  and  t'olusa  cos. 

''^  Fourteen  foundries  were  involved  in  the  trouble.  For  list  see  S.  V. 
Bulletin,  March  3,  18JH). 

In  connection  witii  the  Union  .-on  works  should  be  mentioned  Irvin;^ 
Murray  Scott,  since  1SC3  its  gene.al  superintendent,  and  to  whose  caruf\d 
management  is  largely  due  the  success  of  that  establishment.  A  native  oi 
Md,  where  he  was  born  on  Christmas  day  of  1837,  after  thoroughly  kaniiiig 
his  trade  as  a  machinist,  and  studying  mechanical  drawing  in  the  eastern 
states,  he  was  engaged  by  Peter  Donahue,  iirst  as  draughtsman  to  the  Uuitm 
works  and  then  as  superintendent. 

William  T.  (larratt,  a  native  of  Conn.,  and  one  of  California's  pioneers  ami 
pioneer  manufacturers,  came  to  Cal.  in  1850,  when  twenty  years  of  age,  Iirst 
learning  his  trade  at  his  father's  brass  foundry  in  Cincinnati.  After  enganini; 
in  various  occupations,  and  suffering  many  reverses,  as  in  the  conHagratioiis 
which  thrice  destroyed  his  property,  he  built  his  brass  and  bell  foundry 
and  his  machine  and  hydraulic  works  on  Natoma  and  Fremont  streets,  iind 
soon  afterward  his  works  on  Brannan  and  Fifth  streets,  S.  F.  In  his  special 
line  he  is  now  acknowledged  as  the  leading  manufacturer  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

Another  prominent  manufacturer  and  inventor  is  Joseph  Moore,  a  Scotch- 
man by  birth,  an  engineer  by  profession,  and  a  pioneer  of  1849.  After  work- 
ing at  various  occupations,  in  1855  he  was  appointed  foreman  of  the  VuKan 
iron  works,  and  a  few  years  later  to  the  same  position  in  the  Risdon  worln, 
of  which  he  afterward  became  superintendent.  Under  his  direction  was  made 
the  large  wrought-iron  piping  supplied  for  the  Comstock  and  other  yiining 
districts,  together  with  the  huge  pumps  capable  of  raising  2,000  gallons  per 
minute  to  a  height  of  800  feet,  whereby  deep  mining  was  rendered  possible. 


SHIP  AXl)   RAIL. 


W.) 


In  ship-l)ulltlin<;  tlie  year  1889  formed  a  spocial  ira 
in  San  Francisco,  for  durini^  that  year  tiie  completion 

Tho  liydraulio  uluvatora  at  tlio  Palace  hoU'l,  S.  F.,  were  also  nmiiily  of  his 
duxigii. 

Olio  of  tho  principal  manufacturer!*  of  galvanized  iron  in  S;tn  FranciHi'o  iM 
Jo.supli  F.  Forilcrer,  a  (lennan  by  birth,  who  came  to  the  U.  S.  when  only 
Bjvun  yoarii  of  age,  and  after  8er%'ing  an  apprunticcHliip  to  his  traiU;  bi>gan 
bu:«inu,iti  for  hinmelf  in  Cincinnati.  In  1874,  when  bida  wuru  invited  for  the 
Construction  of  tliu  insane  asylum  at  Napa,  ho  M<'cured  tiic  contract  for  the 
galvanized  iron  work,  and  as  it  m'os  a  very  large  one,  he  duturniined  to 
remove  to  this  co;ist.  }lis  handiwork  nuiy  bo  seen  on  some  of  tho  most 
prominent  buildings  in  San  Francisco,  and  clsewhure  in  California,  as  well  aa 
la  Nevada,  Oregon,  and  tiio  Hawaiian  Islands. 

Among  the  leading  manufacturers  and  merchants  of  San  Francisco  is 
Ooorge  K.  Porter,  a  native  of  Duxbury,  Mass,  where  ho  \'  i  ^  'mrn  Feb.  9, 
18,'M.  After  working  on  his  uncle's  farm  for  three  years,  and  i  c  uiwliile  at- 
tending the  district  school,  he  tinished  his  cilucation  at  the  I'artrM^e  academy 
at  Duxbury,  ami  on  Feb.  1,  1841),  took  ship  at  Itoston  for  .San  F  .ancisco,  where 
ho  landed  nearly  9  months  later,  being  weatherbound  for  7"  days  in  tho  straitf 
of  Magellan.  After  a  brief  mining  experience,  in  I8.">4  he  '  ..-ted  at  .Sdipu'l  i.io 
of  tho  tirst  tanneries  in  California,  which,  in  conjunction  with  his  ''ousiii,  and 
at  times  wi'"-  others,  ho  conducted  until  187.'<,  when  the  two  co'isins  estab- 
lished lu  \  iiolcsalo  manufacturing  and  commercial  tirni  of  I'oiriT,  liluinm 
&  Slessinger,  now  Porti'r,  Slessingcr  &  Co.  He  is  also  tin;  ow  uer  of  largo 
aiul  Vcaluablo  tracts  of  land  in  several  coui-ties  of  tho  state.  Among  his 
other  interests  aro  those  in  tho  California  Lumber  co.,  of  which  1k'  is  presi- 
dunt.  In  18G0  he  was  elected  to  the  state  senate  for  Santa  Cruz  ami  .\lt)nto- 
rey  counties,  tho  tirst  rspublican  returned  by  that  district.  Among  other 
measures  which  he  introduced  was  an  act  to  eucourage  agriculture  and  manu- 
factures. 

lionjamin  F.,  the  cousin  of  George  K.  Porter,  is  a  native  of  Northfield, 
Vt,  aii(l  also  belongs  to  one  of  tho  oldest  of  New  England  familic-i,  his  grand- 
father being  a  chaplain  in  tho  war  of  I8]'2.  At  fourteen  ho  was  placed  in 
charge  of  ouo  of  his  father's  farms,  meanwhile  working  in  summer  and  at- 
tending the  district  school  in  winter,  completing  his  education  at  tho  acade- 
mies of  Plaintield  and  Northfield.  In  18i<8,  on  his  twentieth  birthday,  ho 
landjd  in  San  Francisco  with  $80  in  his  pocket,  which  he  loaned  at  three  per 
cent  per  month,  and  wont  to  work  at  cutting  and  chopping  redwood  trees, 
soon  afterward  obtaining  a  contract  for  making  pickets  and  shakes.  After 
engaging  in  various  occupations,  in  18.')8  he  bought  a  third  interest  in  the 
tannery  of  his  cousin.  A  few  years  later  the  two  cousins  began  tho  manu- 
facture of  boots  and  shoes,  establishing  in  1873  the  tirni  mentioned  in  his 
cousin's  biography,  in  which  Hcnjamin  Porter  disposed  of  his  share  in  IS79, 
boing  then  the  owner,  in  conjunction  with  his  cousin  and  Senator  .MeClay,  of 
a  tract  of  5(3,000  acres  near  San  Fernando.  His  wheat  crop  for  188(5  covered 
some  12,000  acres,  costing  47.^  cents  and  realizing  $1.10  per  busliel.  He 
also  engaged  largely  in  fiirming  and  stock-raising  in  Monterey  co.,  where  ho 
owned  over  15,000  acres,  with  other  farming  lands  in  various  portions  of  the 
state.  Ho  became  a  largo  share-holder  and  a  mender  of  th<f  finance  committee 
in  four  prominent  banks.  His  present  home  is  at  Los  Angeles,  though  he  has 
still  l:irg>3  interests  in  San  Francisco  and  Santa  Cruz,  in  all  of  which  cities  he 
enjoys  the  respect  and  goo«l-will  of  the  community. 

One  of  our  first  brewers  was  Matthew  Nunan,  who  was  born  in  Ireland, 
came  to  Cal.  in  1853,  and  engaged  in  mining.  Visiting  tho  east  after  1859, 
he  married  Miss  Delia  Koran,  and  took  up  his  residence  in  S.  F.  Hero  he 
established  a  brewery,  which  developed  into  a  large  bi-,siness.  In  1875  he 
was  elected  sherifiT  of  S.  P.,  and  again  in  1877.  Mr  Nunan  .s  a  man  of  abil- 
ity an  I  the  strictest  integrity.  One  son,  Frank,  and  four  daughters  comprised 
the  children,  who  may  well  be  proud  of  their  father. 


t'    ,  I 


m 


750 


RECENT  EVENTS. 


of  tlio  United  States  cruiser  Charleston,  at  the  Union 
iron  works,  proved  beyond  doubt  the  ability  of  our 
metropolis  to  compete  with  eastern  cities  in  the  con- 
struction of  steel  vessels  of  the  larger  class.  AftLr 
one  or  two  failures,  caused  by  some  slight  defect  in 
the  working  of  the  machinery,  the  Charlcsfon  \iunv 
than  satisfied  the  test  by  steaming  under  a  forced 
draught,  over  eighteen  miles  an  hour.  At  the  same 
works  another  war-ship,  the  ^San  Francisco,  was  all 
but  completed  in  May  1890.  In  July  of  the  preced- 
ing year  was  finished  the  iron  steamer  Poimntu,  a 
merchant  vessel,  and  for  this  branch  of  industry  the 
outlook  was  full  of  promise,  some  of  the  ship-yaids 
having  more  orders  on  hand  than  could  be  executed 
within  at  least  a  twelvemonth. 


To  railroad  matters  sufficient  space  has  already  been 
devoted  in  preceding  cha[)ters  of  this  volume.  It  re- 
mains only  to  be  said  that  in  the  spring  of  1890  there 
appeared  some  probability  that  the  long- vexed  (|ues- 
tion  of  the  Central  Pacific  company's  indebtedness  to 
the  government  might  reach  a  settlement,  a  house 
committee  reporting  in  favor  of  a  bill  to  fund  such 
indebtedness  for  a  term  of  seventy-five  years  at  two 
per  cent,  and  in  the  case  of  the  Union  Pacific,  for  .lO 
years  at  three  per  cent.  As  already  stated,  state  sub- 
sidies, so  far  as  California  is  concerned,  are  now  among 
the  issues  of  the  past.'^ 

Of  mining  "  and  mining  stocks  full  mention  has  al- 

"  One  of  the  strongest  opponents  of  railroail  subsidies  was  the  late  fJov- 
ernor  Henry  H.  Haiglit,  whose  decease  occurred  Sept.  2,  1878,  A  native  nf 
Rochester,  N.  Y.,  and  a  graduate  of  Yale,  hi'  studied  law  with  his  father,  and 
in  1847  was  admitted  to  the  har.  In  Jan.  1850  he  landed  in  S.  F. ,  where  his 
ability  soon  ])laced  him  in  tlie  front  rank  of  his  profession.  Ho  married 
Miss  Anna  E.  Bissell,  the  daughter  of  Capt.  Bissell  of  Mo.,  and  of  tlieir 
live  children  two  hoys  and  two  girls  are  still  living.  Of  his  political  career 
mention  has  already  been  made  in  these  pages. 

'*  To  Adolph  Sutro  the  Pacific  coast  is  indebted  for  the  construction  of 
the  largest  an<l  moat  costly  drain  tunnel  in  the  world,  12  ft  wide,  ID  in 
height,  more  than  five  miles  in  length,  including  lateral  branches,  and  costiii',' 
nearly  §5,000,000,  its  object  being  to  drain  and  cool  the  levels  of  tlic  Coin- 
stock  lode.  Born  at  Aix  la  Cliapello  April  29,  IS.'^O,  after  completini,'  his 
educatiou  he  was  made  superiuteudeut  of  his  father's  factory.     lu  18.')0  liu 


THE  SILVER  QUESTION. 


751 


ready  been  made  in  these  pages.  Of  coal  the  output 
for  1889  was  estimated  at  111,718  tons;^*^  of  gold, 
silver,  copper,  and  lead,  the  value  may  be  approxi- 
mately stated  at  $15,000,000  for  California,  and  !?110,- 
000,000  for  the  Pacific  coast,  Montana  taking  the 
lead  with  over  $30,000,000,  followed  by  Colorado 
with  about  $26,000,000,  and  Nevada  with  813,000,- 
000.  A  favorable  feature  in  connection  with  this 
industry  was  the  appreciation  in  the  price  of  silver, 
which,  from  42^^  pence  an  ounce  in  April  1888,  rose 
in  the  London  market  to  48  pence  in  April  1889,  an 
increase  of  more  than  14  per  cent.  This  was  mainly 
due,  as  was  claimed,  to  the  anticipated  action  of  con- 
gress on  the  silver  bill  introduced  by  Senator  Jones, 
whereby  the  free  coinage  of  silver  would  be  permitted, 
and  the  sphere  of  silver  currency  greatly  eidarged. 
Whatever  be  the  outcome  of  congressional  action,  the 
rise  is  of  the  utmost  benefit  to  the  mining  industry, 
and  if  it  should  go  further  may  lead  to  a  marked  re- 
vival in  that  direction.  As  matter?  stood  in  former 
years,  it  is  said  that  the  discount  on  silver  caused  a 
ijreater  loss  in  the  Comstock  mines  than  their  entire 
operating  expenses.  There  is,  however,  little  hope 
that  in  the  markets  of  the  world  the  [)rice  of  silver 
will  be  permanently  enhanced  by  legislation   on  the 

came  to  this  state  and  engaged  in  business  in  San  Francisco  and  Stockton, 
crectin'^,  soon  after  the  discovery  of  the  C"on>'<tock  lode,  a  small  mill  at  Day- 
ton foi  the  reduction  of  ores  by  an  improved  process  of  unialgamation.  In 
1871,  after  years  of  fruitless  endeavor,  he  secured  the  means  to  build  his 
tunnel,  and  in  July  1878  it  Jiiadc  connection  with  the  Savage  mine.  Mr 
Sutro  is  the  possessor  of  the  largest  private  library  on  the  coast,  including 
many  rare  volumes  and  manuscripts.  On  his  grounds  at  Sutro  Heights  lie 
proposes  to  erect  a  granite  building  for  their  ri'ception,  and  to  donate  both 
library  and  grounds  to  tlie  peo])lc  of  San  Francisco. 

Among  our  town  buihlors  shouhl  be  mentioned  the  late  D.  J.  Locke,  who 
was  born  at  Langdon,  N.  11.,  A]d  1(>,  IS'J.'i  and  coming  to  this  state  in  IMS) 
as  physician  of  the  Hoston  and  Newton  company  of  nu^chaidcs,  founded,  in 
)8(i2,  the  town  of  Lockeforii  in  San  Joatinin  co.  He  was  known  as  oiic  of 
the  most  public-spirited  men  in  this  section  of  the  state,  ilonating  lots  for 
public  buildings,  anil  spendiug  on  improveuients  most  of  tiic  fortune  which 
lie  hail  amassed  by  hard  work  and  self-denial. 

'■  Including  38,000  and  ;<3,718  tons  respectively  from  the  Empire  and 
Pittsburg  mines  in  Contra  Costa  co.,  30,000  from  the  lone  valh-y  mines  in 
Amador  co.,  and  10,000  from  other  sources.  Jiiiil  of  iSlate  MincnUoijM,  IbS'J, 
p.  3l>3. 


752 


RECENT  EVENTS, 


part  of  the  United  States,  for  silver  is  merely  a  com- 
modity, and,  like  otlier  commodities,  its  value  depends 
on  the  inexorable  law  of  supply  and  demand.  If  l»y 
legislation  a  silver  dollar  be  declared  worth  more,  and 
hero  pass  current  for  more  than  its  value  in  the  com- 
mercial world,  the  effect  would  merelv  be  to  make 
this  country  a  dumping-ground  for  the  spare  silver  of 
all  the  nations. 

In  business  circles,  no  less  than  to  farmers  and  fruit- 
raisers,  1889  was  a  favorable  year,  and  the  more  so 
because  it  was  free  from  excitement  from  such  real 
estate  or  stock  inflations  as  at  times  send  prices  sky- 
ward, only  to  be  followed  by  the  inevitable  collapse. 
Prices  of  most  commodities  were  satisfactorv,  some- 
what  higher  than  those  of  the  previous  year,  although 
there  was  here  as  elsewhere  the  usual  number  of 
financial  wrecks.  Prominent  aniong  the  business 
failures  were  those  of  Belloc  Frferes  and  of  W.  T. 
Coleman  &  Company,  both  of  them  firms  of  long 
standing  and  excellent  repute.  For  the  latter  various 
reasons  were  assigned,  and  of  the  former  the  cause 
was  their  heavy  advances  to  Paris  houses.  On  the 
1st  of  July,  1889,  the  total  banking  capital  of  the 
state  was  $52,854,070,  a  decrease  of  $3,129,80:}  on 
the  preceding  year;  the  total  of  assets  and  liabilities 
was  3230,297,224,  an  increase  jf  $10,224,74r),  and  of 
deposits  $100,451,775,  an  increase  of  $9,300,248. 
For  the  first  four  months  of  1890  the  bank  clearances 
in  San  Francisco  were  $240,684,822  against  $259,- 
819,858  in  the  preceding  year. 

Throughout  the  state,  except  where  values  had 
been  carried  to  extravagant  figures,  real  estate  was  in 
good  demand  at  advancing  prices,  though  without  un- 
healthy excitement.  In  San  Francisco  the  number 
of  sales  for  1889  was  6,700,  with  a  valuation  of 
$33,000,000,  against  5,000  and  $24,500,000  in  188S. 
an  increase  of  about  one  third  both  as  to  number  and 
value.  In  the  former  year  1,230  buildings  were 
erected  at  a  cost  of  more  than  $11,000,000,  against 


BUILDING. 


753 


974  costing  $0,700,000  in  1888.  Among  tliose  com- 
pleted or  in  course  of  completion  were  the  First 
National  bank,  the  Rosenthal  building,  the  Hun- 
tington-Hopkins company's  building,  the  Chronicle 
building,  the  Catholic  cathedral,  the  Odd  Fellows' 
hall,  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  the  Lick  free  baths, 
the  Old  People's  homo,  the  Concordia  club,  the 
Cooper  Medical  college,  the  Hibernia  bank,  and  the 
Superior  court  building.^"     For  the  site  of  a  new  post- 

»«  For  others  see  S.  F.  Chronicle,  Dec.  29,  1889. 

One  of  the  largest  land-owners  on  this  coast  is  Dr  E.  B.  Perrin,  who  came 
to  this  state  in  18G8  with  a  view  to  practise  medicine.  Visiting  the  Alabama 
settlement  in  Fresno  co.,  he  hecanic  interested  in  the  irrigation  question,  and 
soon  afterward,  with  the  aid  of  the  bank  of  Cal.,  began  the  construction  of 
the  upper  San  Joaquin  canal,  acquiring  other  valuable  water  rights,  including 
those  of  the  Fresno  canal  co.  In  conjunction  with  others  he  also  acquired 
large  tracts  of  land  in  various  portions  of  the  state  and  in  aouthern  Arizona. 
Among  them  is  tlie  Mammoth  ranch  of  60,000  acres  in  Fresno  co.,  all  of  it 
suitable  for  vineyards. 

Another  successful  real  estate  operator  is  Mark  Sheldon,  a  native  of  N.  Y. 
state,  where  he  was  born  on  what  was  known  as  the  Dry  Hill  farm,  near 
Watertown,  Nov.  21,  1829.  Coming  to  this  state  in  1851,  after  tliu  usual 
mining  experience,  he  established  himself  in  business,  first  in  Plumas  co.  ami 
then  in  S.  F.  In  the  summer  of  18GI  he  went  to  Virginia  City,  where  his 
mining  ventures  were  remarkably  successful.  After  passing  a  few  years  in 
the  eastern  states,  he  returned  to  this  coast  and  engaged  largely  in  real  estate 
operations,  making  such  costly  improvements  as  the  well-known  Slieldon 
block,  on  Market  and  First  streets,  one  of  the  most  commodious  and  substan- 
tial in  the  city. 

A  prominent  real  estate  owner  of  Los  Angeles,  and  in  business  matters 
one  of  the  most  successful,  is  Mark  (r.  Jones,  a  native  of  San  Francisco, 
where  ho  was  born  in  1858,  removing  witii  his  family  to  Los  Angeles  when 
twelve  or  thirteen  years  of  age.  The  estate  intrusted  to  him  by  iiis  father 
he  has  largely  increased  by  investments  in  city  property,  building  recently 
on  Main  street  a  five-story  edifice  with  500  rooms. 

Among  those  to  whom  is  largely  due  the  prosperity  of  southern  Cal.  was 
Phineas  Biiuning,  born  near  Wilmington,  Del.,  Aug.  19,  18:^0,  and  who  came 
to  this  state  in  1852.  A  few  years  afterwanl  lie  founded  the  town  of  Wil- 
mington, Cal.,  erected  warehouses,  opened  a  lumber-yard,  and  built  lighters 
and  steamboats  to  facilitate  its  commerce,  latiT  establishing  a  stage  lino  be- 
tween tiiat  town,  Los  Angeles,  and  San  Hcrnardino.  In  180.")  lie  was  elected 
state  senator,  and  through  his  exertions  the  city  and  co.  of  Los  Angeles  were 
authori/.ed  to  vote  §225,000  for  a  railroad  from  that  city  to  Wilmington.  He 
was  an  able  and  progressive  man. 

Another  prominent  citizen  of  southern  Cal.  is  Henry  Harrison  Markham,  a 
native  of  Essex  co.,  N.  H.,  where  ho  was  born  Nov.  14,  1840.  After  serving 
with  distinction  almost  throughout  the  civil  war,  at  the  close  of  wiiich  he 
held  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  then  becoming  prominent  as  an  ailmiralty  law- 
yer in  Milwaukee  and  other  cities,  he  came  to  Cal.  for  his  healtii  in  1879. 
settling  himself  at  Pasadena.  The  fortune  which  he  brought  with  him  to  this 
state  he  iricreased  largely  by  mining  and  real  estate  investments.  He  became 
a  director  of  the  Los  Angeles  National  bank,  and  was  one  of  those  who  or- 
ganized the  Los  Angeles  Furniture  co.  In  1884  he  was  elect-nl  congressman 
on  the  republican  ticket,  and  largely  through  his  efforts  liberal  appropriations 
were  secured  for  the  harbors  of  tho  Pacific  coast. 
HiBT.  Cal.,  Vol.  VII.    48 


754 


RECENT  EVENTS. 


office,  SO  long  and  urgently  needed,  $300,000  was 
appropriated  by  congress,  a  selection  being  made  by 
a  committee  appointed  for  the  purpose. 

One  effect  of  the  excessive  rains  was  to  deprive  of 
employment  a  very  large  number  of  mechanics  and 
laborers,  owing  to  the  cessation  of  building  and  other 
operations.  For  a  week  or  two  about  one  thousand 
were  employed  at  the  Golden  Gate  park,  subscriptions 
to  the  amount  of  over  $30,000  being  raised  for  that 
purpose  by  the  citizens  of  San  Francisco,  and  a 
further  amount  forwarded  from  Seattle  being  refused 
from  a  feeling  of  pride,  though  perhaps  of  false  pride, 

Other  prominent  men  not  yet  noticed  are  L.  Babcock,  born  in  N.  V. 
state  in  18"J5,  and  a  Cal.  pioneer;  T.  K.  Bard,  a  1>anker  of  Huenenu',  ami  ;i 
Pennsylvanian  by  birth,  who  came  t«  Cal.  in  1864;  Dr  L.  Burwell,  a  fariiiLT 
of  Oroville,  and  a  native  of  Va,  who  came  to  Cal.  in  ISo.'l;  M.  J.  Burke,  a 
native  of  ( Jalway,  Ireland,  and  a  leading  real  estate  man  of  S.  F.,  whero  lie 
landed  in  ISijS;  F.  Adams  of  .San  Luis  Obispo,  a  native  of  Penn.,  and  a  piuneer 
of  1850;  J.  Banbury,  an  Englishman,  and  a  fruit-grower  of  Pasadena;  K.  A. 
Bcardsley,  who  was  born  in  N.  Y.  state,  came  here  in  1859,  and  is  now  a 
merchant  and  real  estate  man  of  Los  Angeles;  H.  K.  Bradbury,  a  lawyer  of 
Santa  Barbara,  and  a  native  of  Me;  D.  Burbank,  a  native  of  N.  H.,  ami  a 
leading  citizen  of  Los  Angeles;  B.  F.  Branham  and  his  son,  Isaac,  the  fdi-mur 
ex-sheriff  of  .Santa  Clara  co. ;  (i.  G.  Bradt,  born  in  N.  Y.  state,  and  a  pioneer 
residi  t  of  .San  Diego;  C.  Carpy,  a  wine  merchant  of  S.  F.,  and  a  native  of 
France;  \V.  A.  Clinton,  born  in  Philadelphia,  and  a  real  estate  man  of  Ln.s 
Angeles;  N.  Cadwallader,  a  native  of  Ohio,  and  a  banker  of  San  Jose;  K.  H. 
Crittenden  of  S.  F.,  a  native  of  S.  C,  auil  formerlj'  state  senator;  (1.  \V. 
Cotiin,  born  in  N.  Y.  state,  a  banker  and  ex-mayor  of  .Santa  Barbara;  B.  Colin, 
a  Prussian,  a  merchant  and  ex-mayor  of  Los  Angeles;  J.  W.  Cooper,  a  Keii- 
tuckian,  a  pioneer,  and  a  banker  and  merchant  of  .*>;anta  Barbara;  H.  B.  Crit- 
tenden, a  lawyer  of  .San  Diego,  and  a  native  of  Ind. ;  O.  S.  Chapin  of  Poway, 
a  native  of  N.  Y.  state;  W.  E.  Carlson,  a  native  San  Franciscan,  and  a  real 
estate  man  of  San  Diego;  F.  E.  Brown,  an  engineer  of  Iledlands,  and  a  nativu 
tif  West  Haven,  Conn.;  H.  J.  Crow,  a  Pennsylvanian,  engaged  in  the  nursery 
business  at  Los  Angeles;  R.  Cathcart,  a  Lt)3  Angeles  farmer,  and  a  native  (jf 
St  Louis;  J.  W,  Calkins,  a  .Santa  Barbara  banker,  and  a  native  of  Conn. ;  H.  L. 
Drew,  a  San  Bernardino  banker,  and  a  native  of  Mich. ;  W.  M.  E<ldy,  a  native  of 
N.  Y.  state,  a  resident  of  .Santii  Barbara,  a  pioneer,  and  one  of  our  most  proiui- 
iient  bankersand  merchants;  C.  H.  Eggers,  aCerman,  andaviticulturist,  resid- 
ing in  S.  F. ;  C.  Fornian,  a  famous  Indian  fighter,  wlio  came  to  Cal.  in  Ks5.'{;  (A 
Fernald,  a  pioneer,  and  ex-niayor  of  .Santa  Barbara;  C.  Holbrook,  a  native  of 
Me,  and  a  le.vling  hanlware  merchant  of  .S.  F.,  where  he  arrived  in  I8.")0;  K. 
Heath,  a  pioneer,  and  one  of  the  most  prominent  citizens  of  Santa  Barbara;  1». 
Hunter,  a  .Scotchman,  also  a  pioneer,  and  one  of  the  most  enterprising  eiti/eiis 
of  the  metropolis;  A.Leonard,  still  another  pioneer,  a  native  of  Mass,  ami  a  resi- 
dent of  .Sacranieuto;  J.  De  la  Montanya,  who  came  to  this  coast  in  18.")(),  ami 
was  one  of  the  first  to  engage  in  the  hardivare  business  in  .S.  F. ;  W.  L.  Merry, 
a  native  of  N.  Y.,  and  one  of  the  leading  members  of  the  .S.  F.  board  of  trail  ■; 
A.  E.  Maxey,  a  native  of  Muss,  a  pioneer,  and  a  farmer  and  stock-rai~er  oi 
San  Diego  co. ;  D.  J.  Oliver,  an  Irishman,  and  until  his  death,  in  IS.'^lJ,  one 
of  the  leading  real  estate  men  in  S.  V.;  C.  J.  Uichanls,  a  prominent  r  al 
e<tate  man  of  Los  Angeles;  and  A.  L.  Tulibs,  a  native  of  N.  U.,  and  the  pro- 
prietor of  the  rope  and  cordajjo  works  in  South  Sau  Francisco. 


^■fls't 


LABOR  INTERESTS. 


755 


for  in  Seattle's  liour  of  distress,  after  the  fire  of  1880, 
the  metropolis  was,  as  usual,  most  prompt  and  liberal 
in  aiding  the  stricken  city. 

In  the  so-called  eight-hour  movement,  from  which 
serious  troubles  were  apprehended,  but  happily  not 
realized,  in  eastern  and  European  cities,  San  Francisco 
took  no  active  part,  the  demands  of  most  of  the  trades 
interested  being  already  conceded  by  employers. 

Notwithstanding  some  drawbacks,  few  who  have 
become  accustomed  to  the  stir  and  excitement  of  Cali- 
fornia life,  to  the  glories  of  her  scenery  and  climate, 
to  her  boundless  opportunities,  her  wonderful  pros- 
perity, would  care  to  exchange  for  any  other  the  land 
of  tlieir  nativity  or  adoption.  It  is  now  little  more 
than  four  decades  since  the  discovery  of  gold  attracted 
to  this  coast  the  attention  of  the  civilized  world,  and 
duriiig  that  period,  little  more  than  the  span  of  a 
single  oenoration,  how  marvellous  the  transformation 
that  many  yet  living  have  witnessed !  As  at  the 
touch  of  a  fairy's  wand,  the  land  has  been  converted 
from  one  vast  pasture-ground  into  a  regiim  smiling 
with  grain-fields,  orchards,  and  vineyards,  from  the 
southern  boundary  of  the  state  to  the  valleys  over- 
shadowed by  the  snow-capped  j>eaks  of  Shasta,  and 
from  the  shores  of  ocean  to  the  foothills  of  the  Sierra. 

He  who  would  know  the  utmost  that  can  be  ac- 
conijdislied  by  tlie  energy  and  intellig(>nce  of  man 
should  study  the  history  of  tliis  state,  for  nowlu-re 
else  can    be   found  such   comprehensiveness  of  plan, 

Onr  .)f  till}  oldest  anil  most  respcoteil  citi/ors  in  San  Bernardino  is  .lolin 
Brown.  ,  ,  a  native  of  Worcester,  Mass,  wliere  he  was  horn  in  1817.  After 
cn;.^aging  in  varions  occupations,  as  raftiiif;  on  the  Missis.^ippi,  and  trapping 
along  the  iMountaia  streams  from  tiie  headwaters  of  the  Coin inltia  to  northern 
Texas,  nieanwliilc  siiti'eriiig  sliipwreck  olt'  tlie  coast  of  hoiiisiana,  anil  hemg 
present  at  the  battle  of  San  .lacinto,  lie  reached  California  amonu'  the  pioneers 
of  184'J.  In  ISiVJ  lie  settlctl  at  San  Bernardino,  and  was  one  of  those  who 
brought  ahout  the  8e|>aration  of  that  county  from  Los  Angeles,  afterward 
rendering;  valuable  services  to  the  city  of  his  aiioption. 

Probably  our  most  successful  hotel-keeper  in  S.  F.  is  S.  H.  Seymour,  for 
more  than  20  years  the  manager  of  the  Uuss  house,  from  which  it  is  said  hia 
profits  have  nveraged  from  S.'K),00()  to  .?4(),(K)0  a  year.  A  (ierman  by  birth, 
he  came  to  Cal.  in  ISi)."},  and  found  emi)loyment  at  the  American  Exchange, 
thcu  the  leading  hotel  in  8.  F.,  of  whiuh  in  18(30  he  became  the  landlord. 


i,  i- '. 


750 


RECENT  EVENTS. 


such  boldness  of  emprise,  such  skill  and  daring  in  exe- 
cution. If  as  yet  wo  lack  the  minuteness  and  tluir- 
oughness  of  eastern  and  European  communities,  here 
are  to  be  found  in  some  departments  the  most  remark 
able  achievements  that  have  ever  been  witnessed  in  the 
world's  industrial  career.  Here  are  the  larijest  wheat 
and  dairy  farms,  the  largest  .stock-farms,  the  largest 
vineyards,  orchards,  and  orange-groves,  the  largest 
hvdraulic-mine.s,  the  lar<;est  mining-ditches,  the  most 
powerful  mining-pumps  and  mining  machinery,  the 
highest  aqueduct,  the  largest  lumber-Hume,  and  one 
at  least  of  the  largest  saw-mills  in  the  United  States, 
or  in  any  country  on  earth.  And  yet  what  has  al- 
ready come  to  pass,  how  wonderful  soever  in  our  sight, 
is  but  an  earnest  of  what  may  be  expected  when  there 
are  hands  enough  for  the  work  to  be  done,  and  con- 
sumers  enough  for  its  j)roducts. 

And  to  what  is  California  indebted  for  the  position 
which  she  holds  to-day  as  the  first  state  in  the  union 
in  her  protluct  of  gold  and  wine  and  fruit,  as  the  fiist 
in  variety  of  agricultural  products,  as  the  Hrst  in 
wealth  ]ier  capita,  changing  the  financial  conditions 
of  the  world  by  her  enormous  yield  of  the  precious 
metals,  changing  the  conditions  of  labor,  and  giving 
to  commerce  stimulus  and  direction?  To  the  genius 
and  enterprise  of  her  inhabitants  must  these  results 
be  ascribed,  for  whatever  has  been  found  most  excel- 
lent in  other  lands  has  been  adopted  in  this  state. 
Nowhere  else  has  been  displayed  such  aptitude  iu 
studying  and  applying  the  lessons  of  experience;  no- 
where has  such  progress  been  made  in  new  directions; 
nowhere  have  so  many  appliances  been  successfully 
brought  to  bear  on  the  development  of  agriculture 
and  mining;  nowhere  is  there  so  much  of  pride,  and 
of  excusable  pride,  among  her  adopted  no  less  than 
her  native-born  citizens. 

It  seems  but  as  yesterday  since  the  Pacific  coast 
metropolis  was  but  a  collection  of  cabins  and  tents 


THE  FUTURE. 


757 


clustering  among  tlie  fow  level  acres  of  ground  that 
skirted  tlie  waters  of  the  bay,  the  nuid-tlats  and  sand- 
dunes,  the  steep,  rocky  hills,  and  the  swamp-covered 
ravines.  Never,  perhap.s,  was  a  more  unpromising 
site  selected,  and  never  did  skill  and  enterprise 
achieve  so  quick  and  complete  a  mastery  over  the 
obstacles  of  nature.  To-day  those  hills  and  ravines 
are  covered  with  a  city  of  over  300,000  inhabitants, 
stretching  forth  east  and  north  to  the  shores  of  the 
harbor,  westward  almost  to  the  Pacific,  and  south- 
ward beyond  tlie  Mission  hills,  where  in  pioneer  times 
the  only  wagon-road  passed  through  miles  of  loose 
aj)d  shifting  sand.  Here  have  been  erected  some  of 
the  finest  public  and  business  buildings,  some  of  the 
most  tasteful  and  commodious  residences  in  the 
Ignited  States;  here  is  one,  at  least,  of  the  largest, 
and  more  than  one  of  the  best-appointed  hotels  and 
restaurants;  here  are  theatres,  churches,  schools, 
and  libraries  such  as  are  seldom  found  in  cities  of 
equal  size;  here  are  facilities  for  commerce,  for  travel, 
and  communication  such  as  are  excelled  by  few  east- 
ern or  old-world  centres. 

And  what  will  be  the  condition  of  this  state  a  few 
generations  hence,  when  the  moral  and  political 
status  of  the  community  shall  be  on  a  par  with  her 
material  greatness;  when  trickery  and  demagogism 
shall  give  place  to  honest  and  enlightened  statesman- 
ship; when  manly  worth  and  intellectual  culture  shall 
be  recoonized;  and  when  from  the  hcterofjeneous  ele- 
ments  of  which  our  western  commonwealth  is  composed 
shall  be  eliminated  their  impurities  and  debasing  in- 
fluences? Here,  let  us  hope,  will  be  the  favored  land, 
where  social  science  will  find  its  most  fitting  sphere; 
hero  the  accumulations  uathcred  in  the  vast  store- 
house  of  human  experience;  here  the  abode  of  all  tliat 
is  l>est  worth  preserving  in  the  art,  the  science,  the 
literature  of  the  world;  and  here,  if  California  be  true 
to  herself  and  her  higher  destiny,  may  be  found  one 


iii 


7S8 


RECENT  EVENTS 


of  the  highest  forms  of  development  of  which  human- 
ity is  capable." 

"  I  give  herewith  a  few  additional  biographies,  in  the  briefest  form,  al- 
though  many  who  are  hero  mentioned  are  no  lesa  prouiineut  than  tiiosu  who 
have  been  noticed  at  greater  length. 

Foremost  among  the  military  otficers  who  have  done  service  in  the  Indian 
wars  of  the  west,  both  for  popularity  and  gallant  service,  stands  thu  name 
of  N.  A.  Miles.  A  native  of  Mass,  he  received  an  academic  education,  and 
followed  a  mercantile  life  until  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war,  when,  in  1>SGI, 
he  entered  the  service,  out  of  which  he  came  a  major-general.  He  wa.s  tlu'ii 
asHigned  to  duty  in  North  Carolina  during  the  reconstruction  of  tlio  states, 
and  in  18G'J  he  was  ordered  west  to  serve  on  the  frontier.  In  1875  tliuCliey- 
ennes,  Kiowas,  and  Comanches,  who  had  been  for  years  committing  dc'iire- 
dations,  were  subjugated.  He  also  took  part  in  other  Indian  ditlicultics. 
He  married  in  18ti8  Miss  Mary  Sherman,  a  daughter  of  C.  T.  Nherman  uf 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Among  other  military  men  well  known  on  this  coast  was  the  late  Alansnn 
Merwiu  Kandol,  a  colonel  in  the  Hrst  artillery,  and  during  the  civil  war  iu 
command  of  the  second  N.  Y.  cavalry.  A  native  of  Newburgh,  N.  V.,  lie  grad- 
uated at  West  Point  in  1800,  and  the  same  year  was  appointed  to  tlie  ordnance 
corps  at  Benicia,  with  the  rank  of  second  lieutenant.  At  the  outliruak.  of 
the  rebellion  he  was  transferreil  at  his  own  request  to  a  battery  in  ai:ti\  e 
service,  and  from  ^'lat  time  until  the  close  of  the  war  was  constantly  in  tlio 
tielil,  taking  part  in  32  pitched  battles  and  engagements,  in  addition  to  niini- 
berless  skirmishes.  In  1881  he  was  ordered  to  California,  and  in  tlie  follnw- 
ing  year  was  inspector-general  on  the  staff  of  Mcl^owtdl.  After  tlie  retire- 
meiit  of  that  officer  he  was  successively  in  command  at  forts  VVintiold  Scott 
and  Alcatraz,  San  Francisco,  and  at  Fort  Canby,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Colum- 
bia river. 

Edniond  D.  Shirland  was  born  in  Washington  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  1831,  coming 
with  the  N.  Y.  reg.  to  Cal.  in  1847.  He  served  till  Sept.  18,  1848,  wliun  the 
CO.  was  disbanded.  After  various  changes  he  went  to  Plauervillo,  where  lie 
contracted;  his  health  failed  him,  and  he  went  to  S.  F.  From  1850  to  isoti 
he  was  engaged  in  tlie  cattle  business,  and  on  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war 
entered  the  army,  serving  until  1863  with  the  rani-  lar.'n otain.  Ho  lias  since 
been  operating  in  real  estate  and  mining.  He  wi".  y  rrd  iu  185i),  and  liad 
two  daughters  and  a  son.  "  ^ 

Irvin  Ayres  was  for  twenty  years  resident  at  UlUst  t'ell,  where  he  ha- 
came  familiar  with  the  workings  of  Indian  a&ii  f  ,,,,,,1  ■■'  born  in  IS.'i'J  in 
N.  Y.,  and  came  to  this  coast  in  1853,  where  he  '  lOUIlCl  various  punsuits. 
Ho  married  iu  1872  Miss  Annie  L.  Poor  of  Beltast,  Maine;  four  boys  licing 
born  to  them.  The  distinguished  soldier.  Gen.  Komeyn  H.  Ayres,  who  came 
to  this  coast  in  1854,  was  an  elder  brother  of  Irvin  Ayres. 

Joseph  G.  Eastland  was  born  iu  Nashville,  Tenn.,  in  1831,  and  canus  to 
Cal.  in  1849  with  his  father,  who  entered  business  in  S.  F.  under  the  name 
of  Tlioinas  B.  Eastland  and  son.  They  founded  the  town  of  Oro  on  Hear 
river,  and  took  part  in  the  Gold  lake  excitement.  In  1851  young  Eastland 
entered  the  Union  foundry,  under  the  auspices  of  James  Donahue,  and  in 
185()  became  sec.  of  the  S.  F.  CJas  co.,  with  interests  in  tlie  gas  conipaiiiis  of 
neighboring  cities.  In  1870  Mr  Eastland  married  Miss  Alice  Lander,  and  in 
the  same  year  was  appointed  one  of  the  commissioners  of  the  new  S.  F.  city 
hall. 

John  Mallou  was  born  in  Ireland  March  10,  1828,  of  French  and  Celtic 
ancestors,  emigrating  in  1832  with  his  parents  to  New  York,  where  ho  ob- 
tained his  education.  In  1843  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  glass-cutter,  and  after- 
ward began  business  for  himself.  In  1858  he  came  to  S.  F.,  and  opened 
an  establishment,  from  time  to  time  adding  new  branches  until  the  liijihist 
styles  kuowu  to  the  art  were  introduced.     In  1847  he  married  Miss  Elizabeth 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


759 


Hanson,  the  fruit  of   the  union  being  eight  children,  the  eldest,  Peter  L. 
Mallun,  having  charge  of  the  business. 

Among  other  iironiinent  citizens  of  Los  Angeles  should  be  mentioned  I. 
N.  Van  Nuys,  who  was  born  in  New  York  in  1835,  and  in  18t)."»  came  to 
Napa,  Cal.,  where  he  enibiirked  in  the  mercantile  business.  In  I87U  he  went 
to  Lus  Angeles  county,  and  with  tlie  Lankershims  organized  the  .San  KiTiiaiido 
Farm  and  Homestead  association,  later  the  Los  Angeles  Farm  and  Mdl  co. 
lu  1880  he  was  married  to  Miss  Savannah  Lankershim. 

Among  the  most  successhd  men  of  Los  Angeles  should  also  be  mentioned 
Hervey  Limlley,  a  native  of  Indiana,  where  he  was  born  in  1854,  accompany- 
ing his  parents  in  early  youtli  to  Minneapolis,  and  completinf^  his  education 
at  the  high  school  in  that  city.  Removing  tiienee  in  1853  to  Waterloo,  Iowa, 
he  engaged  in  the  lund)er  trade  until  1855,  when  he  removed  to  Los  Angtdes. 
Here  he  first  loaned  on  real  estate,  and  establishe<l  himself  as  a  broker,  but 
finding  that  his  patrons  often  doubled  the  amount  of  their  investments,  pur- 
chased some  valuable  properties  in  that  city  and  its  vicinity,  and  became 
largely  interested  in  the  (piaker  settlement  of  VVhittier,  located  in  1887  by 
A.  H.  Pickering,  and  of  which  he  is  manager.  In  1888  he  had  realized 
$:iOO,000  from  the  latter  venture,  and  had  the  utmost  contidence  in  its  future 
prosperity. 

Another  leading  citizen  is  Henry  T.  Hazard,  who  was  born  in  Illinois  on 
the  Hist  of  July,  1844,  and  came  across  the  plains  to  Cal.,  arriving  in  1S5'J, 
his  father  having  preceded  him  in  1849,  and  accuinidated  the  means  with 
which  to  bring  out  his  family  and  settle  them  on  a  farm  near  Los  Angeles. 
Young  Hazard  received  his  early  education  at  Visalia  and  !Sau  Jose,  proceed- 
ing thence  to  Harvard,  and  finally  being  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Michigan  in 
I8G8,  when  he  returned  to  Cal.  and  began  to  practise  law.  In  1881  he  was 
elected  Los  Angeles  city  attorney,  serving  two  years,  and  in  1884  was  elected 
to  the  legislature.  Later  he  became  largely  iilentitied  with  the  interests  of 
Los  Angeles.     In  1873  he  married  Carrie  Oeller  of  Marysville. 

Charles  Victor  Hall  was  born  in  San  Francisco  in  185*2,  and  commenced 
his  education  by  studying  at  home  and  reciting  to  a  friend.  Afterward  ho 
attended  the  university  of  Cal.,  paying  his  own  way  while  there;  then  in 
1875  he  engageil  in  the  real  estate  business  at  Los  Angeles,  wliich  he  ha.* 
followed  ever  since,  publisliing  IfdWs  Lund  Jounml  from  187W  to  1880.  'Ih-; 
journal  was  originated  in  Los  Angeles  and  was  afterward  removed  to  San 
Francisco. 

Few  have  done  more  for  southern  California  than  E.  S.  Babcock,  Jr,  who 
came  to  San  Diego  in  the  winter  of  1883-4,  and  at  Coronudo  breach  built  a 
hotel  which  for  size,  architecture,  and  arrangement,  and  as  a  seaside  resort, 
considering  furthermore  the  climate  and  other  conditions,  has  not  its  superior 
in  the  world.  With  Mr  Babcock  were  associated  in  this  enterprise  H.  L. 
Story  of  Chicago,  Jacob  Gruendike  of  San  Diego,  and  Joseph  CoUett  of  Terre 
Haute,  Ind. 

Wm  R.  Rowland  was  born  at  Puente  rancho,  near  Los  Angeles;  his  father, 
John  Rowland,  was  a  cattle  dealer,  and  a  pioneer  of  1842,  and  afterward  the 
first  wine  manufacturer  of  tiie  state.  Young  Rowland  went  to  the  Santa 
(.'lara  college  for  three  years,  and  afterwanl  had  a  private  teacher.  He  had 
been  managing  his  father's  business  up  to  1871,  when  he  startcil  in  business 
for  himself.  He  has  a  rancho  of  2,600  acres,  on  which  a  32°  gravity  oil  well 
has  been  found,  and  a  jiipe  line  from  it  to  the  R.  R.  was  built.  He  was 
twice  elected  sheriff,  and  M'as  the  jtrime  mover  in  tlie  capture  of  Td>urcio 
V<isquez,  for  which  he  received  a  large  regard.  He  married  in  1874  Manuelii 
Williams,  a  daughter  of  Gen.  Williams. 


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8-1 


INDEX. 


For  Informnflon  ronceniliiK  i>li)ti«M'rs,  nvv 

Aliiiil,   Sorra's)   Hiiggeationa  Huliiiiittoil 
to,  i.  "JOit. 

Alilxitt,    ().,    jnemluT    S.     F.    Htock 
lioanl,  IStJl,  vii.  Gti8. 

Aclutoy,  liiil.  trilio,  treaty  with,  IH'M't, 
iv.  71. 

'Artivo,' Hlii|>,  at  Mont.,  1810,  ii.  DO. 

'  Activo, '  traiis{i<irt,  ii.  HH. 

A(laiii.-<,  F.,  liiof^.,  vii.  7">4. 

AdaiiiH,  .1.,  liiiif;.,  vii.  4IU. 

Adaiiii  !<(:  Co.,  iiiciitioii  of,  vii.  14'.)  50, 
101 ;  f.iiliiro  of,  vii.  174. 

A(laiiisvillt),  iiiuiitioii  of,  vi.  514. 

A^'riciiltiiral      iiiipK'iiients,     iiiii)orts, 
etc.,  of,  vii.  Ihi. 

Ajji'ieiiUure,  progre.s.s  in,  177.'1,  i.  '201 
I'Oli;  coii.lilioii  1774,  i.  !.':«);  Sta 
Clara  vail.,  i.  'M'i;  eoinlitioM,  I7H0, 
i.  :«1;  i)uel)loH,  178:{  00,  i.  'MS; 
1800.  i.  (iOl;  at  ini-sions,  178:{  !)(>, 
i.  :i88,  4.-.7,  4.-.!>,  4..,,  4r)!»,  47.'<,  477, 
478,  ;"),-.();  17!M  ISOO,  i.  577,  (i5(i  7, 
G7'2,  ()7lJ,  ()8(i,  (i,S8,  (JiK),  7I.'{,  I'SA; 
1801  10,  i.  i:W,  i;<7  8,  148  !»,  15:?  4; 
ii.  104  ion,  108,  no,  115,  IKi,  I 'J  I, 
l'.>2,  I'J:{;   1811    '20,  ii.  .'Mti,  'Ml,  :{4!», 

."ISO,  :i55,  358,  ;«»4,  :«)(i,  .'{tin,  ;{74, 

375,  377,  38:{,  384,  385,  38r>,  ;i87, 
31)0;  18-21  .30,  ii.  552,  554,  55(i; 
Htatisties  of,  1701-1800,  i.  (il!)  '20; 
1801-10,1.  170  81;  18'21  30,  ii.  507, 
578,  580  '2,  5!)5  0,  .5i)i),  001  '2,  (iHI, 
Oil)  '20,  0'2'2,  0'24,  035  8;  IH3I  40, 
iii.  Xil,  010,  0'2'2,  0'20,  043,  010, 
05(»,  001),  00'2.  (i04,  080  1,  081,  080, 
0!)0  1,  0!).3,  714.  710,  710,  7'24,  7-27; 
Sta  Cruz,  I70'2  I8(K),  i.  405  100; 
iSoIodail,  107*2  180;),  i.  .500;  drouglit, 
1809,  ii.  80;  yield  of  prodmts, 
1801-10,  ii.  101;  products,  ISIl  20, 
ii.  39.5-0;  pe.sts,  ii.  417;  eftortH  to 
extend,  1831,  iv.  1.50  100;  develop- 
ment of,  vii.  2  4;  fanns,  1880,  vii. 
B-7;  Hoil,  vii.  0-7,  21-'23;  rainf.dl, 
vii.  8,  14-1.5,  18-'20;  irrigation,  vii. 
8-11;    riparian   rigiits,    vii.    11-14; 


iilHi)  llie  I'idiirrr  llrijlstrr,  vols.  II  to  V. 

droughts,  18,50  77.  vii.  15    IO;lhiodH, 

ISIO  81,   vii.    It;   17;  jMsts,   vii.  17 

18;  elirnate,  vii.    18  '20;  l.arh'y,  vii. 

'21   5;  oats,   vii.   '25;    maize,    vii.   '25; 

wheat,    vii.    *20  H,    730;    veget.ilde.s, 

vii.    '27  30;   cotton,    vii.   .'«)   I;    liax, 

vii.   :«)   I;   KJlk,   vii.    31   4;   tol.acco. 

vii.    'M  5;    hops,   vii.    35  0;    sugar, 

vii.  3(i  7;  fruit-growing,  vii.  38  .">0; 

agric.    exliili.s,    vii.    03  4;    sociefies. 

vii.  03  4;  mining  di'liris,  vii.  (MO  8. 
Agua      Calientt!,     arrival       of     (!en. 

Kearny  at,  1840,  v.  330. 
'  Aipiih^s,' war  ship,  iii.  '27. 
'  Al;d.ania,'Hliip,  iii.   130. 
Alainan,   si'c.   of  state  in  Mex.   1823, 

ii.    4.S5;     report    on    Cal.    miss.,    ii. 

488;   (U'ders  jefe    politico   to  report. 

iii.   7;    approveM   Kcheandea's  plan, 

iii.  325. 
Alaiiicda     county,      ex])loration       of, 

I77'2,  i.  181  7;   1701,  i.  ,V.O  2;  hist. 

of,  vi.  .5'20-7;  eri'ation,  etc.,  of,  1853, 

vii.  441. 
Alau'oda  creek,  Fagua'  cxpedt.  camps 

at,  i.  18.5. 
Alameda,  town,  hist,  of,  vi.  478  0. 
Alaska,   liussia  explores   eo.ist  of,   i. 

113;  Martinez  voy.  to,  17.SS,  i.  441; 

annals  of,  1711    1810,  ii.  .58  00,  78 

82. 
Alareon,  oxpedt.,  1.540,  i.  9. 
All>atiy,  recruiting  for  Stev.  regt  at. 

V.  502. 
'  Alliatross,'    ship,     hunting     ex]i(Mlt. 

1810   II,    ii.    K'2,    0.3  5;    seizure    of, 

ISIO,  ii.  '275  ,S. 
Aldcu.    (apt.     15.    R.,    at    Ft    .loncs, 

I8,5'2,  vii.  101. 
Alder  creek,    l)onncr    party   ('ucamp. 

at,  v.  5:53. 
Alemany,  .1.  S.,  Archhisho]),  vii.   7'20, 

730. 
'Alert,' shi[),  iii.  307;  iv.  08,  9.5,  1.'J.5, 

11-2,  3'20,  3-10. 
Aluuta,  hunting  in  S.  F.  hay,  1808,  ii. 
(701)' 


Ii  ■  is 


702 


INDEX. 


For  I II  format  Ion  conreriiini?  iiloiu-cri,  m' 

81,    IMUS;    ottLT    liiintiiiu,    ISKi,    ii.  I 

'2H4;    ctiiituro  of,    1815,    ii,    .'«W;    lit 

Ui>M!i,  ii.   tiM'Z 
'Ali'xamliir,'     Hliip,     iiclvi'iitiirus     of, 

\m.i,  ii.  14-17. 
Alixiiiiilcr,  C,  nioiitioii  of,  vi.  21. 
Alisal  ll.iiiclio,  ii.  (il'i,  v,  7. 
Alli.Moii,  ]■].,  vii.  .V.M). 
Alll.soii  Haiicii  Li'iiii,  mention  of,  vii. 

(iUS;  proiliict  of,  vii.  tl4'.'. 
Aliii.'iiizu,    il.    .M.,    (if    Cal.    junta   in 

Mex.,  IS'.T)  7,  iii.  3;  reiiort  on  t'lil. 

niisK.,  iii.  lUU. 
Aliiiontc,    (!oM.    (Mex.    niiniMtur),    in 

.loni-'s'  affair,  184'J,  iv.  ;{•.',")  7;  warns 

t'al.  iinnii^runtx.  iv.  .'{"'.►  .'18U. 
Alixiuionii,  Inil.  trilie,  ii.  ,'>Uti. 
Aljiinu  County,  oruiini/.iHl,  otc,  18(!4, 

vii.  44'J;  .><ilvcr  discova  in,  vii.  (>.">(). 
AltgfiiT,  N.,  ranclio  of,  1848,  vi.  I(i. 
Alsop  fi  Co.,  Adauia  &  Co.'»  failure, 

vii.  177. 
Alturas,  CO.  scat  of  Modoc,  vii.  4t>r)-(5. 
Alvarado,   <iov.,  niannscri|)t  of,  i.  T)"); 

riilo  of,  l8:t(i-4(),  iii.  478-514,  57y- 

()(»7:  1840  'J,  iv.  1  41. 
Alvar.iilo,    J.    H.,    niiMiiber   of   Icgisl. 

eoiiniil,  1847,  vi,  •_'(»(). 
Alvaiado,   1'.   de,   exiiedt.,  1540,  1.   D; 

doli'at  and  deatli,  i.   10. 
Alvarado,  co    uuat  of  Alunicda,  ISo.'t, 

vi.  .">'.'(). 
Alviso,  mention  of,  vi,  r>"J5, 
Alvord,  W'.,  I'iog.  of,  vii.  183. 
Amador,  J,   M.,  ranclio  of,   1848,   vi. 

10. 
Amador  county,  name,   ii.  585;  min- 
ing in,  1848  5ti,  vi.  371-3;  creation, 

etc.,  iif,  1854,  vii.   441;  disturbance 

in,  1871,  vii.  4.J5. 
Amador  creek,  quartz  veins  found  on, 

1851,  vi.  .371'. 
Amador,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  51'J. 
Amailor  valley,   Fagca'  cxpcdt.   in,  i, 

18t). 
Aniaja1)oa,  Inds,  reception  of  trappers, 

iii,  l."i4. 

nd,   tribe,    li,   334-5,    iv. 


Amajavus, 

338. 
A  mat,  T.,  '- 
Andniscadt 

lespie  at, 
American  ri\ 

2*2;  name, 

1848,  vi.  2!- 

vi.  73,  352 
American    tii 

6:w, 
Ames,  0,,  vii.  570. 


liop,  vii.  726, 

eek,  Fri'^mont  and  Oil- 

lli,  v.  24. 

Fremont  at,  1840,  v. 

15;  gold  discov'd  on, 

(4;  mining  on,  1848-0, 

iiel,   quartz  mine,  vii. 


f  iiUo  the  Vinnnr  Rrgltlrr,  vols.  II  to  V. 

'  Ametlivst. '    ship,    luinting    expeilt., 

1811,  li.  00. 
Analieim,  lust,  of,  vi.  522. 
Anaya,  (len.,  pres.  ot  colony  Nchcnie, 

iii.  203. 
AmlerHiin,  Judge  A.,  election,  vU\,  ,i|, 

18.V.>,  vii.  220. 
.Ander.scin,  Col  A.  L.,  vii.  470. 
.•\nd(THon,  W.,  vi.  17,  500. 
Andisoii,  J,   K.,  gen,  of  militia,  IS.'iO, 

vi.  310, 
.\ngel  camp,  vi.  374. 
Angel  I.sland,  named,  i.  24<i, 
Anglo-Saxon  Mining  Co.,  operations, 

etc.,  of,  vii.  03S, 
Ansactoy,    Iiid,     tribe,    treaty    witli, 

1830,  'iv.  71. 
Ansaimea,  Ind.  tril>e,  i,  558. 
Anson,  map  of,  i.  04. 
Anteparaluceta,   I',   A,   de,  legacy  of, 

i,  505. 
Antliony,  Uev.  E.,  vii.  727. 
Antioch,  mention  of,  vi.  527-8;  U.  U. 

projected  at,  vii.  500. 
Apodaca,     viceroy,     olll     actions    nf, 

1817-20,  ii,  250,  252,  2.")0,  257,  2C.4, 

205,  284. 
'Apollo,'  Uuss,  man-of-war,   ii,  013, 

044,  045, 
Applcgate,  mines  of,  vii.  G5S. 
Ai)plc.s,  cultivation  of,  vii.  40  41. 
Arboricidture,  vii.  50  I.  78. 
Areata,  town  (see  also  Union),   men- 
tion of,  vi.  504, 
Arce,  manuscript,  i.  55, 
Arce,  .lose  .M.,  i.  441. 
Archbald,  name  of  Cal.,  i.  07, 
Arcliiteeturo,    jire-pastoral,    i.   203-1. 
Archives,  private,  i.  48-50;  public,  i. 

45  0. 
Areelie,  mention  of,  i.  200,  214. 
Arevalo,  .\l.,  named  for  duty  in  I'al., 

1780,  i.  .370. 
Argenti,  F.  and  Co.,  vii.  101. 
'Argentina,'  Bouchard's  ship,  ii.  22."). 
'Argosy,'  sliip,  ii.  048. 
Arguello,    Gov.,    rule    of,     1814,    ii. 

'207  8, 
Arguello,  S.,  mend>er  of  legisl,  coun- 
cil, 1847,  vi,  '200, 
Arieta,   .).    V.,   llabil.  Gen,   for  Cal., 

180.'),  ii.  188. 
Arizona  Leilgt;,  assays  of,  vii.  051. 
Arizti!(iui,    1*.    I.,   supplies    for   Cal., 

1701,  i.  030, 
Armona,  Gov.,  i.  124,  171-'2, 
Arrellancs,    I.,   chaplain    to    coustit, 

convention,  1840,  vi,  '200, 
Arrillaga,    Gov,,    rule   of,    170'2-4,  L 


iNni;x. 


7C3 


Fr)r  Informntiiin  roncornliiR  iiliiiit'orx,  wo  •!«)  Iho  I'ionrrr  Hi'iji*ifr,  vuln.  II  to  V 
M\  .■)•-".>;    I  WW  14,    ii.   IHM.I.    Il»4 


Arricivit.i,   tl.  1>.   tU-,  liibiiog.,  etc.,  i. 

•i*-"-',  :»'.M.  :«.')•). 
Arroyo  Si-i-o,  iiuimii^  at,  \MX,  vi.  77. 
'  Artt'iuiMi','  Fr.   fri^titc,  iv.  WW,  I'rJ. 
ArtiNiiiis,  front  Mi-x..  Hat,   l7l^>-5,  i. 

III.'),  (ilO. 
A.slili'v,  Htatu   truiisiircr,  iiiontioa  of, 

vii/'JltT. 
'  Asiii,' bliiji,  RurrL'iiilt'r  of,  iii.  uri-'JtJ. 
Asiatii'D-Mcxifiiiia  Co.,    iiropoHiMl    liy 

jiiiiti,  iii.  '>-<). 
As|.inwiill,  W.  H.,  thf  I'u.-  Miiil  .S.  S. 

Co.,    IM:  H,  vi.  1-J8  '.1;  I'iin^iina  R.  , 

11.,  vii.  .VJ-.'.  I 

A.Hfi'inhly,  first  iiicftiii^;  of,    1S41>,  vi. 

:{(tS  <»;  nifiiiber.M,  vi.  ."{I'* 
'  Astrohilie,'   tiliip  of   La   I'urouiu!,    i. 

4-.'.S  U. 
•Atiil>,'8liii),  ii.  'Jl.T  I 

Ati'Moiiiac,  Intl.  trilie,  ii.  5()(5. 
Atliurtoii,  F.  !>.,  vii.  ."),S."». 
Atlantic  uiiil  Pacilic  H.  K.,  lain]  ^rant.s 

to,   vii.   ;")'■>.■{-');  nu^otiatioiiit  of,  vii. 

(>08-'.(;    coinbinatiun,    etc.,    «)f,    vii. 

«l»   It}. 
AuUnrn,    di^'^ings   aroiiml,    IS4S,    vi. 

H.V);    CO.    scat   of    I'laocr,    etc.,    vi. 

4h:j. 

Aukncy,  A.  P.,  tlio  S.  F.  K.  R.  con- 
vention, IS.VJ,  vii.  iA',\. 

Aurora,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  519;  a 
milling  centre,  vii.  (m'J. 

Austin,  .Major,  mention  of,  vii.  282. 

Austin,  r.  K.,  vii.  5!H). 

AuMtralia,  effect  of  Cal.  golil  (li«cov. 
in,  vi.  12");  effect  of  it»  golil  di.scov., 
vii.  1()!»;  tra.lo  with,  vii.  121-.T 

Authorities  quoteil,  i.  x.w.-lxxxviii. 

Autliors  in  Cal.,  vii.  722  H. 

Avihi,  Jose,  Cal.  Hupiilies,  i.  tillO. 

Axteil,  S.  B.,  coiigressn!aiv,  vii.  331. 

'Ayacucho.'siiip,  iii.  143,  3»J.'>;  iv.  210. 

Ayala,  T.  0.  ile,  report  on  Cal.,  1821, 
ii.  443-4. 

AyrcH,  Irviii,  hiog.  of,  vii.  7.'>8. 

Ayuntaiiiieiitos,  ii.  4t»l,  51)0  1,  ()04. 
till  12,  ()7t);  iii.  182,  187,  22(i,  245- 
0,  28.3,  21)9,  307,  380,  395,  417,  481, 
484,  500,  •'^'Kt,  517,  519,  .")21,  WM, 
557,  5W-.'),  58«,  589,  t)l3-l().  \S'M)  2, 
G34-(),  ()72-(),  G9t),  70:$-5,  729-31; 
iv.  1)8,  300,  475,  493;  v.  41,  49-51, 
618,  «25-3l,  (iSO,  IU9,  662. 

A/aiiza,  M.  ,1.  de,  sect'y  todalvez,  i. 
115,  129;  viceroy,  ottl  com.  to  king, 
1798-1800,  i.  .544,  546;  proposed 
opeuiii^  Cal.  trade,  i.  628;  iusitruc- 


tioiu   to   Hiicccssor,    i.    730;   favors 

naval  force  for  Cal.,  li.  til. 
A/iurate,  J.  F.,  of  Cal.  junta  in  Mex., 

1825  7.  iii.  3. 
Aziiar,  Antonio,  named  for  Cal,  1780, 

i.  379. 


Ii 


Bahcnck,     K.     S.,    jr,    l»iog.     of,    vii. 

7.V.>. 
Ititlicock,  ]j.,  liiog.,  vii.  7.'>4. 
ILiluock,  W.  F.,  I.iog,  of.  vii.  18(5. 
H;icoli,    11.    !>.,  director   Col.    Uivcr   R. 

]{.,  vii.  tilO;   gifts  of,  VII.   720. 
lliiglcy,  |).  F.,  liiiit,  IS49,  vii.  451. 
Itaih-y,  \.  .1.,  iiiiiic  di.scov'd  liy,  I860, 

vii.  657. 
liiiilry,    .1..   Hpct'y    Cent.    I'ac  U.   R., 

181)1,  vii.  .■)44;   I'iog.,  vii.  54(i-7. 
Bfiiley,  ().,  vii.  titt7. 
Iliiiii,  t!.,  vii.  ti07. 
Hiiird,  .1.   M.,  Iiiog.,  vi.  t!,")t). 
Rija  California,  sec  'Lower  C:il.' 
'  Baikal,' Hliip,  li.  ti48,  tl49  51;  iv.  159, 

171. 
Biki'r,   senator,  xpcecii  of,    I860,   vii. 

276;  iieatii  of,  1861.  vii.  293. 
Bilker.    .Maj.,    of    court   at     Fremont 

trial,  V.  4.")t). 
Baker,  K.  I).,  vi.  (i79. 
lUker,    K.   ().,   iioiiiiiice  for  congress, 

18.59,  vi.  723. 
Itakcrsfield,  iiiciition  of,  vi.  518. 
Baldridge,  manuscript,  i.  5(i. 
Biildwiii,  1).  1'.,  gen.  of  militia,  1850. 

vi.  319. 
Baldwin,  K.  ,1.,  hiog  ,  vii.  tiSI. 
liiildwiii,   .llldge  J.    C,  election,   etc., 

of,  vii.  221   2. 
U'tldwin.  .llldge  J.   It.,  biog.,  etc.,  of, 

vii.  2.33  4. 
Bal.lwin.  t).  1).,  l.iog.,  vii.  ti94. 
Uallock,   Rev.,   church  oigaiii/.cd  hy, 

v;i.  729. 
liiiiiluiry,  ■!.,  l)iog. ,  vii.  7.">4. 
Bancroft,    (i..    instructions    to    Com. 

Sloat,  V.  195  199. 
liaiidini,    .1.,    inamiscript    of,     i.     .'"'5; 

nicmher  of  legial.  council,  1847,  vi. 

260. 
Itaiidmann.  .1.,  hiog.,  vii.  187. 
Bulk  of  Cal..  atl.iirs  nf,  vii.  ti74  5. 
Bankhead,   Col,    troiilile  with    N.    Y. 

Vols,  v.  .507. 
Banking,  hist,  of,  1849-86,  vii.  160-4. 
liiniiiiig,  v.,  hiog.,  vii.  753. 
Baptism,  first  in  Cal.,  i.  1 15,  201. 
I  Baptists,  lueutioii  of,  vii,  728. 


m 


M 


764 


IMDEX. 


For  luformation  ronct.ninx  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 

44;   aflfiiirs  nt   Sonoma,  v.    !4r)-tiS; 


I' 

c 


Baraiiof,  chief  manager  of  Russ.  Amer. 

Co.,    180."{,   ii.   2;'),  Go;  contract  for 

Cal.    skins,    ii.    39,    (i4,   78-80,    !»S; 

instruutiiil  to  open  Cul.  trade,  ii.  82; 

actions,  see  settlement  iu  Cul.,  ii. 

•J'Jl)  31");  l.ibliog.,  ii.  G41. 
Burlier,  II.  P.,  code  eoinmissioncr,  vii. 

'24!». 
Burltcr,  P.  J.,  liiog.,  vii.  731. 
Barl)our,  (i.  W,  Ind.  agent,  1850-2, 

vii.  482-"). 

R.,  member  stock  board. 


biog.,  vii.  754. 
at  Sutter's  mill,  1848,  vi. 


Burcluy,  (i. 

vii.  (it)8. 
Bar.l,  T.  R, 
Burger,  J 

40-7. 
Baring,  Rev.  J.,  mention  of,  vii.  729. 
Burk,  consnniption,  etc.,  of,  vii.  91. 
Barley,  yield  of,  1852-80,  vii.  24-5. 
'Burastable,'  sliip,  iv.  340. 
Barri,  gov.  B.  Cul.  1772-4,  i.  195,  210; 

actions    to    Franciscans,    i.    235-7; 

succeeded  by  Neve,  i.  237,  238,  447; 

crosses  peninsula,  i.  457. 
Barroeta,       rra's  suggestions  submit- 
ted to,  i.  209. 
Barron,  E.,  Eng.  consul  utTepic,  182i), 

iii.    170;    actions  in  Graliu:ii  ali'air, 

1840-2,  iv.  30,  32-3. 
Barron,  Forbes  &  Co.,  vii.  656. 
Bartloson,    Jolin,    journey    of    party 

under,  iv.  207-76. 
Bartlett,  W.,  renames  S.  F.,  vi.  105; 

elected    mayor    S.    F.,     1884,    vii. 

425-0;  gov.,  1887,  vii.  4.3.3-+;  biog., 

vii.  433-4;  death  of,  vii.  434. 
Bartlett  springs,  dcscript.  of,  vii.  G64. 
Barton,  J.,  biog.,  vii.  059. 
'Bustuny,'  ship,  ii.  283. 
.Butullon    Fijo  do    Cal.,    1843-i,    iv. 

289-90;  conduct  of,  iv.  303-7;  feel- 
ing against,  iv.  457-S. 
Bate;.,    Treasurer    H.,    rascality    of, 

1856-7,  vi.  017-19. 
Bates,  .1.  H.,  vii.  590. 
Bitli,  recruiting  for  Stev.  rcg't  at,  v. 

502. 
Bcalu,  Ind.  superintendent,  measures, 

etc.,  of,  vii.  489-90;  superseded,  vii. 

490. 
Biale,  Lieut,  mention  of,  vi.  114. 
Boall,  Licut-col  B.  L.,  in  command, 

1800,  vii.  472. 
Bean,  J.  H.,  gen.  of  militia,  1850,  vi. 

319. 
Bear  Flag,  making  of,  1846,  v.  146-9; 

(lute  of  ruisini:,  v.  149-50. 
Beur  Flag  revolt,  taking  of  Sonoma, 

1840,  V,  1C1-21J  of  the  bay,  v.  122- 


Fremont's  campaign,  v.  109-87;  bib. 

of,  V.  180-90. 
Bear  river,  mining  on,  vi.  355,  357. 
Beurdsley,  E.  A.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
Bears,  liuntinj^  by  Portola's  e.xped.,  i. 

149;  Pages' hunting  exited.,  i.  I>7- 

8;    in    iMont.     dist,    duuiages    by, 

1801-5;  ii.   142-3;  danuigcs  by,  ii. 

418. 
Beutty,   W.    H.,   chief  justice,    ISSi), 

vii.  735. 
Beaudry,  Prudent,  biog.  of,  vii.  1,")9. 
Beavide,  M.,  named  for  duty,  i.  37'.'. 
Beeerra,  cxped.,  1533,  i.  5. 
Bock,  D.  L.,  biog.,  vii.  188. 
Bedding,  manufact.  of,  vii.  90-1. 
Bee  Line  R.  R.,  vii.  590. 
Beer,  manufact.  of,  vii.  8.5-0. 
Beerstccher,    R.    R.    commiss.,    ISSO, 

vii.  409. 
I$oos,  vii.  6'^. 
Begg  &  Co..  trade  with  Cal.,  1822-4, 

ii.  475,  519. 
Belaun^arun,  M.,  charge  of  pious  fund 

e.-itatcs.  iv.  67;   a^ent  in  Mex.   for 

Cal.  bishop,  iv.  .335. 
Belcher,    .Judge    I.     S.,    'Narrative,' 

18.30-42,  iv.  143;  election  of,vii.  2:i(). 
Belcher  mine,  ore  body  of,  vii.  074-5. 
Bolmont,  mention  of,  vi.  526. 
Belden,    Josiah,    'manuscript,'  i.   50; 

director  Col.  River  R.  R.,  vii.  010. 
Boll,   Rev.  S.  B.,  missionary  to  Cub, 

1853,  vii.  730. 
Bellows,  manufact.  of,  vii.  92-3. 
Belting,  manufact.  of,  vii.  92. 
Boltrun,    prepared    V.    R.    report   on 

Cul.   pueblo,   1795,  i.  505;  plun  for 

colonizing,    i.    603;    on    separating 

two  Cals,  i.  637. 
Benhuin,    C,    nominee   for  congress, 

etc.,  1854,  vi.  090. 
i  Benicia,   founding  of,  1848,  v.  070-4; 

seat  of  gov't  at,  1853-4,  vi.  322-3; 

dom.   convent,  at,  1851,  vi.  048-9; 

les^i.sl.  moots  at,  1853,  vi.  075;  rivalry 

with    San    Francisco,     1848-9,    vi. 

165-6;  hist,  of,  vi.  47'2-5;  garrison, 

etc.,  of,  1801,  vii.  400-7;  school  at, 

1851,  vii.  718. 
Benitz,  W.,  runcho  of,  1848,  vi.  20-1. 
Bonjuinin,    J.  P.,  the  Now  Almuden 

suit,  vi.  558. 
Bennett,  C,  reveals  gold  discov.,  1S48, 

vi.  43-4. 
Bennett,  N.,  assoc.    judge,   1849,  vi. 

314;  election,  etc.,  of,  1850,  vii.  220; 

urgunieut  of,  vii.  244. 


INDEX. 


765 


For  Information  conccrnhiR  pioneers,  se 

Bensloy,  J,,  biog.,  etc.,  vii.  10. 
Buntiin,  Sjuator,  (lufunilti  I'Veinont,  v. 

45(5,  4()l   '2;  aniino.sity  to  Mormons, 

V.  47H,  475;  efforts  iu  cong.,  1850-1, 

vi.  5;{7-!>;  opposes  Gwin.H  bill,   vi. 

G:U-5;  bill  of,  1840,  vii.  500;  in  the 

St  Louis   U.  K.   convention,   1840, 

vii.  500. 
Benton,  Rev.  J.  A.,  speeeli  of,  1803, 

vii.  550;  mention  of,  vii.  "17,  7-8. 
Bering,  lirst  llms.  tliseov.  of  Amer. 

coast,  1741,  ii.  50. 
Berkeley,    Faj^es    expeil.    at,    i.    185; 

hist,  of,  vi.  470. 
Bernal,  J.  &  A.,  raneho  of,   1848,  vi. 

10. 
Bernanlo,  del  Espfritii  Santo,  bishop 

of  Cal.,  death  of,  18-_>."),  ii.  058. 
B.;rreyesa  bro.s,  mention  of,  vi.  10. 
Btirreyesa  &  llaro  bros,  murder  of,  v. 

171-4. 
Berry,    Congressman,    letter    of,    vii. 

Bestard,    J.    B.,    instruction   to   Cal. 

friars,  ii.  40:'.-l,  410. 
Bestvillo,  mention  of,  vi,  405. 
'Betsy,'  Ainer.  shi|),  i.  545,  0.54. 
Bil>liogrn[)hy  of  Cal.  hi.st.,  i.  lU-O.'i. 
Biddle,  J.,  the  Phil.  11.  11.  convention, 

1850,  vii.  515. 
Bi.lwell,  .1.,  M.'al.  1841-8,' iv.  2CG;  'A 

Journey  to  Cal.,'  v.  S4t)-7;  mention 

of,  vi.  ICi;  raneho,  etc.,  of,  1840,  vi. 

18;    reveals  gold  diseov.,   1848,   vi. 

45;  mining  operations,  1848,  vi.  CO; 

declines  .loni.   for  gov.,  vii.  3'23-4; 

defeat  of,   1875,  vii.   '.M'u;  pres't  of 

R.    R.    convention,   1850,  vii.  543; 

biog.,  vii.  740. 
Bitlwidl  bar,  meniion  of,  vi.  .101,  490. 
Bigelow,   W.  C",,  mention  (pf,  vi.  '270. 
Biglcr,  (lov.  H.  \V.,  at  Sutter's  mill, 

1847,  vi.  ;{1.  40-8;  iliary  of,  vi.  34; 

mention   of,   vi.    (il'2;    gov.   of   Cal. 

185'2;    vi.   057;    clKraelcr,    etc.,   vi. 

057-0;  the  water-lot  bill,  vi.  li7l)-7, 

080-1;   reelected,    etc.,   vi.  070-80; 

adminis.,  vi.  (iOO. 
Billianl-table.s,  manufact.   of,  vii.  SI. 
Billings,  v.,  vii.  -.i^'I. 
Birehvdlc,  vi.  480. 

Bischoff,  baptizes  Rivera's  son,  i.  ,104. 
Hishop,  app't'd  for  Cal.,  1840,  iv.  05; 

arrival  of,  1841,  iv.  3:{'2. 
Black,     Attorney-general,    rep't     ou 

Cal.  land-claims,   1800,  vi.  573. 
Black,   Col    H.    M.,    mention  of,  vii. 

470. 
Black  Diainoud,  see  'PittslJurg.' 


e  also  the  Pioneer  BrrjMcr,  vols.  II  to  V. 

'Blagonamerinie,' ship,  ii.  203. 
Blake,  C.  M..  mention  of,  vii.  717. 
Blake,  (Jeo.  M.,  gifts  to  uiiiv.  of  Cal., 

vii.  7'20. 
Blake,  W.  P.,  vii.  044. 
Blan,  Rev.  A.,  vii.  7'20. 
Blinu  Observatory,  licscript.  of,   vii. 

721. 
'IJlossom,' Becchey's  sliip,  iii.  120. 
Blossom  rock,  named  by  Beochey,  ii. 

588. 
Blue  Lead,  mention  of,  vi.  350,  300. 
Bocanegra,  J.   M.  dc,  com.  on  Jones 

affair,  1842,  ii.  323. 
Bodega,  attemp'd  occupation,  i.  516; 

Morages'  exped.   at,   li.   57;  exi)ed. 

to,    1810,   ii.  02;    Uuss.    settlement 

at,  ii.  109;  Kuskof's  visit,  1811-12, 

ii.  200-7;  map  of,  ii.  300;  affairs  of 

the   Lan.sannc  at,   1840,  iv.   171-4; 

S.  Smith  at,  1840-8,  vi.  20. 
Bod(!ga   buy,    named,    i.    243;    Russ. 

exploration  of,  I8i)9,  ii.  SO  2;  map 

of,    1775,  ii.    81;    Russians   at,    vi. 

500-7. 
Hodie,  town,  mention  of,  vi,  510. 
Bodie  &  Benton  R.  R.,  descript.  of, 

vii.  500. 
Hoggs,  J.,  biog.,  vii.  747. 
Hoggs,  Gov.  L.  W.,  alcalde  of  .Sonoma, 

1848,   vi.  20;  r.   r.  article,  etc.,  of, 

vii.  500. 
Boilers,  manufact.  of,  vii.  95, 
'Boliua,'8liip.  iv.  .33,  37. 
Bolinas,  mention  of,  vi.  512. 
'Bolival,'  ship,  iii.  365;   iv.  95,  250, 

405. 
Bolsa  Nueva  raneho,  ii.  015. 
Bolton  claim,  mention  of,  vi,  561. 
Bolts,  (-'.  T.,  del.   to  constit.  conven- 
tion, etc.,  1840,  vi.  287,  29.3,  20(5. 
Bonanza  Firm,  operations  of,  vii.  075- 

80;  suit  against,  vii.  080. 
Bon.ls,  state,    1850  75,  vi.  004   19;  of 

San  Francisco,  1850-0,  vi.  772  4. 
Boiiebrake,  (J.  H.,  biog.,  vii.  185. 
Bonneville,  map  of,  18.37,  iv.  150. 
'Bonnevilles'    Trapjiers,    adventures 

of,  18.3.").  iii.  389-92. 
Bonneville,  Lieut-col,  mention  of,  vii, 

461. 
Booker,    S.    A.,    nominee    for   cong., 

1850,  vi.  723. 
Boom,  C.  de,  town  laiil  out  bv,  1849, 

vi.  194. 
Booth,  J.  F.,  mention  of,  vi.  608. 
Booth,  N.,  gov.,  1871,  vii.  .304;  U.  S. 

senator,    1874,  vii.  367;   biog.,  viL 

367;  speech  of,  1863,  vii.  550. 


mi 


ji:  i  ,'i 


766 


INDEX. 


For  information  conreminpr  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  KegiMer,  vols.  II  to  Y. 


Boots  and  shoes,  inanufact.,  etc.,  of, 

vii.  t»-_>. 
Borax,  yiel<l,  etc.,  of,  vii.  C59. 
MJordelaia,'  Fr.  ship,   visits  of,  1817- 

18;  ii.  '2S1~'M,  -MA. 
Borica,    <!(v..   rule   of   1791-1800,    i. 

5:W-74.  7'J(>-H2. 
Boring,   Kt'v.,  church   organized   by, 

vii.  I'id. 
Borlaud,     Senator,    mention    of,    vii. 

:>0o  7. 

'Borodino,' ship,  ii.  642. 

Boston,  Cal.  trade  with,  1822,  ii.  475; 
value  of  trade,  1843,  iv.  376;  11.  U. 
eonventiou  at,  1849,  vii.  510-11. 

Botello,  'manuscript,'!.  55. 

Bouchard  alfair,  1«18,  ii.  220-49. 

Bourne,  W.  B.,  vii.  080. 

'Boussole,'  ship  of,  i.  428-9. 

Boutoii,  E.,  biog.  of,  vii.  745. 

Bovard,  Dr  M.  M.,  biog.,  vii.  720. 

Bowen,  T.  H.,  gen.  ot  militia,  1850, 
vi.  319. 

Bowie,  Col  G.  W.,  nominee  for  con- 
gress, 1854,  vi.  G90;  mention  of, 
vii.  409-70. 

Box-making,  vii.  80. 

Brackett,  Oapt.,  at  Sonoma,  1848,  vi. 
20. 

Brackett,  J.  E.,  gen.  of  militia,  1850, 
vi.  319. 

Brailhury,  H.  K.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 

Bradeu,   W.,  mention  of,  vii.  017-18. 

Brailley,  the  gold  diseov.,  1848,  vi. 
53. 

Bradley,  H.  J.,  mention  of,  vi.  492. 

Bradt,  ii.  (t.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 

Brags,',  <i.  F.,  mention  of,  vii.  539. 

Braiiciforte,  Viceroy.  otH  acts  on 
Cil.  affairs;  1784-7,  i.  525-6,  631, 
543,  550-74. 

Branoiforte,  mission,  see  also  Santa 
Cruz,  founding  of,  i.  565-70;  jtro- 
gressat,  1800.  i.  571 ;  events  at,  1801- 
10,  ii.  155-7;  character  of  set- 
tlers, ii.  155;  events  at,  1811-20,  ii. 
390-1;  events  at,  1821-30,  ii.  626- 
7;  list  of  settlers  at,  ii.  627;  trouble 
at,  iii.  588;  events  at.  1831-40,  iii. 
096-7;  annals  of,  v.  641-2. 

Brandy,  Sutter's  manufacture  of,  iv. 
135. 

Branham,  B.  F.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 

Brannan,  S.,  the  gcHil  diseov.,  1848, 
ri.  56:  pres.  Yuba  R.  R.  Co.,  1862, 
vii.  586. 

Brass  foundries,  vii.  97. 

Brazil,  Stev.  reg't  at  Rio  Janeiro,  v. 
512. 


Breckenridge  party,  attitude  of,  IbGl, 
vii.  2iH>-r. 

Breen,  Patrick,  'Diarj'  of,"  v.  535. 

Brenham,  C.  H.,  mayor  of  Sim 
Francisco,  1851-2,  vi.  761-4;  biog., 
vi.  761. 

Brewster,  C.  W.,  mention  of,  vii.  Ct'C). 

Brewster.  H.  K.,  member  S.  F.  stock- 
iKiard,  vii.  608. 

Brick.s,  manufact.,  etc.,  of,  vii.  97-8. 

Bridge,  H.  E  ,  mention  of,  vii.  (J07. 

Hriilgeport,  mention  of,  vi.  519. 

Bridges,  building  of,  1810,  ii.  416. 

Briggs,  Rev.  M.  C,  mention  of,  vii. 
729. 

Brodhead,  .Senator,  motion  of,  vii. 
520. 

Broderick,  D.  C,  biog.,  vi.  C.")9-r>'2; 
state  senator,  1852,  vi.  004-6.  077; 
quarrel  witii  Estill,  vi.  Oliil  70; 
election  bill  of,  1S.">4,  vi.  Osl  0; 
further  polit.  career,  vi.  091  7.30; 
character,  vi.  709-10,  7-33-5;  chal- 
lenged by  Perley,  18.59,  vi.  725; 
duel  with  Terry,  1859,  vi.  731-2; 
death  of,  vi.  732-3;  obseiiuie.s,  vL 
73i»-7. 

Broniwell,  T.,  mine  discov'd  bv,  IfSGl, 
vii.  040. 

Brooke,  Brig. -gen.  O.  M.,  of  court  at 
FreiiKiiit  trial,  v.  4.'")6. 

'Brooklyn,'  ship,  iii.  7.3,  82,  137,  v. 
469,  545. 

Brooklyn,  town,  hist,  of,  vi.  477-8. 

Brooks,  J.  T.,  mention  of,  vi.  72; 
'Four  months  among  the  gold  tind- 
ers,' vi.  97-8. 

Brown,  B.,  biog.  of,  vii.  307. 

Brown,  C,  mention  of,  vi.  6. 

Brown,  E.,  mention  of,  vi.  10. 
I  Brown,  F.  E.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
I  Brown,  J.,  mention  of,  vii.  007. 

Brown,  J.,  biog.,  vii.  755. 

Brown,  Col  O.  M.,  mention  of,  vii. 
469. 

Bnwn  valley,  mining  excitement  at, 
vn.  637. 

Brownsville,  mention  of,  vi.  487. 

Browne,  J.  R.,  bibliog.,  ii.  17(>:  re- 
porter toconstit.  convention,  biog., 
etc.,  1S49,  vi.  '286-9. 

Bruce,  S.  C,  member  S.  F.  stock- 
board,  vii.   608. 

Brushes,  manufact  of,  vii.  94. 

'Brubus,'  transjiort,  v.  511. 

Bryan,  Judge  C.  N.,  election  of,  1855, 
vii   220. 

Bryant,  Mayor,  courtesy  of,  vii.  592; 
biog.  of,  vii.  186. 


INDEX. 


For  infomjBtion  ronocrnlns  ploucere,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Bryant,   E,  church-wanlon,   vii.  7*29. 
Bryant,  Slurgis  &  t'o.,  in  «,;il.  traile, 

182'2,  ii.    475;    1841,   iv.    IMS;   ship 

consigned  to,  18'J5,  iii.  24. 
Bucareli,  Viceroy,  order's  to  explore  S. 

F.  CO.,  1771,  i.   1S3,    192;  favorably 

disposed   to   Serra,    i.   207-18;   otH 

actions     in     Cal.     atlairs,     1771-8, 

i.  221.  227,  2;il,  2:?7,  2;{S,  240,  244, 

248.    258,    272,    279,    28(),    :{00-12, 

319,  355,  447,  COS;  death  of,  i.  325, 

329. 
Buchanan,    sec't'y,  Larkin's  commu. 

to,  on  Briti.sh  sclienies,  iv.  590 -.")91, 

59G-8;  in.structions  to  Larkin,  1845, 

V.  195-0. 
Buchanan,    Lieut-col    R.    C,    at    Ft 

Humboldt,  1852,  vii.  401. 
Buck,   D.  A.,  exped.,  etc.,  of,   1849, 

vi.  501-2. 
Buckeye  Mining  Co.,  capital,  etc.,  of, 

vii.  007. 
Bucklialter  observatorv,  descript.   of, 

vii.  721. 
Buckingham  &  Hecht,  vii.  92. 
Buckley,  W.   A.,  mention  of,  vii.  02. 
Buckhport,  mention  ot,  vi.  504. 
Buena  Vista  runcho,  ii.  015. 
Buffum,    E.   Vt.,   'Six    months  in  the 

gold  mines,'  vi.  98;  mention  of,  vi. 

279. 
Buffum,  J.  W.,  vice  prest  N.  C.  R.  R., 

vii.  587. 
Buldakof,    Michael,    signer   of   Ru.ss. 

proclamation  to  Cal.,  1810,  ii.  290. 
'Bul.lakof,'  ship,  i.  29:{,  040,  042-5, 
Buinstead  fc  Sons,  ii.  475. 
Bueikcr,    Wm    M.,    mention    of,    vii. 

074. 
Burbank,  D.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
Burch,    J.    C,    nominee    for    cong., 

1859,  vi.  723. 
Bureau  of  mining,  state,  vii.  044. 
Burgoyne  &  Co.,  mention  of,  vii, 
Buri-buri  r.incho,  ii.  592. 
Burke,  .J.  H.,  suit  of,  vii.  080. 
Burke,  M.  .1..  biot,'.,  vii.  754. 
Burliiigame,  E.   C,  biog.   of,  vii, 
Burlingame   treaty,    j)a.s.sage    of 

vii.  342-3;  provisions,    eti-.,  of, 

343;  objections  to,  vii.  343  5. 
Burnett,   P.   H.,   mention  of,  vi.   277, 

279.   447-9;  gov.   of  Cal,    1849,    vi. 

305-0;  message  to  lenisl.,  1849,  vi. 

312;  policy  of,  vi.  312-13;  ciiarac- 

ter,  etc.,   vi.  043  4;   resigns,    1851, 

vi.   044;  i)iog.,  vi.  044;  mei.sagc  of, 

vii.    19.H-4;    election    of,    1857,    vii. 

220-1;  the  Stovall  case,  vii.  224. 


100. 


0.35. 

tlie, 
vii. 


Burney,  on  Drake's  anchorage,  i.  09, 

90. 
Bnrnham,  Rev.,  vii.  728. 
Burns,  D.  M.,  sec.  oi  state,  1880,  vii. 

408. 
Burris,  D.,  biog.,  vii.  185. 
Burrows,  Dr,  mention  of,  vii.  722. 
Burton,  Lieut-col  11.  S.,  at  Monterey, 

1848-9,  vii.  440,  448. 
Burwell,  Dr  L.,  l)iog.,  vii.  754. 
Bnsch,  A.  C,  biog.,  vii.  081. 
Hustamante,    (leii.,    reported    expcd. 

from  Mex.,  1847,  v.  449. 
Bustamante,  C.   M.,  of  Cal.  junta  in 

Mex.,  1825-7,  iii.  3;  report  on  Cul. 

miss.,  iii.  109. 
Butte  county,  mining  in,  18.">0-0,  vi. 

301-3;   hist,    of,    vi.    4902;   name, 

etc.,  vii.  439. 
Bynum,    S.,    senator,    1850,    vi.   698; 

bioR.,  vi.  099. 


Cabrera  Bueno,  bibliog.,  i.  80;  sail- 
ing directions,  i.  100;  description 
of  Mont,  and  S.  F.,  i.  150-59,  109, 
187. 

Cabrillo,  exped.,  i.  13. 

Cache ville,  mention  of,  vi.  498. 

Cadwallader,  N.,  biog.,  vii.  7t")4. 

Cahuenga,  battle  of,  1845,  iv.  503-4; 
treaty  of,  1840,  v.  404-7;  1847,  vi. 
2.50. 

Cahuenga  rancho,  occupied,  1810.  ii. 
353. 

Cahuillas,  Inds,  v.  567. 

Cainameros,  Ind.  tril)e,  iv.  71. 

Calderon-Miguel  (Jonzalez,  sindico  at 
S.  Bias  for  Cal.  miss.,  lSOI-2,  ii. 
100. 

Calderon,  Tomas,  sindico  at  S.  Bias 
for  Cal.  miss.,  1802  'I,  ii.  IOC. 

Calaveras  county,  mining  in,  lS.")0-0, 
vi.  373  5;  hist,  of,  vi.  512-13;  name, 
etc.,  vii.  440. 

Calaveras  river,  exped.  at,  1806,  ii. 
4t). 

Californi.a,  maps  of,  i.  1,  508;  vi.  5, 
597;  discovery  of,  1542-1708,  i.  04- 
109;  origin  of  name,  i.  04  8;  expcds 
by  sea  and  land,  i.  120-39,  240-97; 
reglanu'iito  for  gov't,  1778,  i.  31,- 
19;  tinancial  trouijles,  i.  397;  La 
Perouse's  observations  on,  i.  433  5; 
coast  defences,  i.  515-10,  5.(3  5,  ii. 
211;  war  alarms,  vi.  542;  eflorts  for 
colouizatiou,  1795-1800,  i.   504-74; 


'iM 


768 


INDEX. 


For  information  conccrniiiR  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


viceroy's  report,  1093,  i.  579;  papal 
bulls  for,  i.  598;  hemp  culture,  i. 
717;  list  of  iuhabitanta,  17(59-1800, 
J.     732-44;    separation    completed, 

1804,  ii.   20;  ilefeuceleas  condition, 

1805,  ii.  29;  plans  for  protection,  ii. 
30-1;  Arrillaga'a  report,  1800,  ii. 
30-7;  limit  of  Spanish  occupation, 
ii.  43;  Ituzanof's  miss,  to,  1805-0, 
ii.  04-70;  IJaranof's  proclamation, 
1810,  ii.  82;  loyalty  to  Spain,  1808, 
ii.  87-8;  etfiicta  in,  of  Mex.  revolu- 
tion, ii.  105-7;  stock-raiaing,  1801- 
10,  ii.  161;  1709-1888,  vii.  1-2,  52- 
02;  agriculture,  ii.  101;  vii.  2-50; 
land  grants  and  private  ranchos,  ii. 
170-3;  institutions  and  industries, 
1801-10,  ii.  174-93;  Sola's  report 
on,  1817,  ii.  214-15;  Bouchard's  in- 
vasion, 1818,  ii.  220-49;  Uuss.  in. 
1811-20,    ii.    294-320;    as    a    .Mex. 

Eroviuce,  1822,  ii.  4()0-81;  Kotze- 
ue's  report  on,  1824,  ii.  524;  Van- 
couver's oljservations  on,  ii.  520-9; 
first  constitution,  1824,  ii.  511;  pop., 
ii.  653-4;  iii.  099;  vi.  2^;  indebt- 
edness of,  iv.  561;  vi.  605-22;  vii. 
439-41;  coiKiuest  by  U.  S.,  v.  191- 
254,  385-412;  ranchos  and  settle- 
ments in,  1848,  vi.  4--21;  climate  of, 
vi.  2:{-4;  vii.  8-20;  the  gold  discov. 
and  eflect,  1848,  vi.  32-41,  52-t;t;, 
110-25;  further  gold  discovs,  1848, 
vi.  07-80;  prospecting  in,  vi.  07-81, 
110-25,  3S5-0;  mining  in,  vi.  85-91, 
351-80;  vii.  630-05;  society  in,  1848 
-50,  vi.  82-5,  221-48;  mining  in,  vi. 
84-91,  351-80;  vii.  636-05;  trade 
in,  1848;  vi.  90-3;  immigration  to, 
1848  50,  vi.  121-5;  the  voyage  to, 
1848-9,  vi.  129-42;  the  overland 
journey  to,  1849,  vi.  143-00;  polit. 
hist,  of,  lS4(i  50,  vi.  250  3.10;  1S.")0- 
00,  vi.  043-739;  tlic  constitutional 
convention,  vi.  273  .'Ull;  constitu- 
tion of.  1849,  vi.  294.300;  1H79,  vii. 
370-400;  state  seal,  vi.  307;  first 
legisl.    of,   vi.    308-30;   the   slavery 

Question,  vi.  312-14,  0(i5  0;  judicial 
istricts,  1850,  vi.  310-17;  counties 
of,  vi.  317-18;  vii.  437  43;  militia, 
vi.  318-20;  land  tenure,  etc.,  vi. 
326-35,  529-81;  proceedingfi,  etc., 
in  congress  concerning,  vi.  330-45; 
admitted  as  a  state,  1850,  vi.  343-9; 
ceol.  formations,  vi.  .■181-5;  camp 
fife  in,  vi.  386-91;  mining  regul.i- 
tions,  vi.  390--402;  mining  taxes, 
vi.  404-0;  mining  methods,  vi.  40V- 


26;  miner's  law  in,  vi.  431-3;  miniiig 
camps,  vi.  4;J4-5;  towns,  vi.  435- 
528;  counties,  vi.  481-i>28;  lilibust. 
expeus  from,  1851-9,  v\.  583-1)0.'!; 
loans,  1850,  vi.  004-7;  bomls,  1850- 
7,  vi.  0O4-I9;  taxation,  1850-75,  vi. 
604-22;  revenue,  1850-75,  vi.  (505- 
22;  otficial  rascality  in,  1856-7,  vi. 
615-19;  repudiation  disclaimed  hy, 
1857,  vi.  619-20;  enterprise  re- 
stricted in,  1849-57,  vi.  623-6;  ap- 
propriations for,  1850-4,  vi.  020-37; 
public  lands,  vi.  038-41;  mails,  vi. 
726-7;  vii.  143-8,  281;  vigilance 
committees  in,  1851-6,  vi.  742-54; 
rainfall,  vii.  8,  14-15,  18-20;  irriga- 
tion, etc.,  ii.  100;  vii.  8-14,  428-:!0; 
741-2;  agric,  vii.  1-37,  739-40; 
droughts,  1850-77.  vii.  15,  10; 
floods,  1849-8!,  vii.  16-17;  18S9- 
JH);  vii.  739-40;  fruit-growing,  vii. 
38-50,  742-6;  manufact.,  1848  88, 
vii.  68-101;  commerce,  vii.  102-29, 
157-9,  170-8;  shipping,  vii.  123-9; 
vii.  121-35;  co<-ist  surveys,  etc.,  vii. 
136-7;  custom-house,  vii.  1.39-10; 
roads,  vii.  142-3,  496-7;  express 
cos,  vii.  149-51;  stage  lines,  vii. 
151-2;  pack  trains,  vii.  152-4;  tel- 
egraph lines,  vii.  154-6;  insurance, 
vii.  159-00;  banking,  vii.  100-4; 
speculation  in,  vii.  108-70,  177-8; 
courts  of,  vii.  191-2,  237-40,  378- 
82;  crime  in,  vii.  192-219;  judi- 
ciary of,  vii.  220-50,  378  82,  735-6; 
constit.  of,  amended,  1862,  vii.  233- 
4,  290,  302;  codes  of  laws,  vii. 
249-50;  legisl.  of,  vii.  251  79,  293- 
307,  319-22,  327-9,  36.3-71,  370- 
93,  409-36.  5.34-5;  proposed  divis- 
ion of,  vii.  254-5;  disloyalty  in,  vii. 
258-65,  309  10;  the  civil  war,  vii. 
270-314;  primary  elections  in,  vii. 
315-17;  party  changes  in,  l80.")-8, 
vii.  3I5-.32;  the  Chinese  (juestion, 
vii.  .33.>-48.  .3<ta-l;  lalwr  agitations, 
vii.  :t4>S-62;  wealth  of,  1878,  vii. 
372-3;  1S80-8,  vii.  438-9;  railroads, 
vii.  383,  380-9,  498-6.35;  corpora- 
tions, vii.  385-9,  395;  foreigners  in, 
vii.  4.30-7;  counties,  vii.  437-43; 
imp'ts  and  exp'ts,  1889,  vii.  442-3; 
proilucts,  1889,  vii.  442-3;  gov^t 
appropriat.,  etc.,  for,  1851-80,  vii. 
443-4;  inilit.  affairs  in,  1848  88, 
vii.  445-73;  Indians,  vii.  474-94; 
literature  of,  vii.  723-6;  religion 
and  education  in,  vii.  716-31, 
738 


C| 


*1 


INDEX. 


769 


s  ? 


For  information  concerniug  pioneers,  sec  also  tlic  Pioneer  RegUt'-r,  vols.  11  to  V. 


Cal.  Aeaileiny  of  .Sciences,  incntioa  of, 

vii.  ~rJr2. 
California  battalion,  or(.'anize(l,    ]84(], 

V.  KS4;  actions  of,  I84l»,  v.   »57-«l; 

list  of  otticers,  v.  IJtiO-l;    inarch  of, 

V.  S7-J-7. 
Cal.  Central  li.  R.,  mention   of,  vii. 

580,  GIG. 
California  claims,  hist,   of,  184G-8,  v. 

4G-_'-8. 
'California  OoM  Itegions,'  vi.  118. 
California  mine,  estimated  value,  vii. 

G7.");  fluctuation  of,  vii.  077. 
California,  1iii'>iuess  failures  in,  1855- 

<»,  vii.  178  84. 
C;»l.   Navigation  cc,  mention  of,  vii. 

.^>8:{. 
Cal.    Northern   R.    R.,    incorporateil, 

vii.  r)SG-7. 
California  Pioneer  Soc,  hear  flag  pre- 

serveil  by,  v.  148;  mention  of,  vii. 

707. 
Cal.  Pacific  R.  R.,  affairs  of,  vii.  581-6. 
Cal.  Pacilic  R.  R.  Extension  co.,  vii. 

582,  r)>S.-). 
'California,'  ship,   iii.   5:n,  551,  5r>9, 

574,  .">80,  5!tO,  5y:{;  iv.  y;{.  28I,  285, 

312,  :\M.  r..58. 
Cal.    .Southern    Extension    co.,    char- 
tered, vii.  GIG. 
Cal.  Snutlicru    R.   R.,   affairs  of,  vii. 

5'.)!t,  GI4. 
California  Stage  co.,  mention  of,  vii. 

151   2. 
Cal.   state   geological   society,  organ- 
ized, vii.  G44. 
Calitcrnia  .Steam   Navigation  co.,  in- 
corporation,    etc.,     of,     1854,     vii. 

I. S3  4. 
'California' steamer,  voy.  of,  1848-9, 

vi.  12<.t-;{0,  l.'W~8.  I 

Cal.  Stocit   and 

ganiztul,  vii.  (JtVJ. 

&  Nevada  Railway  co.,  mention 


I  Camhre,  M.,  app't  admin,  of  customs, 

I     iv.  yo. 

Camp,    tlie    Phil.   R.  R.    convention, 
1850,  vii.  5IG. 
j  Campijell,  Judge,  mention  of,  vii.  200; 
:      8niith  case,  vii.  212-14. 

Campbell,    F.  \V.,  sup't  of  public  iu- 
!      struct,  1880,  vii.  408. 

Campbell,   J.    ('.,  congressman,  1887, 
1      vii.  435;  biog.,  vii.  4:i5. 
i  Canada  de  los  Alisos,  Californians  en- 
I      camped  at,  v.  ."')."). 
Canby,  E.  R.  S.,  arrival  of,  vii.  447. 
I  Canoma,  Ind.  trii>e,  li.   50G. 
I  Cailon  creek,  digging*  at,  vi.  3GI. 
Canon  Perdido,  all'air  of,  v.  58G  7. 
,  Cape  Mendocino,   first  mention  of,  L 
I      05;  Ind.  fight  at.  1843.  iv.  3G2. 
I  Capen,  Rev.,  mention  of,  vii.  728. 
Capital,  change  of,  i.  .307. 
Carcaba,  M.,  lialiilitado-gen.  of  Cal., 
i      i.  503,  G30-1 ;  on   com[)ensation    to 
soldiers,    i.    534;    in     .Mex.,    1704, 
1801,  ii.  08,  187. 
Cardenas,  1'.,  of  Cal.  junta  in  Mex., 

1825-7,  iii.  3. 
Cardona,    declared     Cal.     an    island, 

1GI7,  i.  108. 
Carilio,   del.    to    constit.    convention, 
1848,  vi.  285;  speech  of,  vi.   28.',  G. 
Carleton,  (ien.,   forces,  etc.,  <if,    ISGI, 

vii.  4G8. 
Carlos    HI.,  deatli  of,  1789,  i.  440. 
Carlos     IV'.,    call    for   contributions. 
1703,  1795,  i.  5.30-7;  abdication  of, 
1808,  ii.  87. 
Carlson,  W.  E.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
Carmelite  monastery,  proposed  estab- 

lisiiing,  i.  580. 
Carmelite   convent,    proposal    to  es- 


tablish, 1797,  i.  70t!. 

Exchange  board,  or-  '  Carmclo   bay,  camp   at,  1770,  i.    109; 

.S.  Carlos  mis.  transfer  to,  i.  177-8. 

'Caroline,'  ship,  iii.  401. 

Carpentier,  E.  R.,  mention  of,  vii. 
580. 

Carpentier,  H.  VV.,  mayor  of  Oakland, 
etc.,  1854,  vi.  470  7;  meiitiou  ol, 
vii.  580. 

Carpets,  maniifact.  of,  vii.  91. 

Carpy,  C,  biog.,  vii.  754. 

Canjuiu,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  500. 

Canpiiiies  strait,  Fages  discovers,  i. 
185;  Ind.  fight,  1807,  ii.  85;  settle- 
ment founded  on,  1847-8,  vi.  18-19. 

Carr,  Billy,  mention  of.  vii.  015. 

Carr,  J.  !>.,  biog.  of,  vii.  741. 

Carrey.  J.,  uomiuee  for  gov.,  vi. 
723. 


Cal 

of,  vii.  590. 
Cal.  &  Oregon  R.  R.  co.,  organization 

of,  vii.  58G. 
Cahstoga,  origin  of  name,  i.  07;  men- 
tion of,  vi.  510. 
Calistoga  hot  springs,  mention  of,  vii. 

005. 
Calkins,  J.  W.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
Call,  bill  of,  on  Cal.  claims,  v.  404-5. 
Calleja.    Viceroy.    oHl    acts    in    Cal. 

affairs,  1814-10,  ii.  208,  311. 
Calloway,  0.,  mention  of,  vi.  608. 
Caizad.-i,     .Tuan,    guanlian   in    Mex., 

otH   acts,    1815,   18'27-8,  ii.    397-8, 

057. 

Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  VU.    49 


I 


770 


INDEX. 


For  information  conperninpr  pioneers,  neo  also  the  Pinnerr  Rrrjinlrr,  vols.  II  to  V. 

1*.  U.  K,  vii.  5.')7;  aiil  to,  vii.  ,").">H 
5(50;  l>ooks  of,  vii.  ^til;  taxes  ni 
vii.  oU'J;  suit  insiin  J(ia<|uiii  ci 


Carson,    J.    H.,    inontioii  of,    vi.    77; 

'  Ivirly  UuuuUuotiuiiii  uf  llio  Mines,' 

vi.  !H). 
Carson  cn^ek,  mining  on,  184S,  v:.  77. 
Cirsoii  hill,  mining  itist.,  vi.  117'. 
Carson    valley,  niinurii   in,    1860,    vi. 

3.53. 
Cariioii  it  Colorado  11.  R.,  location  of, 

vii.  iV.H). 
Carver,    H.,    11.    R.    Mcliome   of,    vii. 

4!)S  l». 
Cast-y,    .T.,    murileri?  .Tames    King  of 

William,    l.sr)(i,    vi.    740;  trial   and 

execution  of,  vi.  741)  'lO. 
Ca.sov,  Col  S.,  at    Hiiuoia.  1849,    vii. 

448;  at  Port  Orford,  18r)l,  vii.  4(i(). 
Ca<serly,    K.,    U.    IS.    sen..   1SG7,  vii. 

327-8;  I>io>;.,  etc.,  vii.  .'VJ8  It;  resig- 
nation of,  1873,  vii.  .%(». 
C:istilli'ro,  A.,  the  new  Almaden  suit, 

vi.  r),")4-.");  vii.  (').5li. 
Castillo,  F.,  slave-trading  of,  1858,  vi. 

VIG-17. 
Ca.storia,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  5\',i. 
Cistro,  J.  I.,  ranelioof,    1848,  vi.  10. 
C-utro,  manu.script,  i.  •55. 
Cistro,  F.,  ranclio  of,  1848,  vi.  10. 
Cistro,  (!.,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi.  10. 
Castro,  .lose,  mention  of,  vii.  (').')(). 
Castrovillo,  mention  of,  vi.  .'••J4. 
•Cataliiia,'  ship,    iii.    •_>:^8,    'J40, 


3(M,  57'2;  iv.  37,  !t5,  '.2'J4. 


(\ithcart.,  R.,  hiog.,  vii.  754. 
'Catherine,'    ship,     hunting    cxpcd., 

1811,  ii.  <Hi. 
Catherwood,  P.,  mention  of,  vii.  .581. 
Cathidics,  Roman,   progress,   etc.,  of, 

vii.  7-<>-7. 
Catlin,  11.    1'.,  mention  of,  vii.  ,58(i. 
Cattle,   at   mi.ss.,    1884  .">,    iii.   348  9; 

tipanish,  vii.  53;  industry,  1850-89, 

vii.  53  (5. 
Cavallier,    J.    B. 

hoard,  vii.  Gl>8. 
Cavis,  .1.  M..  defeat  of,  1873,  vii.  3G7 
('aynius,  lad.  tril>e,  ii.  .")0(>. 
'Cazadora,' ship,  ii.  215,  283 
Cehallos,  .J.  H.,   jtres.  of  San 

do,  1812,  ii.  :««). 
Cement,   consumption,    etc., 

98,  tJtJO. 
Central  Pacific  R.  R.,  sehemos  of,  vii. 

323;  land   grants  to,  vii.    329,  550, 


Vll. 

'  5G3-4;  tinances  of,  vii.  5G5-(i,  577, 
j  G2I-4,  t)2G-7;  con.structi«>n  and  CD.st, 
vii.  .5G.")-8,  57G-7,  024;  completion, 
!  574  G;  deht  of,  vii.  577,  ()2I  4, 
I  02(i  7,  G31;  lease,  etc.,  of  Cd. 
Pai'ilic  R.  R.,  vii.  .582-G;  roads  ec.ti- 
!  trolled,  vii.  5S3;  op]iosition  to,  vii. 
j  597;  Yerha  Hnell,^  Island,  vii.  I'lUI 
I  G;  troubles  with  S.  F.,  vii.  GOI  S; 
I      earniiifis,  deht,  etc.,  vii.  GI9  it  .sccj. 

'Ceres,'  shiji,  ii.  ti42. 
I  ('erro  (lordo  iniiiiiij.'  district,  vii.  i'i'>\ . 
iChahoUa,  A.,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi.    I.'. 
I  Clialiot,  .•\ntliony,  j^ift  of  Chahtit  uh- 
!      8ervati>ry,  vii.  721. 
I  Cha};uano.-<os,     Ind.     tribe,    trouhli's 
I      with,  1840,  iv.  7G. 
;  Chambers   of    Commerco,    orgaiii/cd, 
I      etc.,   1850,  vii.    172. 
I  Chamberlain,  K.  K.,  pread't  pro  tein. 
of  senate,   1849,  vi.  :«t9  10. 

Chandler,  A.  L.,  bioj;.,  vii.  423. 

Chandler,  Lieut,  mention  of,  vii.  4)>(i. 
I  Channel  establish"     'its.   Neves'  plan 
f.)r,  i.  310. 

Cliapelle,  A.,  mention  of,  vii.  GG8. 

("hapin,  ().  S.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
293,  I  Chord,  Will  (i.,  mention  of,  vii.  G.")!!. 
I  Charities  in  ("al.,  vii.  705  7. 

'Chatham,' Vancouver   ship,    i.  510  ■ 
12,  518. 

'Chato,'  ship,  iv.  .S.'iO. 

Chauiiei^y,    H.,    the   Panama  R.  U., 
vii.  522. 

Cheinoco,   I'ld.  trilic,  ii.  506. 

Chenery,  K.,  nieiition  of,  vii.  .')57. 

Cheiiery,   Hurney  &  Co.,  R.  R.  con- 


tractors, vii.  .587. 
Chicory,  cultivation  of,  vii.  37. 
E.,    member    stock    Chichoyomi,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506, 
Chico,  hist,  of,  vi.  491. 
Chihuahua,     annals    of,     1701  69,   i. 

'28. 
Childs,  O.  W.,  biog.,  vii.  51. 
Chili,  ell'eetof  gohl  iliscov.  in  Cal.,  vi. 
;       125. 

Chiles,  manuscript,  i.  56. 
j  Chiles,  .J.  Ii.,  mention  of,  vi.  19. 
!  Chiles,  .los.,  company  to  Cal.,  1843, 

,  . g. ..,.„<,   ,.   .,_„,  .,...,,  j      iv.  392-5. 

5.>.>  I,   573  (■>;  charter,  etc.,  of,  vii.  ,  (.'hiliyoini,  Ind.  tribe,  iv.  3G.3. 

52S  31;    bonis,    vii.    531-2,    550-1 ;    China,  plans  for  trade  with,  i.  439  U; 

571-3,     organized,    etc.,    18G1,   vii.  ;      elTeet  of  gold  discov.  in  Cal.,  1849, 

5U,    surveys,  vii.   547;    legisl.,  vii.  j      vi.  124. 

548  9,      .5.55-7.       .5.59  60;      ground  i  China  basin,  S.   P.  R.  R.  designs  on, 

broken,  vii.    549-50;  grant   to  W.  j      vii.  G07. 


291. 
Fcriian- 

of,  vii. 


Mi 


INDEX. 


771 


For  informntlon  roncernliiR  v'""*'*'''''!  **-'p  "'^o  "le  IHonerr  Rrphtfr,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Chiiiew,  cfffct  of  labor  on  iiidustrit^s, 
vii.  7l-.'<,  (W:*;  iirriviilsof,  vii.  IWo  t>; 
(IJMliku  of,  vii.  Xm  40;  pur-sucutioii 
of,  vii.  .'{:n  8,  ;<54;  lo^iHliitioii 
ii;;aiiiHt,  185.")  7ti,  vii.  U.S7-44;  taxa- 
tion, oto.,  of,  vii.  .T17  4.");  i-oin|)t>ti- 
tioii  of,  vii.  .TW  4»!,  .'Wl  3;  vii-cs, 
otir.,  of,  vii.  ;{4()  1;  treaties  with, 
vii.  .'U'_'  ;{,  .■{47  8;  till!  new  coiiHtit., 
1S7!»,  vii.  ;«K)  1;  ill  \{.  U.  einploy, 
18(i.'),  vii.  f)G7;  popiilatioii  ia  !S.  F., 
vii.  (ilH   2. 

Chinese  camp,  mention  of,  vi.  374. 

Ciiiiio  raiu'ho,  fiylit  at,  1S4(»,  v.  312- 
14. 

(/'hipiiian,  N.  C,  mention  of,  vii.  (507. 

Ciiipps  Flat,  milling  at,  vii.  (i3S. 

'Cliirikof,'  ship,  li.  'JlO,  'JIG,  283, 
3<>(i. 

('iiociiyciii,  Ind.  trilic,  ii.  !)(tC). 

Ciiollar  Silver  Miiiiii^r  Ci.^  eaj)ita! 
Htoi'k,  vii.  (iOCi;  Htofka  of,  vii.  071; 
output,  vii.  (»73. 

Church,  proti'staut  Ncrvico  in  .S.  F., 
1848,  v.  ()r)7;  laml  cliiiuw  of  the, 
181.-.  58,  vi.  5(13  5;  at  S.  F.,  vi. 
7S4,  vii.  7-0  30;  at  Sacraiiiento,  vii. 
7'J.S;  at  Nevada  City,  vii.  7'Ji>;  at 
i'lacerville,  vii.  72!>-30;  value  of 
property,  vii.  730  I. 

Ciiuri'h,  M.  .).,  l)iog.,  vii.  10. 

( 'huroliill,  J.,  liioy.,  vii.   185. 

Churoliill,  Col  S.,  of  court  at  Fre- 
mont trial,  V.  450. 

(.Miurelniian,  .1.,  nominee  for  congress, 
1854,  vi.  0!K). 

Cliiiniptoy  liiil.  trihe,  treaty  with, 
iv.  71. 

Ciem'Kuita,   oattlc  at,  I8'2it,  iii.  80   1. 

Cigars,   inanufact.,  etc-.,  of,  vii.   87  8. 

i'itru.s  fruitH,  (cultivation  of,  vii.  4*2. 

Civil  novernmeiit,  plaim  for,  184tJ,  v. 
284  0. 

Civil  war,  attitude  of  Cal.  in  the,  vii. 
27(;  314. 

Clailioriie,  Lt  M.  f).  L.,  in  Wilkes' 
expedt.,  iv.  241. 

'(Marion,'  hrinj^s  news  of  Houeliard 
coming,  1818,  ii.  222. 

'Clant.Vsliip,  iv.  312,  340,  540. 

Clark,  F.  1).,  the  First  Ucgt  of  N.  Y. 
Vols,  V.  503. 

Clark,  J.  M.,  mention  of,  vii.  587. 

Cltrk,  L.  <!.,  argument  favoring  I'ae 
R.  R.,  1838,  iv.  223. 

Clarke,  (Jen.  N.  .S.,  in  command, 
18.57,  vii.  472. 

Clayes,  O.  M.,  sfcitc  printer,  1803, 
vii.  304. 


Clark,  Win  S,,  com.  on  puhliu  school, 
vii.  710  17. 

Clay,  manufaet.  of,  vii.  OS  9. 

Clear  lake,  ma.-i.saere  at,  IS43,  iv.  303. 

Clement,  L.  M.,  mention  of,  vii.  508. 

'Clementine,' ship,  iii.  404,41)1,500; 
iv.  8'2,  'A  127. 

'Cleopatra,'  shij),  ii.  '203,  !2'.»3. 

C'lergymen,  pioneer,  vii.  720  31. 

Climate,  weather  reporl.s,  ISll'JO, 
ii.  417;  18-20  21,  ii.  443;  drought, 
ii.  4SI;  rainy  season,  1824-5,  iii. 
'20  30. 

Clinton,  W.  A.,  l>iog.,  vii.  754. 

Clothing,  manufaet.  of,  vii.  80  «K). 

( 'lovertlale,  mention  of,  vi.  40S. 

< 'lii.>^tinoiiiayomi,  liid.  trilie,  iv.  30.3. 

Coal  iniiieM,  vii.  001. 

Coast  surveys,  see  surveys,  coast. 

Coasting  traile,  suspended  and  ru- 
stoHMJ,  1M4I,  iv.  '207  8. 

Cochrane,  ravag<!M  in  Cal.,  ii.  240. 

Cochran,  T.,  mention  of,  vi.  4!t8. 

Coiree-])laiit,  attempt  to  cultivate  the, 
vii.  37. 

Collin,  (J.  W^.,  l>iog.,  vii.  754. 

CollVoth,  .J.  W.,  iioniin.  for  coiigr., 
1808,  vii.  331. 

(.'ogswell,  l>r  II.  1>.,  gifts  of,  vii. 
720  I. 

Cogsw»:ll  polytechnic  school,  vii.  721. 

Cohen,  A.  A.,  mention  of,  vi.  478; 
sec.  Cal.  I'ac  li.  R,  vii.  580;  re- 
ceiver for  Adams  it  Co.,  etc.,  vii. 
175  8,  biog.,  vii.  178  9. 

<  'olin,  |{.,  hiog.,  754. 

t'oinage,  private,  vii.  l(i5-0;  mint, 
vii.   I(i7  S. 

Colhert,  Michael,  mention  of,  vii. 
0.38. 

Cole-,  A.  W.,  vii.  710. 

Cole,  C.,  congressman,  1803,  vii.  304; 
U.  S.  s.Mi.,  vii.  322;  hiog.,  ;}-22; 
m<;ntion  ol,  vii.  (>44. 

Coleiiian,  Kdward,  mention  of,  vii. 
500. 

Coleman,  .loliii  C.,  pres.  Nevada  co. 
N.  (J.  R.  R  ,  vii.  mi 

Coleman,  .1.  W.,  hiog..  vii.  081. 

Coleman,  W.  T.,  president  of  vigi- 
lance comin.,  1850,  vi.  704;  candi- 
date for  U.  S.  sen.,  vii.  322;  the 
lahor  riot,  1877,  vii.  354;  inentioii 
of,  vii.  010. 

College  of  Cal.,  ini'iition  of.  vii.  "/JO. 

Collier,  .1.,  collector  of  cusLoms,  184\J, 
vii.  140. 

'CollingwiKid,*  Eiig.  man-of-war,  v. 
'207. 


WW 


■iir  ;ij 


i  !i    'li 


772 


INDi:X. 


For  infiirmntlon  conrcrnlnR  pioneers,  seo  ulso  tlio  I'iniurr  llrijistrr,  vols.  II  tn  V. 


CoUiiiia,  Hottlenioiit  founded  at,  1847,  | 
vi.    'JS-it;    mining    near,    I.S4H,    vi.  ] 
07  71;  a  county  sfat,  etc.,  vi.  H.")'_', 
4H'2;   Indiuus  nia^isaurud  near,  1^4^, 
vii.  47it. 

'Coloiul,'  Hhip,  ii.  211. 

'Colunt'I    Young,'   Hlii[>, 
478. 

Coloni/atiou    system,    i. 
tatioii  in   .Mex  ,    17'.lti, 
viot    settlers,   i.    (iO.V  (i 
from  Mux., 
junta,  iii.   '> 


II. 


47");    ii. 


.'{H(>-7;  agi- 
i.  tiOH;  eon- 
;  foundlmgs 
i.  (iOlJ;  plan  of  Mtx. 
;  McNamara's  sclieuie, 


1845,  V.  '2\it  MX 

Colony,  projiosal  of  Prez  do  Sagle,  ii. 
4;  l'a(lrea  ami  Hijars,  organization, 
reception  in  Cal.,  iii.  '_'■">•»  (J'.l;  Hijar 
and  Padres,  failure,  iii.  i>77. 

Colorado  missions,  map  of,  i.  ^{oO. 

Colorado  river,  pueblo  mission,  1780- 
S'2,  i.  Sr).'i-7'2;  (>arees'  exploration 
on,  i.  274  5;  JodcMliah  Sniitli  at, 
iii.  153-4;  forded  by  (ien.  Kearny, 
184(5,  V.  :<:{<». 

(,"olorado  Uiver  Railway  eo.,  vii.  (510. 

(,'olton,  Mrs,  suit  of,  vii.  (!I8. 

('(ilton,  \).  1).,  biog.  of,  vii.  (511, 

Colton,  W.,  alcalde  at  Monterey, 
184(5,  vi.  2.")8-9;  diary,  v.  28i);  vi. 
•18. 

'Columbia,'  ship,  i.  44');  ii.  210  11, 
2i:t,  273,  278,  :W2;  iv.  12(5,  207,  21 1. 

('olumbia,  camp,  mention  of,  vi.  ol"). 

Columbia  river,  "Lelia  Byrd'oU',  1804, 
ii.  21;  attempt  t'  found  settlement, 
1810,  ii.  »;{;  Capt.   Black's  visit,  ii. 


report  on,  iii.  .S7.'{-4;  18.'{8  40, 
;  iv.  7'.»  8;»;  value  ol.  1841,  iv.  21(1; 
i  Ho.'iton  trade,  1843.  iv.  .'17(5;  retail 
trade,  1S44,  iv.  4".;8;  protection  of 
the  Boston  m^'nliaiits,  iv.  428;  whal- 
ers allowcil  to  trade,  iv.  42!»  30;  sta- 
tistics. 1847  8,  V.  r>(i".l  70;  .(li'ct  of 
gold  di.scov.,  vii.  102  7;  supply  ami 
demand,  vii.  105-10;  sliipincnt :, 
vii.  105  11;  panics,  vii.  107  8,  172- 
8,);  i  nport.s  and  exports,  vii.  112- 
23;  cliaiini'ls  ol,   vii.    157  0;    metli- 

(ids,   etc.,    vii.    I7i>   I;  risks  attend- 
>. 


revival  of,  \  ii.   175 
river    excit- - 
Iv.  eominuiii- 


ing,  vii.  171 
7;    etl'.ct    ot     FrasiT 
ment,  vii.    181 ;  of  11. 
eati'<n,  vii.    181. 

'Comete,'  ship,  iii.   130. 

Comisario,   up[iointnicnt  of,  1825,   iii. 
5'.>. 

Comisionados,  iii.  307,  331. 

Coinmissiont.rs  of  trau.sportation,  ap- 
pointed, vii.  (530. 

Committee  of  100,  dis.solved,  vii.  (iJO. 

Compania  I'lxtraiigera,  iii.  221,  40(». 

Concepeion,    founded,    i.    35!);   mas.sa- 
ere  at,  i.  3(53;  death  of  Rivera,  i.  .3(13. 

'Concepeion,'   as   coast    guard    ship, 
1 75)7,  i.  512,  70(5. 

Cone,  .1.  M.,  Iiiog.,  vii.  37. 

Conejo  ranclio,  li.  5(i(5. 

Coiitidcncc  mine,  vii.  (541. 

Contirmation    conferred   on    Jnds,    i. 
321. 

Congregational  church,  lirst  of  S.  K., 
vii.  727. 
272;  Arguello's  expedt.  to,  1821,  ii.    Congress,  ililatnry  action  of,  vi.  3.'{0 - 


44(5  44<», 

'Cohnnbus,'  U.  S.  ship,  v.  4:«),  .ViO. 

Colusa  county,  hist,  of,  vi.  41)7  8; 
name,  etc.,  vii.  439, 

Colusa  Co.  R.  R.,  mention  of,  viL  591. 

Colusa,  town,  hist,  of,  vi.  497. 

Commerce,  178(5,  i.  4.38;  fur  trade, 
i.  440-1;  trade  with  transports, 
1791-1800,  i.  (524  21G;  commercial 
projects,  i.  (527  8;  contraband 
trade,  ii.  183-(5;  trade  with  Riiss.,  ii. 
183;  trade  regulations,  ii.  185;  gov't 
trade,    1811-20,   ii.    419  20;    retail 


(5;  proceedings,  etc.,  in,  1849  50, 
vi.  ,338  45;  a<lniission  of  Cal.,  1850, 
vi.  343-5;  Mex.  land  titles,  vi. 
.537-42,  575-81;  commission  ap- 
pointed bv,  1851,  vi.  540  2;  meas- 
ures of,  l8,-)0-t52;  vi.  ()2()  ;«»;  ap- 
proprs  for  Cal.,  18.50  87,  vi.  (52(5- 
;«•;  vii.  443  4,  45(1  7;  the  Chinese 
question  in,  vii.  344  8;  the  Pac. 
railroads,  vii.  519  33.  547-52. 
'Congress,'  U.  S.  ship,  v.  199  20lt; 
'251,   253  4,   '2(57,   "283,   '287,    '^95  ti. 


^'2-2,  .3'2(5  7,  3.5(5. 
trade,    ii.    4*20;   duties   on   imi)orts    Conijolni  ino,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  HOd. 
and  exports,  ii.  438-9;  removal  of  Connor,  Col  P.  K.,  vote  of  thanks  to, 
restrictions    on    foreign    trade,    ii.  |      vii.  298;  mention  of,  vii.  4(59. 
473;   tra<lo  with   Boston,    182'2,    ii.  i  Conm^ss,  .1.,   nominee   for  lieutgov., 
475;  .luties,   182.3,  ii.  492-3;  1821-        18,59,    vi.    723;   senator,    18(53,    vii. 
30,    ii.    (570;    prices,    ii.   (571;    vii.        301-2;  ticket  of,  vii.  303-4;  manip- 
103-12;    revenue,    iii.    29;   revenue        ulations  of.  vii.  323. 
rules,  182(5,  iii.   '17;  linaneial  trou-    Connors,    CJolden  Chariot  mine,  vii. 
bios,   1827-9,  iii.  127-8;  Figueroa's  [     041. 


p;-.-j 


INDKX. 


Is 


For  liiformutioi)  ronciTiiiiij,'  iiioiictTN,  koo  hImo  tlic  IHunrrr  KnjMrr,  vuls.  II  tn  V, 


( 


iinratl,     Sii 

t>   ll|IILMt       ()! 
l.S4(., 


iiiiMitiiiii     of,     vii.  I  (.'oo|)('r, 


J.    H.    U. 


raiicho,   L-to. 


f   «'iil.,    i>nl 


IMS,  vi.  I'O. 


itiiinuricH   o 


f.    ( 


iUI 


iPOplT, 


.1.  \V..  1 


lit;    1)V    tile    V.    S.,     ("oopiTiinc,  vii.  SU. 


,  oiog.,  %°ll.   , 


.■)». 


2A  .">J;   coiiijdotfil,    1^47,   IW')  410.     (.'ope,  \V.  \V.,  iiiiiiiiiiati'il  siipr.  jinli,'''. 


II.SI  jll,      (iCIlCI 


ill.    lit     Sla    Hailiaia, 


I.SHi,  V.  45  7;  attiiiu.s  of,  v.  (13  71. 


t'oii-ioliilateil      Virjjiiiia, 

(i7:)  ;». 

Coii-'oliilat 


iiiiiie,     VII. 


th< 


ion  act,  pi'ox'i^ioii 
L'4(>  •-'. 


.s,  uto.,  of 


IS,')',*,  vi.   7-.'l;  election  lit,  VII.   •J'J'J 
("oppi^r  iiiiiiiii^,  vii.  (ioS  '.t. 
CoppiM'lieail    [>arty,    iiieiiliou    of,    vii. 

:i()-_'-4,  :«)8. 
LVipperopoliM,  iiieiitioii  of,  vi.  .'iI'J   !.'(; 

vii.  fi.SS. 


'('oii.staiite,'  »liip,    HiuTeiulur   of,    iii.  ,  Coppiiiger,  iJ..  iiieiitioii  of,  vi.  (> 

1!.")  (i. 
C'oii.slitution,    lir.st    in    Cal.,    liS'_'4,   ii. 


Cora,  trial  and  e.xecution  of,  vi.  71'J- 


ilirj; 


piopi 


.1.    I.SJ7 


III. 


:{.'>;  (• 


IK 


lopted       ill       |N41»,      vi 


rio. 

inlaj^e,  in 


iimfact.  of,  vii.  Itl. 


:'.)li  :<,ii;; 


linieiiiliiieiit.s     to    (lie,     IM!'J  ',i,    vii. 


i.';i:{  4, 


!<.)() 


•M)-2 


prop! 


.1 


iiieiils,     |Stil)-7(),    vii.    'Jll 
ill    the,  vii.    ;{7(»   I,    ;JU'J;    tl 
1N7!»,  vii.  :{7r> '.»7 
I 


tllia,  T.,   inelitidll  of,   vi.    Iti,  4(i.'t. 


aniuiiil- 

ilelei'ts 

10    new,  ! 


(Jornwall,  ehairiiian  com.  on  eoiiuties, 

IsriO,  vi.  .•{I7. 
Cornwall,  I*,  li.,  nieinlter  .stock  lioanl, 


Con.stiliitioiial    eoiiveiiiion 


l.ill 


ti< 


lor, 


i,s.-.:{. 


VI.  (i(.>  (i;  j)ropo.se 


vii.     ;{((S  70;     incentives    for, 
370  ;{;  partie.s,  vii.  .'{711  4;  election, 
vii.    :{74;    1 
utniliieiit     Iraiiie 


iieeting,    vii.    :{74  5;    in- 


;{7t)  1)7;  persoiiii 


.1     liy,     1S7S, 


rl. 


vii.  4()L'  ti. 


Coiisiilate.s,  vii.  Illl   '2. 

Coiitlionj',   J.    1*.,    in   Wilkes'  c.xpeil., 

iv.  '2l\. 
Contra   Costa  eounty,  exploration   of, 
7;  (li'script.  ol,  vi.  iVJ7  - 
ii.    4.'{S;    mines    in. 


1 77-'   i.  1S4 


N;   name, 
vii.  (ilil. 


etc 


Coiitr.i    Costa    valley,     ileaeript.     of, 


I.S4S,  vi.   iO   11. 


Contract   an 


d    I' 


iliaiU'<^    eo.    (see    also 


.40 


vii.  tiliS. 
Coroiiailo,     gov.     ex[)eil. 

Coronel,    A.    v.,    iiiiiiiii)^  operations, 

etc.,  181S,  vi.  7^  SI;  'Cosaa  do 
California,'  vi.  US  <». 

Corporations,      tlie     new  coiistitiit., 

is7'.»,  vii.  :w:.  <i,  .m"). 

'Corsair,'  ship,  iv.  '210. 

Cortes,    llernan.,   his  plans,  i.  '2;  ob- 

Htael(!s,  i.  |{;   in  ( 'al.,  i.  (>. 
Cortes,    ,)iian,    ]iroeiiraclor    for   ( "al., 

1818  'JO;  ii.  'MS,  40(),  (!.'.7. 
Cortina,    F.,  of   Cal.   junta  in   .Me.x., 


I8'j.'i  7,  iii.  :». 


.^oseinenes, 


IikIh 


18'Jt),  iii.  lO'.t. 


s,     ex[ieil.     a_:{aiu.st, 


Costa 


'Di; 


Cosiiinne  river,  liicl.  Iit;ht  at,  IS40,  iv. 


'Western     I  )e\  tinpnieiit     eo.'    ami  |       i;{7;   iniiiiii'..' on,  1840,  vi.  :{,'>l{. 
■  I'acitic   Improveiiieiit  eo.");  all'airs    Cotton    cultivation,    etc.,    of,    ii. 


of,  vii.  5()'J-70,  o84;  dissolves,   vii. 
OK). 


17: 

vii.  .'{()- 1;  mannfact.  of,  vii,  Ss  '.). 
Coiilterville,  mention  of,  vi.  iilO. 


Convention,  at  Sta  Harhara,  ]84(S,  v.  ,  Council    Kliills,    .Mormon   bat.    raised 


4.'. 


i      at,  V.  474. 


(Joiivcntion,    constitutional,     election  ,  CoiiltiTs  '  Adventures,' i   40;  iii.  411. 


for.  184'.),  vi.   'J7t>,  J84; 


I'tiiin  of,  '  Counties  estalil'd,  etc.,   I8."i(),  vi.  'Al] 


vi.     'J84;     delen.itcs    to,    vi.    'J84   8;  J       18;    the   new   eonstitllt.,     |.S7".I.    vii. 
ollicials,    vi.    "JSO  HOH;  proeeeiliiii;s.  \      IVXf,  names,  etc.,  of,  vii.  4:57  4:!. 
vi.    'JSO  ;{0;!;    con.stilution     frameil  i  'Courier,' ship,  iii.   I'JS. 
liy,  vi.  'J'.lli  :tO."!;  p.iymcnt  of  iin'in-  '  Courtniartial  of  Kreniont,  4.'">.">  li'J. 
Iicrs,   vi.    :t(K),    :io:{;  vote   <iii,    1857,  ;  C«purts,   descriiit.   of,  vii.    I'.H   'J,  'j:{7 - 
vi.  717.  I      40;    ineflicieiiey  of,    vii.   'Joi;  8;  su- 

(\invict-' sent  as  troops  to  Cal.,  184'J,  .      prcuK-,   vii.   'j;>:{  40,   ;?78  S'J,   4:tO   1; 


•J87 


circuit,   VII. 


district,  vi 


':{8- 


Conk,    ('apt.,    orders  a^^aiiist,  1777,  i.  I      40;     eoiisolidation    ait.     IV">((,     vii. 


:!o;».  4:i8. 


.'40  'J;  superior,  vii.  '2'M  41.  :t,S<'  'J. 


.M 


lyor. 


H.   P.,    1 


)io^.    of,    vii 


( 


.1.  M. 


L;en.    ol    n 


iliti 


Ml;  the  city  ''lip  e.iscs,  vii.  '2l't, 


.oolier, 


,1. 


ineiitioii  ol,  VI.  0. 


DVarriioias 
1850.  vi.  :il'.). 
Cove,  K.  il.   coiniiiiss.,   1880,  vii.  409. 


i(fl':FlJ 


774 


INDEX. 


Kor  Information  ronrcrnlriR  pioneers,  see  also  the  Plimrer  lifiilntrr.  voln.  11  to  V. 


C'ovilliind  &  (.'o.,  iiiuntioii  of,  vi.  4(}.'J. 

C'owic  it  Fowler,  liiurdiir  of,  184(5,  v. 
Itill  -;  Muu  PioiiL'tT  Ki'gistcr. 

M'owlit/,' ship,  iv.  iil",  iJ.")0. 

I'ox,  J.  !>.,  K.  K.  luiiil  ^nint,  vii.  TiOG. 

Coyayomi,  Iiid.  trilu!,  ii.  SOIi. 

Coyne,  (JoMeii  C'lmnot  mine,  vii.  041. 

Cralil),  A.  J.,  tilibutit.  expect,  of,  \iiol, 
vi.  (iOl-2. 

Crahl),  II.  A.,  mention  of,  vi.  (509; 
whig  hjader,  etc.,  vi.  GSfi;  candi- 
date for  Hdnate,  KS.")(5,  vi.  (ii)?. 

Craij{,  Col  H.  K.,  at  Fremont  trial,  v. 
4.')0;  death  of,  18"):},  vii.  4(il. 

Crane,  A.  M.,  Hpoech  of,  l!s(5.%  vii. 
f).")!). 

Cran(!,  V..  W.,  the  S.  F.  R.  R.  con- 
vention, 1859,  vii.  iA'.\. 

Crane,  Col  J.  B.,  at  Fremont  trial,  v. 
450. 

Crawford's  'Credit  Mobilier,' vii.  .'iTO. 

Credit  Mohilier  of  America,  mention 
of,  vii.  570. 

Creighton,  James,  mention  of,  1848, 
vii.  727. 

•Cri'izer,' Rush,  fri<{ate,  ii.  044  5,  (548. 

Creuiony,  Col  J.  C.,  mention  of,  vii. 
470. 

Crenshaw,  iScnator  J.,  bill  introd.  by, 
1854,  vi.  084-5. 

Crescent  City,  settlement  of,  vi.  364; 
hist,  of,  vi.  504-5. 

Crespi,  Juan,  biog.,  ii.  771. 

Crime,  1791-1800,  i.  0:58-40;  preva- 
lence of,  vii.  192-'219;  punishment 
of,  vii.  194-219. 

Critcher,  Henry,  member  stock  board, 
vii.  0(58. 

Crittenden,  B.,  l)iog.,  vii.  754. 

Crittenden,  R.  E.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 

Crocker,  C.,  biog.,  etc.,  vii.  5:5:5,  540; 
11.  R.  afl'airs,  vii.  544,  549-50,  507-8; 
speech  of,  18(5.3,  vii.  5.')0. 

Crocker,  C.  F.,  vice  prest  S.  P.  R.  R. 
etc.,  vii.  0.32-3.S. 

Crocker,  Judge  E.  B.,  election  of, 
180:5,  vii.  2:54;  director  Cent.  Pac 
R.  R.,  1801,  vii.  544;  mention  of, 
vii.  501. 

Crocker  &  Co.,  R.  R.  Construction  co., 
vii.  5(i0. 

Crockett,  Judge  J.  B.,  election,  etc., 
of,  vii.  2:50. 

Croix,  viceroy,  offl  actions  in  Cal. 
affairs,  1708-82,  i.  114,  107,  17:5, 
177,  183,  192,  207,  .'507  30,  33.3-51, 
.355-71.  37:5  8.3,  420.  443. 

Cronise,  bibliog.,  ii.  298. 

Crosljy,  the  land  question,  vi.  580. 


Cro.sl)y,  E.  ().,  del.  to  constit.  conven- 
tion,   1849.    vi.    280;    chairman   of 

judic.  com.,  18.")0,  vi.  319. 
Crow,  M.  J.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
Crow,  Walter  J.,  mention  of,  vii.  017. 
Crown    Point    mine,   stocks   of,    vii. 

072  4;  dividends  of,  vii.  075. 
C'riice.s,   golil-seekcrs,   etc.,   at,    1849, 

vi.  i:50  1. 
Cruillas,  viceroy,  removal  of,  i.  114. 
Crii/.  (Jen.    Jose   de   la,    <itH  acts  in 

Cal.   aHairs,    1811-19,  ii.    197,  208, 

250,  270. 
Cul)as,  Ignacio,  of  Cal.  junta  in  Mcx., 

182.-)-7.  iii.  :5. 
Cuchilloncs,    liuls,    exped.     against, 

1797.  i.  548. 
Ciieros     de    V'enado,     rancho,     Ind. 

attack  on,  18:50,  iv.  07. 
Cuesta,  E.  de  la.  sindico  in  Mcx.  for 

Cal.  miss.,  1807-19,  ii.  1(56,  :598. 
Cuesta  de  .Santa  Incs,  crossed  by  Fre- 

ii;oiit's  bat.,    V.   370;  criticism  on, 

V.  377. 
Cuov'as,  minister,   report  on  Cal.  af- 
fairs, iv.  525-t>. 
Culp,   J.    1).,   tobacco-curing   process 

of,  vii.  34-5. 
Cumming,    C.    H.,    mention   of,    vii. 

599. 
Cumuchi.  Ind.  chief,  executed,  18:57, 

iv.  73. 
'Ciiracoa,'  Eiig.    man-of-war,   iv.   :58, 

200. 
Currey,  Judge  .1.,  biog.,  election,  etc., 

of,  vii.  235;  CO  le  commi.ssioiier,  vii. 

249;  supreme  judgi;,  1803.  vii.  ;504. 
Curtis,  Col  J.,  mention  of,  vii.  409. 
Curtnur,  H..  biog.,  vii.  07. 
Custom-house,  affairs  of  the,  1849  50, 

v;i.  i:59-4(). 
Cuyamaca  &  Eastern  R.  R.  co.,   or- 
ganized, vii.  018-19. 
Cuylur's    harbor,    probable    burying- 

])lace  of  (,'ai>rillo,  i.  77. 
'Cyane,'  U.  .S.  man-of-war,  iv.  .302-3, 

313,  322;  v.  27,   199-200,  203,  224, 

253,  207,  284,  3.50.  428. 
Cyrus,  J.,  mention  of,  vii.  657 


D 


D'Arcy,  J.  P.,  mention  of,  vii.  35.3. 
'Diedalus,'  Vancouver's  store-ship,  i, 

511,512. 
Dairy-farming,  mention  of,  vii.  55-7. 
Dale,  J.   B.,   in   Wilkes'  exped.,   iv. 

241. 


INF)EX. 


?73 


For  liirormutlon  oonceriiliiK  ploiipurs, 

•Dilc,'  U.  S.  maii-ol'-war,  iv.  SOJ  3; 

V.  4'jy. 
Lalryiiiph;,   A.,   imli.    traiial.  of  Coh- 

t'liisiiH  iJiariii,  i.  IIU). 
Diiiiii!,  T.,  vii.  557.  5S7. 
l)atia,  Cliax,  vii.  5h(i. 
iJiiia'is  ''Iw(»  Years  llcfore  the  Mast,' 

iii.  41'-'-i;{;  iv.  i:«)  40. 
'  Daiiaiilo,'   Fr.   sliip  uf   war,   iv.  35, 

1>.')  (5,  I -JO. 
Daiiii;!-!,  .loliii,  vii.  C:<8. 
'  Daiiiilu!,'  Miii|>,  wrocki'd,  ii.  5(U. 
Darnicli,  M.  H.,  vii.  587. 
DavtMiport,  F.  L.,  iii  VVillios'  uxpuJt., 

iv.  '241. 
Davidson,  R,  incntioii  of,  vii.  KiO. 
liiivid.sdii,   <Jeo.,   (Ill    Idaku'.s   aiichor- 

aj?!!,    i.    !)();    surveys   oi,    IS.jO,   vii. 

I.'17;  ol).stn'vat(try  of,  vii.  121. 
Davis,  A.  C,  is:{(i,  iv.  141. 
Davis,  A.  K.,  vii.  ftiM. 
Davis,    Lieut-col  B.    F.,   mention  of, 

vii.  4(><J. 
D.ivis,  11.,  congress,  delegate,    1880, 

vii.  4(l«. 
Davis,  H.  L.,  sheriO;  18(54,  vii.  308. 
Davis,  ,J.  C,  mention  of,  vi.  '20. 
Diivis,    M.    C,   mayor  of  Santa   Fe, 

18S2,  vii.  420;  inaiui8cri)it  of,  i.  oii. 
Daw.s(>u,  J.,   ranelio  of,   1848,  vi.  'JO; 

nieiitiou  of,  vii.  70. 
Day,  .1.  («.,  career,  etc.,  of,  vii.  354-8. 
I).iy,  S.,  vii.  557. 
Day  lor,  W.,  mention  of,  vi.  12. 
I'eal,  Dr,  clergyman,  vii.  7-8. 
Dean,  Hon.  P.,  biog.,  vi.  408. 
Deane,  .1.,  biog.,  vii.   187. 
Debt,  state,  18.")0-75.  vi.  005-22;  1S()3, 

vii.  :^(Mi;  of  San  Francisco,  1850-0, 


VI.    /( 


2-4. 


Dedmond,  J.  P.,   rancho  of,  1848,  vi. 

De  Faski,  Alex.,  vii.  585. 

DuKranil,  P.  P.  T.,  K.  K.  scheme  of, 
vii.  510-11. 

Del  Norte  county,  mining  in,  vi.  3G5; 
hist,  of,  vi.  504-5;  organized,  etc., 
1857,  vii.  442. 

Del  Valle,  consul,  trial,  etc.,  of,  vi. 
500. 

Delatield,  Maj.  II.,  of  court  at  Fre- 
mont trial,  V.  450. 

Delano,  A.,  biog.,  vi.  156;  works  of, 
vi.  150-7. 

Delano,  C'l^lumbus,  vii,  607. 

Delgfci,  K.  F.,  biog.  of,  vii.  738. 

DelKcr,  F.,  vii.  738. 

J>ellaTorre,  distr.  attorney,  vi.  711. 

Dc  Long,  F.,  biog.,  vii.  7^7. 


30  also  the  IHoneer  Reghter,  vols.  II  to  V. 

Democrats,  lirst  gathering    of,    1849, 

vi.    :i04;     tirst    state    convent,    of, 

1851,   vi.    648-50;    attitmle    of,  vi. 

672;    victory   of,    1852,    vi.    072-3; 

state  couveutiun  of,    1860,  vii.  '.'58; 

convention  of,  1808,  vii.   330;  elcc- 

tiim  of,   I87S>,  vii.  408-11;   Ihhj,  vii. 

415-16;   188'2,  vii.   421-2;   1884,  vii. 

4'26;   I88ti,  vii.  433  5. 
Dennian,    J.,    school    in    S.    F.,   1851, 

vii.  710. 
Dennis,  (J.,  mention  of,  vii.  93. 
Denny,  A.   H.,  bioi;.,  vii.  67. 
Dent,  L.,  del.  to  constit.  convention, 

1849,  vi.  285. 
Denver,  J.  W.,  mention  of,  185.3,  vi. 

687;    congressman,    etc.,    1854,  vi. 

690. 
Dc  Po,  Charles,  vii.  587. 
De  Yoiini.',  vii.  611. 
Depew,  vii.  655. 
Derby,  Kd  M.,  vii.  587. 
Dcrb>,  Lieut  (I.  11.,  on  Riley's  staff, 

1849,  vii.  448. 
'  Derby, '  ship,  hunting  cxpedt.,  1807, 

ii.  78;  visit  of,  ii.  vS4. 
Derussey,  Lt  Col  K.   E.,  of  court  at 

Fremont  trial,  v.  456. 
Dcseret,   state,  ]8.")0,  vi.  .3'J5. 
Dcwees,  J.,   11.   It.  project    of,   1850, 

vii.  515. 
'Diamond,'  ship,  iv.  .S40. 
Diamond    springs,    mining    at,    1849, 

vi.  .353;    coiitlagration  at,  1850,  vi. 

482. 
Diaz,  Hernal,  on  name  Cal.,  i.  Co. 
Diaz,  Melchor,  e.xpedt.  1540,  i.  9. 
Diehl,  J.,  clergyman,  vii.  730. 
Dillon,  consul   P.,  trial,  etc.,  of,  vi. 

590. 
Diininick,  K.  IL,  del.  to  constit.  con- 

vculion,  1849,  vi.  '286,  '299. 
Diputacioii,   at    Mont.,   182'2,   ii.   451; 

at  Mont.,  18*24,  actions  of,  ii.  510- 

511;  fears  of  Russia,  ii.  648;  at  S. 

Diego,   IS'28,    iii.    41;    at   .Sto   Har- 

bara,    1830,    iii.  99;    18.37,   iii.  ."jOO; 

session,    1834-.'),   iii.  248-5'2,  291-2; 

1831),     iii.     469-71;      18;!9-40,     iii. 

584-6,    602-6;      1842,     iv.     295-6; 

1843,    iv.    .300;     1844,    iv.    409  12; 

1845,  iv.  521-'2.  531-4;   1846,  v.  36-- 

41,  203-4;    reglameiito  of,  iii.  '25'2- 

5;     report     on    colony,     18.'J4,     iii. 

'274-5;     actions     on     miss,    atl'airs, 

1832-4,   iii.    31.3-14,    340-41;    elec- 
tion of  members,  iii.  4'25;  iv.  360-1; 


controversy 


with   (intrerrez,    18.36, 


iii.  452-7;    reorganized   by  Flores, 


M 


m 


INDKX. 


For  In  format  Ion  oonrcrnlnR  iilonocrM,  nc 

IH4I},  V.  .T-M;  actions  of,  1S4.'>,  iv. 
4'.»7  !»;  McNfiiniira  mli<iiic,  I.S4.'i, 
V.  '2]H  (for  liitiir  puriotU  hcv.  '  J.egis- 
laturo '). 

*  KiMnovciy,'  Vancouver's  •hii),  i.  510. 

ni'J,  niT,  W-',  .VJ4. 

*  hisuovc  ry,'  whiiltT,  ii.  UOH. 
l)o:ik,  'I'.  \V.,  niL'ution  of,  vi.  (5. 
Doiilv,  .1.  K.,  vii.  fi88. 

l>oilm',  ('.  K.,  mayor  of  Sonora,  etc., 

I.S4'.»,  vi.  47U. 
l).)clKf,  II.  L.,  Mog.,  vii.  1(58. 
1)(igtov\n,  iiifution  of,  vi.  4'J3. 
Dolgcr,  v.,  liio;.'.,  vii.   K*"^ 
I)ol(ir('s,  s(!u  S.  v.  inis.i. 
iJoiiiiiigiH/,  -    ,  unsiicucasful  expotU., 

177ti,  i.'J78. 
]>omiiigm/,  ,M.,  of  Cal.  junta,  18'jr>-7, 

iii.  .'{;  ri'imrt  on  (.'al.  miss.,  iii.  KM). 
iJoiiiiiiicaiiM,    cession    of    Lower   (.'al. 

miss,  to,  i.  lit'J-.'l. 
Duiiaiiuc,  .1.,  mention  of,  vii.  95;  l>iog. 

of,  vii.  101. 
Donaliuu,    I'.,   l)iog.   etc.,  of,  vii.  1)5, 

5.s:{,  51M),  f)l»'.',  010. 
Ifoiiaiine,  town,  vii.  .'i84. 
l)oniiilian,  (ien.,  at  Sta  Ve,  v.  482. 
JJoiiiier  party,  journey  and  Kullbriugs, 

184(i  7,  v.  5'J7-44. 
'l)i)ii  t^iiixote,' slii]!,  iii.  401,  5(59;  iv. 

1'5,  H-2,  95,  •.'L'4,  51 -J;  v.  Xi. 
l)iprr,    II.   ('.,   an    aec't    of   C'apt.  E. 

iJorr  landing  convicts,  1790,  i.  539- 

540. 
Dos  I'uelilos,  battle  of,  iii.  79-81. 
Douglas,  IJ.  F.,  gen.  of  militia,  1850, 

vi.  319. 
Douglas,  Riiv.  J.  W.,  vii.  7*27. 
Douglas,  Tiiomas,  hcIiooI  of,  vii.  717. 
Dowliiig,  P.  T.,  l)iog.,  etc.,  vii.,  37.'>. 
Downioville,  a  mining  centre,  vi.  3G1; 

hijt.  of,  vi.  489-90. 
Downey,    J.    (i.,    nominee   for   licut- 

gov.,    1859,    vi.    7-3;    vetoes    bulk- 

liead  l)ill,  vii.  085;  biog.  of,  vii.  279. 
Downing,  Vv'.  F.,  biog.,  vii    :?7. 
Doyle,  J.  J.,  vii.  618. 
Doyle,  J.  T.,  characLi-r,  oic,  oi,  vii. 

177. 
Drake   bay,    probable    inu  l.orage    of 

Drake,  i.  88. 
Drake '.s    anchorage,    iiuleutity   of,    i. 

85-88. 
Drama,  vii.  712. 
Drew,  H.  L.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
Drcxel,  S.-vther  &  Church,  mention  of, 

vii.  101. 
'Dromo,'    Anier.     ship,     contraband 

trade,  ii.  80. 


'(•  also  the  I'loiK'fr  RrgliitfT,  vols.  1 1  to  V. 

Dry  creek    (Anuidor  co. ),  mining  oid 

vi.  371. 
'  l»ry  Diggings  '  (see  al.so  I'lacervilli  ), 

diseov.  of,  1848,  vi.  74-5;  yield,  vi. 

75. 
Dry-dock,  apiiropriatii>ns  for,  etc.,  \  i. 

(i29  30. 
Drytown,  mention  of,  vi.  513. 
Dudley,    aHHcndtlyman,    bill    of,    vii. 

300-1. 
Dudley,  W.  L.,  vii.  588. 
Dunbar,    deimunces    settlers'    revolt, 

June  h'oiiiitiiO',  V.  100. 
Dunn,  .J.   P.,  state   controller,    1.SS7, 

vii.  434. 
Dunphy,  W.,  biog.,  vii.  5.5. 
i)upro,  K.,  vii.  ()()8. 
Diirant,  meiitiiui  of,  vii.  571. 
Duraiit,  II.,  mention  of,  vi.  47il. 
Dutch    Flat,    mining    iit,    vi.    3."i5-(); 

trading  centre,  etc.,  vi.  4.S3. 
Dwinelle,    .1.    \V.,    works    of,    i.    4"_'; 

views    oil    Drake's   voy.,   i.  89,   !).); 

pueblo  title  case,  iii.  708;  address, 

v.  00;  lirodcriek'a  fun.  oration,  vi. 

730-7;  chairman  coiiven.,  vii.  3l(i. 
Dye,  J.  F.,  mention   of,  vi.   17;  min- 
ing operations,  1848,  vi.  71. 


E 


'F,ai,de,'  ship,  capture  of,  ii.  477. 

Kari.  .lohuO.,  vii.  010. 

EartlMiuako  in  L.   Angeles   region,  i. 

140;  at  Sail  Juan  B;iutista,  17'.i9,  i. 

559;  at  S.  Diego,  1800,  i.  (J54;   iMIli, 

ii.  100;  damages  by,  1804,  ii.  29;  .S. 

Francisco,    1807-8,  ii.  87,    1-J9;    at 

Sta     Barbara,     1800,    ii.    42,    IIS; 

damages  by,    1812,   ii.   2U>  1,  314, 

347-8,  350,  358,  3t)3,  305,  307,  3i;.n; 

at  L.  Angeles,   1827,  ii.  503;    at  S. 

Buenaventura,  1821,  ii.  580;    18i;7, 

iii.   129,    130;    1830,  iii.  070;    1830, 

iv.  77-8;   18(>8,  vii.  (;01-5. 
East  (Oakland,  Fages'exped.  at,  i.  185. 
Eastern  Extension  11.  R.,  subsidy  to, 

defeated,  vii.  557. 
Eastland,  J.  (I.,  biog.  of,  vii.  758. 
Eastland,    J.     H.,    gen.     of     militia, 

18.50,  vi.  319. 
Easton,  Wendell,  biog.  of,  vii.  094. 
Eaton,  Ira  A.,  vii.  580. 
Eaton,  It.  S.,  iv.  071. 
Echeandia,    (Jov.,    rule    of,    lS20-.".0, 

iii.  31-55,  110-149. 
Echovesta,  J.  J.,  regulations  for  Cal., 

1773,  i.  211-15,  317,  333,  4O0. 


INPKX. 


777 


For  liiloriniitloti  fimoiTiiInu  jilom  itk,  kit  uImp  iIic  I'iitnnr  Uiiji'li  r,  viil-1.  1 1  tn  V. 

Kdily,  \V.  M.,  Niirvi'V  iri;i"lr  liv,  IS4'.l,     Kiiiinrrit    ilniiiuiii,   ri>;lit    nf,   vii.  ;W4, 

•Mi. 
Emory,  Major  W.  II.,  iiifiiticm  of,  vii. 
44!t. 


VI.  lUI;  1> 


K,l 


VII.    I 


.■.4. 


«'r. 


Dr  \V.  I'.,  1. 


.'tl. 


J'Miicitioii,    st;ito     of,     I7'.»l    !S(X),    i. 

('>4'J  4;    ISOI    10,    ii.    I'.t'J  II;    hcIhmi!    ]']niiiir(s  City,  muiilimi  of,  vi.  .'ill. 
at  S.  I)i.gi),  lNi;i,  ii.  .'M.'i;   ISi'l-IiO,     Kiii^iiro  giianl,  iiii'iitiori  of,  vii.  4.V1 


li.      'tis    >); 


.'liool    at    L 


iimlfM,     Kiio;irii;i.'ioii  Arroyo  (^(•o     i  ciiitciu'iii 


k'). 


fri'( 


Mii'iiio  riiiu'liii,  ^riiii 


it.'il. 


i.  cr.-j  :i. 


ISI7-IS,   ii.   ;ri:i;    at  .Montircv,   ii. 

:isi-i.»,  (ii.-i;  Hciioois  foiiinkci,  isii- 

-0,  ii.  4'J."i,  4'_".>;    sclmol  at  S.   .lost',  Kiu'ino  valN^v,  [iri^post'il  mti.' for  iiiisH. 

isi'i  :i(),  ii.  (i():t;  is-.'i  :!(),  ii.  ots  i.  .v>:t. 

80;    (.'ll'ort.s  of    MiL'luhorfiia,    ISI4,  K:iul  iii<l,    iilaii   to   oi-ciipy  N'.otUa,  i. 

iv.    40'.'  .'I;    cculivsiastical    Hciniiiary  "'O.');  war  witli,   r-il.   roiuriliiitioiis, 

at  Sta  Iiuf.s,  IS44,   iv.  4-.'>-t!;    in  ,S.  i.  4l'7,  514;  war  with,  II 


.4-J; 


F.,  LSI 7  8, 
provision    iiiai 


(),■)();   1S,V>  ti,  vi.  781; 


iliiriii  caiisfi 


I  1> 


r>4'.'  4; 


1.^    f, 


)!•.    Ctr 


I  Slit,  vi 


1' 


with,  ii.  4;  treaty  witli  Mtx.,  |.Sl;», 


!'.)S  !>; 


0;{8-4l;      til 
vii.    :{'.»l-:?; 


ajiprojiriatioiis,    I  s."..'! -(>'.»,  vi. 


|;!(> 


now    roll  .(tit. 


187 


])ro[ii 


losril    fi'S 


sioli    of    Cal. 


j)rogres:i    < 
vii.  7 1 <>-.'!;    of   -Nlcxicaii 


f.    1S47 


to,  l.s:t7,    iv.    IIO-I'J;    i)rojiMt.i    for 


■VI. 

rni; 


iciiuirinj^ 
.f    1.S4.".. 


I'al. 


;ti 


-'(i); 


.1|M'l'CllUS 


.sfiu'irn  .1 


for 


lir.it    puMio   hi'Iioi.1,    7Ii'>-I7;    lawn,         annexation  to,    l.S4t'(,  v.   .V.t  (>;!;  ex- 


vii.  718;  fiinil.s,   etc 
atiiro,  7-.'?  t);  text 


riS   1!);  liter- 
is,  vii. 


aj^'^i'r.itioiis    in  re;i.ir(l  to    iiil(rrf>' 
eiu'c,  V.  ()H-71;  ooinniereo  with,  vi 


Eihvanls.  1'.  h..   mention  of,   vi.  Ul'.'i, 

071. 
E^^^ers,  ('.  U.,  hioL,'.,  vii.  7o4. 
El  J)orailo  (sie  '  Mini  siirinj,'s'). 
El  I  torado  county,  Imliaii  troulile.s  in, 

18.'(0,   vi.   ;{|it;    mining'   ditches    in, 

18.V),  vi.    3.V>;    hist,    of,   vi.    48*J-;{; 

name,  etc.,  vii.  4;{9. 
El  I'llar  rancho,  grantcil,  17'.*7,  i.  717. 
El  Pinole  ranelio,  ii.  5'.I4. 
El   Uefugio   ranelio,   granted,  1705,  i. 

GCt'.h  holder.sof,  1800,  ii.  II'J. 


11 


.'I. 


Ku'.ili>li,   trade  with  Russians,   ii    O" 


iJeUh 


•rs  vi.sit,    l.s:i7  0, 


141 


lleet   ill   the   I'acilic-,    IS4I,   iv.  ;;o.); 


El  Tiicho  ranclK 


01; 


Elder,  the    I'hil.    il.    R.    convention. 


1850,  vii.  51.5. 


Elde 


mention  of,  vi 


1-. 


Elections,  primary,  vii.  .'115-17. 
Elena,' shij.,  iv. 'l.50,  170. 


'Eli 


'Anil 


sli 


.54.5,700;  iii.118. 


Esteva,  on  treatnieiit  of  tlie  'A''uiles, 


'  Elizahctli,'  ship,  v.  58(i. 

Elizaliethtown,  mention  of,  vi.  40"J. 

Elizondo,  Col,  to  send  tri">(is  to('al.,     Esteves,   Jose,   named  for  Cal.,  1780, 


d. 


liartiin 


idin    <'.il 


;{>•-•; 

;isi; 

I'.l'.l; 


viee-i'oii>lll  app't'il,  184"i, 
s(juadrou  in  raeilic,  l!>4l> 
.sehemes  of,  IS4(>,  v.  -;>7-15. 

'  Enterprise,'  .\iiier.  shi)!,  ii.  '2. 

En-ila,  A.  .M.,  to  collect  liii.ss.  di^ht 


M 


ex.,   iii.  OS'.'. 


'Erie,'  U.  .S.  ship,  v.   100,  •J.54.  •JS7. 
Escalante,    exped.     to    Cal.     1770,     i. 

'J78. 
Escalanto,  E.  V.  de,  sindico  in   Mex., 


18-JO- 


4i)0,  518.  057. 


Escarpin  ramho,  ii.  01.' 


Esl 


n 

I'lies,  natives. 


17.5. 


'I'-J 


o,  ex  pel 


.1.,  1.5S-_'  :i,  i.  1'. 


i.  117;  Iiid.  ex[ieil.,  1707,  i.  480. 
Elk,  he>-ds  seen  Ity  An/a,  i.  2S."i 


i.  'MM 

Estill,  .Senator  .1.    M..   hi^ 


Ptc 


Elllce,  E.,  cxhiliits  in  En:;.  Cal.  gold'       050;  ipiarivl  with    IJrodcrirk.  ]S',-J, 


of  IS'.'O,  ii.  417. 


Ellingtvood,  N.  D.,  actions  in  X.  Y. 

against  Col  ."Stevenson,  v.  510. 
Elliott,  C.,  hiog.,  vii.  7.'10. 
Elliott,  S.  G.,  vii.  5.57. 
P'merie.  J.,  biog.,  vii.  187-8. 
Emigration,  hy  sea,    1848-0,  vi.  l'J7- 

42;   overland,   1840-.50,  vi.    14:{-0I; 

suU'erings  of  emigrcints,  vi.  149-55; 

^oute.^,  vi.   1.55-8;  number  of   cuii- ,  P^ureka,  hist, 

grants,  vi.  158-9.  [      589. 


vi.  0(iO-70;   ]projcct  of.  IS.'i.;,  vi.  (i7(i. 


Estrada,    Serg't,   app'l'd   to  ('al.,   ii 

Estraila,    Itinacio,    ulndico    for   Cal., 

IN'JO.  ii.  :«I8. 
E.--tuihllo,   J.  .1.,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi. 

10. 
Eteheliarne,  P.,  Sutter  and  Siiaol  cor- 

responclepce,  iv.  120. 

of,  etc.,  vi.    50;)-4;  vii. 


: 


ji;:^ ! 


778 


INDEX. 


For  information  conccrniug  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  RegMcr,  vols.  II  to  V, 

Eureka  mine,  vii. 
Eureka  aud   Eel 


(i:{7. 

River   K.    R.,    vii. 

'Europa,' ship,  ii.  293. 

'  Eurtipe,' ship,  iii.  401. 

Europe,  eticct  of  gold  discov.  in  Cal., 
18iS-'.),  vi.  1-J4. 

Evans,  Col  H.  E.,  ineution  of,  vii. 
4(>0. 

Evans,  Rich.  S.,  i.  09  et  aeq. 

ExeeuLioii,  public,  first  iu  Cal.,  1777, 
i.  310. 

Expeditions,  hint,  of,  1520-1709,  i.  1- 
2.");  lirst  from  S.  Diego  to  Mouterey 
&  S.  F.,  i.  140-0;{;  Sta  Clara,  Ala- 
meda, and  Contra  Costa  counties, 
iirst  cxplor.  to,  i.  IS4-7;  An/a's 
first,  i.  220-4;  voy.  of  Perez  to  N. 
coast,  i.  227-9;  uortliern  explora- 
tions, 177."),  i.  240-08;  Auza's,  1775- 
0,  i,  257-73;  (rarees,  273-8,  of  lio- 
d(^ga  and  Artega,  1779,  i.  329;  to 
puui.ih  Yiiiuas,  1781-2,  i.  307-71; 
to  open  routes,  1783-5,  i.  4.')4-5; 
:SIalaspina's,  1789-91,  i.  4iK)-l;  in- 
land  explorations,  lS0(i-lU,  ii.  43- 
57;  explor.  of  S.  Joaquin  and  Sac- 
ramento, 1811,  ii.  321-3;  of  .Sola's, 
1SI,">.  ii.  320;  to  the  north,  1821,  ii. 
445-9;  S.  Ar;i,'i'elIo,  1823,  ii.  SOi'.-T, 
Cai>t.  Jo.se  Romero,  1823,  ii.  507-9; 
Wilkes'  visit,  1841,  iv.  240-8. 

I'xplorations.     See  expeds. 

Exports,  (jiiicksilvcr,  1850,  vii.  IIG, 
120;  cereals,  18.')0-81,  vii.  110-23; 
volume,  etc.,  1849-.">0,  vii.  117; 
treasure,  1848-SI,  vii.  118-20;  effect 
uf  civil  war  on.  vii.  1 19;  of  railroadtt, 
vii.  119;  details  and  (listriliution  of, 
vii.  119  23;  in  1884,  vii.  442-.'{. 

I'xpress  conipanifs,  vii.  149-51. 

Eyre,   Major  E.  E  ,  mention  of,  vii 
4C0. 


P 


'Facio,'  ship,  iii.  .3()5. 

Fa^'es,  gov.,  rule  of,  1782-91,  i.  383- 
480. 

Fago.-iga,  F.,  of  Cal.  junta  in  Mox., 
182.-)-7,  iii.  3. 

Fair,  James  (J.,  vii.  591,  070. 

lair,  L.  D.,  trial  of,  1871,  vii.  210. 

Fairfax,  C.  S.,  Itiog.,  vi.  082. 

Fairtield,  foumliiig,  etc.,  of,  vi.  499. 

Fall,  J.  C,  vii.  580. 

'  l''ama,' .sliip,  iv.  .305. 

Farias,  V.  (r.,  Mex.  vicc-pres.,  in  col- 
ony s.jhuine,  iii.  259,  203-4. 


'  Farley,  J.  T.,  senator,  1878,  vii.  431- 

2;  l)i.«Lr.,  vii.  431-2. 
Farmers'    Protective    Union   league, 

mention  of,  vii.  05-0. 
Farniington,  mention  of,  vi.  513. 
Farnliam,    life    and    adventures,    iv. 

]57. 
Farrahmes,    explored,    ii.   84;  seak-rs 

left  at,  1810,  ii.  93. 
Farrington,  Miss  R.,  school  at  (iraHs 

Valley,   1851,  vii.  718. 
Fauntleroy,  Col  T.  T.,  in  command, 

1857,  vii.  472. 
'Favoi'ita,'  explor.  ship,  i.  329,  444. 
Fay,  C.    T.,   candidate  for  gov.,  vii. 

324-5;  biog.,   vii.  324. 
Fay,  John,  vii.  C:i8. 
Fayerweather,  A.   H.,  signed  memo- 
rial in  Honidulu,  1830,  iv.  141. 
Featiier    river,    mining  on,    1848,   vi. 

09-71;   1850-0,  vi.  301-3. 
Federal    constitution,  ratification   of. 


1825,  iii. 


-8. 


Felix  rancho,  ii.  353. 

Feliz,  F.,  mention  of,  vi.  509. 

Fellow  brothers,  nnuition  of,  vii.  054. 

Felton,  J.  B.,  vii.  317,  580,  587.    _ 

ierguson,  mention  of,  vii.  037-8; 
sciiool  at  .Sacramento,  vii.  717. 

Ferguson,  Col  D.,  mention  of,  vii. 
409. 

Ferguson,  W.  I.,  duel  with  Johnston, 
etc.,  1858,  vi.  G<M),  729. 

Fernando  VII.,  received  Cal.  alle- 
giance, 1809,  ii.  87  8;  return  of, 
celebrated,  1814,  ii.  203;  accepts 
liberal  constitution,  ii.  204. 

Ferrel,  congressman,  mention  of,  vii. 
022. 

Field,  .T.  (i.,  assist  sec.  to  constit. 
convention,  1849,  vi.  2'.K). 

i'iehl,  S.  J.,  supr.  judge,  1858,  vi. 
714;  election,  etc.,  of,  1857,  vii. 
221-2;  the  act  of  1851,  vii.  220-7, 
231;  chief  justice,  18.')9,  vii.  227; 
decisions  of,  vii.  227-30;  biog.,  vii. 
227. 

Fiehls,  Timothy,  vii.  038. 

Fig.s,  varieties,  etc.,  of,  vii.  42-3. 

Figueroa,  gov.,  rule  of,  1833-5,  iii. 
240  (lO. 

Figueroa,  Francisco  (larcfa,  made 
copy  of  Palou'a  Noticias,  1790,  i. 
419. 

Finance  (see  also  Revenue),  provin- 
cial, I79I-181K),  i.  029-:iO;  of  Mont, 
dist.  I80.>,  i.  084-5;  statistics,  1801- 
10,  ii.  180  9;  1821-:M),  ii.  070  1; 
aflairs,    1829-30,   iii.   80;    economic 


INDEX. 


For  iufonnatlon  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  licghlcr,  vols.  II  to  V. 

of    plots,    1818,    ii.    '-'OO-l; 


meaaures  of  Miclieltorena,  iv.  358; 
troubles,  1.S44,  iv.  401-2;  the  Dal- 
ton  selienie,  184(>,  v.  'i'i'l;  troubles, 

1847,  V.  4.Sr). 

First  Ciilifornia  (ruaril,  boo  national 
guardi. 

First  I'ongrcgational  church  of  S.  F., 
vii.  727. 

First  Presbyterian  church  of  S.  F., 
vii.  727. 

'First  Steamship  Pioneers,'  vi.  1.30. 

Fisii,  Clinton  IJ.,  vii.  007. 

Fi-theries,  vii.  81-.'}. 

Fitcl),  H.  1).,  rancho,  etc.,  of,  vi.  21. 

Fiteho,  H.  S.,  mention  of,  vi.  478. 

Flag,  change  of,  1822,  ii.  458-1). 

Fletclior,  IJeo.,  vii.  5'JO. 

Flint,  W.,  mention  of,  vi.  698-9; 
biijg.,  vi.  699;  remarks  on  Broder- 
ijk,  vi.  735. 

'Flora,' ship,  ii.  202,  268. 

Flood,  .Tames  C,  mention  of,  vii.  591, 
676;  pros.  Nevada  bank,  vii.  679. 

Flood,  OHrieii,  Mack  .y,  and  Fair, 
bonimza  firm,  vii.  676-80. 

Flor.MK-o,  T.  IV,  tlie  Phil.  R.  R.  con- 
vention, 18.")0,  vii   5I(). 

Flore.s,  viceroy,  instructions  to  suc- 
cessor, i.  448-9. 

Flour,  export  of,  18.54-81,  vii.  116-23. 

Flouring-niills,  vii.  84. 

Flutning,  vii.  77. 

*  Flying  Fish,'  U.  S.  explor.  ship,  iv. 
245. 

Folsoin,  Capt.  .r.  L.,  the  gold  diseov., 

1848,  vi.  53;  mention  of,  vi.  265-7, 
485;  at  San  Fr.  1849,  vii.  4».3. 

Fol.--,om,  founded,  etc.,  1855,  vi.  485. 

Foote,  H.  S.,  candidate  for  senate, 
1856,  vi.  697. 

Forbes,  A.,  'Hist,  of  Cal.,' iv.  151-2; 
mention,  vii.  656. 

Forbes,  A.  IJ.,  vii.  604;  biog.  of,  vii. 
186. 

Forbestown,  mention  of,  vi.  361,  ■*')[. 

Forderer,  ,1.  F.,  biog.,  vii.  749. 

Foreign  relations,  fear  of  Ru.-->ianH,  i. 
112;  isolation  of  Cal.  -i'JT;  war 
contrii>Htion3,  427  8;  visit  of  La 
Peroiise,  428  32;  ftars  of  lvig!i:-li, 
i.  .505;  English  visit,  1792-4,  i.  510 
f)1.3,  517-29;  foreign  vessel?,  i. 
r)l.")-16;  war  with  France,  1793,  i. 
537;  foreign  vessels,  i.  .537-9; 
war  with  Engl.  1797,  i.  542  4; 
W!i  th    Russia,    i.    546;    ports 

closen  to  foreigners,  1805,  ii.  3!: 
C():n])laint»  ag.-.inst  Anierii-ans,  ii. 
32;  Cal.   neutrality,    1812,   ii.   273; 


rumors  ot  plots,  isi»,  u. 
ports  opened,  1827,  iii.  127;  schemes 
of  enenKichuient,  iii.  39'.»  401;  rev- 
olution, 1836-40,  iv.  107  8,  atti- 
tude of  dif.  classes,  iv.  109;  French 
relations,  iv.  110,  261-2;  rumored 
cess,  of  Cal.  to  Eng.,  iv.  110  12; 
plans  of  foreign  nations,  iv.  2.16; 
foreign  opinions,  256  9;  British 
projects,  2()0-l;  Amer.  immigra- 
tion, 1843,  iv.  .379  81;  Eng.  eul- 
onization,  iv.  3S2  3,  4."; I;  annexa- 
tion schemes,  1844,  iv.  449;  consu- 
lates, 184.'>,  iv.  589-90;  1816-8,  v. 
614-15;  British  schemes,  591-2;  of 
the  U.  S.,  594  8;  impending  war, 
600-3;  Larkm  as  U.  S.  ajient,  1846, 
V.  54-6;  fears  of  invasion  of  Eng., 
V.  57;  of  Frain.'c  and  U.  S.,  v.  59- 
63;  Eng.  interference,  (iS-71. 

Foreman,  Col  F.,  mention  of,  vii. 
469. 

Forest  City,  mention  of,  vi.  .361,  490. 

Forest  Hill,  growth  of,  vi.  483. 

Forests,  vii.  75-8. 

Forniau,  C,  biog  ,  vii.  754. 

Forney,  ,1.  \V.,  remarks  on  Uroderick, 
etc.,  1879,  vi.  737. 

Forster,  Juan,  manuscript  of,  i.  56. 

Fort  Bridger,  Donner  party  at,  1846, 
V.  531. 

Fort  Jones,  mention  of,  vi.  495. 

Fort  Leavenworth,  Mormon  battle  at, 
v.  478. 

Fortilieations,  appropriations  for, 
18.")4-6,  vi.  631. 

Foster,  S.  (r.,  del.  to  constit.  conven- 
tion, 1849,  vi.  286. 

Foster  bar,  mining  on,  1848,  vi.  72. 

Foumlries,  vii.  94. 

Fowler,  L.  ('.,  vii.  582. 

Fowleranill'iiwie,  murder of,v.  160-2. 

Frame,  war  witli,  1838,  iii.  572,  .")92; 
pr  ■ji'cts  for  aeipiiring  C<d.,  iv.  261; 
annexation  by,  1846,  v.  59-63. 

Franciscans,  wmk  of,  1590-1600,  i. 
I  I ;  consulted  abt  Cal.  miss.,  i.  114; 
transfer  Ii.  C.d.  miss,  to  Domini- 
cans, i.  192  3;  lirst  annual  nport, 
1773,  i.  19S  2t)6;  troubles  with  j^ov., 
i.  235-6;  service  as  eliaplains,  i. 
240  1;  policy  of,  177r>-7,  i.  299  300; 
administrative  machines,  ii.  165; 
guardians,  1800  10,  ii.  105  (i;  pnii- 
tic  generosity  of,  ii.  436  8;  end  of 
regime,  1835.  iii.  689. 

'Franklin,' Khi|>,  iii.  132-4,  159,  105. 

I'recman,  1).,  biog.  of,  vii.  37. 

Freeport,  jueutiou  of,  vi.  485. 


780 


INDEX. 


K(ir  iiifornintioii  conccrnlug  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  ReyUtrr,  vuls.  II  t 

orgaii- 


V. 


Fii'cjxirt   Railroail    company, 
izud,  I'tc,  ISIJ.'S,  vii.  ii'.t'J  40. 

Frt'inoiit,  J.  ('.,  t'i>ntr(»ver.sy  witli 
Stock  I  oil  anil  Kearny,  18-47,  v. 
411  (iS;  (irst  and  seuoi.d  expedt., 
184'_'-4,  iv.  4:i4-44;  (;auipai^'n  of, 
l&4t>,  V.  Ki'J-SlJ;  as.snnies  civil  govt, 
etc.,  1S47,  vi.  '2.V.)-(J0;  U.  S.  .senator, 
1841),  vi.  .'ill;  tiio  Mariposa  claim, 
vi.  .")(>l;  vii.  04;.'  (i(i;  i)ill  introd  l»y, 
1S")>>,  vi.  5;J8;  vii.  518;  map  of,  vii. 
514. 

Fremont,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  498. 

Frencii,  I'.  II.,  mention  of,  vi.  "t'2',i. 

French,  treatment  of,  iv.  1)0. 

Frcuicli  corral,  mention  of,  vi.  48(5. 

Frencli  war,  contributions  of  C'al.,  i. 
5;{5  (». 

Fresno  City,  mention  of,  vi.  517. 

Fresno  county,  liist.  of,  vi.  510-17; 
organized,  etc.,  18.")ti,  vii.  441. 

Friars,  at  S.  ('arlo.s,  1770-1840,  i.  171, 
li.  14(1,  (!I();  iii.  ()7!1;  list  of,  1771, 
i.    17:5  4;    180M0,   ii.    15S-()0;  con- 


ti 


ovcrsies 


witi 


1,  1.  401-8;  ii.   1(12  :?; 


(J-JO-,"?,  028  9,  «:«  4,  (i;i>S  I  I, 
G.iO,  (itij;  duties  of,  ii.  4>>'t  •_'; 
autol<io;.;raj)liy  of,  1.SI7,  ii.  4(i:!  4; 
vi'  '  nee  t".  U.  48»;  at  .S.  F.  .Sol.iii.i, 
18'_'4-;{0,  ii.  505;  trouliles  wiiii, 
1824,  ii.  510-18;  liberality  of,  n. 
5.J2;  protest  against  land  grant  , 
ii.  500;  list  of  ileatlis,  1.S21  ;,i),  u. 
0.55;  refuse  alle^'iance,  1,V_'5  ."{0;  ii;. 
10  19.  S7-'.>;  tlight  of  li.poU  a:i.l 
Altimira,  1S2S,  iii.  9.'!  4;  at  Si.i 
lues.   IV_'l-40,  ii.  .5S1;  iii.  0<J1. 

Friedlaiider,  ,].,  vii.  i>f^'>. 

Frishie,  .Icihii  |J.,  vii.  ,582,  585. 

Frolding,  J.,  mention  of,  vii.  49. 

Frontier,  plots  on,  I8.'>7,  iii.  515   Hi. 

Fruit-growing,  devilopment  of,  vii.  If; 
advantages  lor,  etc..  vii.  .'{8-9;  iii>t. 
of,  vii.  ;{9-4l;  ajiples,  vii.  4i)  I; 
peai-lies,  vii.  41;  pears,  vii.  41; 
apricots,  vii.  41;  prunes,  vii.  41,  74ii; 
citrus  fruits,  vii.  42;  tigs,  vii.  42  :i; 
almonds  anil  nuts,  vii.  41!;  ollvc.^, 
vii.  4.'{;  strawberries,  vii.  4."!;  \i;i- 
Ut 


at  I'urissiniia,   1780  9,  i.  425;   1791- 


culture,  vii.  43-50,  744;  rai.sins 
745  0. 


180.»,  i.  (i75:   1801-10, 


12:1;  1811-    !• 


riiitpacking, 


vii.  80.  742  (i. 


2(».  ii.  :i(iO,  580;  at  S.    Dieyo,   1784-     Frj  ,    J.    !>.,    postal   agent,    18.1 
1840,    i.    4,").5,    0.')4  5;    ii.    107,    :U,5, 


•  1; 


019; 


at 


1770   1840,  i.  4.58,  057;  ii.  110,  348; 


"11;   bioi;.  of,  vii.  (iSl. 
Cap.,     Fiieros,  with   Fages' expedt.,    1781, 


:it>l> 


iii.    025;    at   .S.    tiabriel,    i.    459;   ii.     Fiilweiler,  John,  vii.  ('mI. 


II. {14,    :{.i 


;)0, 


iii.    041;    at    S.     Furniture,  manufact.  of,  vii. 


90. 


Huenaventura,    1771    1840,    i.     40(»,     Fur  tr.ide,  plans  for,  i.  4:!9  41;  ski 


ti74;  ii.  ;{0l),  578;  iii.  0.58;  in  Mont. 


L-ted,    441,     fadi: 


.1.    442 


•  list,    1771    80, 


409;   1791-1800,   i. 


085  0,   088-9;  at  S.    F.,   1771-1840, 


contrabailil    trade,    |S0;{,    ii.    12 
O'Cain's    expedt.,    I.St4,     ii.     15 


i.  473  4,  712,  722;  ii.  131,  .375,  595;        Wiiishij.s  expedt.,  ii   39  40;  K 
iii.    713;    arrivals 
1791    1800,       i. 


I   deiiartures 


L-h 


C|M 


I't: 


1810   11.     li.     .S2:     ottr 


rges 


huntiii''.  1810   II,  ii.  93  0,  494,  f.4.S; 


ag-iinst,   i.  589-94;  at  Sta  Barbara, 
U72-3;    ii.    121,    :{04, 


■atct 


1  of,    ISll,   ii.   95;  ilecn  as 


ii.   420;   of   L.    Argu.ll 


II. 


•t. 
:;0  2; 


1791    I S40,  i. 

570;    iii.   ().50;    troubles    <if,    1802  .3,  '      statistics,  ii.  033  5;   Ar^ncllo  s  ( - 

ii.  0  7;    S.    I.uis  Key,   ii.    lOS,   340;         tnict,    ii.    t>45:    fonper's    contracts. 


iii.  021   2; 


S.    F 


ernando,  ii.    115-lti,  182^-6,   iii.    119  20;  iin]iortance 


il, 


357;    iii.  045;    at   Sta  Clara,    1801-         1831   .5.  iii.   374;  arrangement  with 
40;    ii.    137,    377,   000;    iii.    720;   at        II.  li.  Co.,  iv.  21.3. 

S.  .lose 


1.3" 


72.3-4;  at  S.  L. 


Obis])o.  ii.  148,  384,  018;  iii.  O'lO-I; 
atS.  .Miguel,  ii.  149,  384,  020;  iii. 
083;  at  S.  Ant(Uiio,  ii.  151,  385. 
021;    at    Soledad,   ii.    1.52,   385;    iii. 


'(iiceta  de  Mexico,"  i.  .39. 


OS,S;  at  S.  .luaii  Haiitista,  ii.  1.53,  380,     (iallagher,  .M. 


it  ••f. 


242  3. 


023;   til.  091;  at  Sta  C 
ii.  1.54,  .387,  025;  iii.  0113; 


1801-40,     (iallatm,  Alliert,  vii.  1>7. 


remissness 


<ial 


vez,    vicerov,    o 


HI 


actions  III 


Cd. 


of.  ii.  Itil;  ordi'i-s  to,  ii.  Ui5;  loy-  atfairs,  17? 
alty  of,  181(;  17.  ii.  219;  at  S.  death,  448. 
Hifael.    1817  20,   ii.   330;    at  miss..     f;alvez.   .)o-e 


I7.M   .5.     i.     .399  404,     419; 


.1. 


itidi 


(  .d. 


1811-20,   ii.    375:    1840-8,    v.    019, 


uUairs,    1709-64,  i.    113  2.5,    128  .!ii 


INDEX. 


781 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  ulso  the  Pioncrr  liciji.tirr.  vols.  II  to  V. 
l.")4,  15,'),  l.-)S.  1(J7,  171,  ITS,  liH),  1!)'.>.    (;ir(l,  R.,  hiog.,  vii.  2:^. 


•-••.'5,  'SM,   -Ml,    SKS,  331),  3.1 
421-'-',  474,  4So,  071. 


37.1,    «!lii 
(.It 


lufact.  of.  vii.  '.19. 
W.,  'lli.st.  Catli.  Church,' i. 


iuinhling,     Iif(;ii»eil.     I8.")0,     vi.     (507 
prevalence  of,  \  ii. 
(ian-iul,  A.,  vii.  .5S."). 


43  4, 


ni 


(Jlover,  U  ni,  school  com.,  vii.  7I(>-17. 
(Jloves,  niiinufact.,  etc.,  of,  vii.  1*2. 


Garcia,    I'ol    A.,    app't'tl    gov.    Cal.,    (Uuc,  factories,  vii.  !)2. 

IS2'J,  iii.  54,  ISI,  IS2.  ( Joat  islan<l,  K.  11.  terminus,  vii.  (i02. 

(iarcia,    Comlo    1).,  of   <^al.  junta   in    (toat.s,  herding,  etc.,  of,  vii.  (!()-l. 
Mex.,     1S25  7,     iii.     3;    in    colony    (Joiloy,  canset!   Malaspina's  imprison- 
schenie,     iii.    2(53;    report   on    Cal.         nient  in  S[)ain,   I7!I5,  i.  402. 
affairs,  ISI.".,  iv.  .")25  (i.  (JoM  .liscovere.l,    1820,  ii.   417;   1842, 

(larijo,    A.  1'..  gn.inlian  in  Mex.,  offl         iv.  2!M;-7;    j84S,  vi.  32  41;   elleet  of 

(liseov.,  1848  »,  vi.  110  25,  vii. 
102-7;  extent  of  rej^ion,  1S48-K,  vi. 
351. 


;,;,  ii.  SO,  l(i5,    107,  3'.)S, 


acts,  18,)'.» 

(>57. 
Oarlaiiil,  \V.  I).,  liiog.,  vii.  185  0. 
tiarratt,   W.  T.,   hiog.,  etc.,  vii.   97, 

748. 
<;arrison,  C.  K.,  mayor  of  S.  K.,vi.  7(Jl5. 
(iarrison,  Wni  K,,  vii.  (JiiS. 
<!as,  natural,  vii,  (jt»2. 
(iasol,  Juan,  uuanlian,  otH  acts,  1801- 

22,  ii.  3,  41   2,  ltJ5,  (557. 
(iause,  A.,  vii.  (ilO. 
(lavil,  II  peak,  Fieinont at,  184(j,vii.  18. 
(ieary.   J.  \V.,   pres.   of  council,   etc., 

184!»  50,   vi.  212  18;  l.ioj,'.,  vi.  213; 

jjost-naster,  etc.,  at  S.  F.,  vi.  280    : 

1;   chairman  first  demoer.   conven- ' 

tion,    1849,   vi.  3(»4;   eau.liilate   for' 


<!ol(l  Blutr,  excitement  of,  1850-1,  vi. 

3(54. 
(lohl  Hill  Mining  Co.,  vii.  (558. 
'Cold  Hind,'  Drake's  ship,  i.  81. 
'dold  Regions  of  California,'  vi.  118. 
'(iohiviiin,"  shi[),  ii.  (i4'2,  (i44,  (549. 
(Jonuira,  'Hist.  Coronado, 'i.   108. 
(Jonu'z,  (P.),  pres.   Dom.,  1791,  i.  484. 
(Jomez.,     \'.,     the     ranoehe     (Jrande 

claim,  vi.  5(51. 
(!o:i/alez,   lient-gov.  L.  Cal.,    1709,   i. 

172. 
'(Jood     Hopt\'    ship,    ordered    eonfi.s- 

cated,  ii.  284. 


gov.,   1849,   vi.   305;   camlidatc  for    (Joodall,  ('ai>t.  C.,  hecpiest  of,  vii.  721. 


U.  S.  senate,  1849,  vi.  311 
fienoa,  stage  line  to,   18.57,  vii.  ,541. 
Geographical     tiMo,     places    het.     S. 

Diei,'o  and  S.  F.,  i.  14'2~0. 
(Jeology,  vii.  (i3«i. 
(icorgc,    H.,    the   land   question,    vi. 

5S0;  liioi,'.,  etc.,  of.  vii.  417. 
'(ieiige  Henry,' ship,  iv.  395. 


niemluT   of    legist. , 
lull    introd.    by,   vi. 


(;  r,r,-.''.,ivn,  a  mining   centre,    1849,1      •-'09,211. 


;  Ciordoii,    M.    \\' 
I      1854,   vi.    08' 
I      084. 

(Jordon,  W.,  mention  of,  vi.  17. 
(lorham,  (J.    C.,  candidate    for  gov., 

vii.  .3'_'3;  liiog.,  vii.  323. 
(Jorraez,    .lose,     of     junta    in    .Mex., 
iScrras  suggestions  submitted  to,  i. 


vi.  ;i.")4;  mention  of,  vi.  482. 
i"ern;.i:i  ,  Ki'gene,  biog.  of,  vii.  188. 
fl<'i.">;  iS,,  niention  of,  vii.  4.54. 
(it  y.'<'.r-.  loeat'on,  etc.,  of,  vii.  (5(54. 
G!iir!(dell).  D.,  biog   of,  vii.  101. 
C'bs'    ■,    r)i>   r'ermasler  at    Ft    Point, 

li(»i,  ,  ..  4(54  5. 
(lila  river,  Anza's  cxped.  at,  i. 

2(50. 
(;ill)ert,   E.,  mention  of,  vi.  279 

toeoiistit.  convention,  1S49,  vi 

nominee  for  congress,  1849,  vi. 


0(57; 


Gould  fi  Curry  Mining  eo.,  vii. 
stocks  of,  vii.  (571. 

(Jovernment,  mil.  reglaniento,  i.  317- 
19,  .333  8;  reform.s,  i.  318;  condi- 
tion, 1791-18(H),  i.  (537  8;  ri^'ht  of 
represeii.  in  Spain,  ii.  I'.Mt;  civil  ancl 
erim.  cases,  ii.  191;  authority  of 
ruler,  ii.  (575. 

(Jower,  1.  T.,  vii.  641. 

(ioya,    R.    M.    de,    supplies    for   Cal., 
177(5  8.5,  i.  03O. 
504;    Graham,  .Maj.  .1.  D.,  of  court  at  Fre- 
mont trial,  v.  45(5. 


—  I , 

del. 
28(5; 


represent,  in  cong.,  vi.  .'WO. 
(iillespie,  Lt  A.   H.,  meets  Fremont,    (jrrahani,  Major  L.  1'.,  ui 

184(5,  V.  21.  I      1848  9,  vii.  44(5,  448. 

Gilliam.  A.  M.,  consul  at  .S.  P.,  1844,    Graham  affair,  1840-'-',  iv. 

iv.  •?,5().  (Jrain  sujiply,  idans 

Cilroy,  .1..  mention  of,  vi.  0. 
(;■  :oy,  town,  meutiua  of,  vi.  525, 


south,  dist, 

1  41. 
(Jrain  sujiply,  iilans  tor,  i.  310-12. 
Grangers'  IJaiiK   of  California,  organ- 
ized, 1874,  vii.  GO. 


I  i 


ii! 


III!' 


lit 


m 


INI'KV 


toi    iMlill  MUliltMt    I'.ttU'lH  tllltM    |i|i*lliU^I 


tititi    tllt^     .'(.•>*. 


<I>||I,    \lllll      IM.i    V 


OlftDgoIx'      ItlUitioaa     Aoantiitlloil,     m       Uiil  li>i  I  •>!,   ••(   jIMllit  lit   Mi>k  ,   I     '.'lltl 


.1,     l^.'.^, 


Nil      Il>^,     (III     iiliolit      Uli*iii',ll, 


tlxlla,    >'(>>  ,    X  II     ti.^ 


I>l 


Ujlll     ill' 


k|i»il  ,    llVl.i 


♦  il.llll,    vloil'pl 


li,    \  II    lillN 


I iiiciiiiiii,    .1      M  ,    ^iiiiiiliitii    till    I  III 

Itllia  .    I  Mil,    II     llil'; 


(tl<«|i«s    ^^oii    iiUk     \  IIIi<iiI|iii>  V    «cttli<     tiiuiiiili,    NiiliK  ill',   III  Mlliitliiii,  i>«|ii..l 


tll>a    l>l,    III      lil    tl    >  titlll  llllllll,    t'll> 

III,  \  II    I  I  II 


I    li    > 
Km  III.  W     M  ,  iiii'iilioii 


•-'.It,  .1. 1 


UlHaa  \   ill.  \,   HoM  oio  l.'ilii.l  ill,    iM.Mt,  In 


iiliilll. 


•iiii>iiiii>ii,     Iriiti. 


\  I.   Xm\, 


i|iiiiil«   mil 


mill    .«!.   M     liilli  VNtl    ;.  '.MH    •-'.    •.'\lll    ;UH»,    ll.    N 


:\    iiiiiiiii^    >  i>  l>l,    l^iiO  ii4,    «i    l\M 

till!     ol.    \i     iiO  •-' 
Uv<»>.  titio  ,   ^  II     (^.''N 
Uirtv,  OiM.    I>:      Ml    i>liH 
Ui.t\ ,  N  ,  Im,i4  ,  VII.  V>ll 


liii,   IMII,    M     illl,    iIkii  ll  liii,    ll. 


ail  I 

•  I. 


II  .>\  ,    Ik  '\ 


I'     V 


VII, 


.11. 


Ui..tV  .inn,    li>»ii,   liiiiiilloii  i>l,  VI    Ml 
Uuxit     Nill      LiUk,     .Ik.Ii.Ii.iIi     .^lllltll^ 


Ulll'lilliK      Mllll     I'lllli. 


iNMi.  \i  ;uv  a,  riiiiii 


l>»ll<     :»l, 

\M)I.  m  1 

IJu'l'li-V  ,     11    ,  > 

IM.S,    M      I  111 
(>lt>t>ll,    .Si  l|ltll>l  , 


I.-*; 


iMiiiiii  .lilt  .1 1*11  t  ll 


i'\  <ii , 


K  ,  .11    M. 


Ill    ^:..lil  I 

iiiii^;,   V  It  li.ll> 

>ti  ki,  m  aii^ 

Ml      taint. I.      IM.S, 


\  I    »•» 


♦  il.ill,     I      .1    .    M'"     >'l    lliillll^l,    I.VIll.    VI 
Hni'lllliiW  ,    ll|.|l>MV     I'l    Oirm'll,     II     lli^, 

n.^,  i.i.>.  ■-•)»>».  .Mn> 

(>lt'i<il»  |..>><l,   It  iiiiititii;   It 


t  l-n  III  I  nll^i    . 

Ivni  I,   1 1    nAH  II,    ImII   iiitiK.I    li^, 

I.S.t.',     «  I      i'l,-.',     I  IkiH  111,111     III     .IMII  , 

i.>t,ii  .1,  \i  irjii  ;iii.  Ilia  t,  i.iiiii ImIi... 
»ii< ,  III,  « I  iiai  n,  iia.i  n,  •!.  n. 
It'll. Iki,  Inii  iiii.  M  iiiti  ,:iii,  |i..ii,  I 
..I  V I  lua  .li  VII  iti'<  HI,  iiiK  I 

illlfaltnll,  \l  dill'  Si  '  .MiMlliMI  n,  tl 
lllll'     N,     a|iiM'i  It,      |i||l  ,      III,      I.S.MI,     III 

v'.^s  till,  ii..,iiii.iv  ««i.  \  ll  viii"!,  ",:i 
1,  i;   It  ImII  I.I.  1.^1.1,  Ml  iv.'i  ll. 

I  >\  |>alllll,    V  II     11(1','. 


H 


iui>tiii.i.i.>,  iiiiiii.t  III.  I   aa.^,  Ill  till. 


tili.v    I.Mtl    VI 


11. 


» ll  ll,  I 


1,^.1    I,   III.  lltl. Ml  t'l,  V  t    4.S'.' 


Ii.ii 

I  ,|l|     IMNI,   I     II  II 


.mil 


»  ..|  l.n    ..I. 


(;rt 

(iio>; 


M' 


.1 


['-  .1  ,  I- 


,  ..I,  \  t  .^(»l 

.1.   V  II     lf>S 


ll.tl.lllhtt  I.MI,    ^•IIIM.ll,     lllll.  l<    I.I,      I'tll 

•.ll.  II    4 .'I    •-' 


(innit'll,  Si'ititliir,   iiit'iitu.ii  i>l,  \i    liMi      ll.iniT,  .1     .S  .  l'     .S     tiiiiiiil.li,  \  II     .'lllll 


(ililUlli,  (i  ,  \  II    lilil 


I. ill;  ,  VII    .'l(i(i   V  ,  liii'iillnli  iif.  \  II    lil'l 


t;tli;tl<V    Mt' 

IV     t^'i'.S   ."'I, 

til  iilt.i, 


iiii.v    t.iC.il  ,   I.M.i.     IIukIiI.    U      M   ,  H..\    .    I.Sli,',   Ml    ;i'.*  I   1. 


.i.liiiiiii->i  III.  K 11  aii.'i,  iiii 


tiii'iiii'.i 


It  It xi-i 


ll.     Unit'.    I      (' 


K  .   Ml 


m  ll.tlnr. 


l.^ill 


1,     VI       ll'l'i 


I. Si.'.  VI    '.'(.O 
1 .......    K    W    . 

1>S0.    \  ll      l|i,S 


ii'.Mi 


.1.1  It    III 


•I" 


It.    Ill 


.1     W 


nil. Ill  i.iii  III,  V  II 


ll.ili\    t''.|».ii.l    I''.  ,   II.IIIII1  III    Cut  ,  I.  liii; 


iiii.i.l.tlti)it>  lli.l.ili;.!,  lu'.tlv   III.  V.   .'".HI  liilv    iiiiiii.ll    Viiii'i   .   I    .S.S 


.  I    •-Vi'.' 


II. ll.'.   .I.ltll.'n   I''.  ,    VII     iN.ili. 


t!ii.t\>t<.<.  lii.ls,   \  ivllt'iii't  li>,lil  Willi,  i\      llilf,  ,1     I',  I'liiH  ,  VII.  711, 


■  I ;   I iti.it  V    «  till,  IV . 


Ilil.i.^   N. 


VII    li.l 


Ciuicrt,  IV  1.^.  till  (i>  iniiiiit  fiMi'.ti    II til,  •III. I  .s.tii  .I.I.I.',  I   11,  ."ir.*,  a:i'.i, 

tltut,  l.S4iV  VI   '.'.S.N',   i-lii(ii'iii.iii  tit  iiuii  l.'.l 


i(n>s,   LVMI,  VI    ai^ 


II  ill.  ;tii.'i ii.'v.  iitiiiiiiiiii  III,  VI.  ava. 


l!iullt.<>.   I'I'I     ll    I'O.  tlt'i«t>   Willi,  I.S.ili,     Mill.    .\     I   ,    luiij;     nl,  VII.   I.SIl. 


(il-.l 


:i 

.U-it.  V.    l>  ,  tl 


lI'lU'V    tit     lUlllli' 


lllll.   .\    U    ,  \i 
Cil  ,     lllll.  (•    \    .  ll 


iS'.l. 


VII  7a.^. 


I     IHl 


lllll.    K,^     .1     ( 


I    ,    VII.     l< 


'■». 


lilltU  t 


.». 


'SO,     jir.it'tt 


r.i.ltir     Itir     Cil      ll.tll,  \.  U.m.   I^aii,  i\ .   III. 


n-.i«*,,  ISih*   10.  II    Ilil!, 

tiUlllK'tVI,    lllll      ll'lln',    IV  , 


llllllik.      II  W      .     lll'l         It!     •'••IINlil. 


V  I'lltllHI. 


I  >  I'.l. 


tll.lllllltl'    I. 


(Jill 


a. 


If.  .>\i>t'vi  t>i'.  i;.M).  1. 4'.H»      III.'  r 


V I    v.S.i;  ran 
•II  .   ISIll.  VI     ai  I;   Ml.  I 


liiilh.    1  U'lit    S.    1...   I't    Mi'iiiitiii   kit  .         nil  M.'\.  m-.tntt,    l.S»<»    vi    fi.'tii   7; 


V.  477.  4Sa 


Uil. 


St. Ill',    ISI'l.   vii.    MS. 


I'll.  "I 


IJuni.vt.i, 


U 


It     \lt'\      llift.        sit.it.'   niiliti.i.   I.*i|ll   ."»,  VII.   ■Ki.S,    17 


imititiv  itt;;tiii.4t,  IS:!-!  ."<.  ui.  '.Vi. 


llu-lltltUI   el,  V  II.  (>,)(>. 


INIiliV 


,t^^ 


I' Ml    llltxl  ttl'll  lull    I  Mill  I  Mil  IIM    liliilll  l.lfl, 


illxi  I  In:   I'liilm  I    111  ill'li 


,\o     II   •■.   V. 


M»llu>,  <'i'iil     ^loi    tli.iil.    ill    Al .1,1  I  It.iill.    M     /I  ,  VII    01/ 


nil  ,  I     /U( 

ll.illi.lii.,   A    M,  iiiiiiiliiiii  lit,  VII    till 
ll.iliiKiii     Mm  *l     r  ,   VII     i\  I 

ll'iiiiii ,  <     h  ,  liiii{i   III,  VII  <i:it 


II  III. ill. 


iiiii  .1  ,  iiii.iiiiiiii   i.i.   \ ii 


Vhl,     lllll,     lllnllll.   I'.l     llllllllll,    VII      -(ll'l 

II. 11111111111,   vllhifji.,  iiHiill il,    VI     I'MI 

IIiIMIIIIiiIkI,     K      i'    ,   IIIiIIi  .  IiiI    lif  I  llollillli., 

iN.i.'i,  VI  <i/;i  -i,  iiiiiiiii.iii  lit,  vii  riMil, 
ii:i:i 


ll.i.il. ill,  h    <    ,  m    t,n:'. 

Il.l.l.l  II,     I  I       II     ,     Ml       .'.iXI 


ll.l.lll 


I. 


inn  ii,    IV     iKi'.i  ;»•.', 


.111(1111/ 


I.I  <  „i 
'  I'.iiii 


•>, 


(' 


i.iiil  .1    'iiii.lu,     IV      !l'Ji)  '.I,   III.. nil'. II 


.1,    VI      IMj    .1.  j      I. 

Hull,  itiii),  VI  '.'.'5(1,  ■-'.»•,'  :i  -.".(I  •» 


•  illnlll      I  .III  VI. II 


llilnl 


lllfyn 


t 


i  |.  .  I1..I1     I  I.     ,  ..t     IM.VI 


VII     ■.'•.'(»,    I.I.,,;     1.1,    »  II    V.'-l,    .  II..  I  i> 


II 

II. 


ri.i 


\Villi.( 


ill. 


'ii( 


I .  iiiiiii:    \  II    <U)l 


|iiv     1 1 


HHlUt)J»      all. 


Ilillllin,    II. Ill  )     <i    .    VII     III  1 

lliii.ic/lliv,     A  ,     \  I'll,  nil  ,     vii       11   !l,  ,  llii  w.iiMii    l.il.iii.ln,    I  III  .  I    ..I    till-  {/..M 


II. 


Ill'.l, 


'111:   I  mil     nil    l(     |( 


VII    1)111,    uiM.  i.r,    VII    V'.'O 
llal.li,   A     T  ,   1,...^  ,   V.I    Vi.'). 


Il.< 

ll.ivil.il, 


II  r 


ill. I'^.V.f,  vi    VM  H 

HI.  VI   filh.  I.  in 


III. 
11.11 1 


\  Il    I  1: 


iiiipi 


iiiji.  II  '.i;! 


Pt|! 


.'I      I. 


II. II. Ill:,     Mil).. I.    Ill    ;.     lllll    I'l,     I'Vl/,    VII 

I..' 
Ill|.l>.      I        M 
II. 

II. 
II 


I     h 


•  Il 

will 


I 'ill,       V 

IV.'  ;i 


III, 


II  ,  |.i.  t..  (.  1.1 


iiiiiii.i.i >  «. 


il.    liM'l. 


.Ilillihi.)l..l|.  1  , 


HI    •-•I'.l 


A     I.     I' 


HI     V'O 


l(.  V     ."i     H  ,    iiii.uii.iii.ii  V,  VII 


11.11. .    Iln.r.  .ml    II. 


111^  .Mil,     IIIHI 


I.I       l.t. 


I|.ll..,l,         I  ••/.!.,        ■.  I 
l.|.,|/,   ,    VI     It'.l'.l 

llll^^|.  y,    Willi. ini,    vii     .■.•')'. 

Iliiyi  n.  It  ,  I. lllll. .,y  III,  I  I  i , 
{/llllll,  li.il.it,  I  l).ili,  >  Ijiiii.1i 
l.iii.  liiiM    l(i:i  ii.ii.li.i'i,  IV    li.i.i 

ILiyifl,  K    M  ,  VII    IKI/. 


I>'.l-1: 


ii    t..i 


V       1,1      I 


III 


W      It  ,  .In  I.   ..I 


Ihli.'l,  VII    .'till 


II. 
II 


1 1  iii|il..ii 


I! 


II  I  In,    liillliI ,    V  II 


.|...i.|.l, 

II;  ill 


ll.i 


.I..I111,  lilii|y    lit,   VII    liH-l 


.1       <      ,     tllirlllt,       lH..tl,      VI 


mil  V.  y. 
Ill  y  iii.ilii  I , 


I'l.iU,   VI    I,,  I 


K  ,  VII.  tilV. 


I  y  III. Ill 


I,  r  ,  I. 


il. 


Vl'.l, 


1.1. Ill    III,     VII      lllll 


llill.l.  I.  IIW.ll.li  .1  1.1,   l.'vl  I 


\l     i-JH 


ll.tllln,   l>     Il  , 
ll'irln,    ,S     It 
rm.ii,      I  I.r.! 


I    t,hl 

i.iy.ir    III    f"' 111 
VI       iH'S;      lii.iu 


II. 


/iw  a. 


Iv    II 


VII      ('.'/ 


Il.ill,     .Mian,    ni  liiiiil    ill   .'~tai    ,     IM.'il),    vti 

ii; 

Il.ill,  A     I.  ,  iill. lllll  y  K'"  ,    1'^'^'',  VII 

urn 
Il.ill,  \V    II     II  ,  iiiii.ii.i  V  (-"  11  ,  li'ii, 


Itltyilllll,    111. I      1,1  llli:,    IV       'M/l 

ll.iywiii.l,   Alviii/.i,  vii    III.')  -t 
jl.iyw.ii'l,  Willi.iiii,  VII    tih4. 


II.. 


.1  I 


mill,   VII. 


ii4 1 


ll.i/.il.l,    II       I    ,   111..;/.   1,1,   vii    ?.'/.» 


■II. 
II.. 


11.1  I .   nlilli,   II     I  I 


VV     I' 


III   l|. 1^1. nil/.   I 


)/,  III!  nil. Ill 


il.  \t\ 


.',l»>i. 


III. lllll     III     lllllll:l!l,     Vll       "I'lW     I,     .|l;alll 


I. ill-,  VII.  701. 
Ill  III  .1,  .lii'lp;!-,  il 


•  :.'ll".lllll    III,    Vll 


III 


.1.     I 


<     ,     l!l|llll.l||' 


|h»l, 


V.Vi 
AM 


lii'iK  ,  Vll.  i»>il . 
lliiHll;,  lull  III,    Ihhri,   Ml    i-Ji    n. 


Vll     l.'lli    111..;/  ,   \il.    4:1.1 
lluili,    lllll,   \v..ilin   i.f.   Vll    7-'l. 

Il.ilil<>.    II      II  ,    .1.  I'll  III,    l^i'i.'i,  VII.     lliiiMi,  Il  ,  liiiiK  ,  Vll     ,:,\. 

'MM.  jlliliii  w  'IiiimIi,  vii.  TV'.I. 

Il.iilliy,    Sir    lliiiiy,   i|n:iil/.    null  nl,  ;  llilinvvn,  nin'ii^liitii  of,  vii    "i^lf't. 

VII   li.lH  I  II.  I. IX,  A.  A.,  VI.  ;il7. 
ll.illuill,   \V  ,    iiili  r|iirl.r   111   iiiiinlll.     lliiiil /.liin.in,     .Miy.i     ^.     I',,    itl    Nan 

iiiiivi-iiliiili,    IMI'.I,   VI     '.".Ml  i       |li.>;ii,    Ihl'.l,   Vll,    U>1 


lliillniill,    llllllllll.    I.ir    ii.li;.'!.     IhliM,    \  II, 

x\\. 

Jllirlnnll,  ItHMMIllllyillllll,    |l|lilll    llf,    vii, 

:toi. 

Il.irlHiiii,  < '.,  Vll    riNil. 
Iliirl^li'iii,     I. Kill    II,    .1,,    ill    WiIKih' 
exjiiij  ,  IV.  "Jl. 


'  l|.  I.  ii;i,'  >-lii|i,  11.  l.4h 

III  iiiji,  llllllllll  iiitri)<lin  III,  1.  717;  '••III- 
tiiri)  ill  I,,  Aii^'ii<-»,  Il  '■<^>;  «"*  •■  •■"• 
1:1111  t;i^.iln<-li I  I'l,  II  I7*>;  |/f'.;/i« mi 
lii;i.l<-,  IWI'.i  1,  11  I7>>'  ►lii|i(niiit  , 
IHIKI  Ml,  11,  I7'.»  VI,  Ikilun:  1,1,  11. 
I       Ihl. 


784 


INDEX. 


For  iuforiiiuti::n  concerning  i>ioneiTs,  so 

llemp'stcrKl,    (,'.,    supcriii't    of    mint, 

18;.'>,  vi.  711. 
Hl'Iiii).-(Umi1,  C.  H.,  mention  of,  vi.  CS7. 
Hon<iei's(iM,  J.  W .,  vii.  (J17. 
llenilric'Ivs,     W.    (J.,    seer,     of    state, 

1SS7,  vii.  4:i4. 
Henley,  IJarelaj-,  vi.  G74. 
Henley,  T.   H.,  candidate  for  U.   S. 

senate,  ISl'J,  vi.  311. 
Henley,  T.  J.,  poatmaster-gen.,  1853, 

vi.  074;  l)iog.,  vi.   074;  snperin't  of 

Ind.  atFairs,  lSo7,  vi.  711;  vii.  490; 

measures,  etc.,  of,  vii.  490-2. 
Hciiritjne.i,  l>avi<l,  vii.  068. 
Henshaw,  11.  \V.,  '  Notes  on  Cabrillos' 

voyage,'  i.  (J9. 
Herbert,    P.    T.,    congressman,    etc., 

18.")4,  vi.  cm. 
'  Hcruiosa   Mexicana,'   sliip,    ii.    215, 

282. 
Herinosillo,    captured    hj-     Raousset, 

1852,  vi.  588. 
Herold,    \.,  l)iog.,  434. 
'  Heros,'  I'r.   sliip,  ii.  (J50;  iii.  12S-.30. 
Heros,  biog.  of,  vii.  7;>7. 
Herrer;.,    acc't   of  Cabrillos'   voy.,    i. 

(ill  et  .s>(). 
Herrera,   I'res.,  reception  of  Michel- 

toreiia,  iv.   513;  reeeives  t"al.  vote, 

184.5,  iv.   5;!5;   app'ts    I'lco  gov.   of 

Cal.,  V.  40-1. 
Hester,  Judge, decision,  etc.,vi.  323-4. 
Heydenteldt,  Jiulge  S.,  election,  etc., 

of,  18.52,  vii.   220-1;  ineniber  stock 

board,  vii.  0(58. 
Hicks,  fortune  made  by,  vi.  192. 
Hides,  trade  in,    egulations,  1821-30, 

ii.  008-9;  annual  shipment,  iii.  041; 

business  in,  vii.  91. 
Hicster,  A.  C,  vii.  074, 
Higby,   W.,  congressman,    1803,  vii. 

;W4. 
Higgins,     Wm     L.,    member     stock 

l)oard,  vii.  008. 
Higuera,  N.,  vi.  i9. 
Hi  jar  and  I'adre's  colony,  hist,  of,  iii. 

259  81. 
Hijosa,   Francisco,  supplies  for  Cal., 

179.5-1800,  i.  0.10-1. 
Hill,    Kcv.,   churcli  at  Nevada  City, 

vii.  729. 
Hill,   I).   T.,  of  Bartlesou   party,  iv. 

209. 
Hill's  ferry,  mention  of,  vi.  514. 
Hillegass,  Kugenie,  vii.  720. 
Hillegass,  Wni,  vii.  720. 
Hillyer,  Lieut-col  E.  \V.,  vii.  409. 
Hinckley,  W.,  at  Verba  Bueua,  1830, 

vi.  104. 


e  also  the  Pioneer  Jieyister,  vols.  II  u,  V. 

Hinnian,  ],.  A.,  vii.  590. 

ilinton,   'Hand   book  of  Arizona,"  i. 

259. 
Ilitclicock,  l)r,  mention  of,  vii.  720. 
Hitchcock,   (Jen.    E.    A.,    vi.    5'.)4  ."i; 

coniniand.s  Tuc.  divi.-iion,   1851,  vii. 

453-00;   relieveil,    1854,  vii.   402;  in 

command,  1851,  vii.  471-2. 
Hittell,  J.   S.,  ivorks  of,  i.  10,  44,  <X), 

158,    18(),    190,    (!44:    views  oii    the 

land  (jticstioU;  vi.  579-80, 
H(»bl>s,  C.  (S.,  biog.  of,  vii.  101. 
Hodge,  Ira,  vii.  021. 
Hotl'man,  Judge,  0.,  election,  etc.,  of, 

vii.     2.'>S;    decision    4)f,     1859,    vii 

242-3. 
lloge,  J.  P.,  chairman  of  eonstit.  cun- 

vontion,    1878,   vii.   375;    biog.,   vii. 

.375. 
Hoitt,  I.  fl.,  sup't  of  public  instruct., 

1887,  vii.  434;  biog.,  vii.  4:U  .5. 
Holbrook,  C,  bifig.,  vii.  7.54. 
llol.len,    E.   S.,  the  S.  1\   Ii.   P.   con- 
vention, 1859,  vii.  54.'!;  mention  of, 

vii.  557,  ."88. 
Holiyonii,  Ind.  tribe,  iv.  .303. 
llollister's   'Life  of  Cdfax,' vii.   ,"70. 
llollister,  mention  of,  vi.  51' 1. 
Holmes,   A.,  mention  of,   vii.  719  -0. 
Holmes,  E.  H.,  vii.  720. 
Holmes,  H.  T.,  biog.  of,  vii.  0."5,  740. 
Hondiu'.s,  m.ip  of,  i.  88  et  sei[. 
Honey,  pro<hict,  etc.,  vii.  (!_'. 
Honolulu,    .Stitter  at,   iv.   120;   Pran- 

nan's  colony  at,  v.  549. 
Hooilluni,  origin  of  n-nne,  vii.  708. 
Hope,  T.  F.,  biog.,  vii.  747. 
Hopkins,  «'.  T.,  vii.  009. 
Hopkin.s,  E.  W.,  vii.  5".)9. 
Hopkins,   M.,  K.  P.  atiains,  vii.  .544, 

549;  biog.,  etc.,  vii.  53.3,  54(1;  men- 
tion of,  vii.  599,  012;  deatli  ol,  vii. 

018;  residence  of,  vii.  024. 
Hopkins,   R.  C,   the   land  question, 

vi.  580. 
Hopkins,  T.,  treas.  S.  P.  P.  P.,  etc., 

vii.  632-3. 
Hopland,  vdlage,  mention  of,  vi.  509. 
Hoppe,  C  D.,  mention  of,  vi.  18. 
Hops,  cultivation  of,  vii.  3.5-0. 
Horn,  B.  C,  vii.  587. 
Horner,    J.    M.,  at   San  Jo.se,    184S, 

vi.  9. 
Horses,    Spanish,    vii.    57;   breeding, 

etc.,  of,  vii.  57-8. 
Horticulture,  vii.  47-.50. 
Hortoii,  A.  E.,  biog.,  etc.,  vi.  480;  viL 

745-0. 
Hose,  niauufact.  of,  viu  92. 


INDEX. 


785 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  sec  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Hydraulic  mininij,  vii. 

(lut-iition,  vii.  t)4G-8. 

Hyuian,  P.  C,  vii.  CG8 


Houglitoii,  J.  F.,  surveyor-gen.,  18C3,  '  Uytlraulic  minini^,  vii.  C45-'J;  debris 

vu.  :i04. 
Houston,   A.   H.,  R.  R.  contract  of, 

18d'J,  vii.  5:{7. 
HouMton,   J.  S.,  comptroller,  vi.  314. 
Howard,  Bryant,  biog.  of,  vii.  184. 
Howanl,  (ieo.  H.,  vii.  GIO. 
Howiird,    Gen.   O.    O.,   iu  command,    Ibarra,  M.  G.  de,  Cal.  junta  in  Mex., 

ltt%,  vii.  472.  1S-J5-7; 

Howard,  V.  E.,  biog.,  etc.,  vii.  374-5.         iii.  109, 
Howard,   \V.   D.   M.,  mention  of,  vi.  '  Icaza,    laidro,    Cal 

279.  i      1825-7,  iii.  3. 


iii.  3;  report  on  Cal.  nnss., 
junta    in    Mex., 


Howard,  W.  O.  H.,  lieut,  vii. 
Howard  M.   E.  church  at  S. 


454. 
F.,  vii. 

490. 


Howhmd  flat,  mention  of,  vi, 
'Huascar, '  sliip,  iii.  128. 
Hul»l)s,  P.  K.,  biog.,  vi.  CoC-7;  quar- 
rel of,  1852,  vi.  Gti9;  revises  sehool- 

law,  vii.  718-19. 
Hudspeth,  J.,  mention  of,  vi.  20. 
Hudson,     W.,    at    Mormon     island, 

1848,  vi.  48-9. 
Hu.l;i()n,  W.  K.,  vii.  582. 
Hudson  Bay  Co.,  first  entry  of,  1828- 

30,    iii.     100-2;    trappers    in    Cal., 

1832-5,    iii.     392-3;    1840,    iv.    81; 

permanent  establishment,  1841,  iii. 

190,    211-18;     suicide    of    Rae,    iv. 

593;  estab.  abandoned,  iv.  594. 
Huenenie,    port,   mention  of,  vi.  523. 
Huiliic,  Iml.  tribe,  ii.  500. 
Humboldt  bay,   climate  of,  vi.  23-4. 
Humboldt    bay    region,    map   of,    vi. 

501. 
Humlioldt  county,  mining  in,  vi.  305- 

0,  370;  hist,  of,  vi.  503-4;  creation, 

etc.,  of,  1853,  vii.  441. 
Humbug  City,  see  North  Bloomfield. 
Huinplirey,     I.,     Bennett's     meeting 

with,  1848,  vi.44;  at  Coloma,  1848, 

vi.  C7-9. 
Hunt,  Col  T.  F.,  at  Fremont  trial,  v. 

4.")G. 
Hunt,  T.  D.,  chaplain  at  S.  F.,  1848, 

vii.  727. 
Hunter,  D.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
Hunter,  M.   C,  vii.  596. 
Huntington,    C.    P.,   biog.,   etc.,  vii. 

53;i,   545-G;    vice-pres't  Cent.    Pac. 

R.  R.  18G1,  vii.  544;  R.  R.  atlairsof, 

vii.  544,  549,  505-74,  001-24,  G32-  3. 
Huntington,  W.  V.,  vii.  G33. 
Hurd,  C.,  biog.,  vii.  741. 
Hiirtailo   do    Mendoza,   exped.   1532, 

i.  5. 
Huymcri,  Iiid.  tribe,  ii.  50C. 
Hyd.',  (jt.,  alcalde  of  Sau  Francisco, 

1S48,  vi.  0. 

Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  VII.    00 


,  Ice,  consumption,  etc.,  of,  vii.  8C. 
;  Ide,  \V.  B.,  worlis  of,  i.  42;  in  Jj'ono- 
!      ma  revolt,    v.   115-19;   raneho  of, 
I      1848,  vi.  17. 

i  lUinoistown,  mention  of,  vi.  483. 
,  '  Ilmen,'  ship,  ii.  210,  274,  293,  307-8. 
373. 

Immigrants  (see  also  'Pioneers');  from 
Mex.,  1775,  i.  258-00. 

Immigration,  partius  arriving,  182G- 
30,  iii.  170-80;  1831-5,  iii.  385-413; 
183G-40,  iv.  117-21:  KS4I,  iv.  2G.3- 
80;  1842,  iv.  341-3;  1843,  iv.  389- 
400;  1844,  iv.  434-48;  B.irtleson 
party,  1841,  iv.  207-70;  Workman's 
party,  iv.  270-8;  parties  arriving, 
1845,  iv.  571-88;  migration  after 
goUldisccv.,  vii.  G87, 090-7;  Chinese, 
vii.  090-7;  society  to  promote,  vii. 
697;  routes,  vii.  697;  foreign,  vii. 
699-702;  arrivals  and  departures, 
vii.  703. 

Imports,  articles  imported,  1849-56, 
vii.  112-14;  cereals,  1853-5,  vii.  113; 
meats,  vii.  113;  effeet  of  civil  war 
on,  vii.  115;  of  tlio  railroad,  vii.  1 15; 
of  mining,  vii.  115;  volume,  etc., 
18.>7-80,  vii.  115-10;  in  1884,  vii. 
442. 

'Inca,'  ship,  iii.  118. 

Ingeraoll,  bibliog.  of,  ii.  031. 

Ingersoll,  J.  R.,  the  Phil.  R.  R.  con- 
vention,  18.")0,  vii.  513. 

Ingersoll,  T.  J.,  biog.,  vi.  6.")8. 

Ingle,  .'^.  W.,  district  attorney,  1853, 
vi.  074. 

Independent  party,  policy,  etc.,  of, 
1851,  vi.  G52-5;  principles,  etc.,  of, 
vii.  305;  defeat  of,  1S75,  vii.  307. 

'Independence,'  ship,  v.  428. 

Indians,  reception  of  Calirillo,  i.  70-1; 
reception  of  Drake,  i.  83;  reception 
of  exped.,  17ti9,  i.  127;  habits  of,  i. 
147;  cemeteries,  i.  US;  reception  of 
Fages'  exped.,  i.  185;  conilitinn  of, 
i.  202;  iv.  52-3,  19.")-7;  vii.  474-5: 
Yumaa  entertain  Anzii,  i.  222;  re- 


7SG 


INDEX, 


Vor  information  conrcrninR  jiionocrs,  see  also  the  IHonrrr  lieyi.t'^^r,  vols.  II  to  V. 


ccption  of  Heceta  and  I{o(lt'j,'a,  i. 
*24l';  Yiunas  assist  An/a's  party,  i. 
201)  1;  ptinisiiniunt,  1771),  i.  'iij5; 
flight  of,  at  S.  V.  1770,  i.  '-'Dl;  con- 
version, i.  'JDG;  ritu  of  conlirniation, 
i.  3'JI,  3'JS;  neopliylc  population, 
17S)D,  i.  'Mil;  Vancouver's  acc't  of, 
i.  ;VJ7;  neopliyte  desertions,  i.  584; 
alcaldes  and  regidores  for,  i.  505; 
treatment  of,  i.  5'.K)-3;  ii.  1G3-4, 
4|j  10;  vii.  470-9;  epidemic  at  Sta 
IJarliara,  ii.  '2;  epidemic  among, 
1801,  ii.  120;  land  concession  to 
RusM.,  ii.  207;  friars' report  on,  IS15, 
ii.  327;  liaptisnis  and  deaths,  1811- 
20,  ii.  31)4;");  Colorado  trii)es.  1821, 
ii.  442;  trilies  punishing  converts, 
ii.  50(i;  aft'airs  at  S.  Dicgo,  182(),  ii. 
54!);  partial  emancipation,  iii.  231; 
population  in  1840,  iii.  (iOit;  policy 
of  (Jen.  V^allejo,  iii.  723;  iv.  70-2; 
sctth'rs'  relations  with,  iv.  137-8, 
22S;  Walla  Wallas  at  iSutter's  fort, 
IS-tO,  V.  300-2;  co.  of,  at  Sutter's 
fort,  1840,  V.  35!);  missions,  vii. 
47r)-();  agents,  vii.  482-5;  reserva- 
tions, vii.  483-4,  4S!)-y4. 
Indian  liustilities  (raids,  retaliation, 
etc.).  raiils,  attack  at  S.  Diego,  1701), 
i.  13S;  1775,  i.  24!)  55;  hostility  at 
S.  F.,  i.  2!t5;  liurn  S.  Luis  Ohispo 
miss.,  i.  2t)S-l);  attack  Olivera's 
force,  171)0,  i.  405;  liostilitv  of, 
17!)4-<),  i.  547-S);  hostility  iit  S. 
Juan  Bautista,  i.  558-!);  revolt  at 
S.  Luis  Ohispo,  i.  0!)0;  hostilities  of, 
1804-0,  ii.  34-5;  attack  at  San  Jose 
miss.,  1805,  ii.  138;  murder  Padre 
Quintana,  ii.  388;  revolt  of,  1824, 
ii.  527-8;  massacre  of  gentiles,  iii. 
323-4;  hostilities  of,  1831-5,  iii.  358- 
02;  depredations  in  S.  Diego  dist, 
1830-!),  iii.  014-15;  depredations  liy. 
1830-40,  iv.  f.7-73;  hostility,  1842, 
iv.  338;  attack  Fremont's  cam[i, 
1840,  v.  25;  hostilities,  1840-8.  v. 
500  0;  massacre  at  Pauma,  v.  507; 
raids,  1850- S),  vii.  482  5;  other 
troubles  with,  1777,  i.  314-10;  in 
S.  F.  dist,  i.  708-12;  1781,  i.  351; 
17!)5,  i.  052-3;  troubles  at  vS.  (Ja- 
briei,  1811,  ii.  323-4;  1845,  iv.  543- 
5;    horse  thieving   by,   1843-4,  iv 


Sanchcii'  expcd.,  ii.  335;  e.xiied., 
1820-30,  iii.  10!)  14;  Sutter's cxi)(il., 
V.  104,  008;  Mormon  bat.,  expcd., 
V.  48!). 

Industrial  .school,  state,  vii.  722. 

Industries  at  Koss,  1821-30,  ii.  039. 

Iniestra,  gen.,  raises  force  in  ,Mcx. 
for  Cal.,  iii.  534;  proiiosed  expeil., 

1844,  iv.  404,  528-9;  death  of,  v. 
33. 

luqui.sition,  Lasucn   commissary   for, 

1.  579;  actions  in  Cal.,  1811  20,  ii. 
412. 

'Institute  of  Mechanic  Arts,'  at  S.  F., 

vii.  721. 
Insurance,  1852-81,  vii.  159-GO. 
Inyo  county,  creation,  etc.,  of,   18(50, 

vii.  442;  mines  of,  vii.  051. 
Iowa  Hill,  nuning  camp,  vi.  3,V),  4S3. 
Irish    colonv,    McXamara's    scheme, 

1845,  v.  215-23. 

Iron,  manufact.  of,  vii.  94;  ore,  vii. 
058. 

Iron  works,  vii.  94. 

Irrigation,  works  erected  at  S.  Diego. 
1810,  ii.  100;  ailvantages  of,  vii, 
8-9;  progress  of,  vii.  !)-ll;  riparian 
riglits,  vii.  11-14;  legisl.  concern- 
ing, vii.  42S-.30,  742. 

Irwin,  (Jov.  I.,  biog.  of,  vii.  3(>7. 

'Lsaac  Todd,' Eng.  ship,  ii.  204,  271- 

2,  3S2. 

'Isabella,'  ship,  ii.  93-5;  i\.  251;  v. 

511,514. 
Isbel,  Dr  J.  C,  mention  of,  vi.  12. 
Ischislekof,    gov.    of   Sitka,    182S,  ii. 

(i50-l. 
Iturbide.  actions  in  Cal.  affairs,  1821- 
•      3,  ii.  430,  450,  4.50,  48.3-5,  (il4,  042. 
'Iturbide,   S.    M.,  Imestra's   proposed 

exped.,  iv.  528. 
Iturrigaray,  viceroy,  names  Sta  lues 

miss.,  ii.  28. 


J. 


Jackass  gulch,  mining  camp,  vi.  374. 
.lacks,  David,  biog.,  etc.,  vii.  721. 
Jackson,  .1.  P.,  vii.  525. 
Jackson,  JohiiO.,  treas.  S.    P.  &  Ne- 
vada U.  U.,  1859,  vii.  557. 
Jackson,  S.,  biog,  vii.  07. 


301,  409;  expeditions  against,  Fagos' ,  Jackson,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  512, 

cxpecl.,   178.3,  i.  479-80;   Amador's  I  Jacumeno,  Ind.  tril)e,  iv.  338. 

exped.,    1797,  i.  710;  Moraga's  ex-    James,  II.  15.,  S.  F.  sup't  of  schools, 

pjd.,  1810  ami  1819,  ii.  91,  .3:{G-7;  I      vii.  720. 

expel.,  1804,  ii.  132;  exped.,  1812-1  James,  J.  C.,  biog.,  vi.  0S2. 

14,  ii.  324-5;  exped.,  1819,   ii.  254;  ',  James,  J.  (i.,  biog.,  vii.  07. 


INDEX. 


787 


P' 


For  informatidTi  rniirortilii.i;  iiidiiccrs,  s< 

Janiul  nuK'lio,  Iiid.  outrages  at,  1S;{7, 
iv.  08.  I 

Jaiiiostown,  nieiitioti  of,  vi.  "il").  i 

Jaiisseus,  A.,  'N'ida  y  Avoiituras,'  vi.  1 
99.  i 

Jarrt'tt,  If.  (".,  vii.  iV.ti?. 

Juauit^,  expulsion  of,  1707,  i.  'i'2, 
113. 

Jesuit  oolU'gc  of  .St  l;,'natius,  vii.  7--. 

Ju<us,  J.,  i-arecr  of,  vi.  7.">  t»,  iniiuTa 
furiii:<ii('(l  l)y,  1S4S,  vi.  70.  | 

Jewelry,  uiaiilaet.  ot,  vii.  97. 

Jimenez,  exited.,  \')Xi,  i.  .")-(i;  discov's  \ 

peninsula,  i.  (!4. 
'.lolin  J}e-j,r,'  ship,  ii.  47.'),  47S,  49:5.       ' 

Johns,  I,ieut-col  \V.  M.,  mention  of, 
vii.  4ti9.  I 

Johnson,  miner,  vii.  C."tO.  ! 

Johnson.  J.  A.,  congn.'ssnian,  1S08, 
vii.  'Ml;  hiou'.,  vii.  3151,  ;5(>7;  lieut- 
gov.,  1S7."),  vii.  .S()7.  I 

Johnson,   J.  N.,   mention  of,  vi.   (590;  I 
gov.,  18.")."),   vi.   ()9.");  liiog.,   vi.   Olio; 
admin.,  vi.  7t)0,  717- IS. 

Johnson,  11.,  the  New  Almadcn  suit, 
vi.  r).")8. 

Johnson,  W.,  mention  of,  vi.  Ifi. 

Jolinston,  (Jen.  A.  .S.,  superseded, 
1801,  vii.  '2S'2;  resignation  of,  1801, 
vii.  407;  in  eonunand,  1801,  vii.  472. 

Johnston,  (i.  1'.,  duel  with  Ferguson, 
1S,")8,  vi.  099,  7'J9. 

Jones,  K.,  assignee  for  Adams  &  Co., 
vii.  177. 

Jones,  J.  M.,  del.  to  const,  conven- 
tion, etc.,  1849,  vi.  287. 

Jones,  ,lolin  1'.,  senator,  mention  of, 
vii.  019;  stock  transactions  of,   vii.  I 
674.  I 

Jones,  N.,  mention  of,  vi.  10. 

Jones,  Com.  T.  C,  actions  in  capture 
of    -Monterey,    1S42,     iv.     298:529; 
mention  of,  vi.  0");  arrival  in  Cal.,  ' 
1848,  vi.  204,  2()0;  with  King's  ex-  | 
ped.,  1849,  vi.  281.  i 

Jones,  M.  (I.,  biog.  vii.  7.">:5.  | 

Joni!s,  \V.,  l)iog.  of,  vii.  :124;  mention 
of,  vii.  409.  ' 

Jones,  \V.  ('.,  lawyer  in  S.  F.  land 
case,  iii.  7(l8;  claimant  for  S.  F. 
potrero,  iv.  67:5;  defends  Fremont 
at  trial,  v.  4')6;  claimant  for  Cal.  | 
ranelios,  v.  019;  rept  on  Mex. 
grants.  18j0,  vi.  't'Mi  ";  reply  to 
Blaelis  rept,  ISOO,  vi.  072  :5."  i 

Jordan,  A.,  colony  project,  1792-4,  i. 
50:5-4,  002.  1 

Jordan  colony,  attempt  to  found, 
1794,  i.  503.  1 


•e  al.so  tlic  Pioneer  Register,  vol.«.  II  to  V. 

Journals,  i.  42,  r>9;  first  issued,  1846, 
v.  291-3;  *Morm"n  Prophet."  v. 
545,  057;  'Honolulu  Frienil."  54'.i; 
'California  Star,'  v.  .">52,  058;  vi. 
54-00,  111.  '201;  tirst  in  ."<.  F..  1817, 
V.  057  9;  'Californian,'  v.  059;  vi, 
54,  00;  'Star  arnl  Californian,' vi. 
209;  'AlU  Cal.,' v.  O.V.t;  vi.  '.'77  8, 
•280,  280,  682:  'Tulare  Tost,'  vii. 
'289;  'Democratic  IVes.s,'  vii.  312; 
'(.)ccidental,'  vii.  312;  'Monitoi,' 
vii.  312;  'Franeo-Anierieaine. '  vii. 
312;  'Kcho  du  I'acitique,' vii.  312; 
'News  Letter,'  vii.  ;5I2;  •  I'la.  er 
Times,' vi.  400;  'Sacramento  Tran- 
script,' vi.  460;  '.S-ttlers  ;iiul 
Miners'  Tribune,'  vi.  4t>it;  'Saem- 
mento  Index,' vi.  4t!it;  '  Sacraintiilo 
Union,'  vi.  400;  vii.  611;  *.'<acr.i- 
iiiento  Record,'  vi.  4(50;  'Di-nio- 
cratic  State  .lounial,' vi.  4('><(:  '  .'^o- 
nora  Herald,'  vi.  470;  '  Union 
Democrat,' vi.  47(t;  'The  Journal.' 
vi.  471;  'Alameda  I'o-t.'  vi.  47!'; 
'Alameda  Knciiial,' vi.  479:  '  .'^.  F. 
Chronicle,'  vii.  4(H),  Oil;  -Vilhio 
Recorder,'  vii.  583;  '.'Stockton  In- 
dependent,' vii.  .")97;  'S.  V.  Hulh'- 
tin,'vii.  598,  Oil:  'S.  F.  Call.'vii. 
611;  'Cal.  Mining  .Fournal,' vii.  044; 
'Mining  and  Seierititie  I'ress,"  vii. 
644;   'S.  F.  Stock  Report."  vii.  674. 

'  Joven  (iuipuzcoana, '  ship,  iv.  12,  I."), 
35,  37,  95,  312,  3:52,  340. 

Juan  de  Fuca  strait,  explored.  I7'.i'.', 
i.  506. 

Juan  Rodrigucs  islaiul,  Cabrillo  dies 
at,  i.  77. 

'  Juanita '  ship,  v.  .32. 

Juarez,  C,  mention  of,  vi.  19. 

.Judali,  Col  H.  M.,  mention  of,  vii.  409. 

Judaii,  T.  D.,  R.  R.  survey  by,  I8.V), 
vii.  5:58;  the  .S.  F.  R.  R.  eonveiition, 
1859,  vii.  54:5-4;  chief  engin.  (_'.  I'. 
R.  R.,  1861,  vii.  544;  bill,  etc.,  of, 
vii.  548-^9. 

Jn<liciarv,  admin,  of  justice,  ii.  424 
5,  iur,  iii.  189-93;  vii.  2-2-:5;i; 
crimes,  (578-9;  districts  e.-tabld, 
etc.,  1850,  vi.  3i6-17;  Mex.  land 
titles,  1851,  vi.  .")4:i-70:  mission 
lands,  vi.  502-5;  pueblo  lands,  vi. 
565-70;  descript.  of,  vii.  2i:0-.")0; 
the  constit.  of  1849,  vii.  '222; 
amendments  to  constit.,  18(52.  vii. 
'2:53-ti;  the  new  constit.,  187'.'.  vii. 
378-82;  jiroposcil  chaiiL'es  in,  1886, 
vii.  430-1;  members,  1889,  vii.  735- 


788 


INDKX. 


For  Infonnatiun  conccniliit;  iilonuers,  sen  uIsd  tlie  Piuncrr  /J((//,.7<  c,  vhIj".  II  to  V. 


•Julia,' ship,  v.  399. 

'Julia  Aiia,'8hii>,  iv.  210. 

Juliiiu,  town,  vii.  ti4I. 

Julian    Discovery,    quartz   mine,    vii. 

(>4I. 
Julien,  N.,  biog.,  vii.  37. 
'Junius,'  sliip,  iii.  '24. 
'Juno,'  Eng.  man-of-war,  v.  217. 
'Juno,'    Anier.    ship,    voy.    to    Cal., 

180(i,  ii.  (i(>-7. 
Junta,  in  Mox.  or  Cal.,  18'J5,  iii.  2-G. 
Junta    departamuutal.       8ue    Diputa- 

cion. 
Juries,    the   new  conatit.,    1879,  vii. 

378. 


K 


'  Kadiak, '  Iluss.  ship,  ii.  80. 
Kallouh,    I.  S.,  mayoralty,    etc.,    of, 

vii.  41-2,  420,  091. 
Kane,  M.,  appraiser,  1857,  vi.  711. 
Kane.    Y.   L.,  aids  Mormona,  v.  471; 

'The  Moruiona,'  v.  47(). 
'Karimoko, '  sliip,  smuggling  adven- 
ture, iii.   13:{-.'>. 
Kate  Hayes,  mine,  vii.  038. 
Kavanaugh,    Kishop,   arrest,  etc.,   of, 

I8(U,  vii.  309. 
Kearny,  (Jen.,  march  from  New  Mex., 

1840,    v.    3;i4--9;    controversy    with 

Stockton    and    Fremont,    1847,    v. 

411 -()S;   designs,    etc.,   of,    KS47,  vi. 

2r)9  61;    land    policy    of,    1S47,    vi. 

5(>8. 
Kearney,     D.,    career,     etc.,    of,    vii. 

35462. 
Kearsargo,  mines,  vii.  051. 
Kulley's    'Memoir  on  Or.   and  Cal.,' 

iii.  409-11;   iv.  147. 
Kellogg,  Lieut,  at  Ft  Point,  1861,  vii. 

464. 
Kellngif,  Col  J.,  mention  of,  vii.  4G9. 
Kello>{i;,    Hewston  &    Co.,   Adams   & 

(/o. 's  failure,  vii.  176. 
Kelly,  Diiiiel,  vii.  617. 
Kelsey,  party  to  Cal.,  1844,  iv.  344-5. 
Kel.sey,  digging*  op»;aed  by,  1848,  vi. 

74. 
Kolsey,  a  mining  centre,  1849,  vi.  .353, 
Keinl>le,    R.   C,  editor  of  'California 

Star,'  1848,  vi.  55;  remarks  of,  vi. 

55,  57,  59-01;  journey,  etc.,  of,  vi. 

55;  hioir.,  vi.  60. 
Koriclall.  Amos,  aids  Mormons,  v.  471. 
Keulield,    I).,  state    controller,   1880, 

vii.  408. 
Kennedy,   J.    P.,  nominee  for  lieut- 

gov.,  1859,  vi.  7*23. 


attorney-gen., 
I).,  at  S.   Fe, 


1849, 
1849. 


'  Kent,'  ship,  iii.  710. 

Kern  county,  hist,  of,  vi.  51S;  er.    tiuii, 

etc.,  of,  1806,  vii.   442;  lirst  4iiart/, 

mill  in,  vii.  639. 
Kern  river,  Fremont's  i)arty  at,  181(i, 

v.  6;   mining  on,    1854-5,   vi.  37", 

392-3. 
Kesslcr,  J.  F.,  &  Co.,  mention  of,  vii. 

664. 
Kcwen,  E.  J.  C. 

vi.  314. 
Keyes,   Capt.   E. 

vii.  448. 
Koyser,  S. ,  mcnti(m  of,  vi.  10. 
'Kiakldita,'  ship.  ii.  640,  648.50. 
King's  river,  named,  ii.  45;  expeil.  at, 

1806.   ii.   .55;  Iiid.   expiMl.   to,    1S.'!9, 

iv.  75;  Fremont's  party  at,  1846,  v. 

6. 
King,  Clarence,  geologist,  vii.  644. 
King,    T.    B.,    mention    of,    vi.    279; 

tour  of,  lvS49,  vi.  'JSl;  report  of,  vi. 

'281-2;    hiog.,   etc.,  vi.   283;    caii.li- 

date  for  U.  S.  senate,  1849,  vi.  311- 

12. 
King,   Rev.  T.   S.,  lectures,  etc.,  of, 

vii.  '287;  church  at  S.  F.,  vii.  7*29- 

30. 
King,  Golden  Chariot  mine,  vii.  641. 
King  of  William,  J.,  nuirder  of,  IS.")(i, 

vi.    746-7;    banking    operations   of, 

vii.  160-1. 
Kingsburv,    Major  J.  J.   B.,  mention 

of,  vii.  448. 
Kinkcad,  John  H.,  vii.  586. 
Kino,    labors    of,    i.    21-2;    sees   Cal. 

from  (Jila   junction,    1()99,   i.  67  8; 

map,  '222;  etl'orts  to  establish  miss., 

i.  353. 
Kind)all,    address   at    Mormon    bat., 

remon.,  v.  475. 
Kip,  Lieut,  at  Ft  Foint,  vii.  464-5. 
Kip,  VV.  I.,  mention  of,  vii.  7'.'8-30. 
Klamath  c(mnty,   mining  in,  vi.  .'it>5; 

creation  of,  1851,   vi.  503;  hist,   of, 

vi.  505. 
Klamath  lake,   Fremont  on,   1846,  v. 

'24. 
Klamath  reservation,  mention  of,  vii. 

490. 
Klamath  river,  mining  on,  vi.  365. 
Knight's  Ferry,  tradnig  post  e-stabl'd 

at,    1848,    vi.    76;    mention   of,   vi. 

514. 
Knight's  Landing,  mention  of,  vi.  499. 
Knight,    H.  L.,   career,  etc.,  of,  vii. 

:i5(>-(«). 
Kniglit,   W.,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi.  17; 

mentiou  of,  vi.  76. 


INDKX. 


7S9 


For  liifonnatlon  conrcruln^  i>Iiiiiocrs,  kc 

Kiiowiiotliiiig  party,  organization  of, 

vi.  (51)1;  jiroceudiiigi,  cto.,  of,  1854, 

vi.  (Jl»l-701. 
Kiiutsoii,  Ivor,  vii.  017. 
Koliler,    C,    iiientioii    of,    vii.    4S-0; 

l)iog.  of,  vii.  101. 
Krehs,  C  T.,  asst  seer.  S.  1'.  11. 11.,  vii. 

0H3. 
Krcincr,    ncncdict,    Kus.s.    prochiiiia- 

tion,  1810,  ii.  l.".l(). 
KrU8uii!iturii,  voy.  of  1S0.'{-G,  ii.  (U-,", 

r>8. 

•Kutusof,'   Bhip,     ii.    'JIC,    283,    441, 
6i'2. 


La  Brca,  controverHjr  over,  ii.  171. 
Ladriingo,  town,  iiifiitioii  of,  vi.  514. 
La  Jaboituria,  IStocktoii'a  forces  at,  v. 

3'.»0. 
I^  I'az,    Cal.    expod.    leaves,  i.    iL'O; 

eaptureil  by  Walker,  18.").'},  vi.  ri'.U!. 
La    I'uento   ranclio,    protest    against 

grant,  1842,  iv.  HSl. 
La  ruri.siina,  events  at,  1791-1800,  i. 

Glii-ti;  condition  of,   1844,  iv.  421; 

sale  of,  1845,  iv.  553. 
La  Hue,  H.  M  ,  Itiog.  of,  vii.  741. 
La  Zanja.     See  S.  Rafael  rancho. 
Lalior  (pu'stioii,  gentiles  or  neophytes, 

ii.  174-5. 
Lalior  agitations,  1877-8,  vii.  348-02, 

08  7 -y. 

Lacatint,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  500.  | 

Laild  &  Co.,  memorial  in  Honolulu, 
1S3G,  iv.  141.  I 

'Ladoga,'  siiip,  iii.  410,  044-.'>.  I 

'Lady  Ulackwood,' slii|),  ii.  478.  ' 

'Lady  Wa.sliingtoii,'  ship,  otf  Cal. 
coast,  1788,  i.  44.')-0.  | 

Lafayette,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  5'J7.  i 

Laguna  Seca,  treaty  of,  1844,  iv.  4(i".l. 

Lake,  Judge  1).,  biog.,  vii.  2.'W.  | 

Lake  county,  hist,  of,  vi.  500-10; 
creation,  etc.,  of,  180),  vii.  44'J. 

Lake  Merced,  named,  i.  247. 

LakeTaiioe  K.  U.,  vii.  .Wl. 

Lakeinan,  J.  M.,  vii.  500. 

Lakei>ort,  mention  of,  vi.  509. 

Lanccy,  work  of,  i.  42. 

Lanclia  I'lana,  town,  mention  of,  vi. 
51.3. 

Land,  distribution,  1781,  i.  340-8; 
1801-10,  ii.  170-3;  Argiiello's  sur- 
vey, 347;  tenure  of,  eiirly  hist.,  i. 
007;  grants.  1704-8,  010-13;  list  of 
grants,  1705- 1 8(H),  i.  ()01-3;  decree 
of    Spanish    curtes,    1813,    ii.    414; 


c  also  tlie  Viimrrr  UrijiMrr,  vols.  II  to  V. 

grants  by  I'ico,  ISjti,  v.  270;  Icgi.sl. 
action,  etc.,  concerning,  l8."0,  vi. 
320-8;  Bi(uatter  troubles,  vi.  328- 
35;  mission,  vi.  5li2-5;  [tueblo,  vi. 
505-70;  titles  to,  vi.  5'.;9-8l,  755-00; 
vii.  227-3,3,  091;  private  cUinis,  vi. 
0.">4-5;  (Jwin's  bdl,  vi.  034-5;  act 
of  congress,  1851,  vi.  ()35;  conini's- 
sion  appointed,  vi.  ()3(i;  api)ro|iria- 
tions  tor  surveys,  etc.,  of,  Is.'il  4, 
vi.  030;  homestead  act,  1802,  vi. 
030;  preemption  rights  granted, 
1853,  vi.  030;  seliool  and  eollego 
grants,  vi.  0.39-41;  taxation  of,  vii. 
383  4;  disposal  of.  vii.  393-4. 

Lander,  E.,  the  S.  F.  It.  K.  conven- 
tion, 18.59,  vii.  543. 

Landman,  (.'apt.,  mention  of,  vii.  400. 

Lane,  Senator,  policy  of.  vii.  275. 

Lane,  Ft,  estal>lished,  1853,  vii.  4i;2. 

Langlois,  Anthony,  organizes  St 
Francis  church,  vii.  72(5. 

Lankershim,  .1.  H.,  biog.  of,  vii.  37. 

Lansing,  C.  L.,  sec.  S.  1'.  U.  11.,  vii. 
032. 

Laplace,  'Campagne  do  Circumnavi- 
gation,' iv.  153. 

La<|uisimes  river,  tight  with  Inds,  iii. 
I!2  1.3. 

Larkin,  \\.,  biog.,  etc.,  vii.  375. 

Larkin,  T.  ().,  doc.  for  lii-t.  of  ('  1., 
i.  40-50;  capture  of,  1840,  v.  3  i»  .' ; 
the  gold  fever,  1848,  vi.  70;  mem- 
ber of  legisl.  council,  1847,  vi.  2-0; 
del.  to  constit.  eonvenlion,  etc., 
1849,  vi.  '285-0;  biog.,  '285  ti. 

L<'irned,  Major  C.  II.,  at  Ft  Steila- 
coom,  18,52,  vii.  401. 

Las  Animas  ranclio,  ii.  594. 

Las  Klores,  Ind.  pueblo  establi.slied, 
iii.  339;  campaign  of  18.38,  iii.  55^>- 
01;  treaty  of,  502  3. 

Las  I'ozas,  proiiosed  site  for  mis.j.,  i. 
552. 

Las  I'ulgas  rancho.  ii.  592. 

Las  Verjeles,  capture  of  Larkin  at, 
184(),  V.  304. 

Las  V'irgenes  rainho.  ii.  Ill,  ."54. 

La.seaiio,  Kstevan,  siiulieo  t  S.  Hlas, 
180(i-7,  ii.  100. 

Tjassen,  P.,  mention  of,  v..  lo,  4'.)3. 

Ija.ssen  county,  hist.  of.  vi.  4'.K)-4; 
organized,  etc.,  18ti4,  vii.  442. 

Latham,  M.  S..  nominee  for  eongres.s, 
18.52,  vi.  071;  nominee  for  gov., 
18.59,  vi.  723;  biog.  of,  vii.  25!; 
senator.  1800,  vii.  253  4;  jiolH-y, 
etc.,  of.  vii.  2.5,5,  200-1,  274;  .suc- 
ceeded Ijy  Sargent,  1803,  vii.  301-2; 


I 


790 


INDEX. 


]"<ir  liiformutlon  <'c.iii'c'riilM«  )iiiiiii'iT.>,,  m'c  iiIho  Ilio  I'ionrrr  llnjiMcr,  vol,' 


V. 


Bpcec'h  of,  vii.  .'"i47;  li.  U.  .tU'.ura  of, 


vu.  58;i  ;"). 


L.ithrop,  II.  li.,  vii.  fiS?. 


iUL;lil)i)r<>u 


;ii,  .1..  tin- St  ], 


It.  11 


colivolltinli,    I.SllI,  Vii.    r)0'.l;   jKiliilili- 

lit  of,  vii.  r.ii  i:{. 

'  L:iu.-i:imie,'Hlii[i,  iv. !»(),  1*_»(),  llJCi,  171. 
1,  i\v,  iUlu).;.itu,  iiioiitioii  of,  vii.  ."i47. 


J, 


iwroiu'i',  \V.  II.,  liioir.  of.  vii.  7.M>. 


I.awion,  Fninkliii,  ori>,'iiiator  of  stock 

<'xcli;m>;(',  vii.  Ot)7-S. 
I.riwton,  Will  W.,  vii.  (i<i8, 
Iji'.itlior,  niaiiiif.u't.  of,  vii.  91-2. 
Loavi'iiwortli,  ali'al<h',   projcot.s  Long 

Wharf,  1S4'.>,  vi.  I»(i. 
i'('i)iii)itoiiiti'^<,  ])arty,  inoiitinii  of,  vi. 


I 


"IS 


/ ;  policy  ot,  VII,  •/i>4-i>. 


Ix'P,  (iijit.   .1.  F.,   jutlgo  ailv.  at  Kri-- 

inont  trial,  v.  4.">t>. 
liio,  .Maj.  II.  15.,  com.  for  laud  rlaims, 

V.  4(i.'). 
I.e.-,  Lieut   S.    ]'. 


Wilk. 


iv.  i>41. 


itpeii 


JjiM',  T.  !{.,  ailjutant  of  militia,  KS,">0, 
vi.  .'{in. 

liCi'M",  .1.  P.,  mention  of.  vi.  20;  at 
Ycil)a  liiioiia,  ls;{(>,  vi.  1 114. 

l.i'Lj'i.slativo  cuniicil,  appointed  by 
Stockton,  v.  4;{:?. 

I.(';;isl.ituru  (sec  also  l)iputacion),  es- 
talilislmient  of.  IS'-'U,  li.  401;  elec- 
tions fur.  ii.  4(')'J;  .session,  lS'j;j,  ii. 
4S(;:  1,S-J4,  ii.  hVl AA;  ISlM,  iii.  7-S; 
isnt  no,   vi.    .ms-.iti;    Ls,-):5  4,   vu. 


."•:;4  .");   l.S(iO-l,  vi 


!.jl   71t:  KSOl-'J, 


vii.  '.".Kt  4;  KS():{-4,  vii.  'J<.)5-;«)7, 
rM.')-7;  KSti")  ti,  vii.  :U<.I-L"_';  ISIm-S, 
vii.  :V.'7-!»;   1S()!l-7(),  vii.  'I'M,  \W.\-\); 


ISSO, 


40l»   13;  actions  of,  ISL'l^- 


.SO,  lii.  :i;}  8,   4'J-H;  actions  in  ller- 


ra  atl'a 


IS-.'- 


t,   111 


&1'M 


actions 


in  re  livestock,  iii.  Vll;  Victoria  re- 
fuses to  convene,  1831,  iii.  187-9; 
at  J..  Anj,'cles,  lS;il.»,  iii.  2I(>-'.'(»; 
l)ro<'ee(liiiirr(.  184!)-r)(),  vi.  .309  .SlJ; 
18.')1,  vi.  ti40-7;  IS.V2,  vi.  (m9,  Wm- 
70;  18,j3,  vi.  ()7.")-ti;  18.'.4  9,  vi. 
()S4-7'J7;  linaiu'ial  measures  of, 
18.">1  7,  vi.  (>04  -'Jl;  extrava!,'ance  of, 
vi.  01).'),  (i  14  •_'.");  laud  tenure,  18.Vi, 
18.'((i.  vi.  572;  nieiiihers  of,  vi.  ,309- 
10;  1S.")I,  vi.  (J44;  1S.V2,  vi.  ().")«-7; 
18.J.3,  vi.  ()74-."i;  18.")4,  vi.  (JSI  2: 
18.')."),  vi.  C9J-3;  18,")(),  vi.  (108-9; 
1857,  vi.  704-5;  18.58,  vi.  714-15; 
185it,  vi.  721-2;  the  .Sinitli  case,  etc., 
LSlJl,  vii.  212-14;  the  oonstit.  con- 
vent., 1881-7,  vii.  41G-.3(;;  1878,  vii. 
3C8-70;    the   constit.    of    1849,    vii. 


370   I;  of  1879,  vii.   37<)  rent 

i      acts  and  nieuilicrs,  vii.  7.34  5. 
Lcidesdorir,  Will   A.,   death   of,  IMS, 

vi.   102;  cliaracter,  vi.  193;  nienin.n 

of,  vii.  71(1. 
Leland    Stanford    jr   university,    vii. 

720-1. 
'Leii.i    Hyrd,'    ship,    trading,'    exped., 

1803,  ii.    10   14;   li;,'ht  at   S.    Itugo, 

13;  on  coast,   1804.  ii.  21. 
Lent,  Senator  W.  M.,  mention  of,  vi, 

(KSti. 
fjconard.  A.,  hiog.,  vii.  754. 
'J..'oiiidas,'  ship,    iii.    4,35,    4<i.),    4S1, 

580;   iv.  82. 
'Lionor,'  ship,   iii.    49,    142,   421;  iv. 

82. 
'  Levant,' U.  S.  sliip,  v.  I!»9,  224,  2.54. 
Lewis,   (..'ol    V,.    II.,    mention    of,   vii. 

470. 
Lewis,  .1.  K.  N.,  biog. ,  vi.  057. 
Lewis,  T.  H.,  vii.  004. 
Lewis,  W.  iJ.,  vii.  .537,  .581. 
'Lexington,'  sliip,  v.   420,   440,    514, 

519,  5S3. 
Lick.    .limes,    bequests   of,    vii.    093, 

720  3,  7.37. 
Light.  A.  S.,  vii.  041. 
Light-house.s,  18.50  (i,  vii.  '3S. 
Li;;naytoy,    Ind.    tribe,    •         v   with, 

18.30,  IV.  71. 
Liinantour,    frauduh^nt  if,   vi. 

501 ;  vii.  243-4. 
Linayto,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  .500. 
Lincoln,  President,  reelection  of,  310- 

11;  assassination  of,  vii.  311    13. 
Lindley,  Hervey,  biog.  of,  vii.   750. 
Liiigley,  G.   B.,   first  school  law,  vii. 

718. 
Linschoten,  'Itinerario,' i.  95. 
Liipiors,  manufa-  ..  of,  vii.  8(i. 
Literature  (see  aho  'Journals'),   vii. 

723  0. 
Little,  .J.  v.,  raising  Mormon  bat.,  v. 

471-3,478. 
Little,    Will  ('.,    signed    memorial   in 

Honolulu,   183(5,  IV.  141. 
Little  Fork,  mention  of,  vi.  480. 
Little  river,  first  name,  i.  212. 
Liverinorc,    K.,   rauclio  of,    1848,  vi. 

10. 
Livermoro,  mention  of,  vi.  .527. 
'Llama,' slii|i,  iv.  85,  00. 
Ll;iiio  de  Bucnavista  ranclio,  ii.  015. 
Llave,     minister,    on     opposition     of 

padres,  iii.  19. 
Tioaiis,  military,  1851-2,  vii.  450-7. 
Loiquiomi,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  500. 
Locke,  D.  J.,  biog.,  vii.  751. 


i\i>i;x. 


701 


F(ir  Information  conrcrnlnx  jilniucri",  »••<•  iil-o  il 


Lf>c;k('f(iril,  town,  inciitin:!  of,  vi.  ,">I.'l. 
LociKiiiui,  Iiid.  trilit',  II.  ,*i(Ni. 
Locoiiiotivc.t,    MMiiiitai't.  of,  vii.  '.("). 
Loci),  L.,  liiog.,  vii.  !>>». 


1 


joesor,  Lieut,  inentioii  of,  vi 


IK 


Lo^iiii,   11.   t'.,   iiieiiilior  utock  board, 

vii.  (5t)8. 
Lok,  III  III  of,  l.VSi',  i.  I(»s. 


liOlllll 


irilo,      iiiiiii.HtL'r, 


Mt 


Hi'liL'iiit',  iii.  L'ti.'t. 
>1 


ilony 


LoiiiiioL'  loloiiy,  iiiciitioii  of,  VI.  ^'22. 
Liiiii,',  iiiiiii'i-,  vii.  (ill. 
Long,    Lit'iit-col    S.    H.,   of   court  at 
FriMiKint  tiiiil,  V.  4J(>. 
ig    liar,    iiuniiii,'  on,    1S48,  vi.   72; 


mention 


'f, 


:c.'.»,  ;!t;i. 


Long  Hairs,  i>arty,  vii.  .'{17-19. 


.ongeiiiiur, 


J.  1>..   1.1 


vii.  747  8. 


'Loo  t'lioo,'  tran.«i)ort,  v.  511,  .")l.'{. 
Lori'ii/ana,    A.,    inia;.'e   for    miss.    S. 

Carlos,  1770,   i.    170;  eunlirms  Cal. 

liid.,  i.   IIC_». 
Loreto,  Rivera  H  com'd  at.  i.  115,  'MS- 

'J;  Cal.   land    exped.    leaves,    i.    I'J'.'; 

news  of  Cal.  oeeii|>atioii  ree'd  at,  i. 

1'_'4;  Kiviia  .starts  from.  i.  'JIS. 
'Loriot,'  .ship,   iii.   'JSS,  •JS'.I,  'Mto,  'Ml; 

iv.  >S5,   140. 
Loi    Angeles,    founded,    i.    ;U4  G;   list 

of  .settlers,  vii.   4:57;  i.  .'545,  4liO;  ii. 

;{4'J;  maps  r.f,    17M>,   i.   :{4!S  '.I;  map 

of  region,   ISOO,  i.  liOO;  map  of  dist, 

)8l>0  aO;    ii.    ;{.VJ;    eveiit.s  at,    17S0- 


90,  i.  4(i0  -2;  1701-1800, 


050  o:{. 


18)1  10,  ii.  IIO-KI;  1811-'_»0,  ii. 
340-5:5;  I8-.M-:U),  ii.  557-W;  1881- 
40,  iii.  0'_'0  40;  water  supply  at,  ii. 

"  emp 


y-J;    increase,    ISlO.    ii.    108;    h 


cultii 
4(il  : 

5.58 ; 


,    ii.     170  SO;   ayunt.   at,    ii. 
070;    foreign    residents,    ii. 


aetioiLS   < 


if 


ayunt. 


r.00   1; 


Uuliant-Cilly  at,  iii.  i:(0;  troubles 
at,  1S;{1,  iii.  105-7;  battle  near, 
18;fl,  iii.  '20:VS;  legislature  at, 
183;.',  iii.  210  -JO;  revolt  at,  ]S:f.->, 
iii.  281-0;  1845,  iv.  .540  1 ;  v.  :{07- 
II;  the  capital,    1S;5,    iii.   •202,410; 


184^ 


),    iv.    510;    coinniittec   of   v 


liii- 


lance,  iii.  417  10;  opposition  to  Al- 
varailo,  iii.  403:  Alvarado  enters 
city,  iii.  501;  seizure  of  by  Bandini, 
iii.  518;  Castillero  at,  iii.  521; 
Carrillo  assumes  otHee  at,  iii.  534; 
Castro  takej  possession,  iii.  550; 
Carrillos  arrestdl  at,  iii.  .505-0; 
plot  to  ass;issinatc  Alvarado.  iji 
508;  tumult  at,  1830,  iii.  .')88  0; 
smuggling  transactions  at,  iv.  05; 
gold  discovered,    1842,    iv.    200-7; 


I'iiiurrr  lii'iislir,  vols.  II  to  V. 

edueatio-.i  at,  IS14,  iv.  403;  tiinitiUs 
at,  lf<45  iv.  522  .3;  .liputaei(in  at, 
IS40,  v.  .30  41;  lliuiit  ot  C.i.stro  and 
I'ii'o,   v.  277;    Ntoekton   i'i;ttis,   v. 

270  si;  (ilUespie  il,  rdliiM  at,  1S40, 
V.  280;  actions  of  (iiUespie,  v.  305 
II;  retaken  by  C.ilifornians,  v. 
314  15;  atlairs  at,  1S40,  v.  320  34; 
Pico's  revolt,  v.  .333;  atl'iirs  at, 
1840,  V.  .355  0;  Stockton  enters,  v. 
30(>-7;  Mormon  battle  at,  v.  4V.»; 
Stevenson's  regt  at,  v.  514  15;  ex- 
plosion at,  1847,  V.  5S5;  local  an- 
nals of,  184tJ  S,  V.  024  8;  lust,  of, 
vi.  521;  pueblo  lands  in,  vi.  5t>)', 
railroails,  vii.  .">04,  010,  033;  tirst 
Kiig.  school  at,   1S5I,  vii.  ~\S. 

Los  .■\n;ieli!s  county,  Ind.  raiils  in,  vii. 
4.S0;   hist,  of,  vi.  .521-2. 

Los  Angeles  and  Santa  Monica  U.  R. , 
vii.  010. 

Los  Angeles,  San  I)iego  anil  Yuma  R. 
Ii.,  vii.  033. 

Los  Cerritos,  rancho,  v.  320. 

Los  Coroiiados  islands,  named,  i.  00. 

I.ns  Coyotes,  .Stocktons  advance  to, 
IS40,  V.  388. 

Losdatos,  mention  of,  vi.  525. 

Los  .Metos  rancho,  grant  of,  1784,  i. 
000,  002. 

Los  Ojitos,  Castro  at,  1840,  v.  '202. 

Los  Tularcitos  rancho,  ii.  504. 

Los  V'erdugos,  Californians  at,  v.  40'2; 
council  at,  v.  403. 

Lott,  C.  F.,  biog.,  vii.  730. 

Louglily,  W.  R  ,  mention  of,  vi.  73. 

Lovett,  \V.  K.,  defeat  of,  1875,  vii.  307. 

Low,  Col,  plan  to  build  R.  R.  to 
Pacific,  iv.  '2'22. 

Low,  C.  A.,  stuck  transactions  of,  vii. 
074. 

Low,  F.  F.,  gov.  1803,  vii.  303-4;  can- 
didate for  sen.,  1805,  vii.  317;  men- 
tion of,  Vii.  502;  biog.  of,  vii.  .300. 

Low,  F.  L.,  congressman,  ISOI,  vii. 
•201. 

Lower  California,  occujiation  of,  i.  '24; 
natives  in  exped.,  i.  13'2  4;  cession 
of  miss,  to  Dominicans,  i.  102  3; 
trouble  in,  1774,  i.  235;  J.  Arguello 
api>t'd  gov.,  ii.  '207;  joined  to  the 
com'd  of  .Sonora,  iii.  54;  .Stev.  regt 
in,  V.  514;  Lt  Col  Burton  sent  to, 
v.  583;  repub.  of,  procl'd,  etc.,  18iJ3, 
vi.  505-0. 

Luddington,  Lt  E.,  v.  477. 

Lull,  'Exposicion,'  i.  581. 

Lull,  Miguel,  guardian  of  S.  Fer- 
iiaudo,  1812,  ii.  308. 


I   , 


792 


INDEX. 


For  information  oonceTnlng  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Lumber  manufactuves,  vii.  76-8. 

Lux,  C,  biog.,  vii.  747. 

'Lydia,'8hip,  capture  of,  1816,  ii.  213; 
seizure  of,  1816,  ii.  275-8;  mention 
of,  ii.  382. 

Lyon,  C,  assist  sec.  to  constit.  con- 
vention, 1849,  vi.  290. 

Lyons,  H.  A.,  assoc.  judge,  1849,  vi. 
314;  election,  etc.,  of,  1850,  vi. 
220. 


McAllister,  H.,  lieut,  1849,  vii.  454; 

the  New  Aluiadeu  suit,  vi.  558-9; 

at  Beuicia,  1861,  vii.  466-7. 
McAllister,  Judge    M.    H.,  appoint- 
ment, etc.,  of,  vii.  237. 
McCall,  Maj.  G.  A.,  v.  456. 
McCarthy,  D.  0..  vii.  609. 
McCarver,  del.  to  constit.  convention, 

1849,   vi.   287;   mersures,  etc.,   vi. 

291-2. 
McCIeave,    Col  W.,  mention  of,  vii. 

469. 
McClelland,  congressman,  H.  R.  bill 

reported  by,  1848,  vii.  505. 
McCollough,    J.    G.,    attorney-gen., 

1863,  vii.  304. 

McCord,  Miss.,  "nhool  at  Fremont, 
vii.  717. 

McCullough,  Secretary,  R.  R.  affairs 
of,  vii.  572-3. 

McUonald,  gen.  of  militia,  1850,  vi. 
319. 

McDougal,  Gov.  J,  del.  to  constit. 
convention,  1849,  vi.  286;  speecheti, 
etc.,  of,  vi.  1.91-5;  lieut-gov.  of  Cal., 
1849,  vi.  305;  ^ov.  of  Cal.,  1851,  vi. 
645;  biog.,  vi.  645;  preaiilcnt  of  con- 
vention, 1854,  vi.  688-9. 

McDougal  &  Co.,  mention  of,  vi.  448, 
450. 

McDougall,  J.  A.,  senator,  I860,  vii. 
273-4;  biog.,  vii.  273;  censure  of, 
vii.  302;  mention  of,  vii,  547; 
nominee  for  congress,  1852,  vi.  671; 
nominee  for  congress,  1854,  vi.  6!K). 

McDowell,    (ien.     I.,    in    command, 

1864,  vii.  471;  1864,  vii.  472;  1876. 
vii.  472. 

McDowell,  J.,  mention  of,  vi.  498. 

McFarland,  T.  B.,  supreme  court 
judge,  1887,  vii.  434. 

Mc(>arralian  case,  the,  vi.  561. 

Mc<  tarry.  Col  E.,  mention  of,  vii.  469. 

McGarvey,  Rol»ert,  vii.  589. 

McGinnis,  John,  consecrates  St  Fran- 
cis church,  vii.  726. 


McGlashan,  C.  F.,  'Hist,  of  Donner 

party,' i.  42;  v  536-7. 
McGlynn,  J.  A.,  vii.  315. 
McGowan,   K.,    pres.   of  convention, 

1854,  vi.  688-9 
McGregory,  Archibald,  vii.  617. 
Mcintosh,  E.  M.,  raucho  of,  1848,  vi. 

20. 
Mcintosh,  Steplien  D.,  signed  memo- 
rial in  Honolulu,  1836,  iv.  141. 
McKendry,  Col  A.,  mention  of,    vii. 

470. 
McKee,  R.,  Ind.  agent,    1850-2;  viL 

482-5. 
McKee,  S.  B.,  supr.  court  judge,  1880, 

vii.  409. 
McKenna,     J.,    congress,     delegate, 

1880,   vii.  408;  congressman,   1687, 

vii.  4:^;  biog.,  vii.  435. 
McKibben,  congressman,  mention  of, 

vi   722-3. 
McKin»try,  Major,  plan  to  conquer 

Cal.,  1843,  iv.  395. 
McKiustry,  Judge  E.  W.,  election  of, 

1873,   vii.    2',Ui;   supr.   court  judge, 

1880,  vii.  409. 
McKinstry,    G.,    sheriff   of    Sutter's 

Fort,  1847,  vi.  14. 
McLaughlin,  C,  R.  R.    contract  of, 

etc.,  1859.  vii.  537,  5(57 
McLeilau,  Golden  Chariot  ininc,  vii. 

641. 
McMcans,  Treasurer,  S.  A.,  detulca- 

tion  of,  vi.  617. 
McMahon,  Clyman,  Co.,  to  Ca!.  1845, 

iv.  572-4. 
McMamara  colonization  scheme,  1845, 

v.  215-23. 
McNutt,  Dr  W.  F.,  biog.,  vii.  731. 
iMachado,  mention  of,  vi.  80. 
Machin.  T.  N.,   lieut-gov.,   1863,  vii. 

30;i^4. 
Maclay,  C,  biog.,  vii.  369. 
MaoNeil,  H.  L.,  bio^.,  vii.  185. 
Macomber,  F.  S.,  vii.  662. 
Macomber,  H.  S.,  vii.  662. 
Macondray,    F.    \V.,    pres.    of    State 

Agric.  Hoc.,  1854,  vii.  63. 
Madden,  D.  W.,  vii.  561. 
*  MngitUanes,' Manila  ship,  i.  545,  670. 
Mailliar.1,  A.,  vii.  55H). 
Mails,  1848-60,  vi.  128-9,  138:  legisl. 

etc.,  concerning,  1855-8,  vi.  7l,'6-7; 

contracts,  etc.,  1851-6,  vii.   143-5; 

pony  express,  vii.   146;  post  oHiccs, 

vii.  147;  cost  of  service,  vii.  147-8; 

in  I86I,  vii.  281:  1847-9,  vii.  453. 
Mnitorena,    F.,   babil  gen.  for  Cal., 

1812,  ii.  421. 


INDEX. 


7M 


For  Informatlor  concerning  pioneers,  see  alio  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Maize,  cultivation,  etc.,  of,  vii.  25. 

Malaca,  lud    tcilw,  ii.  006. 

'Malek  Adhel,'  ship,  v.  326. 

Mallou,  Jolin,  hiog.  of,  vii.  758-9. 

Mamaiicli,  Nicolaa,  petition  to  make 
trading  voy.  from  Cal.,  1794-5,  i. 
627. 

Mangiiio,  Fernando  I.,  rep.  of,  i. 
214-15. 

Manila,  galleon  of,  arrives  at  Mont. 
1779,  i.  SaO;  eifect  of  gold  discov. 
in  Cal.,  vi.  124-5. 

Mansfield,  J.,  lieut-gov.,  1880,  vii. 
408. 

Manatield,  T.,  vii.  690. 

Manufactures,  at  uiiaa.,  ii.  175;  I82I- 
30,  ii.  665;  in  San  Francisco,  1856, 
vi.  78"2-3;  vii.  683;  drawbacks  to, 
vii.  68,  72-3;  mining,  etc.,  vii.  69-- 
70;  luml>er,  etc.,  vii.  70,  76-8; 
a^ric.  machinery,  vii.  70^1,  96; 
canneries,  vii.  71,  86;  leather,  etc., 
vii.  71,  91-3;  woollen,  vii.  71,  75, 
88;  jute,  etc.,  vii.  71;  paper,  vii. 
71,  101;  effect  of  Chinese  labor  on, 
vii.  71-3;  of  the  war,  vii.  73;  of  the 
railroad,  vii.  73;  volume,  etc., 
1800  89,  vii.  73-4;  prospects  for, 
vii.  75;  ship-building,  vii.  78-9; 
vehicles,  vii.  79-80;  cooperage,  vii. 
80;  box-making,  vii.  80;  wilJow- 
ware,  vii.  80-1;  billiard-tables,  vii. 
81 ;  pianos,  vii.  81 ;  flouring-milU, 
vii.  84;  beer,  vii.  85-6;  liquors,  vii. 
86;  soila-water,  vii.  80;  cotton,  vii. 
88-9;  silk,  vii.  89;  clothing,  etc., 
vii.  89-90;  furniture,  vii.  90;  btd- 
dins,  vii.  80-1;  carpets,  vii.  91; 
cordage,  vii.  91 ;  soap,  vii.  93;  pig- 
ments, vii.  93;  brushes,  vii.  94;  iron, 
etc.,  vii.  94-7;  copper,  etc.,  vii.  97; 
jewelry,  vii.  97;  bricks,  vii.  98; 
marble,  vii.  98;  clay,  vii.  98-9; 
glass,  vii.  99;  powder,  vii.  99-100; 
matches,  vii.  100;  meat-packing, 
vii.  8t}-7;  sugar,  vii.  87;  cigar,  vii. 
87-8;  in  1889,  vii.  748. 

Manuscript  diaries,  i.  50-8. 

Maps,  California,  i.  1;  northern  New 


S.  Jose,  i.  350;  Palou's,  1787,  i. 
407;  8.  Diego,  1782,  I  456;  La 
Perouse's,  i.  434;  Sta  Barbara, 
1788,  L  464;  La  Perouse's,  ot  8.  F., 
i.  475;  Cal.  of,  1792,  i.  508;  \an- 
couver'a,  1791,  i.  628;  S.  Diego  dist, 
1800,  i.  650;  L.  Angeles  region, 
1800,  i.  660;  SU  B&rbara  dist,  1800, 
L  667;  Monterey,  i.  691;  S.  F., 
1792,  i.  695;  Castillo  de  S.  J,>iiquin, 
L  699;  S.  F.  dist,  i.  703;  Tulare 
^  valley,  ii.  49;  S.  Jonquin  val.,  ii. 
51;  Bodega  bay,  I77ii,  ii.  81;  S. 
Diego  dist,  1801-30,  ii.  105;  Mon- 
terey dist,  ii.  145;  Pacific  coast, 
1818,  ii.  290;  Bodega  ft  Ross,  iL 
300,  L.  Angeles  dist,  1800-30,  ii. 
352;  S.  Francisco  dist.  1800-30,  ii. 
376;  Contra  Costa,  ii.  499;  Sta 
Barbara  dist,  18.30,  ii.  577;  S.  F. 
liay,  182(J,  ii.  589;  S.  F.  dist, 
IS'M,  ii.  593;  Russian  settlements, 
ii.  629;  Mont,  dixt,  18:H  ii-  617; 
Coulter's,  iii.  407;  S.  Rafael  lands, 
1834,  iii.  717;  For1«os',  1839,  iv. 
152;  Simpson's,  iv.  221;  New  Hel- 
vetia, 1841,  iv.  2:W;  Wilkes', 
1841,  iv.  244;  Fremont's,  1844,  iv. 
442;  Mofras',  of  Cal.,  iv.  254; 
region  north  of  bay,  v.  163;  .S. 
Francisco,  1848,  v.  677;  vi.  8; 
central  Cal.,  1848,  vi.  5;  scene  uf 
gold  discovery,  1848,  vi.  30;  Mor- 
mon Island,  vi.  48;  Tuolumne  to 
Trinity,  vi.  68;  Isthmus  route,  vi. 
131;  Nicaragua  transit  route,  vi. 
139;  from  the  Missouri  to  (ireat 
Salt  Lake,  vi.  147;  across  the 
desert,  vi.  153;  burnt  district  (S:in 
Francisco),  May  1851,  vi.  204; 
northern  mines,  1849-60,  vi.  368; 
southern  mines,  1849-50,  vi.  .'<69; 
Humboldt  buy  region,  vi.  501; 
Lower  California,  vi.  597;  head- 
quarters of  vigilance  committee, 
vi.  748;  San  Francisco,  18.'>6-7,  vi. 
756;  njilit.  reserv.  S.  F.,  1849,  vii. 
453. 
Marble,  vii.  662-3. 

Spain,  i.  8;  where  did  Drake  land  ?  !  Marcoii -Jules,  essay  on  the  name  Cal., 

i.  86;  from  Arcano  del  Mare,  1647.  \      criticism,  i.  67. 

i.    87;     Arcano   del    More,    i.    63, '  Marcy,  Sec,  ortlers  Gen.  Kearny  to 

Hondius,  i.  88;  Vizcaino's,   i.   100,  |      Cal.,  v.  197;  comm'a  ou  Ste^cusou 

103;    Spanish   chart,    1742,  i.   106;  |      reg.,  v.  499. 

ancient,  i.  109;  movements  of  dis-  ,  Marcy,  W.  (J.,  seer,   to  conslit.  con- 

coverera,  i.  161;  Fout's,  1776,  i.  26:1;  i      vcntion,  1819,  vi.  2'.H). 

peninsula  of  S.  F.,  i.  281;  Colorado  i  Mare  liiiiu.l,  site  lor  navy  yard,  etc., 

miss.,  i.   359;  L.    Angi-les,    I78(S.  i.  |      vi.  6.'U)-I. 

348;  pueblo  uf  L.  Angeles,  i.  349; ,  'Maria  Este,'  abix),  iii.  48. 


794 


INDEX. 


For  iufi)nnatlon  conrcrning  pioneers,  sec  also  the  Pioneer  Rcgiiter,  vols.  IF  to  V. 


'Maria  Teresa,'  ship,  iv.  f>lJ4.  005. 

Marin  county,  name,  etc.,  vii.  438. 

Marin,  peninsula,  name,  etc.,  vi.  21. 

Marine  liat,  iii.  14ti-*J. 

Maripnsi  county,  mining  in,  1849-56, 
vi.  377-8,  415;  lust,  of,  vi.  511-12, 
515-10;  division  of,  1852,  vii.  209; 
name,  etc.,  vii.  440. 

Mariposa  mine,  vii.  006. 

Mariposa,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  516. 

Mariposa,  name  first  applied,  ii.  53. 

M  tritime  afl'airs,  see  shipping. 

Markham,  H.  H.,  liio)^.,  vii.  75.3. 

Marquesas  islands,  effect  of  gold  dia- 
cov.  in  t'al.,  vi.  125. 

Marque/.,  U.,  trading  license,  1793,  i. 
027. 

Marquiua,  viceroy,  urges  division  of 
two  Cals,  1800,  ii.  20. 

Marsh,  (.'.,  director.  Cent.  Pac.  R.  R., 
1801,  vii.  544. 

Marsli,  Or  J.,  letter  of,  iv.  348;  men- 
tion of,  vi.  10. 

Marali.ill,  E.,  at  San  Jose?,  1S48,  vi.  9. 

Marshall,  E.  <'.,  candidate  for  senate, 
1851),  vi.  097. 

biog.,  vi.  27-8;  ex- 


W. 

of,  1847,  vi.  28  9;  char- 
career,  vi.  31-2,  97-107; 
discov.,    1848,   vi.  32—41, 


Marshall,  J. 

ped.,  etc., 

acter  and 

the    gold 

47. 
Marston,    teacher, 

1847,  vii.  717. 
Martell,  J.,  mention  of,  vii. 
Martiarena,    Juan,    sindico 

miss.,    1819-25,    ii.    398, 


school   at  S.    F., 


97. 

for 
418, 


Cal. 

4.-KS, 


518,  057;  app't'd,  iii.  319;  death  of, 

iii.  351. 
Martin,  D.,  mention  of,  vi.  6. 
Martin,  E.,  biog.,  vii.  184- .5. 
Martinez,  I.,  ranclio  of,  1!S48,  vi.  10. 
Martinez.,  Lt-col  M.,  app'td  to  Cal., 

1832,  iii.  2:50. 
Martinez,  Pedro,  procurador  for  Cal., 

1812,  ii.  398. 
Martinez,  i/iention  of,  vi.  .')27. 
Marvin,  J.   G..  8U|)l  pub.  instruction, 

vii.  718. 
'.Maryland,'  ship,  iv.  207,  224,  2,50. 
Marysville,  hist,  of,  vi,  403-5;  promi- 

nuncu  of,  vi.  487. 
Marysvillu  t^  Ik'uicia  R.  R.,  mention 

of,  vii.  .581. 
Miwon,  Col  U.  B.,  rule  of,  1847-8,  v. 

582  015;  proclamation  of,  1848,  vi. 

64;  report,    etc.,  of,    1848,   vi.    11.5- 

10;  gov.  of  Cal.,  1847  8,  vi.  2(k)-2; 

vii.  445;   dif!icultics  of  admiuistr., 

vi.  272-4;  death,  vi.  274. 


Masons,  .society,  mention  of,  vii.  700-7. 
Massett,  .S.  C,  mention  of,  vi.  243. 
Mata,  Capt.  Juan  dc,  pirate  on  Cal. 

coast,  1828-.30,  iii.  53. 
'Matador,' ship,  iv.  502. 
Matches,  manutact.  of,  vii.  100. 
Mathcson,  Col  R.,  death  of,  1802,  vii. 

297. 
Maurv,  Lieut  M.  F.,  :neution  of,  vii. 

508' 
Maxey,  A.  E.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
May,  Julius,  vii.  585. 
Mayacm.i,  Ind.  tril>e.  ii.  506. 
Mayer,  .Siuion,  vii.  0*i8. 
Mayhew,  J.  A.,  vii.  587. 
Mavorga,    viceroy,   oil!    acts   in  Cal. 

affairs,  1779-82,  i.  325,  ;<79,  382. 
Muzatlan.    .Sloat   at,      1840,     v.    201; 

blockade  of,  1846.  v.  284. 
Meat-packing,  mention  of,  vii.  80-7. 
Mechanics'  institute,  vii.  093. 
Meiggs,    Alderman  H.,    defalcations, 

etc.,  of,  1854,  vi.  705. 
Memphis,  R.  R.  convention  at,  1849, 

vii.  510. 
Mendocino  county,  hist,  of,  vi.  .508-9; 

name,  etc.,  vii.  439;  first  R.  R.  in, 

vii.  589. 
Mendocino  R.  R.  co.,  vii.  589. 
Menildcino  reservation,  mention    of, 

vii.  4!I0. 
Menondcz.,  A.,  Mex.  consul  at  Lima, 

1845,  iv.  555. 
Menlopark,  mention  of.  vi.  520. 
Merceif   conntj-,    creation,   etc.,     of, 

1855,  vii.  441. 
Merced  river,  expedt.  at,  1800,  ii.  .54. 
Merced,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  510. 
Merchant,  Col  C.  S.,  vii.  282,  405-0. 
'Mercury,'  ship,  hunting  c.xjKMlt.,  ii. 

79,   9;i-5;    deserters  fivmi.    ii.  87-8; 

seizure  of,  1813,  ii.  202,  208-70. 
Merrdl,  J.  C,  vii.  604. 
Merritt,  E.,  oi>cratious,  1840,  v.   109- 

10. 
Merry,  W.  L.,  biog.,  vii.  7.54. 
Mesa,  Campo  de  la,  Caslio  with  force 

at,  IMO,  V.  '20<i,  272. 
Mesa,  the,  Iwttle  of,  v.  395  0. 
Mexican  cortes,  ileputy  chosen,  1822, 

ii.  45:M1. 
Mexican    land    titles,     1851-87,     >i. 

,521>-81. 
'  Mcxicana,*  voy.  of,  1792,  i.  .50(i  7. 
Mexicans,  i>crsecution  of,  v..  403-5; 

indolence  ..f,  vi.  429-30. 
Mexico,    news    of   Monterey  occui>a- 

tion.  i.  1 73;  Scrra's  lalwrs  in,  1 773, 

i.  207-19;  preparations  to  colonize 


INDEX. 


796 


For  information  conccrnins  pioneers,  sco  also  the  Pioneer  ReriMer,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Cal.,  1775,  i.  258;  controversy  in, 
Mfi'i  '2,  i.  37&-8C»;  rt-enforccinents 
from,  i.  540-1;  ii.  252-4;  ajiprojiri- 
atioiis  for  Cal.,  1801  10,  ii.  102; 
revolution  in,  ii.  104;  effects  in 
Ciil.,  ii.  105-7;  (Juerra'a  miss,  to, 
1815(,  ii.  'J(51-2;  iiiiiopentlencc  pro- 
claiinetl,  1821,  ii.  4'M);  nianifetitos 
of  imperial  junta,  1822,  ii.  450-1; 
Iturbitle  proclaimed  emperor,  ii. 
45(5;  fears  of  Cal.  in  1822,  ii.  455; 
agent  sunt  from,  ii.  4.'>5  (i;  actions 
of  conj,'.,  1824,  ii.  51.")  1(!;  con- 
Htitution  ratitiecl,  ii,  5li.'i;  fear.^  of 
Kus>4iuns  ii.  042;  .lunta  do  Cal.  in, 
1825,  iii.  2  0;  Spaniards  driven 
from,  iii.  32; iJuerra elected  toeong., 
1827-8,  iii.  3.'{;  Maitorena  elected 
to  cong.,  iii.  45;  aiil  fi'oni,  ]825-:{0, 
iii.  58;  treaty  with  England,  IS2!t, 
iii.  I'M;  actions  of  cong.,  1831,  iii. 
214-15;  deputies  to  congress,  1834, 
iii.  258,  21>2;  Wrangell's  miss,  to, 
1S30,  iv.  107-0;  I'ruilon's  mi.ss.  to, 
1842,  iv.  281-5;  Eng.  claim  against, 
iv.  208;  Com.  Jones  ad'air,  iv. 
323-5;  war  prospects  with  U.  S., 
1844,  iv.  4lM);  Castanare's  acts  in, 
1S44,  iv.  412-18;  1845,  iv.  524-t); 
Alvarado,  diputado  to  cong.,  1840, 
V.  31;  Cal.  rei>re8entative3  in,  v. 
32;  preparations  for  exped.,  l,S4(i, 
V.  33;  U.  S.  war  with,  v.  l'Jl-207; 
flight  of  Pico  and  Castro  to.  v. 
277-8;  efforts  to  assist  Cal.,  IS40, 
V.  409-10;  iirders  su^'pendin<r  sale 
of  miss.,  1845,  v.  5t)0  1 ;  treaty  of 
Cuad.  Hidalgo,  v.  590-2;  vtW-d  <.t 
gold  diacov.  in  Cal.,  1848,  vi.  113; 
Morehcad'sfilduist.  exj>ed.  to,  1S51, 
vi.  584;  Kaousset's,  1852-4,  vi. 
585  92;  Walker's,  1853  (H),  vi. 
593  (KM);  Crald)'.s,  1857,  vi.  (iOl-2. 

Mexican  congress,  elei-tions  for  cong., 
1839  40  iii  590:  1843,  iv.  3(;i. 

Mezz-ra,  1'.,  vii.  723. 

Miclieltorcna,  gov.,  rule  of,  1843.  iv. 
350  07;  1844-5,  iv.  401-20,  4.")5-517. 

Miildietown,  mention  uf,  vi.  ."tll9. 

Mier,  S.,  tif  Cal.  junta  in  .Mux.,  1825- 
7,  iii.  3. 

Miles,  N.  A.,  biog.  of,  vii.  7."»8. 

Military,  Eiheveste's  plan  for  Cal.,  i. 
211;  reenforcements  arrive,  179l»,  i. 
540  I;  expcn.ses  of  estaldislinient, 
I79l»,  i.  54"i;  fori;e  in  terr.,  1791- 
1800,  i.  034  7;  salaries  paid,  i.  0:>4; 
discipline,  i.  030;  records  .S.  Piego, 
1791-1800,  i.    045-51;    1801-10,  ii. 


98-103;  1811-20,  ii.  340-4;  1831-40, 
iii.  008-10;  records  Sta  Barbara, 
1791-1800,  i.  005;  1801-10,  ii.  llti- 
IS;  1811-20,  ii.  358-(i2:  1821-30,  ii. 
570-3;  1831-40,  iii.  050-3;  re.onls 
Monterey,  1791-1S()0,  i.  077-82; 
18()1-10,  ii.  140  2;  1811  20.  ii.  .379- 
81;  1821-:«),  ii.  007  II;  1831  40, 
iii.  071-2;  records,  S.  F.,  1791-1800, 
i.  0<»2  702;  1801-10,  ii.  125-0; 
1811-20,  ii.  370-2;  18_'l-30,  ii. 
583-8;  1831-40,  iii.  700  3;  artillery 
CO.  organized,  1805,  ii.  30;  force  in 
Cal  ,  1801-10,  ii.  189-90;  arrival  of 
reenforcements,  1819,  ii.  252  4; 
character  of  troops,  ii.  254-5;  force 
on  duty,  1811  20,  ii.  422  3;  1821- 
30,  ii.  072-5;  complaint  of  troops, 
1820-8,  iii.  39-40;  hard  times  with 
troops,  1820-30,  iii.  5()  9;  revolt  of 
troop.s,  1828-9,  iii.  0(i-84;  causes, 
iii.  07-71;  Vallejo's  organization 
scheme,  iii.  590-1;  condition  of  es- 
tablishments, 1811,  iv.  197-S;  con- 
vict troops  from  .Mex.,  iv.  287-90; 
expedition  prepared  in  Mex.,  iv. 
527-9;  reorganization  of  in.-.urgent.s, 
1840,  V.  179,  184;  militia,  orgini- 
zation,  etc.,  vi.  318  20;  vii.  2S0-,3, 
4.')4-7l;  rule,  etc..  of,  1S4S-9,  vii. 
445-54;  disposition,  vii.  441)  51, 
401;  desertions,  vii.  44l'>-50;  loans 
and  ajtpropr's,  vii.  450-7;  defences, 
1801,  vii.  403  7. 

Military  junta,  at  Monterej',  1840,  v. 
41   4,  59-03. 

Miller,  A.,  bi<>n.,  vii.  1S5. 

•Miller,  Major  A.  S.,  mention  of,  vii. 
448. 

Miller,  E.  H.,  Hvc.  Cent.  Vw.  11.  R., 
vii.  540-7,  599,  034. 

Miller,  II.,  biog.,  vii.  07. 

Miller,  J.,  biog.,  vii.  747. 

Miller.  .).  F.,  senator,  I8S1,  vii.  417- 
18;  biog.,  vii.  417;  death  of,  1880, 
vii.  431. 

Mil](  rton,  mention  of,  vi.  517. 

Mdls,  C.  T.,  Mills  colkgc,  vii.  721  2. 

Mills,  I).  (►.,  gifts  ot,  vii.  720;  biog. 
of,  vii.  18.3. 

Mills  college,  vii.  721. 

Millvillc,  mention  of,  vi.  493. 

Mineralogist,  state,  ollice  ircitcd,  vii. 
041. 

Minerals,  nii8Ccllaneou.s,  vii.  0ti2-4. 

.Miners,  characteristics,  etc.,  of,  1848, 
vi.  80  90. 

'Minerva,' sliip,  ii.  042. 

Mines,  Kev.  F.  fS.,  vii.  718,  728. 


I  \ 


796 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  aee  al!M>  the  Pioneer  Jtrgisler,  voIm.  II  to  V. 

Miiiii>i;i    t»)l<licra  killed    while   pros- 
puotiiig,  i.  4Ui>-(i;  niines  iliscnvered 


in  S.  K.  (list,  1705,  i.  705;  Goycoe- 
vltca'n  viuw-s  ii.  3:{;  early  attempts, 
ISO'J,  ii.  144;  Ortega's  «liHcoverv, 
im.i,  ii.  I7(i;  Sola's  report  on,  1818. 
ii.  417;  tUnt-ovcrics,  IS'JI-.'W,  ii.  Giki- 
7;  (lisciivcry  of  tiio  New  Aliiiadeii, 
V.  :i;  g..l,l,  1848,  vi.  G7-81;  1848-.%. 
vi.  :{.*)!  8.);  inethoiUand  yiell,  1818, 
vi.  8.")  !>,  40!>-'J();  geologic  theories, 
vi.  381-.');  regulations,  vi.  3iH»-402; 
taxes,  vi.  404-G:  quartz,  1850-0,  vi. 
dl.")  18;  vii.  0:1(^-45;  yield,  etc., 
184S~r>(>,  vi.  418  2ti;  sUtiites  and 
decisional,  vii.  'J28-U;  tax  on,  I8i>4. 
vii.  'AkM;  effect  of  speculation,  vii. 
372 -.'t;  iniproveuients  in,  vii.  G^lil; 
quartz  inint:r.i'  convention,  vii.  (Ul; 
origin  of  companies,  vii.  U42;  8cho<il 
of  mining,  vii.  iiVA;  hydraulic  min- 
iufj,  vii.  640,  045  8;  ditches,  vii. 
G45;  dehria,  vii.  ti4(>-8;  capital  in- 
vested, vii.  048;  river  lied,  vii.  64y; 
silver,  vii.  049;  table  of  productions, 
vii.  OiVJ;  expense  ami  profit,  vii. 
G.~>:{;  gold  niigg<!ts,  vii.  053-.*>;  de- 
cline of  inining,  Gr>4-5;  quicksilver, 
vii.  Or)0-!(;  iron,  vii.  058;  cop|ier, 
vii.  G,')8  -0;  liorax,  vii.  G50;  salt,  vii. 
650;  sulphur,  vii.  000;  tin,  vii. 
OGO-1;  coll,  vii.  001;  petroleum,  vii. 
0<il  2;  asphaltuni,  vii.  002;  miniTal 
soap,  vii.  (i(i2;  limestone,  vii.  0<i2; 
murbl>3,  vii.  0(>2;  gypaum,  vii.  002; 
lead,  vii.  002;  manganese,  vii.  (i4>2; 
pluinli.i^o,  vii.  002;  miscellaneous 
minerals,  vii.  003-4;  stocks,  vii. 
OtiO  mSi),  087  S;  mining  companies, 
vii.  000;  Fraser  river  excitement, 
vii.  082. 

Mining  machinery,  manufact.  of,  vii. 
04  .y 

Minns,  (li>o.  W.,  vii.  720. 

Mint,  li.lld  for  estaldishing,  vi.  628-0; 
cstalil'd,  etc.,  vi.  02t(;  vii.  107-8; 
appro|>r.  for,  1852,  vii.   107. 

Miranda,  agent  in  tSpain  for  Uov. 
Ikirica,  175*4,  i.  728. 

Miranda,  •!.,  mention  of,  vi.  20. 

Misro<ui,  Lieut,  miss,  of,  1840,  v.  l.")0- 
9. 

Missions,  archives  of,  i.  47-8;  "S. 
Diego  founded,  i.  137;  S.  Carlos 
founded,  i.  170-1;  8.  Antonio 
founded,  i.  170  7;  S.  (ialiiiel 
foumlcd,  i.  170  81);  S.  Luis  Dhisito 
founded,  i  188-0;  nundieriif  friers 
at,  1773,  i.  2U0:   miliUry  f  true,  L 


20J;  conversions  in  first  five  years, 
i.  201;  .Serra's  re|K»rt  on,  1773,  i. 
212-13;  want  at,  1774,  i.  220;  S. 
Diego  moved,  i.  220-.'{0;  second  ami. 
report  on,  i.  2:^8-0;  attempt  found- 
ing 8.  Juan  (.'ap.,  i.  248;  destruction 
of  8.  Diego,  1775,  i.  240-55;  alarm 
at  S.  Antonio,  i.  250;  S.  F.  estab- 
lished, i.  292;  progress  at,  1770  7, 
i.  298-300;  1701-1800,  i.  675-90, 
654-9,  071-0;  I'uadra  presents 
image  to,  i.  320;  extension  plans, 
1781,  i.  338;  new  regulations  for, 
i.  374-5;  list  of  friars  at,  1783,  i. 
388;  iStda's  pliin  to  secularize,  i, 
304-6;  (Jov.  Images' riport  on,  i.  408; 
successor  to  Serra,  i.  410-17;  war 
contributions  of,  i.  428;  La  Perouso 
on,  i.  435  8;  events  at,  178.3-SH>,  i. 
45,V00.  400,  408-70,  473  7;  1811- 
20,  ii.  302-412;  1701-180).  i.  G.">4  0, 
071-6,  ti85-0U,  712  !.">.  722-5;  «ta 
Cruz  founded,  i.  40.3-5;  search  tor 
sites,  1704-5,  i.  650-4;  S.  Jose 
founded,  i.  .'>.*>5;  S.  Miguel  founded, 
i.  6.>9-00;  S.  Fernaiiiio  founded,  i. 
501-2;  .S.  Luia  Key  founded,  i.  .'•03- 
4;  industries  at,  1800,  i.  017  18; 
liiiid  controversifs,  I8.)2,  ii.  7;  Pres. 
Tapi's  report,  18t)3-4,  ii.  26^  0;  Sta 
Ines  founded,  ii.  28-0;  regulations 
for,  1800,  ii.  41-2;  agric.  at,  ISOl- 
10,  ii.  104-5;  manufactures  at,  ii. 
175;  kUtistics  of,  1801-JO,  ii.  107, 
108,  110,  115,  no,  121,  123,  1.32, 
137,  i:{8,  148,  140,  151,  l.'i3.  154; 
1811-20,  ii.  ;«0,  347,  Mi\  XM,  .H5j>, 
:US,  :iM,  .300,  308,  374,  377,  380, 
:«:»,  ;Wl,  SS'\  387,  30;);  I82I-.30.  ii. 
507,  578,  580,  581,  582,  5!'."»,  SSMi, 
50S».  tU)l,  Gl»2;  iv  02  4.  GIG,  010, 
020,  022.  024;  18il-40.  ii.  5.V2,  5:)4, 
5.*>0:  contributions,  1817,  ii.  217; 
Sola's  report  on,  1818,  ii.  250  2; 
supplies  from,  1818-20,  ii.  257-0; 
1822.  ii.  470  80;  1831,  iii.  310; 
presidents  of.  1811  20,  ii.  39C>-8; 
1821  .iO,  ii.  G.">7;  1831  3,  iii.  338; 
cession  of,  ill  8.  Cal.,  1817,  ii.  407- 
II;  report  on,  1822,  ii.  400;  condi- 
tion, I8-_'I  :m,  it.  t(."i5  7;  IS3t>,  iv. 
42  3;  1841.  iv.  104  5;  supplies  and 
finances,  I8i'.">,  iii.  20  3;  prefect 
andi)res*t,  1820  3t),  iii.  87;  pniposed 
secularization,  1830  I,  iii.  301-10; 
scculariz.-ition  of,  iii.  Mii,  3.'i3;  iv. 
i'.i-4,  540-7;  destruction  of  iirop- 
crty,  :{48;  slang!. ter  ot  cattle  348- 
9;    acts  of  authorities,  18o0  8,   iv. 


INDEX. 


797 


For  information  conrcrninR  pioncera,  sec 

44-0;  new  miss,  proposed,  iv.  48;  | 
]>liiiiiler  of,  iv.  41)-ol;  rof^laineatod, 
I8:W,  1840,  iv.  a.'Mi,  58-Oi);  acts  ot 
viiiiUKlor  gun.,  iv.  57-8,  01-2;  inan- 
agunient  of,  1842,  iv.  ^i^tJ-'J;  duurce 
of  restoration,  iv.  li.'A);  local  itonia, 
iv.  Xi\;  dooreo  restoring  to  friara, 
1813,  iv.  :{tiO-71;  change  clTectud, 
iv.  .'t70;  lands,  iv.  ^{71;  titlios,  iv. 
37'J;  rc'|H>rt  on  southern  miss.,  1844, 
iv.  4'JI-'2;  suuularization  of  S.  L. 
Ohis|>o,  iv.  4*23;  grant  of  lands  to 
the  ciiurcli,  iv.  424;  sale  of  estates 
for  war  expenses,  iv,  425;  Pico's 
policy,  iv.  517;  debts,  iv.  548;  reg- 
ulations for  sale  and  renting,  iv. 
54'J-5:{;  sale  of  estates,  184G-8,  v. 
558-4it;  eccl,  v.  5.i5-();  land  claims 
of,  1845-58,  vi.  5(J2-5. 

Mission  bay  lands,  donation  of,  vii. 
579. 

Mi.ssouri,  iniini;.;rant  parties  organized 
in,  I84i),  IV.  2o.">. 

MixUin  war,  i.  10. 

MtMlesto,  mention  of,  vi.  514. 

Mmloc  county, creation,  etc.,  of,  1874, 
vii.  4(.'t;  iiiit.  of,  vi.  4U5  (>. 

Motfat  &  Co.,  mention  of,  vi.  G29. 

Mofnis,  *Kxplor>tion,'  i.  40;  i v.  253; 
visit  of.  1841-2,  iv.  240-55. 

Mojave  desert,  Oarces  ex^Hid.,  1770, 
i.  277. 

Moj.ive.s,  raids  of,  vii.  486. 

Mokeluinne  City,  mention  of,  vi.  513. 

Mokelninnc  Hill,  trading  post,  1848, 
vi.  77;  gold  deposits  of,  vi.  373; 
mention  of,  vi.  512. 

Mokelunine  river,  mining  on,  1848, 
vi.  74,  77. 

Moniisturio,  minister,  instructions  on 
scculariz;ition,  iii.  325-0. 

Monk,  Hank,  vii.  72.'i. 

Mono  county,  hist,  of,  vi.  518-19; 
creation,  etc.,  of,  18t)l,  vii.  442; 
mines  of,  vii.  O.VJ^. 

^'onoville,  vi.  510. 

Monroe,  designs  in  re  Cal.,  1805,  iL 
32. 

*  MonsfHin,'  sliip,  iv.  93. 

Montague,  S.  >S.,  vii.  5l>S. 

Montan^a,  J.    <lu  la,  biog.,  vii.  754. 

Monterey,  fadnres  to  occupy,  1007-8, 
i.  23;  'Kxtracto  do  Noticias,'  i.  38; 
Calirdlo's  nai'ie  for,  i.  70;  Vizcaino 
at,  i.  101  2;  named,  i.  101;  occupa- 
tion of  ordered,  i.  11.1,  114;  unsuc- 
cessful seiircli  for,  i.  1>~>0-I;  causes 
of  the  error,  i.  152-5;  iliscovory  of, 
108-70;  want    of   supplies,  i.   187; 


also  tlio  Pioneer  Rrrfhtfr,  vols.  II  to  V. 

buildingsat,  177.3,  i.  204;  Illvcra  ar- 
rives at,  i.  220;  An>:.-i  brings  his  fotvo 
to,  i.  208;  immigrants  left  at,  20!l; 
Ind.  fright  at,  1770,  i.  2'.'*8;  Manila 
calleonat,  i.!i;tO;prcsidioi'o.iiplet('d, 
I.  331;  ctuirt  scandal  at,  1,84,  i. 
391-3;  l/\  I'erouso's  reception,  i. 
4.30-1;  eventeat,  1783-0).  i.  4.iO  8; 
1791-1800,  i,  677-85;  lsOI-10,  li. 
140-0;  1811-20,  ii.  370  8;{;  1821- 
:«),  ii.  007-15;  1831  -JO,  in.  007-0; 
184.'),  iv,  514-10;  1840,  v.  288-93; 
council  at,  to  app't  temp,  gov.,  i. 
501;  Arrillai^a's  arrival,  i.  5t»2;  re- 
ception of  Vancouver,  i.  511,518- 
19;  (Jov,  Borica's  journey  to,  i. 
532-3;  military  force,  i.  Oi'7;  build- 
ings, i.  081;  battery,  i.  082;  m:ips,ii. 
145,  017,  001;  mining  cxeileinent, 
1800,  ii.  170;  reception  to  <iov. 
Sola,  1814,  ii.  208^9;  preparations 
for  defence,  1818,  ii.  22.'  t;  lion- 
cliard  atUck,  ii.  22.'>  :.»;  I'-idush- 
kin  at,  ii.  313;  ediication  at,  ISII-' 
20,  ii.  427-8;  vaccinating- at,  1S2I, 
ii.  441;  junta  at,  1822,  ii.  4.'il;  (an- 
onigo  Fernandez  arrives,  ii.  4.'i7; 
raising  of  new  Hag,  ii.  4.V.>;  execu- 
tion of  Pomponio,  ii.  537;  foreign 
residents,  1821  -'M,  ii.  0  M;  a.yuiit. 
at,  ii.  070;  crime  at,  IS2I-30,  ii. 
078-9;  surrenilerof  Mex.  warships, 
182.'>,  iii,  24  7;  meetiiii;  against 
convict  settlers,  18:{0,  iii.  49;  freo 
iight  at,  18:10,  iii.  49-.~><);  revolt  at, 
1828,  iii.  00;  revidting  tPHips  take, 
I82i),  iii.  b',);  reca|itured,  iii.  82; 
trial  of  rebels  at,  iii.  84  5;  lliHtd  at, 
1827-8,  iii.  115;  cliief  |Hirtot  entry, 
1820,  iii.  117;  Beeciiey  at,  iii.  122; 
Uuhaut-Cilly  at,  iiL  12i>;  foreign 
trade,  1828,  iii.  131;  cu8t4iin- house 
at,  1829,  iii.  130;  Jcdediali  Smith's 
party  at,  iii.  158;  ayuiit.  at,  1831, 
iii.  182,  187;  executions  at,  18.(1, 
iii.  190  1;  Z.iinorano's  revolt,  1832, 
iii.  220  9;  arrival  of  Fi^iieroa,  iii, 
238;  I'adres'  Hijar  colony  at,  iii. 
208;  removal  of  capital,  ISXt,  iii. 
293;  Figucroa's  ileath  at,  iii.  295; 
revenue,  I8,'(4,  iii.  'M'Ai;  case  of 
DoiU  lldefons<^  18.30,  iii.  4:Ui  9; 
revolutionary  party  attack,  I.S30, 
iii.  459-02;  loyalty,  IS:tti,  iii.  4SI; 
revolt  against  Alvarado,  iii.  523- 
20;  port  closed  by  Carrillo,  I8.'(8, 
iii.  545;  visit  of  Vallejo  and  liids 
to,  iii.  098;  declared  the  capital, 
1840,   iiL  000;  foreign  men-of-war 


ii  I 


798 


INDEX. 


For  iutonnation  conccrnlnR  pintieera,  »co  also  tlie  IHonecr  RegUtcr,  vols.  II  ti>  V. 

at,   iv.  35-8;  oartliqmiko  at,    183G,  Moreno,  gov.  iiiterciios,  L.  ("ul..  i.  17'J. 
iv.   78;  Vitlue  of  exports,    IH4U,   iv.    Moreysu,   R.,  Simlicu  at  S.    Ulan  tur 
8U;  oi>eiiud  to  foreign   tratle,  IHIU,        Cul.,  I8U(),  ii.   ItiU. 
iv.  8'i;  uU!itoni-liou!<e  olticera,  183o-    Morgan,  J.  S..  Uiog.,  83. 
40,  iv.  iMi;  arrival  of  8titter  at,  iv.    Morgan,    Maj.    K.    W  ,   of   court   .it 

Fremont  trial,  v.  4511. 
Mormon  battalion,  arrival  of,  v.  4*J8; 

hist,  of,  I84«  8,  V.  4liJ»  98. 
Mormon  isluml,  mup  of,  vi.  48;  nanu>, 
4<.>;  mass  meeting  at,   184S),  vi. 


I'll;  Iteloliur'a  visit  to,  I8.H7,  iv.  14."); 
triidiiig  regulations,  1841,  iv.  t20ii; 
Hudson  IJ.  CO.  party  at,  1841,  iv. 
21"J;  occupation  l»y  Com.  Jones, 
I84'J,  iv.  '_x.>8  :W1);  revolt  of  cholos 
at,  1844,  iv.  404-5;  rcccptioa  of 
Bishop  at,  1844,  iv.  4*.>7;  Michel- 
tort'iia's  departure  from,  iv.  51'_'- 
13;  capital  removed,  1845,  iv.  5IU; 
junta  of  otliccrs  at,  iv.  UOl;  mili- 
tary junta  at,  184(J,  v.  41  4,  59  (i3; 
revcnui!  disputes  at,  lS4(i,  v.  34  0; 
U.  S.  fliip  '  rortsinouth '  at,  v.  'JOO; 
U.  S.  8.  'I'yane'at,  v.  203;  t"«un. 
Sloatat,  184(>,  v.  '_'--'4,  2;U)-3;  Stcv. 
regt  at,  v.  514-15;  duties  collected 
at.  1847-8,  v.  571;  local  annals, 
)  840-8,  V.  (i35  8;  effect  of  gold 
discov.,  1848,  vi.  (i.3-5;  minstrel 
periormaiices  at,  1847,  vi.  243;  lirst 
jury  at,  184(>,  vi.  257-9;  constit. 
convention  at,  1849,  vi.  284-;W3; 
puelilo  lands,  vi.  5t»7-8;  name,  etc., 
of.  vii.  4!;S;  defences,  etc.,  of,  1849, 
vli.  4.V_'  3;  JMig.  school  at,  1830, 
vii.  710. 

Monterey  county,  mention  of,  vi. 
523  4. 

Monteros,  .Iiiaii  J.  K.  de  los,  of  Cal. 
junta  ill  .Mex.,  182.5-7,  iii.  3;  re- 
p<irt  on  C'll.  miss.  I(l9. 

Monte/iiuia  iiiiiie,  vii.  (i41. 

Moore,  11.  I''.,  del.  to  eoiistit.  conven- 
tion. IS  19,  vi.  2S7;  hiog.,  vi.  287; 
mention  of.  vii.  197. 

Moore,  «i.  11.,  ]iiirehases  Sutter's 
Kiiss.  <'Liiiiis,  iv.  IS(>. 

Moore,  .1.  B.,  postmaster,  vii.  147. 

MiMire,  .los.,  mention  of,  iv.  141. 

Moore,  .Ins.,  l)iog.,  vii.  748  9. 

Moore's  tl.it,  nuMition  of,  vi.  48C. 

Miwpii.s.  Ind.,  reeep.  of  (Jarces,  i.  278. 

Mora,  I'res.  of  Itoiii.,  actions  against 
Franeiseans,  1773  4,  i.  235  7. 

Moraija,  ■).,  vi.  10. 

Morales,  (Jen.,  proposed  C'al.  e.xped., 
184(1,  V.  33. 

Moreliou,  N.,  claimant  for  ranchu 
Cahiieiiga,  v.  027. 

Moreliead,  .J.  ('  ,  quarterinastcr-gen. 
of  militia.  18.")(),  vi.  319;  lilihust. 
expeil.  of,  1851,  vi.  584. 

•Morelos,' fliip,  arrives  with  colony, 
1834,  iii.  9,  2G5-8,  30d. 


VI. 

279  80. 

Mormons,  Ide  charged  with  l>clon^iiig 
to,  V.  158;  westwanl  migrations  of, 
V.  409  70;  plan  to  occupy  t'al.,  v. 
470  2;  appeals  for  gov  t  aid,  v. 
470;  recruiting  for  the  liatlle,  v. 
471;  niareli  of  liattlc,  v.  478  83;  in 
Cal.,  v.  483  98;  vi.  3;  arrival  ol 
lirannan's  party,  v.  ,">44-54;  preach- 
ing in  S.  F.,  V.  5r>(i;  at  Sutter's 
mill,  1847,  vi.  »);  1848,  vi.  47  M; 
hist,  of  in  Cal.,  vi.  49-51;  at 
Spanish  liar,  1848,  vi.  73;  mention 


>pa!iisii 
of,  vii.  7". 


Moro  Cojo  rancho,  ii.  015. 
Morrison,  tiie  I'hil.  R.  R.  convention, 

I8.')0,  vii.  51,5. 
Morrison,  P.,  at  San  Jose,  1848,  vi.  9. 
Morrison,  R.,  ehief  justice,   1880,  vii. 

409;  !>io«.,  vii.   409. 
Morrow,  W.  W.,  congressinan,   1887. 

vii.  43.5;  liioij.,  vii.  435. 
Mor.se,  F<.  \V.,  hiog.  of,  vii.,  184. 
Morse,  II.  N.,  hiog.  of,  vii.  188. 
Morse,  J.  F.,  tlirector.   Cent.    I'acillc 

R.    R.,    1801,   vii.   544;   speecii   of, 

1803,  vii.  .").")0. 
Mortgages,  tiixation  of,  vii.  384. 
'  Moscow,' ship,  V.  177,  279,  514. 
Moss,  J.  .M.,  vii.  010. 
Moti,  I  ml.  chief,  iv.  72. 
Mott,  T.  1).,  hiog.  of,  vii.  0.34. 
Mottiyoini,  Ind.  tribe,  iv.  .'{02. 
Moulder,  A.  J.,  vii.  719  20. 
Moulter,  .lac;il),  vii.  ()5I. 
Mount  Vernon  Mining  eo.,  vii.  6.'>0. 
Mount  Diablo,  ascent  by  Dr  Sandels, 

1842,  iv.  .-MO. 
Moiitsomcs,  Ind.  tribe,  i.  5.58. 
Mud    .Spriiii;8  (see   also    '"I,    Dorado), 

mining  at,  1849,  vi.  3,'>:t. 
Miigginsvillc,  mention  of,  vi.  495. 
Miildrow,    \\  m.    purchases    .Sutter's 

Ru.ss.  claims,  iv.  I8(i. 
Muletown,  mention  of,  vi.  513. 
Mnnieipal      affairs.       Seu     '  Ayunta- 

mieiito.' 
Munieipalities,    the    new    constitut., 

vii.  395-8. 


INDEX. 


799 


For  informntlon  roiicerniiiK  plonoers,  soo  aUo  the  Plonerr  RrgMer,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Miiriiita,  J.,  career  of,  vii.  203-4. 
Murphy,  H.,  l)u>g.,  vii.  740. 
Mur[)liy,  .1.  M.,  niuiitioii  of,  vi.  76. 
Murpliy,  M.,   rauclio  of,  1848,  vi.  12; 

hiog.,  vii.  740. 
^liirpliy,  T.,  at  San  Rafael  inisaioii, 

1848,  vi.  21. 
Murray,  nianuscrij)t,  i.  M. 
Murray,  Judge   H.  ('.,   »lcction,  etc., 

of,  1851,  vii.   220  1;  biog.,  etc.,  of, 

vii.    224-G;    liucisiuii    of,    18d4,    vi. 

324. 
MiiM-uin,  state,  vii.  MA. 
Mu.ssel  Slougii  troulilea,  vii.  (>17-18. 
Mutiooliuo,  Iiiil.  tribe,  ii.  500. 
Myn'H,  ineutioii  of,  vii.  058. 
Myrick,    M.    H.,  supr.   court  judge, 

1880,  vii.  401). 
Myrick,  Thos  S.,  vii.  720. 


N 


Naglee,  H.  M.,  viticult.,  vii.  49;  re- 
ceiver for  Adaiii.>4  &  co.,  vii.  178; 
I'.qit.,  1840,  vii.  454;  biog.  of,  vii. 
744  5. 

Najilec  &.  Rinton,  vii.  100. 

Napa,  surveyed,  1848,  v.  070;  hist, 
of,  vi.  510;  iiauie,  etc.,  vii.  438-9. 

Napa  ( 'oasolidated  niiue,  vii.  057. 

Napa  (•i>uiity,  liist.  of,  vi.  510-11;  aid 
to  Napa  Valley  11.  11.,  vii.  580. 

Napa  valley,  settlers  revolt  in,  1840, 
V.  77;  Merritt's  party  in,  1840,  v. 

no. 

Napa  Valley  R.  R.,  vii.  580. 
Napato,  Ind.  trilte,  ii.  50li. 
Napoleon,  .losepli.  King  of  Spain  and 

Indies.  1S08,  ii.  87. 
N;i|)ole<i:i  ledge,  silver  mine,  vii.  (!.")0. 
Narliona,  invites  Cal.  to  join  feilura- 

tion,  18'J3,  ii.  4S0. 
Narratives  of  voyages,  i.  40. 
Narviii'/.,  .1.  M.,   liabil.   gen.  in  Mex., 

1SI8,  ii.  252. 
'Nasli^diiik,'   ship,    iv.    187,    502;    v. 

578. 
'Natalia,' ship,  iii.  203.  2<55  8,  .WO. 
National    (iuard.    or;;ani7.atiiiu.    etc., 

of,    vi.    319  20;    vii.    454;    services, 

vii.  454  5. 
Native  Sons,  society  of,  vii.  707. 
Natives,  see  Inilians. 
N.itividad.    (trahaui   arrested   at,   iv. 

12,  18  •I'l:  tight  at.  1840,  v.  ;Ui«-72. 
Nativiilad  rancho,  ii.  015. 
Natnr.ili/.atiou,     regulatiuna    on,     iii. 

177  8. 


I  Nauvoo,  migration  of  Mormons  from, 

V.  409. 
Neva,  (ien.  I'edro  de,  ot!l  acts  in  Cal. 

art'airs,    171KK  5,    i.    398,    448,    485, 

491,  5(>2~3,  573,  010. 
Navarrette,   .M.  V.  de,  bibliog.,   i.  09, 

87.  98,  509. 
Navarro,  (!.   (>.,    dispute  with   Serr.a 

referred   to,    1780,    i.    323;    advisoa 

land  grants  in  Cal.,  i.  009. 
Navarro,  .1.,  1830,  iv.  141. 
Navarro  y   Noreiga,    report   on   Cal. 

pop.,  1810,  ii.  158. 
Navy  Yard,  site  for  selectetl,  vi.  030; 
i      appropriations      for,       1851   0,     vi. 

0.30   1. 
Neal,  at  Long  liar,  1848,  vi.  71. 
Negrcto,  Cal.  trade  with,  1811-20,  ii. 

420. 
Ne(>pliyte8,  see  Indians. 
Ni'sniith,  T.  L.,  biog.  of,  vii.  t(34. 
Nes.seIrode,  Count,  complains  of  Russ. 

in  Cal.  1817,  ii.  314  I.V 
Nevaila,  mining   regulations  in.    1852, 

vi.    399  4tK);  R.    R.   attairs   in,   viL 

559  (iO,  5()8. 
Nevada  Rank,  vii.  078. 
Nevada  City,    mining  at.    l-S.^-O,  vi. 

357;   hist,  of,  vi.  470  2;  mention  of, 

vii.  590;  churches  of,  vii,  729. 
Nevada    county,    mining   in,    1850-0, 

vi.  350-7;  Inst,  of,  vi.  485  7. 
Nevada  Cimnty  Narrow  Caiige  R.  R., 

vii.  590. 
Nevada  &  Cal.  R    \\.,  vii,  .^iiH).  ^ 
Nevada  &  Oregon  R.  R.,  see  Nevaila 

&  Cal.  R.  R. 
Neve,    iJov.    I'V'lipe  tie,  rule  of,   1775— 

82,  i.  3(Ki  83. 
Neviiis,    Col  .1.  T.,   school   in  S.  F., 

I8.")(>,  vii.  718   19. 
New  Albion.  l»rake  names,  i.  ,'<4. 
New  Alnuulen  mine,  mention  of.  vi. 

.")2,");  suit  for  possession  ol,  vi.  554— 

(>l;  output  of,  etc.,  vii.  (i5(i  7. 
New  Helvetia,  see  .Sutter's  loit. 
New    Hope    (see    also    '.Stanl.^l;lUs '), 

.Moriiion     settlemeiif,       v.     552  3; 

founding  of,  1848,  vi.  II. 
New  Idria  mines,  mention  of,  vi.  501; 

vii.  0.'>7 
New    .Mecklenburg,    mention    of,    vi. 

4'i3. 
New    Mexico,   concpuMt  of,    i.    II;  re- 
volt in,  i.  18;   annals  of,  ITOl    19,  i. 

2l'>  -8;   plan  to  open  eoiiiinunieation, 

i.   573;   propoied    rente   to,    ii.    3-4; 

trailers  in  Cal.    1831   5,   iii.   .3'.l.'i-0; 

tradu  with,   1830-4J,  iv.  80;  ISuttcr 


•oa 


INDEX. 


For  information  conreminR  |>lniiceni,  sec  also  tho  Pioneer  RegMer,  vols.  II  to  V. 

Nueva   Vizcaya,  provinoo  formed,  i. 

II;  miss,  tliats  of,  i.  14  '2'J. 
Nunan,  Matthew,  liiog.  of,  vii.  740. 
Nufiez,  Alvar.,  escape  of,  i.  U-7. 


in,  iv.  rJ4-ri;  overland  trade,  1841, 

iv.  2U7;  Kuurny'ii  inarch  from,  1840, 

V.  3;i4-». 
New  Orleans,  U.  K.   convention   at, 

I84'.»,  vii.  filO. 
New  York,   raioiiig  of  Stev.  reg't  at, 

V.    oOl! -li;    departure   of    Mormons 

from,  V.  54"»-t). 
'  Newiii»tli','»hip,  iii.  3(54. 
NuwIiall,    H.     M.,    mention    of,    vii. 

tilO;  hiog.  of,  vii.  186. 
Newspapers,  see  Journals. 
Nicaragua,    transit  across,    1849-56, 

vi.  I4U;  Walker  in,   1856,  vi.  51K>- 

6U0. 
Nicasio  rancho,  iii.  717. 
Nichols,  J  (}.,  vii.  718. 
Nickcriion,  Thns,  vii.  615. 
Niehauin,  U.,  Iiiog.,  vii.  187. 
Niel,  P.,  'Apuntaciones,'  i.  87. 
'  Nieves,'  sliip,  iii.  9. 
'  Nikolai, '  Kusa.  ship,  iv.  159,  171. 
Niles,  Judge,  A.  C,  election  of,  vii. 

235. 
•Niles  Register,' i.  42;  iv.  139. 
•  Ninfa,'  shin,  iv.  249. 
Nipaguay,  is.  Diego  mias.  moved  to, 

i.  230. 
Niza,  Marcos  de,  expedt.,  i.  7. 
Nogucyra,    names    friars    for    Cal., 

171M).  1.  5.")4. 
Nogiicria,  elected    to  prelacy,   1795, 

ii.  9. 
Nome    (^ult,    Ind.    reservation,     vii. 

491. 
Nome  Lacke,  Ind.  resorv.,  vii.  490. 
Nootka,    8paiiiiih     post    established, 

1789,   i.  505;  attempt  to  settle,  i. 

506;  settlement  abandoned,  i.  524. 
Nordhoff,  mention  of,  vi.  523. 
North    Bloumtield,    mention    of,    vi. 

486. 
North  Paciric  Coast  R.   R.,  vii.  589, 

591. 
North  San  Jnan,  mention  of,  vi.  486. 
North  tStar  mine,  vii.  041. 
Northern  mystery,  chief  element  of, 

i.  107-8. 
Northern  Railway  co.,  vii.  590. 
Norton,  M..  mention  of,  vi.,  279,  295; 

lieiit,  1S49,  vii.  454. 
Norwich,  recruiting  for  Stev.  reg't  at, 

V.  502. 
Nonvcau  Monde,  mining  co. ,  vii.  666. 
'Nouvullos  Annalea  des  Voyages,'  i. 

41. 
Nueva  Oalicia,  conquest  of,  i.  10. 
'Nueva  Reina  de  Los  Angeles,'  ship, 

ii.  292. 


O 


Oakilale,  mention  of,  vi.  514. 
Oiklaiid.    hist.,   etc.,   of,    vi.    47.'>-7, 

526;  the  lHlM>r  riot,  1877,  vii.  354, 

.360;  R.  R.  terminus,  vii.  580,  686- 

7;  churches  of,  vii.  730. 
Oakland  ferry,  vii.  .')78-91. 
Oakland  Water  Front  co.,  vii.  579. 
Oats,  yieltl,  etc.,  1860-80,  vii.  25. 
O'Brien,  W.  S.,  death  of.  vii.  680. 
'O'Cain,'  Amer.   ship,  ii.  25,  39-40, 

79,  82.  84,  9.3  5. 
Ouhcjamnes,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  600. 
Odd  Fellows'  .Society,  vii.  706-7. 
O'Donnell,  C  C,  the  labor  agitation, 

1877,  vii.  359;  coroner  of  S.  F.,  vii. 

691. 
Ogden,  Major  C,  arrival  of,  1849,  vii, 

447. 
Ogden,  W.  B.,  pres't  of  Phil.  R.  R. 

convention,  18.50,  vii.  513,  516. 
Ogden  R.  R.  junction,  vii.  572-6. 
Oil,  consumption  of,  vii.  9.3. 
'Okhotsk,' ship,  ii.  649-51. 
Olampali,  battle  of,  1846,  v.  165-8. 
Old  S.    Francisco  port,  tliscovery  of, 

i.  156-7;  errors  concerning,  i.  157-9. 
Olema,  mention  of,  vi.  511. 
Oleomi,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 
'Olive  Branch,' ship,  iii.  118. 
Oliver,  D.  J.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
Olives,  cultivation,  etc.  of,  vii.  43. 
Olney,  Jainea  N.,  mining-stock  sale, 

vii.  6(57. 
Olney    &    Co.'s  Washoe   Stock    Ex- 

change,  vii.  667. 
0'Meara,J.,  'Hi'oderickandOwin,'vi. 

68:t-4;  state  printer,  1858,  vi.  714. 
Ophir,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  484. 
Ophir    Silver    Mining  co.,    vii.   666; 

stocks  of,  vii.  671. 
Oranges,  crop,  etc.,  of,  1889,  vii.  42. 
Ord,  P.,   del.  to  constit.  convention, 

etc.,  1849,  vi.  286. 
Oregon,    cattle   trade  with,   1837,  iv. 

8i>-7;  immigration  from,   1843,    iv. 

390;  1844,  iv.  444;  184.'>,  iv.  574-7; 

1847,  V.  ,5.")5;  Fremont's  return 
from,  reasons  for,  v.  86-92,  101., 
parties  returning  to,  1846,  v.  .525- 
6;  eflfect   of  gold  diacov.    ia  Cal., 

1848,  vi.  112. 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  H«e  alau  the  Pioneer  RegUter,  vola.  II  In  V. 
'Oregon,' U.  S.  cxplor.  ship,  iv.  245.  |  Pacific  Stock    Exchange,    iirganized. 


'Uru^on,'    8teaniur,  voy.  of,  1848-U, 

vi.  I'Jtf,  1;M,  137. 
Orfiinl,  Tort,  milit.  post  at,  1861,  vii. 

4U0. 
•Orion,'  ship,  ii.  478. 
Orlciiiis  Flnt,  vi.  480. 
Onuiijchca,  J.  I.  de,  Habil.-gen.  for 

t'al.  in  Mex.,  1810-lti,  ii.   ]8i),  421; 

nf  Ciil.  junta  in  Mex.,    18*25-7,  iii. 

:<;  report  cm  Cal.  niisg.,  iii.  101). 
Orovillt!,  iiiontionof,  vi.  3til;  kl^t  of, 

vi.  4<K)  1. 
O.sio,  niiinuscript  of,  i.  55. 
OsiKs.  Ind.  tribe,  i.  iiSS 
Otiii,  James,  vii.  (i03-4. 
•Otkruitie.'ship,  ii.  293. 
Ottor,  see  'Fur  trade.' 
'  Otter, '  Boston  ship,  i.  539-40. 
Otilton.   G.,   state    controller,    1863, 

vii.  :«).'J-4. 
Overland  route,  first  visitors  by,  iii. 

151  2. 
Overton,  W.  P.,  iv.  209. 
Ovineta,  J.    B.,    C3mniercial  schems 

of,  1800,  i.  028. 
Owen,  1).,  183(},  iv.  141. 
Owens,  Rev.  Isaac,  vii.  728-9. 
Owens    Hiver    valley,    massacre    of 

Indians  in,  1802,  vii.  486. 
Oysters,  vii.  83. 


vii.  669-70. 
Pacitic   Woo<l,    Lumber,  and   Flume 

CO.,  viu  680. 
Paeilic   and  Atlantic   Rrilro.-i<l  com- 
pany, oigauized,  etc,  1851-3,  viu 

.536. 
Pack-trains,   descript,   etc.,   of,  vii. 

152-4. 
Padres,  see  'Friars.' 
Page,  H.  F.,  congressman,   1880,  vii. 

408;  biog.,  viL  408 
Page,  KolHirt  C,  vii.  668. 
Page,  Bacon  &  Co.,    mention  'of,  vii. 

161;  failure,  vii.  174-9. 
Pague,  Ind.  tril>e,  iL  506. 
Puguenjclayomi,  Ind.   tribe,  iv.  363. 
Pajaro,  mention  of,  vi.  524. 
Pajaro  rancho,  ii.  61  .'S. 
Pate,  proposed  site  for  nuss. ,  i.  554. 
Palen,  Matthew,  vii.  641. 
Palmer,  C.  H.  T.,  vii.  717. 
Palmer,  Henry  D.,  vii.  592. 
Palmer,  Kolwrt,  vii.  640. 
Palmer,  Cook  &  Co.,  breach  of  trust, 

vi.  616;  failure,   etc.,  of,   1856,  vi. 

618;  vii.  177-80. 
Palmer  mine,  vii.  651. 
Palo  Alto,  battle  of,  1846.  v.  193. 
Palos  Verdes,  rancho,  v.  320. 
Palou'a    'Vida  de   J.   Seira,'    i.    38; 

'Noticias,'  i.  '.Vi. 
Pamo,  ranclioriu,  Hght  at,  i.  316. 
Panami,  city,  descript.  of,  1849,  vi. 

13*2. 
Panama,   isthmus    gold-seekers    mt, 

1849,  vi.  130-6;  map  of  route,  vi. 

131. 
Panam<l   railway,   opening,    etc.,  of, 

1855,  vi.  139;  meution  of,  vii.  ii'H. 
'Pauami,'  steamer,  voy.  of.  1848-9, 

vi.  1*29,  134.  137. 
Pangua,  T,,  guar.tian  for  Cal.  miss  , 

1803-6,  ii.  •27,  165. 
Western      Development     co.     and  |  Panocho  Grande  claim,  vi.  561. 
Contracts  Finance  co.),  organized,  !  'Panther,'  Amer.  sliip,  ii.  457,  475, 
■"'"'"  I     478. 

PaiMjr,  manufact.  of,  vii.  101. 
Paredes,  (.ien.,  sends  troii|>8  to  Cal., 

184*2,   iv.    '288;    prunuuciameuto   in 

favor  of,  V.  41. 
Parker,  J.,  vi.  609. 
Parker,  U.  B.,  viL  588. 
cific  R.  R.),  bill  introd  by  Gwin,  |  Parker,  Wm  H.,  vii.  6<>8. 
186*2,     vi.     726;    fund,     vii.     669;    Park,  T.  W.,  Adams  A  Co.s  faiIu^^ 
amended,  vii.  565,  627-8.  I      vii.  174-6. 

Pacific  Railway  Commission,  rep't  of.    Parks  bar,   irming  on,  1818,  vi.  72; 

1K88,  vii.  6'24.  {      richness  of,  vt.  .V>9. 

Pacific  republic,  scheme  for,  vii.  689.  1  Parrott,  John,  viL  610. 
Hisr.  Cal.,VouVIL    G1       i 


Pacheco,  R.,  state  treasurer,  1863, 
vii.  ;W3;  gov.  1874,  vii.  367;  do- 
feat  of,  1875,  vii.  367;  congress- 
man, 1880,  vii.  408;  biug.,  vii. 
408. 

Pacheco,  S.,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi.  10. 

Pacheco,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  6'27. 

Pacific  Glass  Works,  vii.  99. 

Pacific    Improvement    co.    (see    also 


etc.,  vii.  614-19. 

Pacific  M.ail  Steamship  co.,  establish- 
ment of,  1847-8,  VI.  1*27-9;  opera- 
tions, etc.,  vi.  129-42;  bought  by 
R.  R.  CO.,  vii.  633. 

Pacific  Mill  &  Mining  co.,  vii.  680. 

Pacific  Railroad  (see  also  (Central  Pa- 


802 


INDEX. 


For  information  coiiPernlnK  pioneers,  bco  also  the  Pioneer  Regiiier,  voli.  II  to  V. 

ParxoHH,  G.  F.,  'Life  and  Adventures 
uf  Janioi)  W.  Marsliall,'  vi.  102; 
liiog.,  vi.  102-3, 


Pasoual,  Father,  labors  and  death  of 

i.  20. 
Paso  do  Bartolo,  J'lorea'  forces  at,  v. 

SIK). 
PiisHports,  regulations  on,  iii.  177-8. 
I'attuii,    Major    (}.    W.,    eatabl's    Ft 

Lane,  1858,  vii.  402. 
Paterson,    A.    Van   It.,    supr.    court 

judge,    1887,   vii.    434;    biog..    vii. 

434. 
Patterlon,  James  N.,  vii.  618, 
I'aty,  Win,  18.<«,  iv.  141. 
Paul,  A.  B.,  vii.  639,  606. 
Pauly,  A.,  biog.  of,  vii.  184. 
Pauina  raucho,  niasHacre  at,  1846,  v. 

567. 
Paxton,  John  A.,  vii.  586. 
I'ayne,  Col  M.  M.,  at  Fremont  trial, 

v.  456. 
•Payuclies,'  Ind.  tribe,  iv.  338. 
*  Paz  y  Ueligicm, '  ship,  ii.  283. 
Peabody,  1.,  1836,  iv.  141. 
'Peacock,'  ship,  visit  of,  180<),  ii.  37-9; 

iv.  82,  141;  wrecked,  iv.  245. 
Pcarce,  Wni  H.,  1836,  iv,  141. 
Pearne,  T.  H.,  Or.  del.  to  S.  F.  R.  R. 

convention,  1859,  vii.  543. 
Pears,  quality  and  yield,  vii.  41. 
Pearstin,  ('apt.,  nienti«m  of,  vi.  137. 


Perkins,  O.  C,  gov.,  1880,  viL  408, 
410-11;  biog.,  vii.  410  II. 

Perley,  D.  W.,  challenges  Bnxlerick, 
1859,  vi.  725. 

Perrin,  K.  B.,  biog.,  etc.,  vii.  004,  703. 

Perris,  F.  F.,  vii.  618. 

Perry,  miner,  vii.   650. 

Perry,  H.  A.,  mention  of,  vii.  78. 

Perry,  J.,  jr,  vii.  668. 

Peril,  effect  in,  of  golil  discov.  in  Cal., 
1848,  vi.  125. 

Pestilence,  prevalence  of,  1833,  iii. 
357. 

Pctalunia,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 

Petalunia,  town,  first  visit  to,  ii.  .331; 
Bettlemt'ut  at,  1M33,  iii.  255;  hist.  Oi', 
vi.  507-lS;  montion  of,  vii.  .583-4. 

Petalunia  creek,  iirst  Kuropcans  un,  i. 
29i). 

Petalunia  and  Cloverdale  R  R.  cc, 
vii.  589. 

Petalunia  and  Hcaldsburg  II  R.  co., 
vii.  589. 

Petit-Tliouars,  works  of,  i.  40;  iv.  148. 

Petroleum,  vii.  661. 

Pette,  Professor,  vii.  647. 

Phelan,  Jax,  biog.,  vii.  Iti9. 

Phelps,  'Fore  and  Aft,'  iv.  150. 

Phelps,  T.  Vt.,  congressman,  1S61,  vii. 
291;  defe.1t  of,  vii.  301,  'Ml;  men- 
tion of,  vii.  547:  biog.,  vii.  735. 

Philadelphia,  R.  II.  convention  at, 
1850,  vii.  513-16. 


Pease,  E.  T.,  vii.  557. 

'Pedler.'ship,  capture  of,  1814,  ii.  20.3,  \  Phillips,  C.  H.,  biog.,  vii.  185. 

•271,  305.  ,     'PlKcnix,'  Eng.  ship,  i.  537,  669. 

Peel,  mention  of,  vii.  567.  PhuMiix,  quicksilver  mine,  vii.  657. 

Pelton,  J.  C,  estaldishes  free  school,  '  Pianos,  nianufact.  of,  vii.  81. 

vii.  717;  first  school  law,  vii.  718.     i  Pickett,  C".  E.,  mention  of,  vi.  270, 


Pelton,  Mrs  J.  C,  vii.  717. 

Penal    colony,  Cal.    as,  182^30,   iii. 

47-50. 
Penasquitos  rancho,  Kearny  encamped 

at,  V.  352. 
Penitencia  creek,  Pages'  expedt.  camp 

at,  i.  184. 
Peralta,  A.  M.,  mention  of,  vi.  478. 
Peralta,  D.,  mention  of,  vi.  479. 
Pcraltii,  J.  D.,  mention  of,  vi.  476. 
Peralta,  J.   M.,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi. 

10. 
Peralta,  L.,  mention  of,  vi.  65-6. 
I'eralta  estate,  litigation    concerning 

tiie,  vi.  561. 
Peralta  grant,  mention  of,  vii.  .580. 
Perez,  B.,  gold  discovery  of,  1848,  vi. 

79. 
Perez,  .1.,  mentnm  of,  vi.  317. 
Periodicals,  see  '.Journals.' 
•Perkins,,'  transport,  v.  513. 


Pico,  J.,  manuscript,  i.  55. 

Pico,    J.    de  J.,    mining    operations, 

1848,  vi.  77. 
Pico,  Pio,  manuscript,  i.  55;  rule  of, 
1845,  iv.  518^5;    farewell  address, 
V.  '275. 
'  Pierce,  Andrew,  vii.  607. 
j  Pierce's  'Journal,'  iv.  2*:4-5. 
I  Pierpont,  James,  missionary,  vii.  730. 
\  Pigments,  manufact.  of,  vii.  93. 
Pilascitos  rancho,  ii.  615. 
I  'Pilgrim, 'ship,  iii.  142,  .367. 
i  Pilot  Hdl,  a  mining  centre,  1849,  vL 
'      353. 
Pinart,    'Document'  on  Russ.  settle- 
ment, ii.  641. 
Pindray,  C.  de,  exped.  to  Sonora,  1851, 

vi.  .585. 
Pine  Tree  Mine,  The,  vii,  641. 
Pinole,  Point,  mention  of,  vi.  527. 
Pinole  valley,  Fagcs'  exped,  in,  i.  185. 


INDEX. 


803 


For  Information  eon»!cmlng  pioneera,  gee  olso  the  Piorterr  ItryMer,  voIh.  TI  to  V. 


Pioclic  k  Co.,  vii.  060. 

I'looli.).  V.  L.  A.,  vii.  720. 

rioiieor  Kfgistor,  ii.  6»:i  795,  iii.  733- 
\Y1\  IV.  (i88-78t);  V.  687-784. 

I'ioiiueM,  tir.st  Amor,  to  arrive,  1791,  i. 
491;  lirat  foreign  resident,  1814,  ii. 
"I'l;  first  Amor,  settler,  ii.  iJ'O; 
adilitidiis  to,  in,  1821,  ii.  444;  ar- 
rival:i,  1822,  ii.  47r)-9;  1824,  ii.  62.')- 
7:  1825.  iii.  29;  182()-7,  iii.  17(1; 
182S,  iii.  178;  1829,  iii.  179;  1830, 
iii.  180;  18;U-5,  iii.  385-413;  18,10- 
40,  iv.  117-20;  1841,  iv.  279;  1842, 
iv.  ;UI;  1843,  iv.  .'«»9;  1844,  iv.  \W,\; 
1.S4.-),  iv.  507;  1847-8,  v.  5r.4-7; 
1814-30,  ii.  081;  foreign  residents, 
I82.H,  ii.  495-0;  reniding  at  L.  An- 
geles, 1830,  ii.  558;  chanuiter  of  old 
HL'ttlors,  iv.  115. 

Pious  fund,  report  on,  1773,  i,  214; 
conditions,  etc.,  of,  1773,  i.  214; 
184l)-5,  iv.  07,  3.S5  8;  proposed 
hacienda,  i.  581;  Reviila  Oigedo, 
riiport  on,  i.  631-2;  revenue  from, 
iii.  3.")0;  unsold  property  restored, 
181.5,  IV.  5.54. 

Piru  niiiuho,  ii.  566. 

Pittsburg,  C'al.,  mention  of,  vi.  528. 

Pixlc^y,  v.  M.,  prea.  of  rcpuh.  conven- 
tion. 1808,  vii.  329;  Uiog.,  vii.  329; 
noiiiiii.  for  coiig.,  1868,  vii.  331; 
mention  of,  vii.  068. 

•I'izirro,'  ship,  iii.  24,  118.  519. 

Placer  county,  hist,  of,  vi.  483-4;  R. 
R.  affairs  in,  vii.  550-7,  562-3. 

Plaearville,  hist,  of,  vi.  467-9;  co. 
seat  of  Kl  Dorado,  vi.  482;  R.  R. 
meeting  at,  1854,  vii.  .540;  stage 
line,  vii.  .541;  churchos  of,  vii.  729- 
30. 

Placcrville  &  Sacramento  valley  rail- 
road, vii.   554-5. 

Pliiiis.     See  'Maps.' 

Platto  river,  emigrants  on  the,  1849, 
vi.  147-.50. 

Plum,  C.  M.,  biog.  of,  vii.  187. 

Plumas  county,  mining  in,  1850-0,  vi. 
301-3;  hist,  of,  vi.  492;  creation, 
etc.,  of,  1854,  vii.  441. 

Plumbago,  vii.  002. 

Plumbe,  .1.,  R.  R.  scheme  of,  iv.  223; 
vii.  499-500. 

'PocahonUs,'  ship.  iii.   14.1,  210,  .304. 

Point  ("oncepcion,  Portola's  cxped.  at, 
i.  148. 

Point  Reyes,  'Cermenon'  wrecked  at, 
i,  90;  Portola's  exped.  at,  i.  158. 

Point  S.  Pedro,  Portola's  exped.  at,  L 
155;  first  name,  i.  156. 


Point  Sur,  Cabril'o's  name  for,  i.  76. 

M'olifemia,' ship,  iv.  1.59. 

Polk,  Pres.,  war  proclamation,  1840, 
V.  193. 

Pf  litics,  discord  in  S.  F.,  1848-51,  vi. 
209-20,  271-3;  admission  of  sUto, 
vi.  251-.1.50;  slavery  <|uestion,  vi. 
251-6,  290-0,  321,  336-4(i.  053-0; 
hist,  of,  1848  50,  vi.  251-3.50;  18.50- 
9,  vi.  641-739;  I860,  vii.  251  74; 
1861-5,  vii.  275-314;  1805  8.  vii. 
315-34:  1868-78,  vii.  3.35-09;  1878- 
9,  vii.  370-406;  1879-89,  vii.  407-44; 
constit.  convention,  1849,  vi.  261  et 
seij. ;  1879,  vii.  370  ct  see].;  boun- 
dary ((uestion,  vi.  291-0;  elections, 
first,  vi.  304  0,  072;   18(iO,  vii.  272; 

1803,  vii.  -MYA;  1804,  vii.  307;  1807, 
vii.  .323;  1868,  vii.  .330;  1872,  vii. 
.332;  1875.  vii.  .307;  1879,  vii.  407; 
1880,  vii.  414;  1SS2,  vii.  421;  1881, 
vii.  425;  I8S0,  vii.  433;  ilomocratio 
party,  1849,  vi.  .'KM;  1851,  vi.  648- 
.50;  attitude  of,  vi.  672;  victory, 
1852,  vi.  672-3;  state  conven.,  18tiO, 
vii.  258,  1868,  vii.  WM);  in  election, 
1879,  vii.  408;  1881,  vii.  415  1(>; 
1882,  vii.  421;  1884,  vii.  426;  188(5, 
vii.  4.32;  senatorial  elections,  first,  vi. 
311;  1851,  vi.  (UO;  Cwin  and  Brod- 
erick,  vi.  0.58  et  seq. ;  1801,  vii. 
273;  180.5,  vii.  317;  1807,  vii.  327; 
1886,  vii.  4.32;  state  capuol,  vi, 
321-5;  whigs,  vi.  6.50  2,  070;  in.le- 
pendents,  vi.  052;  knownothings, 
vi.  091-701;  campaign,  180O,  vii. 
251;  state  rights,  vii.  202  et  seq. ; 
republicans,  vii.  2.57  8,  291,. 329  32, 
304-5,  408-11,  415-17,  425,4.5.3  5; 
union  meeting,  1801,  vii.  277;  union 
state   conv.,   vii.   307;    copiierbead, 

1804,  vii.  308;  party  changes,  1865- 
8,  vii.  315et8ei|.;  railroad  intluence, 
vii.  323,  444,  629;  Chinese  question, 
vii.  .3:14  et  seq.;  primary  elections, 
vii.  315-17;  short  hairs  party,  vii. 
317-19;  lal>or  agitations,  vii.  .'{48; 
the  sand-lot,  vii.  3.55;  workingmen's 
party,  vii.  3.55  0.  3(>l-2,  372  4,  408- 
11;  Dolly  Varden's  party,  vii.  305; 
reform  party,  |s7,5,  vii.  307;  water 
rights  in,  vii.  428;  American  party, 
vii.  430;  in  S.  F.,  vii.  0^9  90. 

Pollock,  congressman,  R.  R.  rept  of, 
1848,  vii.  505, 

Pollock,  Rev.  D.  W.    vii.  729. 
I  Pollock,  C(d  R.  mention  of,  vii.  409. 
;  Pond,  W.  C,  missionary  to  Cal.,  vii. 
i      730. 


804 


INDEX. 


For  iufnrmatlon  conccruing  ptonccra,  nee  also  the  Pioneer  RegUter,  voU.  II  to  Vi 

Ponv  oxpreas.     See  '  MuiU. '  I  I'dtter,  (ieo.  C. ,  vii.  687. 

PcMtlH,  U.  8.  maralial,  vii.  U2I.  |  roiiltry,  riiiaiiix,  etc.,  of,  vii.  62. 

l'«M>rinairH  creuk,  miuiiig  yield,  1850-    I'owdur,  iiiiiiiulact.  of,  vii.  UU-IUO. 


6,  vi.  ;J57. 
Pope,  U«u.  J.,  in  command,  1883,  vii. 

472. 
Pope,  \V.,  mention  of,  vi.  19. 


'I'nililo,'  U.  .S.  Hloopof-war,  v.  611- 

\'A. 
Pratt,  O.  C,  biog.,  vii.  22.3. 
I'reciado,  niiniu  Cul.,  \a'.Vd,  i.  6.'). 


Population,  atutiHtica  of,  18U1-10,  ii,  '  '  Predpriutie,' Kuk-i.  ahip,  ii.  522,  1(46. 
107-8,   110,   115-10,   121,  123,  132,  '  Pnfocta,    apiH>intment     of,    in.    585; 
1.17-8,  148-9,  151,   15.3-4;    1811-20,  \     duties,  iii.  680. 
34(5-50,  355,  358,  304-8,  377,  38(),  i  Prtfecturen,  restored,  1845,  iv.  5X3. 
38,3-7,  .390;    1821-30,   ii.  552,  554,    Presbyterian  churcli,  vii.  727. 
55(1,  5(i7-8,  580-2,  605-0,  5SH»,  tiOl  2,  '  Presidios,  roglanioiito  d«,  1772,  i.  200 


GOD,  UKi,  010-20,  622,  624;  1830-48, 
V.  524,  643;  vi.  3;  at  San  Diego 
miss.,  iii.  610;  at  S.  I..  Key,  iii.  622; 
at  8.  Juan   Cap.,   1831-4,  iii.  625; 


7:    8.   V.   established,    i.    280:    ni- 
spectors   of   app't'd,  i.  3:i4;    8ola'rt 
report  on,  1818,  ii.  250-2. 
Prcvuaux,  Rev.,  vii.  728. 


at  .S.  Gabriel,    1831-4,  iii.  643;   at  1  Prevost,    I.  B.,  Hiiss.  settlement   at 


H.  Fernando,  1831-4,  iii.  646;  at 
8to  Barbara,  1831  4,  iii.  656;  at 
8.  Buenaventura,  1831-4,  iii.  660; 
at  8ta  lues,  1831-4,  iii.  660;  at  8. 
Carlos,  18:U-4,  iii.  680;  at  8.  L. 
Obispo,  1831-4,  iii.  681;  at  8. 
Miguel,  1831-4,  iii.  684;  at  Soledad, 
1831-4,  iii.  690;  at  8.  J.  Bautista, 
1831-4,  iii.  691;  at  8ta  Cruz,  1831- 
2,  iii.  693;  at  Dolores  miss.,  1831- 
4,  iii.  714;  at  S.  Rafael,  1831-2,  iii. 


Ross.,  1818,  ii.  317. 

Prevoit,  L.,  experiments  in  sericul 
ture,  185:}-4,  vii.  .32-3. 

Price,  R.  M.,  del.  to  constit.  conven- 
tion, etc.,  1849,  vi.  28(5. 

Price,  Col  Sterling,  at  8ta  Fe,  1846, 
V.  482. 

'Princess,'  explor.  ship,  i.  329,  444, 
542,  653,  070;  ii.  83,  88,  96. 

Principio  river,  see  'Little  river.' 

Printing,  Hrst,  1833,  iii.  241. 


716;  at  Solano,  1831-4,  iii.  719;  at    'Providence,'  Eng.  man  of  war,  visit 
8ta  Clara,  1831-2,  iii.  727;  increase,  |     of,  i.  538-9. 

Provincias    Internas,   Cal.   separated 
from,  i.  603. 


18ll-'20,  ii.  392-3;  increase  at  put 
bios,  1811-20,  ii.  413;  foreigti 
arrivals,  1816-18,  ii.  393;  at  Hoss, 
ii.  631-2;  decrease  in  8.  Diego  dist, 
1840,  iii.  611;  8.  Antonio.  1831-4, 
iii.  686;  8.  Jose  miss.,  1831-4,  iii. 
724;  character  and  composition,  vi. 
2-4;  of  San  Francisco,  1849,  vi. 
168;  early,  vii.  69.5-6;  number  of, 
1849-80,  vii.  698-701;  amusements 
of,  vii.  711-13;  female,  vii.  709-10, 
715-16. 

'Porpoise,'  U.   S.   explor.    ship,   iv. 
'245. 

Port  (yosta,  mention  of,  vi.  627. 

Port  Harford,  mention  of,  vi.  523. 

Porter,  B.  F.,  biog.,  vii.  749. 

Porter,  G.  K.,  biog.,  vii.  749. 

Portezuelo  rancho,  granted,  i.  662. 

•Portsmouth,'  U.  8.  ship,  v.  63,  102, 
129,  199,  20O-1,  224,  254,  295,  356. 

Portu,  Lt  Jose,  app't'd  to  Cal.,  iii. 
236. 

Postoffice,  see  'Mails.' 

Potosi  mine,  vii.  673. 

Potrero  rancho,  ii.  615. 

Potter,  mining   operations,  1848,  vi. 
71. 


Protestants,  vii.  727-31. 

Pryor,  W.  L.,  vii.  618. 

'  Public  institute,'  school  at  S.  F. 
1848,  vii.  717. 

Pueblo  lands,  title,  etc.,  vii.  56<'>-(>; 
grants  of,  vi.  666-70;  litigation 
concerning,  vi.  568-70. 

Pueldos  of  Xexu  province,  1542,  i. 
73;  I>eginniug8,  i.  306-16;  experi- 
mental, i.  312;  regulations  for, 
1781,  i.  337;  not  prosperous,  i.  600- 
1;  population,  1800,  i.  601. 

Pulnomanoc,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 

Punta  de  Pinos,  named,  i.  101. 

Purcell,  J.  D.,  vii.  618. 

Purdy,  lieut-gov.,  1854,  vi.  681. 

Purisima,  founded,  i.  4'i4-5;  revolt  of 
neophytes^  ii.  647;  events  at,  1791- 
1800,  1.  675-6;  events  at,  1801-10, 
il  123;  1811-20,  iL  366-8;  1821-30, 
ii.  680;  1831-40,  iii.  664-6;  hemp 
culture  at,  ii.  179-80;  earthquake, 
181'2,  ii.  201;  revolt  of  Indsat.  I8'J4, 
ii.  529-30;  foreign  vessels  allowed 
at,  iii.  127;  secularization  of,  iii. 
346;    slauKhter  of  cattle,  iii  349; 


INDEX. 


805 


For  Information  conceniluK  plimeen,  lee  alio  the  Pioneer  RegMer,  voU.  11  ti>  V. 


value  of  uxporta,  1H40,  iv.  80;  ro- 
Btoruil  to  fnara,  184:{,  iv.  'M'J\  con- 

<litii)U   (if,    IH44,    iv.    4'JI:    sale   of    lianclxM,  eurlv   granU,   1705- 1800,  i. 

«til-:»;  of  All. lit.   (lint,  i.   Ito;*:    ii. 


i.   682-3;    8.  F.   dist    coutrovtmy 
over,  i.  707  8. 


niisD.  estaU),  iv.  Ulil^;  v.  A58< 
Putto,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  ijOO. 


Quartara,  A.,  cooid't  at  S.  Bla«,  1819, 

ii.  2o». 
Quartz  inincrii'  aitsociation,  orgaaizeil, 

vii.  «4ti. 
Quartz  niininf;,  method,  vii.  A.*)?. 
Queen,  .J.,  nieution  of,  vi.  '21\). 


614-15;  iii.  676  »;  v.  «a7;  iii.  «7«>- »; 
V.  637;  8.  F.  dint,  i.  707  8;  ii.  rm-A; 
iii.  711-13;  v.  GTAt;  of  Houtliern 
dint,  1802-10,  ii.  Ill  I'i;  of  L. 
AiitjuloH  iliHt,  ii.  MH'ii;  v.  627;  lint 
of  Kraiita,  1821 -.'M),  ii.  64>.'{  4;  lint 
of,  I8:il  40,  iii.  633-4;  Stn  Harl>ara 
diat,  iii.  6.5.5  6;  v.  6^{2;  oiiiciul 
plunder  of,  1846,  v.  3i>8;  ot  8. 
Uiogo  diat,  v.  6I*J. 
Uauilol,  A.  St.,  Iiiog.,  vii.  758. 


Quii'lcHilver,    dixcov.,    I7*J6,     i.    670;    Ritmlolpli,  oration,  i.  157. 


expiirt  of,  1856,  vii.  116;  mining  of, 

vii.  6.'»6-y. 
Quiiiiliy  &  Co.,  vii.  63&. 
Quiiicy,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  492. 
i^'-iintano,    Lieut    F.,    with    exped., 

im,  i.  49U. 


K'lndolph,  E.,  in  S.  F.  land  cnxc,  iii. 
708;  the  New  Alinadcn  8uit,  vi. 
551);  biog.,  vi.  67'.';  noiiiiimted  for 
attorney -gun.,  1850,  vi.  723;  men- 
tion of,  vii.  337. 
Riotisxet,  Count  O.  R.  de,  aniiear- 
ance,  etc.,  of,  vi.  585-6;  (iiitiUHt. 
expeds  of,  1852-4,  vi.  .')8«  '.KJ;  exe- 
cution of,  1854,  vL  592;  ciiurauter, 
vi.  592. 

Ralie,  \V.,  vii.  543.  Ravenawood,  mention  of,  vi.  520. 

'Raccoon,'  Eng.  ahip,  ii.  204,  271-2,  |  'RasMuhiM,'  ship,  iv.  142. 

.373.  I  Rattlennake  ledge,  mine,  vii.  651. 

Railroads,  overland,  early  efforts  for,  Reading,  P.  K.,  mention  of,  vi.  17; 
iv.  222-4;  the  new  constitut.  1879,  |  expud.  of,  1848,  vi.  72  3:  luiniiig 
vii.  3S',i,  386-9;  taxation  of,  vii.  operations,  1848,  vi.  69  70,  364; 
427-8;  proposed,  vii.  498-508;  con-  I  rancho,  etc.,  of,  vi.  4{)2  3. 
volitions,  vii.  508-16;  routes,  vii.  Real,  I'adru,  of  Santa  Clara  mission, 
609-17;    surveys,   vii.    520-1,    547;        1848,  vi.  6. 


Fanani^k,   vii.   522;    legislation,  vii. 

6l9-:{5,  598;  Pacific  &  Atlantic,  vii. 

5:{6;  subsidies,  vii.  598;    debt  and 

discrimination,  vii.  620-32. 
*  Itainbow, '  schooner,  see  'Sitka.' 
Rains,    Major   E.   J.,   at   Ft   Dalles, 

185'2,  vii.  461. 
Raisins,  product,  etc.,  of,  vii.  45, 745-6. 


Ream,  Dr  D.,  biog.,  vii.  /. 


biog.,  VII.  V3I. 
Red  Bluff,  hist,  of,  vi.  4'Mi  7. 
Redding,  B.  B.,  sucr.  of   state,  1863, 
vii.  :^3;  mention  of,  vii.  .%!,  599. 
Redington,  John  11.,  vii.  588. 
Redman,  Louis,  vii.  641. 
Redwood  City,  hist,  of,  vi.  526. 
Reed,  mention  of,  vii.  6.'18. 


Ralston,    Senator,    bill    introd     by,    Reud,  J.  F.,  at  San  Jose,  1848,  vi.  9. 

1853,  vi.  675-6.  Rteil,  Major  J.  S.,    mention   of,  vii. 

Ralston,  W.  C,  career  of,  vii.   163;  '      470. 

R.  R.  director,  vii.  610;    manager    Reese,    Michael,   vi.   315;   vii.  584-S, 

Bank  of  Cal.,  vii.  674;    death  of,  '      610,  655,  720. 

vii.  678.  Refugio    niiicho,    Bouchard's    attack 

Ramirez,  revolt  of,  1837,  iii.  523-5.      |      on,    ii.    230-7;    foreign   vessels  al- 
Ramirez,  Padre,  chaplain   to  constit.        lowed  at,  iii.  127. 

convention,  1849,  vi.  290.  Reichert,    T..    surveyor-gen.,     1887, 

Itamirez,  Pedro,  agent  for  Cal.  bishop,  ■      vii.  434;  biog.,  vii.  4:i5. 

1840-'2,  iv.  67.  335-7,  4'27.  1  Reid,  Dr  R.  K.,  biog.,  vii.  705. 

Rancherfas,  of  S.  Juan  Cap.,  list,  i.    Reid,  James,   W.  E.,  in  Wilkes'  ex- 

563;    of  S.  Juan   Bautista,  list,  i.  \      pedt.,  iv.  241. 

557.  'lleina    de    Los    Angeles,'    t:hip,    iL 

Rancho  del   Rey,  stock   at,   1800.  i.  [     '253. 

648-9;  Muut.  dist,  condition,  1800,  >  'Relief,'  U.  S.  store  ship,  iv.  314 


806 


INDEX. 


For  information  conrernint;  pioneers,  see  also  tlio  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  11  to  V. 
RuligioM,  ol>8crvance  of  the  Sabbath,  I  KooiIh,    work   on,    1811-20,    ii.     41<i; 


Vll. 

31. 


712;  hist,  of,  1849-89,  vii.  72(>- 


Rengel,  Gen.,  ofH  acts,  1784-G,  i.  422, 

424,  448-9,  454. 
'Kspublieano,' ship,   iv.  340. 
Repul)licans,     state     convention     of, 

1800,  vii.   257-8;  attitude  of,  IStJl, 

vii.  278;  victory  of,  18GI,  vii.  291; 

convcutiou    of,    18tJ8,    vii.    329-;iO; 

progress    of    party,     1808-81,    vii. 

331-2;    success   of,    1871,    vii.    3G4; 

split  among,  vii.   305;   election  of, 

1879,  vii.  408-11;  1881,  vii.  415-17; 

1884,  vii.  425;  1880,  vii.  433-.'). 
ilevely,    Wni,  translator  of   'Costan- 

so's  l>iario,'  i.  139. 
Revenue,   i.   632-4;  otKcers,  1828,  iii. 

05;  1831-5,  iii.  370-8;  for  1828,  iii. 

131;    1831  40,  iii.   307,017;  iv.  80; 

1841,   iv.    191;   1842,  iv.  :M0;  1843, 

iv.  377;    1844,    432;    1845,    iv.   500; 

admin,  of,  183(;-iO,  iv.  90-8;  sUte, 

18,51)  75,  vi.  005-22. 
Revillii-digedo,   viceroy,  ofll  acts  in, 

178".>  94.   i.  449,  481,  502  25,  5;tO-l 

534,  579-81,  002,  031-2. 
Rux  Moatcs,  mines,  vii.  051. 
lloycs.  Ant.,   bishop  of  C'al.,   1782,  i. 

378,  420,  421. 
Ulioads,  T.,  vi.  12. 
Rhodes,  .luilge  A.   L.,   bing.,  etc.,  of, 

vii.    235;  supreme  judge,    1803,  vii. 

3l>4. 
Rice,  euitivation  of,  vii.  25. 
Rice,  DfWitt  (.'linton,  vii.  582. 
Riciiards,  aids  in  raising  .Mormon  batl., 

v.  470. 
Richards,  C.  J.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
RiuliardHon,   at    Verl>a    Huena,    1835, 

vi.  104. 
Riciiardson,  \V.  A.,  rancho  of,  vi.  21. 
Ricliard.son,   W.  11.,    U.    tS.   marslial, 

1853,  vi.    074. 
Riiks,  {'.  S.,  vii.  ."iSO. 
Ridf,'i'ville,  mention  of,  vi.  .500. 
Riley,  <ien.  R.,  gov.  of  C'al.,  1849,  vi. 

275;  vii.  447;  administr.,   vi.   275- 

300. 
Riiiggolcl,  Licut-ool,  mention  of,    vii. 

470. 
Rio  (Iran-le,  crossed   by  Mex.    force, 

1840,  v.  1S>3. 
Riparian  rigiits,  see  'irrigation.' 
Riverside,  uicution  of,  vi.  421. 
Riversitlc,  ^anta  Ana  R.  R.,  vii.  610. 
Rix,  \.,  vii.  719. 
Roach,  Senator  V.  A,,  b'    ';.,  vi.  0.57; 

the  labor  agitatiuu,  18^  <,  vii.  355. 


construction,  etc.,  of,   1849-50,  vii. 
142-3. 

Roberts,  E.  R.,  vii.  GOX 

Roberts,  S.  \\.,  tiie  I'liil.  R.  R.  con- 
vention, 1850,  vii.  515  10. 

Roberts,  Rev.  VVni,  vii.  727-8. 

Robinson,  H.  C,  biog.,  vi.  057. 

Robinson,  J.  R.,  vii.  007. 

Robinson,  *  Life  in  Cat.,'  iv.  343-4. 

Robinson,  delegate,  tlie  I'hil.  R.  R. 
convention,  1850,  vii.  515. 

Robinson,  David,  vii.  054. 

Robinson,  K.  1  ,  vii.  599. 

Rol)inson,  .1.  C".,  biog.,  vii.  034-5. 

Robinson,  L.  L.,  vii.  539. 

Rol>inson,  T.,  vi.  079. 

Roliles,  Leodero.  vii.  050. 

Rubles,  Seeundino,  vii.  r>56. 

Rodew.ald,  Frederick,  vii.  585-6. 

Roelofson,  \V.  F.,  vii.  582. 

Roether,  (^,  vi.  10. 

Rogers,  of  Barleson's  party,  iv.  209. 

Kogers,  Rev.  J.,  vii.  717. 

Rogers,  Major  W.,  mention  of,  vi. 
319. 

Uohrer,  J.  B.,  biog.,  vii.  741. 

Rolling  mills,  vii.  95-0. 

Roman,  R.,  treasurer.  1849,  vi.  314; 
appraiser-gen.,  1857,  vi.  711;  as- 
signee for  Adams  &  Co.,  vii.  177. 

Romen,  gov.,  rule  of,  1791-2,  i.  481- 
500. 

'Rosa,' ship,  iii.  288,  307. 

Rose,  J.,  VI.  20. 

Kose  bar,  mention  of,  vi.  359. 

Roseeruns,  \V.  S.,  eongies.siiian,  1881, 
vii.  410-17;  biog.,  vii.  410. 

Ross,  eommercial  relations  with,  ii. 
202  3;  Riiss.  ordered  to  leave, 
1814,  ii.  204;  founding  of,  ii.  298-9; 
map  of,  ii.  300;  Moraga  visits, 
1812-14,  ii.  300-4;  viceroy's  orders 
coneeniing,  ii.  304-0;  Cr.  Arguello 
at,  ii.  309;  propo.siti.Mi  to  abandon, 
ii.  319-20;  (.omniunioatimi  withS.  F., 
ii.  .373;  windmill  at,  I8lti,  ii.  410; 
visit  of  Fernandez,  1822,  ii.  403  5- 
visited  by  Kiit/.cbiie,  1824,  ii.  523; 
events  at,  1821 -."JO,  ii.  (;28  .52; 
bibliography  of,  ii.  040-1;  expense;, 
of  colony,  ii.  052;  I'iittiea'  niedieal 
service  at,  iii.  109;  Russ.  prepara- 
tions to  uiiandon,  1841,  iv.  177; 
proposed  saio  to  V';dlejo,  iv.  177; 
sold  to  Sutter,  iv.  178  81;  depart- 
ure of  Russians,  iv.  180. 

Ross,  C^.  L.,  '  Kxperieneus  of  a  I'io- 
ueer,'  M8.,  vi.  58. 


t'»,.*_^ ' — 


INDEX. 


807 


For  in(onnation  cimcerninK  iiloncers,  sec  also  the  Pioneer  Regitler,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Iloss,  v..  M.,  8Upr.  court  judge,  1880, 

vii.  4i)9. 
UoHs,  Jiiiiics,  vii.  590. 
Itoop,  I.,  vi.  49a. 
Hoop  uuuuty,  creation,  etc.,  of,  1864, 

VI.  494. 
Il.aigli  uud  Ready,  town,  hist,  of,  vi. 

48.')  «. 
'  Uouinantzof,'  ship,  ii.  G40. 
Itousut  du  Jcsuij,  v.,   bixlinp  of  Cal. 

1 801'- 14,    i'.     100  7;    death   of,    ii. 

411. 
'llovor,'  ship,   ii.   404,   5'iO;   iii.   24, 

119  "JU. 
Kov.,  E.  A.,  vi.    ;18. 
Ko'./c's  circu.s,  mention  of,  vi.  54.V4. 
K(  wliiiid,  VV.  K.,  biog.  ot,  viL  759. 
liiu'kur.  Major   1>.   M..  at  San  Luic 

Key,  1849,  vii.  448. 
lluille,  J.  Ii.,  vi.  o:  9. 
Uut'iii),   E.,  raiicho,  etc.,  of,  1848,  vi. 

19-20. 
Rule,  John,  vii.  CS. 
Riilofsnn,  W.  F.,  vii.  583. 
Ruiiiiiintzof,    titit    out    explor.    ship. 


ISKi, 


78,  3/ 


'Rnrik,'  Kotzebue's  uhip,  ii. 
M:^. 

Ru.sli  creek,  mining  yield,  1850-6,  vi, 
.•».")7. 

Rusk,   T.   J.,    letter   to   I'hil.    R.  R, 
couventiou,  I8.")0,  vii.  513-14. 

Rums,  a,  <i.,  biog.,  vii.  094. 

RuMstuIl,   W.   H.,   sec.  of  state,    1847, 
vi.  -JoO. 

RuiSMiau  Amer.  co.,  L.  Arguello'a  cou 
tract  Hi  til,  ii.  494. 

Rus.siun    Fur    co.,    proclamation    of, 
1810,  ii. '.294  0. 

RiiHsiau  river,  tlood  on  the,  1803,  vii. 
10. 

Rus.siiin   aettlements,   deacriptiou   of,  ' 
ii.  0'.>8  31;  map  of,  ii.  0:29. 

Ryder,  J.  M.,  vii.  58'-'.  | 

Russians,  Spanish  fears  of,  i.  112,  227;  , 
ii.    483;    war   with,    news   reed,  i.  ! 
540;    poiice    with,    ii.    4;    coKtiact  | 
with  O'Cain,  1803,  ii.  25;  fur  hunt- 
ing  in  Cal  ,    1805-0,    ii.   40  I;  dis- 
coveries of,  1741,  ii.  59;  other  hunt- 
ing   contracts,    1810-11,    ii.    9.3-4; 
trade  with,    1800,   ii.    183;  1817,  ii. 
210;  form  settleiiiciit  at  liodcgo,  ii. 
199;    <loing8   in   Cal.,    1821-»),    ii. 
628-52;  policy  of,   ii.  641-2;    Ech- 
candia  vs.,  ii.  649;  actions  in  Cal., 
18:!1-41,  iv.   158-189;  departure  of 
<^olony,  iv.  186. 

Rylaiid,  C.  T.,  biog.  of,  vii.  334. 


Sacalanes,  Inds,  cxped.  against,  i.  548, 
710  12. 

'Sachem,'  ship,  ii.  475,  478,  493;  iii. 
18,  24. 

Sacramento,  climate,  etc.,  of,  vi. 
23-4;  dramatic  performances  at, 
1849,  vi.  244;  mass  meeting  at, 
1849,  vi.  279;  scat  of  gov't  establ'd 
at,  vi.  322  5;  hist,  of,  vi.  447-03; 
courts  of,  vii.  239;  legisl.  removed 
from,  1802,  vii.  29.'{-4;  co.  coiivttu- 
tion  at,  180.5,  vii.  317  19;  rcpiib. 
convention  at,  1808,  vii.  329  30; 
radroads,  vii.  .537-9;  II.  R.  meet- 
ing; at,  1801,  vii.  544;  terminus, 
vii.  577  8;  early  sc)i<h>1s of,  vii.  717; 
chu.  clics  of.  vii.  728. 

Sacraj.itnto  county,  iiist.  of,  vi.  484- 
5;  .irime  in,  1850  80,  vii.  2)5;  name, 
etj.,  vii.  4.W;  aid  to  R.  R.,  1803. 
•  li.  5.50. 

Sicrauiento,  Placer  and  Nev.  R.  R. 
CO.,  autliori/ed  to  sell  the,  180.3,  vii. 
556. 

Sacramento  river,  exped.  on,  1811,  ii. 
322;  exploration  of,  1818,  ii.  331; 
Kotzebue  (ii,  1824,  ii.  523;  Sutter's 
voy.  uj>,  iv,  13*)  1;  (irst  passage  of 
a  ship  up,  iv.  135;  Ikdcher's  survey 
of,  iv.  144-5;  Fremont  on,  1840,  v. 
170. 

Sacramento  valley,  postilouco  in, 
18.'{.3,  iii.  357;  settlers  revolt  in, 
1846,  v.  77;  Ind.  outrages  in.  1847- 
8,  v.  568-9;  name,  vi.  2;  soil,  etc., 
vii.  21. 

Sacramento  Valley  Railroad  co., 
operations,  etc.,  of,  vii.  537  9. 

Sacred  Heart  college,  vii.  722. 

Sacred  Heart  I'resentation  couvent, 
vii.  722. 

Saildlery,  manufact.,  etc.,  of,  vii.  92. 

St  Helena,  iiientiou  of,  vi.  510. 

St  Louis,  R.  R.  convention  at,  1849, 
vii.  508  II;  deimtation  A.  .V  I'.  \\ 
R.  to  S.  1'.,  vii.  0(Mi  7. 

'Nt  Louis,'  U.  S.  man  of  war,  iv.  .36, 
!Ni. 

St  Louis  ii  S.  F.  R.  R.  CO.,  vii.  616. 

St  Mary's  college,  vii.  722. 

Saleedo,  Co!,  inspects  troops  for  Cal., 
1795,  i.  5.16. 

Sal){ado,  T.,  of  Cal.  junta  in  Mex., 
1825-7,  iii.  3,  report  on  Cal.  mi.ts., 
iii.  109. 

Salinas,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  523-4. 

Salinas  rancho,  ii.  615. 


808 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneerB,  «e«  also  (lie  Pioneer  Retjitler,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Salinufl  river,  first  name  for,  i.  150; 

Fagcs'  expud.  cross,  1772,  i.  184-7: 

imiiiigranto  at,    1776,  i.  2C8;   Fre- 
mont cncanipa  at,  v.  9. 
Salmon  fisheries,  vii.  82. 
SSaliuon  river,  mining  on,  vi.  365. 
8alt,  ii.  651;  vii.  659. 
Salt    Ijiike   City,  return   of   Mormon 

bat.  to,  V.  496;  festival  at,  1855,  v. 

497  8. 
Sampcliiyo,  (icrdniino  de,  sends  anp- 

plies  to  S.  Cruz,  1790,  i.  492. 
'San    Agustin,'  C-iuicuou's    ship,    i. 

96. 
San  Andreas,  town,   mention  of,  vi 

512. 
San  Andreas  Vallecito,  mention  of,  vi. 

:i74. 
San  Antonio,   mission  established,   i. 

176-7;    want  of    supplies,    i.    187; 

mi^is.  force  at,  1773,  i.  19(>;  locality 

of,  i.  290;  condition  of  Ia<Is,  177.<, 

i.   2a'l;  buibling^  at,    1773,   i.   204; 

agric.  at,    1773,   i.   205;    alarm  at. 

1775,  i.  256;  pro»iK!rity  at,  1776,  i. 

298;   alcalde  and   rcgidore    chosen, 

1778,  i.  331;  friars  serving,  178.'l-!IO, 

i.  469;  events  at,  1791-1800,  i.  688 

9:    1801-10,  ii.   151-2;    1811-20,  ii. 

385;  1821-:i0,  ii.  621-2;  1831-40,  iii. 

686-8;  secularized,  iii.  353;  restoriMl 

to  friars,  1843,  iv.  369;  local  annals, 

I84(i  8,  v.  639-40. 
'San  Antonio,' ship,  i.  116,   121,  124, 

126,  136,  166-7,   175,  189,  215,  241, 

282,  287. 
San  Antonio  rancho,  ii.  594. 
San  Jiouito  region  explored,   1795,  i. 

551. 
San  B(>nito  county,  creation  etc.,  cf, 

vi.  524;  vii.  442-.3. 
San    Bernardino,    Je<lediah     Smith's 

party  at,  iii.    155;   Ind.  attack  at, 

iii.  :«9  <!0;  }»ist.  of,  vi.  520-1. 
San  Iteriiardino  county,  hist,  of,  vi. 

619-21;  creation,  etc.,  of,  1853,  vii. 

441;  S.   V.  K.  H.  in,  vii.  617;  min- 
ing in,  vii.  640. 
Stui  K(:rnardinc  il.  R.,  vii.  619. 
San  Borii.trdino  valley,  Fagcn  ozjted. 

in,  i.  184. 
San  liernanlino  Valley  U.  R..  vii.  616. 
San  Bernardino  &  Los  Aiigules  R.  U. 

Co.,  Vii.  616. 
Salt  Ik-rnardino  &  San  Diego  Ii.  R., 

vii,  616. 
San    Heriianlo,  skirminh  at,   1846,  v. 

mn  50;  advance  of  Stockton  from, 

1846,  v.  386. 


San  Bias,  expenses  of  establishment 
at,  i.  208;  Cal.  bound  deet  from, 
1775,  i.  240;  explor.  fleet  fitted  out, 
i.  328;  suppl.  to  be  sent  from,  i. 
334;  trade  with,  ii.  184;  (iraham 
party  at,  iv.  15;  list  of  exiles,  iv. 
17;  Idockade  of,  v.  284. 
San  Buenaventura,  founding  post- 
poned, i.  181;  events  at,  1791-1800, 
1.  674-5:  1801-10,  ii.  121-2;  1811- 
20,  ii.  365-6;  1821-30,  ii.  578-80; 
1831-40.  iii.  658-61;  founded,  i. 
373-7;  friars  assigneil  to,  i.  376; 
miss,  church  consecrated,  ii.  89; 
earthquake,  1812,  ii.  201;  «lisastcr 
at,  1SI9,  ii.  332-4;  occupied  by 
Carrillo's  force,  iii.  549;  battle  at, 
18:18,  iii.  552-4;  seculariziition,  iv, 
46;  restore<l  to  friars,  iv.  mi'.);  con- 
dition of,  iv.  421;  Micheltoreiia  at, 
iv.  501;  lease^l,  1845,  iv.  553;  miss. 
estat«  rented,  v.  5.')8;  halo  of  miss. 
estate,  V.  561;  b^cal  anualK,  1^46-8, 
V.  6:54-5;  mention  of,  vi.  523. 
San  Carlos,  news  of  founding  of  miss., 
i.  124;  liiias.  and  |)rcsidi(i  fouiiileil, 
1770,  i.  170-1;  niibs.  transttrrtd  to 
Caniielo  Iwiy.  i.  177  8;  rcvidiiig 
ministers,  i.  178;  convctsioiis  at, 
1770,  175;  I'respi  returns  to,  i.  187; 
miss,  force  at,  1773,  i.  196;  loi-nlity 
of,  i.  200;  condition  of  Inds,  1773, 
i.  203;  buibbngs  at,  1773,  i.  203; 
agric.  at,  1773,  i.  *J05;  immigrants 
arrive.  1776,  '.  2tJ8;  alcalde  and 
n.'gidore  chosen,  1778,  i.  331;  death 
and  burial  of  Serra,  i.  409-1 1 ;  frairs 
serving,  17&1-1N),  i.  469;(:ov.  H<'nieii 
barie<l  at,  i.  4!N);  reception  of  Van- 
couver, i.  512;  eventit  at,  1791-1800, 
i  685  8;  ISDl-lO,  ii.  146-8;  1811- 
20,  ii.  38.T4;  1821-30,  ii.  616; 
1831-40,  iii.  679-80;  wife  murder 
at,  i.tUvi;  land  troubles,  1802,  ii.  7; 
gov.  and  otUs  xwear  loyalty  to 
Sitain,  1808,  ii.  88;  secularization 
of,  iii.  346. 
'San  Carlos,'  ship,  for  Cal.,  i.  116, 
.^28;  ii.  25.3,  292,  473;  leaves  Li 
I'az,  i.  120,  voyage  of,  i.  I2H-;I0; 
rciunis  t<>  S.  Bias.  i.  I<)8;  ariivrn 
with  supplies,  i.  189;  cntt-rs  S.  F. 
Iwy,  1775,  i.  2445,  28«;  with  HUiipliea 

I      at  Slont.,  i.   287;   voy.  to  Alaska, 

I       I78N.   i.  444;   brings   news  of  Kiig. 

I      w;.r.  i.   542;  wreck  of,  1797,  i.  7(l6; 

!      nt  Mont.,  1809.  ii.  8H,  212;  conveys 

'      Fernande*  to  Cal. ,  ii.  4.'i6. 

i  Sau  C'by«tanu  rauchu.  ii.  615. 


INDEX. 


For  information  conccrnini?  pioneers,  »ee  bIho  the  Pintiffr  Rrgtuter,  vols.  II  to  V. 


San   Cleincntc  island,   nameil,  i.   99; 
inhaltitantii  of,  18U3,  ii.  11. 

San    l>i^ueto,    Ind.    pueblo,    iii.  339, 
628. 

S.  Diego,  Ferrelo  at,  l.')4.3,  i.  80;  oc- 
cupation of  or«ler»;il,  i.  113-  '  '• 
mesitnges  from,  at  Lorcto,  i.  '* 
occupation  of,  1769,  i.  I '26-39;  first 
settlement  at,  1769,  i.  134;  Fortola's 
march  to  Monterey,  i.  140;  return 
of  I'lirtola's  expcilt.,  i.  163;  affairit 
at,  1770,  i,  164;  the  'San  Antonio' 
at,  i.  167-8;  events  at,  1771,  i. 
178  9;  177'2-3,  i.  IS9  9'-';  1776  7, 
i.  'JtMJ  :K)3;  1791  ISOO,  i.  <W5  .'■>4; 
1801-10,  ii.  97  107;  1811  'JO,  ii. 
340-6;  ISJl-.'W,  ii.  .^SO-o'J;  1831- 
40,  iii.  608- 'Jl;  -vents  at,  1846-8, 
V.  :Vi6  9;  :«.')  6,  616-'J0;  want  of 
supplies,  i.  187;  miss,  force  at, 
1773,  i.  19');  locality  of,  i.  200; 
ranclierfas  near,  i.  '202;  l)uililing» 
at,  1773,  i.  '204;  Ortega  in  coinM  at, 
i.  216;  .Serra  at,  from  Mex.,  i.  2*25; 
miss,  moved,  i.  '2*29-30;  destruction 
of  miss.,  1775,  i.  249-55;  martyr- 
tlom  of  Padre  Jauiiie,  i.  '2.'>'l>-2;  a 
night  of  terror,  i.  '251;  Anxa  goes 
t<)  relief  of,  i.  '265;  alcalde  and  regi- 
dore  chosen,  1778,  i.  331;  old  pre- 
sidio church  burnt,  i.  1^85;  map  of, 
178*2,  i.  4r)6;  Vancouver  at,  i.  .5'2'2; 
school   at,     1795,    i.    643;    military 


visit,  18'27,  iii.  162-8;  pronuncia- 
mento  at,  1831,  iii.  '290-4;  colony 
arrives  at,  18:i4,  iii.  '267;  emancipa- 
tion at,  iii.  351;  sectdarized,  iii. 
353;  troops  refuse  duty,  iii.  481; 
loyal,  1836,  iii.  483;  plan  of,  1837, 
iii.  516-18;  reception  of  Baiidini, 
iii.  519;  oath  of  allegiance  taken, 
iii.  5"21;  Carrillo  retires  to,  iii.  556; 
arrests  at,  iii.  577-8;  Ind.  plot  at, 
18.37,  iv.  69;  value  of  exports, 
1840,  iv.  80;  arrival  of  Michelto- 
rena,  iv.  290;  guns  for,  spiked  liy 
I'helps,  iv.  3'20;  swearing  to  the 
bases  at,  1843,  iv.  359;  restored  to 
friars,  1843,  iv.  369;  condition  of 
miss.,  1844;  iv.  4'22;  Fremont  at, 
1846,  V.  '266-7;  roocoupation  of, 
1846,  V.  3'25;  Kearny  ruenforced 
from,  V.  351;  Mormon  battl.  arrive 
at,  v.  486;  Stev.  regt  at,  v.  514; 
sale  of  miss,  estate,  v.  561;  climate, 
etc.,  of,  vi.  24;  hist,  of,  vi.  479  HO, 
619  '20;  mention  of,  vi.  5'20;  pueblo 
lands,  vi.  567;  name,  vii.  4.'{7;  Ind. 
outbreak  at,  1851,  vii.  4.">o;  R.  U. 
enterprise  at,  vii.  595,  O.'U. 
'San  Diego,'  Vizcaino's  flag  ship,    i. 

98. 
S.  Diego  bay,  Cabrillo  nt,  154'2,  i.  70; 
Vizcaino's     exped't.     at,     i.    97  8; 
named,    i.    98;    arrival   of   the    'S. 
Carlos,' i.  130. 

force,   i.   646-8;  ]iopulation,   i.   648;  !  San  Diego  Central  11.  R.,  vii.  616. 

buildings,    i.   651;    Vancouver's  de-    San  Diego  co.,  quartz  excitement  in, 

scriptiou,  i.  <i50;    presidio  otiicers,  !      vii.  641. 

i.  451   2;  pre.sidio  force,  population,  :  San   Diego,   <'uyamaca&  Kastern   11. 

i.  4.V2;   biiildings,    i.  453;    garrison  j      R.,  vii.  633. 

life,   i.   453;  miss,    frairs  at,   1784-    San  Diego,  Clila,  S.  P.  &  Atlantic  K. 

95,  i.  455  6;  report  on,  i.  4.")7;  con-  <      R.  eo.,  vii.  595-6. 

versions,   I7'.I0,  i.  457;  agric,   17!H),  |  San   Diego  mission, 


137 


i.  4.'»7;  affair  «>f  the  'Leila  Bynl' 
at,  1W3,  ii.  It  14;  fight  at,  ii.  13; 
explor.  exped't.  from,  1806,  ii.  47; 
map  of  dist,  ii.  105;  eartiiipiako  at, 
1803,  ii.  KNi;  « artliquake,  |Si>0,  ii. 
344,  •loudbnrst  at.  1S2I,  ii.  443; 
oath  to  Mix.  empire.  182*2,  ii.  452; 
friars  refuse  taking  oath  to  reji., 
18*25,  iii.  7;  transfer  of  oflice,  18'25, 
iii.  10;  junta  at,  1K*28,  iii.  41;  con- 
victs not  allowed  to  land,  18;{0,  iii. 
48;  revenue,  1826,  iii.  118;  18*28, 
iii.  131;  1830,  iii.  145;  1831,  iii. 
363;  Ihihant-Cilly  at,  iii.  1*29;  cus- 
tom-house at,  IS*2".>,  iii.  136;  Amer. 
flag  raise.l  at,  18*2«.»,  tii,  138;  Fitcl.  I 
romance,  iii.  1 10-4;  JedtMliah  i 
Smith's  party  at,  iii.   15^.;  Tatties'] 


founded,   i. 
events  at,  1791 -IWKI,  i.  6.-)4-7. 
S.    Fernando,    founding  of,    i.   561   'J; 
events  at,   1797   IHOO,  i.   562;   1801 
10,   ii.    115-16;   IHII   '20,    ii.    .'r.7  H; 
1821   :«»,    ii.    569  70;    1  .S3 1   40,    iii. 
645  8;   1846-8,  v.  6*29  .'«»;  seiiilari 
zation  of,  iii.  346;  fall  oi,  1837,  ill. 
4!t8  9;    retreat    of    Castro    to,    iii. 
5*20   1 ;  oci.'Ujiied  by  Portilla's  forc<.'s, 
iii.   521;  Alvarado  joins  C.istro  at, 
iii.  .556;  restonid  io  friar.i,  1S43,  iv. 
3(»9;  Fremont's  march   to,  v.    399 
402;    condition   of,    1.S44,    iv.    4*2'J; 
treaty   with    Miehcltoreiia  at,    iv. 
509   10;    leased,   iv.    5."t3;    miss,    es- 
tate rented,  V.  558;  sale  of  miss,  es- 
tate, v.  561;  gold  mining  at,  184*2, 
vi.  36. 


«10 


INDEX. 


For  lufurmation  couccrniuK  ploucera,  im.>u 

San  Fernando  college,  priest  from  for  ' 
Cul.  i.  118. 

San  Furiiaiiilo  tunnel,  vii.  G20. 

S.    Frunci.soo,    iiiiNa.   site   selected,  i.  , 
233;    lii-i.'eta  uiid   I'alou    land  trip  i 
to,  i.  '247;  aiiiiiil.-i  of,  i.  2113-7;  vis-  | 
ited  l>y  g<»v.,    1777,  i.  21H>;  Serra's  ; 
first  visit,  i.  297;  list  of  settlurs  at, 
i.   2*J7;  founding  of  niiss.  and  pre- 
sidio,   I77t»  7,    i.    27'J-1>7;    Serras 
contiruiutiun  tour  to,  i.  X)l;  Cam-  \ 
bou's   gilt:i  to  miss.,    i.   378;  mist;, 
churcli  built,    1782,   i.  385;  Serra's 
last  viiiit,  i.  40*J;  events  at,  1783-1<0, 
i.    47a-l;    1791-1800,    i.    092-715; 
1811-20,    ii.    370-5;     1821-:U).     ii. 
583-tMj;    1831-40,    iii.    098-715;    v. 
295-0;  Hlau^liter  of  cattle,   i.   472; 
complaint  of  climate,  i.  472;  maps. 
La  IVrousc's,  i.  475;  of  dist.,  i.  703; 
ii.   370,   593;  of   1*18.    vi.   8;  1849, 
vi.    109;    of   liurnt   dist,    1851,    vi. 
204;    lS"iO-7,  vi.  750;  reception  of 
Vancouver,    i.    510,    518;    troubles 
with  Inds,    1795,  i.  547;  education 
at,    1790,    i.    Mli-4;    1847  89,    vii. 
7lt>-17;  1855-0,  vi.  784;  oilicials,  i. 
092;  military  force,  i.  093;  tiiiaiice, 
i.    094;    Iiuildinjrs,    i.     095-7;    bat- 
teries, i.  098-702:  pl;in  of,  I7'.>2,  i. 
095;    1848,   v.  070-80;   'Alexander' 
at,    ii.    10;    UcKHiof    at,    IMMi,    ii. 
07-70;    eartlupiaku,    1807,    ii.    87; 
1808,     ii.     129;     \SC^,    vii.    0*4-5; 
Kotzebue's  visit.    1810,    ii.  '278  81; 
Uo<piefcnd'»  visit,   1817,   ii.  '287  8; 
contercucc  with  Kuss.  at,  ii.  .109- 
It);   oath  to  Mex.  empire,   1822.   i. 
452;   crime   at,   1821  W,  ii.  078-9;  | 
1851,  vi.  052;  1849-82,  vii.  215-10;  i 
oath   to   rep.   taken,    182.5,    iii.    7;  ' 
S'jvero  storm.  1825,  iii.  .'tO;  in.subor-  | 
diuation  at,  1828,   iii.  07;  captured  j 
by  Solia.   1821>.   iii.  74  0;    revenue, 
1820,    iii.     117   18;    KS28,    iii.    131; 
18;il,   iii.  mu\;   Iteccliey  arrives  at, 
iii.    121;   Duhaut-Cilly  at.  iii.   r2i); 
Jcdodiah  .Sniiih's  party  at,  iii.  I.*i9; 
Uubio    ca»e    at,     1831',    iii.    191  3; 
destitution  of   soldiers  at.   iii.  322; 
port   closed   by  I'arrillo,    I8:t8,   iii. 
545;  tirst  foreign  settler,   18.'{5,  lii. 
70<.»;  value  of  exiK)rt8,  1840,  iv.  80;  : 
(.'apt.  Belcher's  visits  18:<7,  iv.  143;  ' 
Rau  at  f(>r  H.  B.  ca.  1841.  iv.  210;  > 
insurgent  parties  at,  1846,  v.  llUi;  ^ 
guns  of  spiked,  1846^  ▼.  177;  U.  8.  j 
ship  '  Portsmouth'  at,  V.  201;  cup-  ! 
turo  of  by  U.  S.,  IWO,  V.  ii38-41;  ; 


also  the  Pioneer  lieyitter,  vols.  II  to  V. 

Col  Mason  at,  1847,  vi.  430,  584; 
arrival  of  Stev.  reg't  at,  V.  513; 
Brannait's  colony  arrive  at,  v.  .550- 
2;  Mormons  preaching,  1847,  v. 
500;  local  annals,  1840-8,  v.  044- 
59;  character  of  population,  1848, 
vi.  2;  descript.  of  miss.,  1848.  vi. 
9;  climate,  etc.,  of,  vi.  23-4;  eflect 
of  gold  discov.,  1848,  vi.  53  01; 
arrival  of  the  'C'alit'ornia,'  1849, 
vi.  1:M>-7;  accident  of  location,  vi. 
1G4;  advantages  of  site,  vi.  Ifh); 
name,  vi.  105;  growth  of,  1848-9, 
vi.  104>-7,  195-7;  siiipping  at,  vi. 
167-8;  vii.  123-9;  populatitm,  vi. 
108;  aspect  of,  vi.  108-71;  streets 
and  buildings,  vi.  171-90;  business 
tirms,  vi.  173^80;  iiotels  and  res- 
taurants, vi.  188-91;  real  estate 
values,  vL  191-3;  wharves,  vi.  MJCi- 
7;  lavements  and  grades,  vi.  197- 
200;  plan  of  city,  vi.  '200-1;  con- 
flagrations, 1849-51,  vi.  *20'2-7; 
tire  department,  vi.  207  9;  muni- 
cipal affairs,  etc.,  in.  vi.  209-19; 
lawlessness  in,  vi.  211-12;  society 
in,  1849-50,  vi.  221  48;  town  conn- 
cil  of,  1849.  vi.  271;  legisl.  assem- 
bly at,  1849,  vi.  '271-'2,  '277-8; 
mass  meeting  at,  1849.  vi.  '278-9; 
pueblo  lands,  vi.  508-70;  vigilunco 
comni.     in,     1851-0,     vi.     742-54; 

Itrogress,  etc.,  of,  1851-0,  vi. 
'75-83;  land  titles.  1850-4.  vL 
755-00;  new  charter  of,  1851,  vi. 
760-2;  1856,  vi.  709-71;  munic. 
affairs  in,  1856,  vi.  702  74;  <lebt 
and  bonds,  1850-6,  vi.  772-4;  taxa- 
tion, 1850-7,  vi.  774-5;  val.  of 
property,  18."iO-7,  vi.  775;  expend., 
18.50-7,  vi.  775;  buildingK,  etc.,  of, 
1851-5.  vi.  770-81;  business  de- 
pression in,  18.55  0,  vi.  781-2;  in- 
dustries, 1850,  vi.  78*2-3;  social 
features  of,  vi.  783-5;  churchcH,  vi. 
784;  vii.  726-30;  a  manufact.  cen- 
tre, vii.  74;  nriccs,  etc.,  1848  56, 
vii.  10.1-12;  snipineuts  to,  vii.  105- 
11;  couuner.  panic  in,  1851.  vii. 
107-8;  imports  and  exptirts,  vii. 
ir2-'23;  distrib.  oi  trade,  vii.  1*22  • 
3;  {tort  of  entry,  1849,  vii.  141  2; 
mint,  vii.  107-8;  liusineAss  failures 
in,  1855-6,  viL  174-84;  land  titles 
in.  vii.  220-33;  judiciary  of,  vii. 
24i>-];  mass- meeting  in,  1801,  vii. 
277-8;  loyal  demonstration  in,  vii. 
'279;  defences  of,  1S49-61,  287  8; 
vii.  431-3,  463^-6,  472-3;  Lincoln's 


INDEX. 


811 


For  in  format  iuu  coucuruiug  plouuvni,  gee  albo  the  Pioneer  Reyhter,  \o\*.  II  lo  V. 

8.  Franci)u|iiit<>  creek,    Anza's   camp 

at,  i.  '2m. 
.Sun  (ial>rii-l,  cgtiiblishc-il,  l"«7l,  i.  )7i)- 

80;    truuljles  at,  i.    184)  '.';    want  uf 


reelectiim,  vii.  310-11;  assasfiiiia- 
tiim,  vii.  3I1-I.'{;  (ItMiiocr.  coiiveu- 
tiuii  at,  1M>8,  vii.  'SM;  tlio  L'liinese 
question,  vii.  341-5;  labor  agita- 
tioiia  in,  1877-8,  vii.  348-6*2;  the 
new  constitut.,  1879,  vii.  395-400; 
cliarter  of,  vii.  .S97;  election  of, 
1879,  vii.  411-12;  1881,  vii.  415-10; 
cliartor  of,  vii.  41l!-14;  name,  vii. 
4.'18;  clearaucea  at,  vii.  44.'1;  duties, 
etc.,    recM   at,  vii.    4-l'i;   gov't   np- 

1»roi)r.s  for,  1851-87,  vii.  443-4;  11. 
i.  affairs  in,  vii.  54'2-4,  550-7, 
W)l-3,  (i05-8,  085  et  si!(|. ;  titock 
cxch.  board,  vii.  000  8;  mining 
excitement  at,  1858,  vii.  08'J-3; 
real  estate  decline,  vii.  083,  085; 
niumifacture.s  of,  vii.  083;  street 
car  lines,  vii.  084;  bulkhead  bill, 
vii.  084  5;  trade  increase,  vii. 
CS7;  lalM>r  troubles,  1877,  vii. 
087-9;  workingmcn's  party,  vii. 
089;  loyalty  to  union,  vii.  089-90; 
|M)litic.s,  etc.,  of,  vii.  090;  land 
titles  in,  vii.  091;  t'luuatown  in, 
vii.  691-2;  future  of,  vii.  05)2-4;  | 
millionaires  in,  vii.  093;  Gulden  i 
(rate  (lark,  vii.  093.  | 

^in    Francisco    bay,    question  as   to 
brake  anchoring  in,   i.   80-7,  90-4;  j 
di.scovery  of,  i.  159;  third  explora-  j 
lion  of.  i.  231-4;  explored  by  Ayalo,  { 
i.  24.>-7;    Moraga  explores,  i.  290; 
Aleuts  hunting  in,  1808,  ii.  81;  map 
of,  1820,  ii.  589;  Aleuts  hunting  in, 
ii.   2tNi;    Kotzebuc's    visit,    1824,   ii. 
522;  Hurveycd  by  Ikechey,  ii.   688; 
iii.    121;    ]:(elcher's    survey    of,    iv. 
144. 

San  Francisco  IJiblo  society,  vii.  729. 

San  Francisco  lijiy  U.  11.  co.,  vii.  578.  i 

'!San  Franci!<co  .liivicr, '  ship,  ii.  474. 

'.San  Franci-ico  d'}  I'aulu,'  ship,  ii 
293,  477. 

San  Francisco  jwninsula,  Anza's  ex 
plor.  of,  1770,  i.  279  880. 

S.  Francisco  raiiclio,  gold  discovered 
on.  IH42,  iv.  2<.t7.  | 

San  Francisco  Solano,  sue  Solano.  | 

S.  F.,  Oakland  aii<l  Alameda  R.  R. 
CO.,  vii.  .')87.  i 

8.  F.   k   HumlNjldt  Bay  R.   R.  co.,  I 
vii.  583.  I 

S.  F.  A  Maryaville  R.  R.,  vii.  581.        ! 

S.  F.  *  North  I'acilio  R.  R.,  vii.  .■>83. 

San  Francisco  and  San  .Iohu  R.  R. 
CO  ,  organized,  etc,  1859,  vii.  537, 
5H8. 

8.  F.  A  Washoe  R.  R.,  vii.  50O. 


supplies,  i.  187;  cvent.s  at,  1772,  i. 
189;  178:i-90,  i.  459  OO;  1791  l.MXt, 
i.  003-5;  1801-10.  li.  Ii:f-15;  IMI 
20,  li.  355-7;  l821-:«0,  ii.  507  9; 
1831-40,  iii.  (Ml  5;  mis.s.  force  ut. 
1773,  i.  190;  Imality  of,  i.  2«);  con- 
dition of  natives,  1773,  i.  202; 
buililings  at,  1773,  i.  204;  agric.  at, 
1773,  i.  205;  Anza's  txpcil.  at,  i. 
223;  tedious  march  to.  1770.  i.  2)>4; 
consultation  between  Rivera  and 
Anza,  i.  271-2;  (Jarces'  reception 
at,  i.  275-0;  friars  serving  at,  1770, 
i.  2^)9;  alealile  and  rcgidore  chosen, 
1778,  i.  331 ;  deserters  arrested  at, 
ii.  88;  trouble  with  Inds,  1810,  ii. 
92;  attempt  cotton  cultivation, 
1808,  ii.  177;  hemp  culture,  ii.  180; 
earthijuake,  1812,  ii.  2U0;  Iiids 
troublesome  at,  1811,  ii.  323  4; 
Colorado  Inds  at,  1822,  ii.  480;  in- 
dustries at,  ii.  M'l;  l)uliant-C'illy 
at,  iii.  IXHi;  trappers  at,  182(),  iii. 
154;  Padres  and  Hijars  colony  at, 
iii.  2(>7;  secularization  of,  iii.  'Mti; 
slaughter  of  cattle,  iii.  :t48;  Ind. 
depreilatioiis  at,  \H'M,  iii.  ,{59;  re- 
stored to  friars,  1843,  iv.  309;  con- 
dition of,  1844,  iv.  422;  battle  at, 
184(i,  V.  391-5;  sale  of  miss,  estate, 
v.  501;  local  annals,  1840-8,  v. 
(528. 

.San    Gabriel    river,  name,   i.   179;    ii. 
47. 

San  Gabriel  valley  K.  R..  vii.  016. 

San  Ignacio  ranclio,  ii.  .~)1I4. 

.Siui  Isiilro  ranclio,  ii.  5m. 

San  .Iaciiit«i  Valley  R.  R.,  vii.  616. 

San  .lose,  foundotl,  i.  312;  early 
annals,  1770-81,  312-14;  agric,  i. 
331,  478;  settlers  at,  17S2  3,  i. 
349  50;  map,  i.  350;  eviiit.s  at, 
1783  IH),  i.  477  M);  1791  1800,  i. 
715  21;  1801-10,  ii.  I.J2  li;  IMI  20, 
ii.  377  9;  1821-:M),  ii.  (>02  0;  IS."!- 
40,  iii.  729  32;  l!v40,  v.  2:»4  .'.;  lirst 
school  at.  i.  042;  )iro)Mi.>t  d  r'  iimval, 
i.  719;  iMiundary  dit>}intc,  i.  7l'.l  21; 
puelilo  regulations,  i.  721-2;  Inmn- 
dary  dispute,  18(Ht,  ii.  l.H.Vfi;  ayiint. 
at,  ii.  4(>1  2,  (>70;  visited  bv  Kotzc- 
bue,  1824.  ii.  523;  crime  .nt.  1821 
:10.  ii.  078-9;  IhihantCilly  at.  iii. 
12t>;  .ledediah  .Smith's  parly  at,  iii. 
158;  case  of  Alcalde  I'uarte,  1831, 


I 


tM 


INDEX. 


r<»r  Information  ronrcmlnR  plonpew,  see  also  the  Pinnrrr  KfriMrr,  vnU.  II  to  V. 


iii.  194  5;  iirrufit  of  Welwr  at, 
lH4t),  V.  l.'iT;  I'rott'st.-tnt  aorvicea 
at,  IS47,  vi.  iH\6;  loeiil  aniiaU,  v. 
6(M)  r>;  cMinilition  of,  1848,  vi.  4-5; 
Bc'ttKr!*  of,  I.S48,  vi.  t>:  ett'vut  of  goM 
tliMi-ov.,  iS4H.  vi.  &2  H;  Hcat  of 
gov  t  at,  I8H>  .'il,  vi.  :W8  'J*2;  iiu-n- 
tioii  of,  vi.  .'i'.*4;  piiclilo  lamia,  vi. 
f»li7;  railroail  to,  vii.  it'M  1. 

'Sail  .lost','  .Manila  galleon,  ii.  3!tO. 

'San   .lo.Hi*,'  Hliip,    iiiiafortuuea   to,  i. 

Sail  .liisu  inlHsion,  founding  of,  i.  555; 

eviiitH  at.  17!>7-I8()0,   i.  5.")6;  I8«l  - 

l»,  ii.   I:J7-»0;    1811-20,  ii.    :{75  7; 

I8-.M   .-{(),   ii.  .598  «MN);    18.')I-4U,    iii. 

7*-':*  «;    In.l.    iittaik,    I8()r»,    ii.    34; 

Laiii(.H(lortrs    visit,     18U(i,     ii.     i:W; 

cliiircli    consevrateil,    IMKK    ii.    8*J; 

hein|i  cliltiiru  at,  ii.  179  8(>;  visited 

by  Ik'L-ch.-y,  iii.  121;  Hta-iilarization, 

iv.  47;  Intl.  iilot  at,  1842.  iv,  »;iS; 

rrstortMl  to  friara,  iv.  3U9;  sale  of 

i-Htato,  V.  561. 
San  .loai|iiin  city,  mentioa  of,  vi.  513. 
San  •loa<iuiu  county,  hist,  of,  vi.  513- 

14;  naino,  etc.,  vii.  440;  railroads, 

vii.  .588. 
San  .loi'iiuin  river,  exi>cd.  on,  i.  ISC; 

ii.  4l(.  ."»(i,  322;  <  farces  at,  i.  277; 

discovery    and    naming    of,    ii.    47; 

tight  with  Inds,  1814,  li.  204. 
San   .l<Ki(juin   valley,  map  of,  ii.  51; 

eK|Mil.    to,    1810.   ii.   92;    pestilence 

in,    183.1,   iii.  3.57;  Fremont's  party 

in,  1810,  V.  0;  Mormon  colony  in,  v. 

6.51;  name,  vi.   2;  settlers,  etc.,  in, 

1810,  vi.  II;  irrigation  in,  vii.  9-11; 

soil,  etc  ,  vii.  20-3;  Ind.  raids  in, 

vii.  480  I. 
San  .loaquin   Valley  K.  R.  Co.,  vii. 

587.  .594. 
San   Joiu|uin   &   King    River  canal, 

construction  of,  1871-8,  vii.  9-10. 
San  .loa<|uin  &  Sierra  Nevada  U.  R., 

vii.  .591. 
San   .loa<iuia   A   Tulare   R.    R.,    vii. 

.589. 
8.  Juan  de  Arguello,  iv.  196. 
San  ,)uan   Uautista,  Ind.  attacks  at, 

1798  9,   i.    548-9;    founding  of.    i. 

557-8;    Ind.     troubles    at,    i.   5'i8; 

eirthipiake,  i.  559;  events  at.  1797- 

1800.  i.  658-9;    1801-10,  ii.   I.5:M; 

181 1  20,  ii.  386-7;  182I-.10;  ii.  623- 

4;    18:U-40,   iii.   691-:i:    land  trou- 
bles,   1802,    ii.   7;    secularized,    iii. 

353;   sale   of   miss,  estate,    v.  5<il; 

local  annals,    1846-8,   v.  040;  men- 

Cioa  of,  vi.  524. 


San  Juan  Capistrano,  attempt  found- 
ing, 177.5,  i.  248-9;  founded,  i. 
299,  34)3  4;  convcrsioim  at,  i.  304; 
affairs  at,  1787-90;  i.  4.")8  9;  events 
at,  1791  1800,  i.  6.57  8;  1801  10, 
ii.  108  10;  1811-20.  ii.  347  9;  1821 
30,  ii.  565-6}  1831-40,  iii.  625  S; 
fire  at,  1801,  ii.  3;  *  l*eac»K;k  '  pris- 
oners at,  ii.  37-8;  new  church, 
1801,  ii.  109;  earthiiuako,  1812.  ii. 
200;  Bimchanl  at,  1818,  ii.  240  I, 
ftrif"    Wtween     piidres     and     Ar- 

?[uello,  ii.  242;  foreign  vessels  al- 
owed  at,  iii.  127;  secularization  of, 
iii.  :Uli;  Ind.  pueblo  at,  I8,'t.'<,  iii. 
.')32  9;  resttired  to  friars,  1843, 
iv.  .369;  condition  of,  1844,  iv.  422; 
sale  of,  1845,  iv.  553;  siilo  of  misK. 
estate,  v.  .5.58;  local  annals  of, 
1846-8.  v.  62:»-4. 
San  Lttanilro,  hist,  of,  vi.  62(i-7. 
iSaii  Leandro  creek,  Fages'  exi)cdt. 
at,  i.  185. 

!  San  Lorenzo,  mention  of,  vi.  527. 

I  San    Lorenxo  creek,    Fagea'  oxpedt. 

I      cross,  i.  185. 

{  San  Lucas  mine,  vii.  651. 

I  San  Luis  ()bis|M),  founding  of,  i. 
188-9;  miss,  force  at.  1773,  i.  1%; 
condition  of  Inds,  1773,  i.  202; 
buildings  at,  177'f,  i.  204;  agric.  at, 
1773,  i.  205;  new  church,  1774.  i. 
239;  immigrants  at,  1776,  i.  268; 
fire  at,  1776,  i.  298  9;  friars  in 
charge,  i.  299;  alcalde  and  rei{i- 
dore  chosen,  1778,  i.  3.31;  friara 
serving,  1783-90.  i.  4(»9-70;  revolt 
of  neophytes,  i.  547;  events  at, 
1791  1800,  i.  «'>89-90;  1801  10,  ii. 
148  9;    1811  20,    ii.    .384;    nportcd 

i      gold  tliscovery,  1820,  ii.  417;  1821  - 

I  .30,  ii.  618-19;  1831-40,  iii.  68t)  .S; 
Ind.  revolt,  1794,  i.  694;  hemp 
culture  at,  ii.  179;  industries  at, 
ii.  665;  foreign  vessels  allowed  at, 
iii.  127;  secularization,  iii.  307,  .V).'!; 
emancipation  at,  iii.  3:)!;  death  of 
Ramirez  at,  iii.  587;  horse  stealing 
from,  1840,  iv.  77;  value  of  ex- 
ports, 1840,  iv.  80;  lands  ordered 
distributed,  l8^'2,  iv.  .3:^1;  condi- 
tion, 1844,  iv.  421;  secularization 
of,  iv.  423;  sale  of,  1845.  iv.  .5.53; 
headi|narter8  of  M.  Caatro,  1846, 
V.  'Ai\,  i)61-2;  sale  of  miaa.  estate, 
v.  558;  annals  of.  1846-8;  v. 
6.38-9;  mention  of,  vi.  623;  vii. 
595;  name,  etc.,  vii.  4.37-8. 
San  Luis  Obispo  county,  descript.  of, 
vi.  523. 


INDEX. 


813 


For  Infonnfttlon  ponopnilutj  plouevrii,  Bce  *l«o  tho  Plonerr  RfgUler,  vol.i.  II  to  V. 
Ban  L'lia  Oliispo  K.  U.,  vii.  593.  j  San  I'oiiro  river,  named,  ii.  47;  Mor 


Sail   L.  Olii.^iM)  &   Munta   M.    Valley 
R.  11..  v.i.  fi'.lu. 

8aii  l^iiiis  U<'y,  fouriiliiiK  <*f,  i.  662-4; 
evpiitH  at,  I7UH  I8<N),  i.  5(M,  C57; 
I8()l  10;  ii.  107-8;  1811-20,  ii. 
34t)  7;  IS'21-.'W,  ii.  r.53-4;  I8H1-40, 
iii.  U'21-5;  eartliquaku  at,  1821,  ii.  i 
44:i;  iiiihi.itrii-s  at,  ii.  Ii4>5;  I'atlrcs 
an<l  Hijoro'  colony  at,  iii.  207;  sec- 
ularizatiiin  of,  iii.  .'Uti;  8iaughtcr  of 
cattle,  iii.  .'RS;  llartnell's  trouUles 
at,  1840,  iv.  01;  ruMtoreil  to  friarn, 
1843,  iv.  »((<);  coii.lition  of,  1844, 
iv.  4-.>2;  Ki.lwell  at,  v.  280,  :)I8; 
Mormon  battl.  at,  v.  488;  Capt 
Hunt  ut,  v.  402;  sale  of  misii.  es- 
t<it«,  V.  54!1;  local  annaU  of, 
1840  8,  V.  020^2;  mcittion  of,  vL 
520. 

San    Mateo,    town,   mention    of,   vi. 
520. 

San  Matoo  county,  hist,  of,  vi.  526; 
creation,  etc.,  of,  1836,  vii.  442, 


mon  batll.  tight  with  wihl  bullii,  v. 
485. 
San  I'eilro  y  San  Paltlo,  founded,  i. 

359;  maHsacru  at,  i.  302. 
San  Queiitin,  vi.  511;  viu  737-8. 
San  Uafiicl,  founding  of  niisa.,  ii.  316, 

329  31;    events    at,     182130.    ii. 

5<M^8;    1831-40.    iii.   715   18;    min- 

coiuluct    of    Padre     Mercado,    iii. 

323—4;    secularization    of,    iii.   lUO; 

arrest   of    Hartnell,    1840,     iv.    01; 

value    of    miss,    prop.,     1845,    iv. 

551;    campaign    of,    1846,    v.    171; 

retreat  of  Torre,   v.    176;    sale  of 

miss,  estate,  v.  561;    lf>cal  annals, 

1846  8,    V.    669-70;    condition    of 

miss.,  1848,  vi.  21;  mention  of,  vi. 

611.  590. 
San  liafael  rancho,  i.  609,  661-2;  ii. 

5t>5. 
San  liamon  valley.  Pages'  cxfiedt.  in, 

i.  186. 
San  RuiM-rto."  ship,  ii.  251,  291. 


San   Miguel,  founding  of,  i.  559-60;    San  Salvador  de  Uorta,  see  '  Alameda 

eventaat,  1797-1800.  i.  560-1;  1801-        creek.' 

10,    ii.     149  51;    181120.    ii.    384;    Sanborn,  F.  C,  memlier  stock  l>oard, 

1821   .10.  ii.  620;   1831-40,  iii.  683-6;  i      vii.  668. 

tire  at,   I8(M>,  ii.  150;  secularization    Sandels,  Dr,   'Visit  to  Cal.,'  1842-3, 

decree.  1831.  iii.  307;  secularization,  I      iv.  345-6. 

iv.    46;    condition,     1844,    iv.   421; '  Sanderson,  >S.  W..  biog.,  etc.,  of,  vii. 

pronuucianiuiito  at,   1844,  iv.  458; !      2^)6;  supreme  judge.  1863,  vii.  304; 

value   of   proiierty,   1845,    iv.    551;        reelected,  1865,  vii.  319. 

sale  of   miss.  estiitiB,  v.  561;   local  i  Sandwich  islands,  trade  with,  1847-8, 

annals,  1846-8,  v.  639-40.  {      v.  570. 

San  Miguel  river,  named,  ii.  47.  '  Sanitary    commission,    contributions 

San  Nicolas  island,  natives  removed        to,  vii.  295. 

from,  iii.  .360-1.  Santa    Ana,    town,    mention    of,    vi. 


San  Pablo,  L'listro  at,  vi.  135;  murder 
of  Bcrrcyesa  and  Haroa  at,  v. 
171  4. 

San  Pablo  l>ay,  F'ages'  exi>edt  at,  i. 
185;  explored,  1775.  i.  246. 

San  Pablo  rancho.  ii.  594. 


522. 

Santa  Ana  rancho.  ii.  .')65. 
Santa    Anna.    Prcs.,    instructions  to 

Figueroa.  iii.  270;  otll  acta  in  Cal. 

affairs,  1841-3,  iv.  285.  Xtti  7.  *10, 

380;    precautions  ag'st  tilibuaters, 


San    Pascual,   pueblo,   iii.  628;    fight        1833.  vi.  589. 

at.  1844i.  V.  :Ul-8.  'Santa  ApoUmia,'  ship,  iii.  93. 

San  Pedro,  cannon  at,  left  by  Amer's,    Santa  Birbara,    Cabrillo  possibly  at. 


li.  270;  evenU  at.  1821 -.30.  ii.  564; 
18:{|  40.  iii.  (>4I;  Duhaut  C'illy  at. 
iii.  129;  closed  to  foreign  traders. 
|8-.>8,  iii.  131;  Padres  and  Hijaras' 
colony  at,  iii.  267;  Stearns'  opera- 
tions at,  iii.  375;  value  of  exports, 
1840,  iv.  80;  Com.  Jones  at,  iv. 
3'J2;  defeat  of  Mervine,  1846,  v. 
219-20;  Stockton  at,  v.  267;  de- 
parture of  Stockton,  V.  430. 

San  Pedro  l)ay,  named,  i.  99. 

San  Pedro  rauoho,  i.  662;  iL  566. 


I.  72;  founding  deliiyed.  i.  377-8; 
gov.  inspects.  1782.  i.  .378;  founded, 
i.  422-4;  conversions  at,  17tH).  i. 
424;  events  at,  1783-90,  i.  462  6; 
1791-1800.  i.  665  73;  1801-10.  ii. 
116-21;  1811-20.  ii.  358-65;  1821- 
.30,  ii.  570-8;  1831-40,  iii.  649  58; 
plan  of  presidio,  i.  464;  Vancouver 
at.  i.  621;  execution  at,  1794.  i. 
638-40;  school  at.  1796,  i  643; 
map  of  dist.  1800,  i.  667-  1830,  iL 
677;  eartliquake  at,    1800,    iL   42; 


814 


INDEX. 


For  Information  conPcmliiB  plonoern,  hi-o  uIho  the  Pionrrr  Rnthlcr,  vols.  II  to  V. 


18l'_»,  ii.  201;  1821,  ii.  44:»;  Bou- 
eliard'a  ship  at,  ii.  237-40;  smug- 
gling ailvitnturu  at,  ii.  440-1;  oath 
to  Mc'x.  ciniiire,  IS22,  ii.  4r)2;  re- 
volt  of  Iiiila.  at,  1S2J,  ii.  r):«)  :»;  in- 
ilintrios  at,  ii.  G«i5;  aynnt.  at,  ii. 
r.7t>;  n^volt  at,  1829,  iii.  7«>-l>;  I'a.lre 
Martinc/.  arrcstftl,  iii.  OS;  revenue, 
!«•-'(),  iii.  117;  Ihiliant-Cilly  at,  iii. 
12it;  aliipbnilt  at,  1829,  iii.  130;  Fig- 
u  Toa's  rcniaiim  removed  to,  iii. 
2t).');  Hoculari/ation  of,  iii.  34<i; 
favr)ra  general  junta,  1836,  iii.  484, 
401;  Alvarado  recM  at,  iii.  4'.>2; 
election  at,  1837,  iii.  fHH\;  plan  of, 
iii.  5(M>-8;  Castro  retires  to,  iii. 
fi2l;  failutoof  attack  on,  1838,  iii. 
550;  flight  of  Carrillos,  iii.  500; 
gov.  and  gen.  at,  1830,  iii.  570  84; 
Carrillo  conspiracy,  1840,  iii.  (500-7; 
foHMgncrs  arrestt'd,  1H40,  iv.  15; 
value  of  exports,  1840,  iv.  80;  i 
headcpLirters  otter-hunting,  iv.  ' 
200;  'Cyano  '  sent  with  despatches 
to,  iv.  311;  Com.  Jones  meets 
Miclieltori^na  at,  iv.  321  2;  recep- 
tion of  Ki!(hop  Garcia  IHcgo  at, 
1842,  iv.  332  3;  cathedral  com- 
meni'i'd  at,  1842,  iv.  33.'t;  miss,  re- 
stored to  friar.s,  18 S:!,  iv.  3('0;  con- i 
dition  of  miss.,  iv.  421;  o]>en('d  to  j 
coasting  trade,  1844,  iv.  431;  revolt  ] 
at,  1845,  iv.  541-2;  value  of  miss, 
property,  1845,  iv.  550;  miss. 
Iea.sed,  1845,  iv.  553;  consejo  conn-  I 
cilat,  1840,  v.  0.5-71;  Lt  Talhot  in! 
comd  of  garrison  at,  1840,  v.  287;  | 
Talliot  iinits,  V.  310-17;  Fremont' 
and  battl.  at,  v.  37(>;  Frein<mt's 
mari;h  from,  v.  300;  Stev.  regt  at, 
V.  513;  mills,  estate  rented,  v.  !>,58; 
sale  of  mis.s.  estate,  v.  501,  632, 
fears  of  revolt  at,  1847,  v.  584  0; 
local  annals,  1840-8,  v.  6.30-5;  niin- 
btrc'l  performances  at,  1847,  vi.  243; 
nu^ntion  of,  vi.  522;  puehio  lands, 
vi.  .567;  name,  vii.  437;  R.  11.  con- 
test at,  vii.  504-5;  school  at,  18.50, 
vii.  718. 

Santa  litirhara  channel,  vill.iges  on, 
i.  47  0;  to  lie  occupied,  i.  335. 

•Santa  Harliara  countv,  hist,  of,  vi. 
5:'2  3. 

Santa  Cat.ilina  island,  named,  >.  09; 
population,  i.  100;  inhal)it.ant8  of, 
li.  22;  proposcil  miss.,  ii.  Xi;  otter- 
hunting  at,  1807,  ii.  84. 

Santa  Clarii,  founded,  i.  SOfV-O;  lay- 
ing cornur-stouo  of  church,  i.  351; 


Serra's  last  visit,  i.  AW;  now  church 
erected,  474;  events  at,  17S3  !K),  i. 
474  7;  1701-1800,  i.  722  5;  1801- 
10.  ii.  130-7;  1811  20,  ii.  377;  1821- 
30,  ii.  600  2;  1831-40,  iii.  720  S; 
reception  of  Vancouver,  i.  511; 
Ind.  plot  at,  180,5,  ii.  3.");  visited  liy 
Kotxeliue,  1824,  ii.  523;  Dnltaui- 
<'illy  at,  iii.  129;  In.l.  revolt  at, 
18.35.  iii.  .302;  Kamire/  arrested  at, 
iii.  .525;  marriage  of  Alvar'ido,  iii. 
.593;  seeulari/ation,  iv.  47;  Ind. 
outrage  at,  1840,  iv.  70;  restored 
to  friars,  1843,  iv.  .300;  vnliie  of 
mi.is.  property,  184.5,  iv.  .5.'il:  (leii. 
Cas'.io  at,  18"4lt,  v.  105;  battle  of, 
1846,  V.  38(»  3;  sail!  of  miss,  or- 
chard, V.  .501;  local  .-iniials  of, 
1840  8,  V.  665-7;  mention  of,  vi. 
524. 

.Santa  Clara  county,  exploration  of, 
1772,  i.  184-7;  name,  etc.,  of,  vii. 
438;  hist,  of,  vi.  .524  .5. 

Santa  Clara  valley,  Fages*  expedt.  in, 
1772,  i.  184. 

Santa  (  lara  and  Pajaro  Valley  K.  R., 
vii.  .500. 

Santa  Cruz,  expedt.  Lands  at,  1769,  i. 
127;  fKiiniled,  i.  493  5;  local  an- 
nals, 1702  1 8«M),  i.  495  8;  1801  10, 
ii.  I."i4  5;  1811  20,  ii.  387  90; 
1S21  30,  ii.  02.5  C;  1831  40,  iii. 
093  (i;  murder  of  Quintaiia,  ii.  199; 
trouble  at,  1818,  ii.  242  5;  severe 
storin,  1825,  iii.  .30;  foreign  vessels 
allowed  at,  iii.  127;  l>uliaiit-Cilly 
at,  iii.  12{>;  secnlari/ation  of,  iii. 
.340;  earthipiake  at,  1840,  iv.  78; 
U.  S.  flag  raised  at,  1840,  v.  24.5  0; 
Protestant  services  at,  1847,  v. 
56<i;  annals  of,  1S40  8,  v.  1»41  2; 
mention  of,  vi.  525;  name,  vii.  438. 

Santa  Cruz  county,  liist.  of,  vi.  525. 

Santa  ( °ruz  island,  Mex.  convicts  sent 
to,  iii.  4S. 

.Santa  Cruz  mountains,  Fremont's 
trip  across,  1840.  v.  7. 

Santa  (."niz  and  Felton  R.  R.,  vii. 
.591. 

•Santa  Kulalia,' ship.  ii.  203. 

Santa  Fe,  founded,  i.  18;  occupied  by 
(len.  Kearny,  v.  334;  march  of 
Mormon  battl.  to,  v.  478-82. 

'.Santii  (Jcrtrudis,'  ship,  convi'ya 
(Jov.  Romeii  to  Cal.,  i.  488. 

Santa  (Jertrudin,  rancho,  ii.  .''>05. 

Santa  Inez,  founding  of.  1804.  ii.  28- 
29;  events  at,  IS(>4  10.  ii.  28  9; 
1811-20,     ii.    368-9;     1821-30,    iL 


INDKX. 


815 


For  Infnnnatinn  cnnrcrnlnK  plniitcnt,  see  nlw  tho  Plonrcr  RryUler,  voU.  II  to  V. 

681   2;     I8:tl-4U,    iii.    GGI  4;   homp  |  Havagc,  J.  !>.,  nirntioii  of,  \  i.  M5. 
c-iiltiiru  tit,  ii.    170  81;  eartlKiiiaku,  >  Suvugu,  iiiiiiv,  tttockn,  vii.  G7I  'J;  out- 
1812,   ii.  201;  Iiiil.   revolt  ut,  1824.  i      put,  vii.  GTS. 


II.  ri28;  Hui-ularisation,  iv.  4G;  ru- 
stored  to  friarH,  iv.  HGil;  ei-uleniai*- 
tic.il    Meiiiiiiary   at,    1844,    iv.    40.'{, 


'Savannah,'  U.   S.  «hi|>,    iv.    4.V.(;    v. 
IIM),  224,  2j:»  4,  21Mt,    2IC1  G.    318, 
.120,  22G  7,  4:«i. 
Saviiiga  aiKJ  l.<iaii  Society,  vii.  Il>4. 

•Jmijjf   I..,  eltM-lioii,  ctiv,  cif, 
VII.  2:J.">;   l)ion.,   ct<'.,  of,   vii.  •_';!•'•  G; 
MUpreiiit!  jiiiluc,  18G:<,  vii.  .'<l>4;  iiicii- 
tioli  of,  vii.  .'>77. 
Scala.  bil.lio^'..  ii.  G7,  Sin*. 
Scliniicilt'il,     iteiiry,     iiifinlMT    Htock 
I      1)o;ircl,  vii.  GG8. 

!  Scliolii-lil,  (lull.   <>.   .M.,   ill  coiriinaiKl, 
!      IH71I,  vii.  472. 
j  Scliwart/,  .1.,  mention  of,  vi.  17. 
I  Scorpion  .Silver  Miiiiii;{  c«.,  vii.  G67. 
1  Scott,  A.  IV,  vii.  .'i<il 


!.■>-(»;  coiitlitiun  of,    1844,  iv.  421; 

value   of    property,    1S4.'>,    iv.   .I.tO;    Sawyer 

leaned,    I84r>,   iv.   !iii'i;    iniMS.  e.>itate  ' 

rentiiil,  v.  •'>r>8;  Hale  of  huhh.  estate, 

v.  5(il;  local  annalH,  184G-8,  v.  GltTi. 
Saiit'i  Margarita,  tiieetiiiji;  of  Pico  and 

C.-wtro  at,  I84G,  V.  502. 
Santa     Marina,    K.    J.    do,    nieinbor 

Htook  Uoard,  vii.  GG8. 
Santa   .Monica,  Cabrillo  anchors  in,  i. 

71;  niciitioii  of,  vi.  521-2. 
Santa    I'aula,    town,  inentioii   of,  vi. 

Santa  Rosa,  settlement  at,  I8,'13,  iii.  i  Scott,  ('.  L.,  nominee  for  eoni,'.,  IS,'i(t, 

vi.  72:1. 

Scott,    l>r,  excitement  ajiainst,   I  SGI, 
vii.  284). 

Scott,  I.  M.,  l»io)j.,  vii.  74s. 

Scott,  Tlioina.^  A.,  vii.  WKt   10,  GKl   1."). 

Scott,  Will  .A.,  vii.  7--'.»  :«•. 

Scurvy,  riivaiics  ot,  I7G'.»,  i.  1^(0  2;  on 
the  .liino,  I.S<Ni,   ii.  G7. 

.Sea-otter,  see  tiir  tr.nle. 

Se.d  U(K.ks,  first  drive  to,  i.  2:;:{  4. 

Scaliiif,',  vii.  81. 

•Seals,  see  fur  traile. 

Scarles,  NiloH,  vii.  .'iflO. 

Sears.    W.    II.,  speech    of,    ISChI,  vii. 
.ViO. 

•Seawall,     Mujor    W.,     in    coinmainl, 
I8.'>l,  vii.  471. 

Sccpe  raiichii,  friars  ulijict  to  grant, 
1817,  ii.  :t.'»4. 

Secularization,  decree  of  Spani.sii 
corte.s,  IM:t,  ii.  :«H»  4llO;  d.d.e 
forwiir.U.l  to  Cal.,  Is.'l,  ii.  4:1!; 
p:icir(!S  offered  to  HIV  Up  Ini-'S.,  il. 
4."tl;  polii-y  of  friars,  ii.  4'!l  ."1;  imli- 
catioiis  of,  |v_',"{,  ii.  487;  lej^'islature 
oil.  1S2.">,  ill.  17  IS;  p«ili<_\  of,  iii. 
lINt  2;  evjH^riliient.d,  in."  |02  »; 
Kclleaiiili.rs  pl.iii.  III.  lO.'i  G,  'MU 
.');  approvi'd  Ky  lej:ii.latur<-.  iii.  1(H>- 
7;  Kclieiindia  s  derltc.  IVll,  iii. 
|S4;  •lerree  of.  lN:t|.  III.  ."O.'i  ti;  ,it- 
teiiipt  to  <iifor<-<'.  i^i.  ;I07  N;  iMiran's 
comiiii-nt'i,  iii  .'ttCl  10;  Ki^^uitiki's re- 
port, iii.  .'('J!!  ;{| ;  \  i<  « -.  oi  pri-lict  and 
prcs.,  iii.  ;<:t:<  .~>;  eiiiaiieipMtioii  iui- 
vi.sed,  iii.  'Xi't  li;  Fiuiiero-i's  poIii'V, 
18:J4,  iii.  .•541:  .Mex.  l.iw,  iii.  :M2  J. 
Hijar  iiiHtriictions,  iii.  'M'n  r<i.'i:i- 
ineiito  in  practice,  iii.  34G-7;  locid 


2.W  G;  murder  of  Cowie  and 
Fowler  near,  184G,  v.  lG(>-2;  fight 
near,  184G,  v.  1G4;  mention  of,  vi. 
507. 

'  S:inta  U<»sa,'  Kouchard's  ship,  ii. 
22G. 

Saiit  I  Rosa  island,  Calirillo  at,  i.  72; 
granted  to  i'arrillo,  iii.  581;  Ban- 
croft liuulii'g  at,  1h:W,  iv.  !K). 

Santa  TiTe.sa,  eainpaign  of,  1844,  iv. 
4GG  70. 

'S.iiitia^o,'  ship,  Serra  returns  on,  i. 
21S-1!»;  huilt  for  Cal.  service,  i. 
224;  iiorthern  voy.  of,  1775,  i. 
241  'A;  first  voy.  direct  to  S.  F.,  i. 
21»r»;  voyages  of,  1778  «,  i.  :J28. 

8antia:{o  du  .Santa  Ana  rancho,  hold- 
ers of,  1809,  ii.  112. 

Saiitillian,  claims  of,  vii.  24.'{-4. 

Santillian   claiin,  mention  of,  vi.  ,'>G1. 

Santo,  Bernardo  del  Kspfritu,  Bishop 
of  Cal,  1S18,  ii.411. 

'S.iiito  Tomas,'  ship  in  Vizcaino's  cx- 
pe(U.,  i.  i»8. 

Sargei.t,  A.  A.,  congressman,  etc., 
ISiil,  vii.  21M-2:  defeat  of,  vii.  :k)l; 
congressman,  18(>8,  vii.  3,'il;  liiog., 
vii.  :U1;  mention  of,  vii.  547;  hill 
of,  KSGl,  vii.  fVlS;  in  R.  R.  affairs, 
vii.  501,  G02,  G15. 

Sat.iyomi,  Ind.  trihe,  ii.  .'ifWi. 

Satiyoiiies,  Ind.  fight  with,  iii.  257. 

Saii/il  raiu-ho,  ii.  GI5. 

Saiiztlito,  Russ.  warchouso  at,  IS.tG, 
iv.  ItU;  '  rortsmouth  '  anchored  at, 
V.  l.'iG;  name,  etc.,  vi.  511;  men- 
tion of,  vi.  21. 

Sav;»i;e,  explor.,  etc.,  of,  1852,  vii. 
20'.>;  death  of,  vii.  210. 


816 


INDEX. 


For  Information  ronccrninK  plonooin,  mo  also  tbo  Pioneer  lUyMrr,  voU.  II  lo  V. 


rosultn,  iii.  XtO;  iniHoioiis  iieoular- 
iKud,  lii.  :\U\,  Wi'A;  viuWM  of  puilroH, 
ill.  :i47;  of  Siiii  l>iui(o,  IH.'fA,  iii.  ti'M; 
of  Sun  LiiiH  U(i/,  18:}',,  iii.  U'.>3;  San 
Juitn  i'ii|).,  It'M,  lii.  U*27:  Sun 
(Jiil.ricl,  1834,  iii.  04r?-5;  S.  Fir- 
iianilu,  I8:U,  ii:.  04^-8;  Sta  IMr- 
barii,  I8;{4,  iii.  Oi'U-  8;  S.  Rntinavun- 
tura,  IS:t4,  iii.  UlU;  Sta  Inus,  la'M, 
iii.  U<i:i;  ruriHiiiin,  18:U,  iii.  (MM  Ii; 
S.  C'ttiloH.  IN:M,  iii.  (WO- 1;  S.  LiiiH 
()liis|)(>,  iii.  i->8l-»;  S.  Miuuel,  mHi, 
iii.  Ii8.'):  S.  Antonio,  18:»,  iii.  G88; 
Solmluil.  I8:»,  iii.  (lUI;  S.  Juan  Uuu- 
tiata,  18:i.''i,  iii.  Gin.'  3.  Sta  Cruz, 
18.(4  .'),  iii.  (HK(  U;  Dolores  uuhh., 
1834  .'i,  iii.  71');  Solano,  18:t4,  iii. 
I'M;  S.  .lose,  18.W-7,  iii.  T'ifl;  Sta 
Cl.'ki-a,  18.'I7,  iii.  7*28;  voinpletion  of, 
184"),  iv.  f):W-53. 

Sctlgwicit,  John,  vii.  588. 

Sell.y.  T.  H.,  liiog.  of,  vii.  186. 

.SelluM,  J.  A.,  death  of,  vii.  210. 

Sviiiple,  l>r,  mention  of,  vi.  18,  2G1; 
prex't  of  coimtit.  convention,  etc., 
IS4i),  vi.  '2m,  '291,  'Jt)5;  enterprises 
of.  vi.  407. 

Seiin>Io,  ('.  1).,  mention  of,  vi.  497. 

Suinple,  K.,  candidate  for  U.  S.  Hen- 
ate,  ]S4*.I,  vi.  311;  gen.  of  militia, 
18r)0.  vi.  319. 

Semite,  Htate,  organized,  1849,  vi. 
:WX  10;  inembcrs,    1849,  vi.  309-10. 

'.Seiioriaiio,'  nliip,  ii.  293. 

Sei>iSlvttlii,  1>.,  inun*:ion  of,  1848,  vi. 
79-80. 

SerguM  of  Kxplundian,  name,  Cal.,  i. 
(Mi. 

Sericulturo,  experiments  in,  vii.  31-3; 
preininiim  tor,  180(),  vii.  32-3; 
failure  of,  vii.  32-3;  revival  of, 
1880  8,  vii.  .32-4. 

Serrano,  Leonardo,  laud  grant  of,  vii. 

mo. 

Sespe,  raneho,  ii.  506. 

SettlerH,  arrivals  from  Mcx.,  i.  343-5; 

at  Colorailo  miss.,  list,  i.  359;  lint 

at  L.  AiiKelea,  170G,  i.  4(50-1. 
Settlers'  revolt,  oauHcsof,  1840,  v.  77- 

100. 
Seymour.  S.  If.,  bioa.,  vii.  786. 
Suxioii,  till  diseov'd  liy,  vii.  (500. 
Sliaf  ter,  ().  J.i. ,  noiiiinatod  siipr.  judge, 

I8.*>9,   vi.   723;   biog.,   etc.,  of,  vii. 

2:{5;  supreme  juilge,  186.3,  vii.  304. 
Shaiiklin,  J.  \V.,  surveyor-geu.,  1880, 

vii.  408. 
Shannon,  T,  B.,  congressman,  186.3, 

vii.  304. 


Shannon,  W.  K.,  del.  to  eoiistit.  eoti- 

voution,  etc.,  1849,  vi.  287;  speeches 

of,  vi.  292-5. 
'Shark,'  U.  S.  ship,  v.  199,  201. 
Sharon,  Win,   i'res.   Mining  co.,  vii. 

(>74;  biog.  of,  vii.  731. 
Sharpstein,  J.  U.,  supr.  c  mrt  judge, 

1880,  vii.  409;  1889,  vii    TX}. 
Shasta  canal,  construetiuii   of,  1856, 

vi.  :)65. 
Shasta  city,  mention  of,  vi.  .304,  493. 
•Shasta  county,  mining  in,  vi.  3(54-70; 

hist,  of,  vi.  492-4;  name,  etc.,  vii. 

440. 
Shaw,  v.,  in  Honolulu,  1830,  iv.  141. 
Sheep,  breeding,  numlHir,  etc.,  of,  vii. 

59  (W. 
Sheldon,  J.,  mention  of,  vi    I2. 
Sheldon,  N  ,  biog.,  vii.  7'>.3. 
Sheltou,  T.,  agric.  exiiib.  of,  1851   vii. 

63. 
Shepherd,  I'rof.,  vii.  717,  728. 
Sherman,   W.   T,,    arrival,    etc.,    of, 

1849,  vii.  447. 
Sherwood,  J.  K-,  works  of,  vi.  117- 

18. 
Sherwo<Ml,  R.,  vii.  680. 
Sherwood,  W.  S.,  candidate  for  gov., 

1849,  vi.  305. 
Shiun,  Lieut,  at  Ft  Point,  1801,  vii. 

4»>4  .'). 
Ship   building,    by  Cortes,    i.    2;    at 

Uiiss.  settleinciits,  1H2I   :tO,  ii-  039- 

40;  1S48-89,  vii.  78  9,  749-.50. 
Shipley,  A.  J.,  vii.  0U8. 
Shipments,   foreign  and  eastern,   vii. 

105-9. 
Shipping,  to  lie  admitted  to  port,  i. 

21  <;  arrival  of  transport  vessels,  i. 

287;    movement   of,    1777,    i.  310; 

1781,   i.    351-2;    transport   vessels, 

1778,    i.    ,328;    movement  of  traiis- 

iwrts,   1783-90,   i.  444  5;   arrivals, 

1790,  i.  644;    1801,  ii.  2;    1803,  ii. 

10  17;  1807  10,  ii.  S3-4.  8(5, 88,  93-0; 

1827.   iii.    125;  1828,  iii.    131;  1829. 

iii.  I.'i5;  18.(1,  iii.  :(63;  18.32,  iii.  'MA; 

183:{,  iii.  :(05;  18:(4  .5,  iii.  36(5;  183(i. 

iv.  84;    18.37,  iv.   88;    I8:(8,   iv.  89; 

1840,  iv.  95;  1841,  iv.  2(K»;  1842,  iv. 

339;  184.3,   iv.  .377;    184.'),  iv.   501; 

1846-8,  V.  569-70;    arrivals  at  S. 

Diego,  1703-1800,  i.  653  4;  foreign 

vessels  on  coast,    1 801-6,  ii.  20-5, 

37-40;  maritime  affairs  and  contra- 
band   trade,    1811-20;    ii.   207  93; 

visits  to  Mont,  1811-20,  ii.  .'(82  3; 

vessels  on   coast,    1822,  ii.  473^-78; 

list  of  vessels,  1824,  ii.  618-20;  on 


INDEX. 


817 


Kur  liifortnnllon  roncrriiluR  |ilonncrii,  hop  iilw>  tli«  I'ionrrr  lirpintrr,  vols.  II  to  V. 


VII. 


VI. 


tlio  tioint,  IS-J"),   iii.   '.»:»  8;   IS'Jfi,  iii. 

Il(i;  111,'iniU!  list,  IN'iti  :<0;  iii.  N'l  U; 

IS;»I   .•),  iii.   -.Ml   •»;    IHII    •»,  iv.  r.(W- 

70;   IS;lli   til,   iv.  {•:),   l(N>  (i;   IH4((  H, 

v.  .-.7i>  H\:  HtS.  K.,  I841>,  vi.  I«7  H. 
iSlii|ipiiii;,   HliitiHlicx.  <>t4!.,   vii.  I'JI  U; 

coast  mill  liay,  vii.   I.'tt)  r>. 
Sliirliiiul,  K.  I).,  Iiiog.  of,  vii.  TRS. 
Short,  .1..  vii.  .V.K). 
Siiort  ll;iir-'.  parly,  vii.  .117-19. 
Sliotw.  II,  .1    M.,  vii.  fiHIi. 
Sliow.'iltor,    D.,    arrest,   otc,  of, 

•JS'.I  IN). 
Shuck,  liililio)^.,  ii.  141. 
Sicaril    tlut,    gravul    iiiining    at, 

Sicoiiiyoiiii,  Iiiil.  trilio,  iv.  lUi.l. 
Sife'oiiriicy,  .1.  \V.,  vii.  .'I'.M). 
Sicriii  Hiitto  mine,  vi.  'M\\\  vii.  042. 
Sierra  City,  iiiciituui  of,  vi.  4SH). 
Sierra  county,  mining  in,  18.'>l   (i,  vi. 

,'{(il;    creation,    etc.,   of,    IH.V2,  vii. 

440;  hi.st.  of,  vi.  4S<)  (N);  gold  minua 

of,  vii.  (i:t8. 
Sierra  Nevada,  first  crossed,  1827,  iii. 

I.">7;    l>oiiii<r  jiarty   in,    1840-7,  v. 

r>:V.i  44;  conli^.  of,  vii.  20  1. 
Sierra  Ni:vada  Silver  Mining  cc,  vii. 

(iti(i. 
Sierra  Sant.'i  Lucia,  named,  i.  101. 
.  icrra  V.illey  and  Mohawk  U.  H.,  vii, 

f)01. 
Silk,  nianufact.  of,  vii.  89. 
■Silliinan,  I'rof.,  report  of,  vii.  GOl. 
Silver  nulling,  vii.  (>tO  ot  seq. 
.Siini  ranciio,  liiHt.  of,  graiitH,  i.  Gi>.1;  ii. 

Ml,  ;C)4,  ."iCm. 
Siinp.son'H  Narrative,  iv.  220  2. 
Simpson,  A.  M.,  biojj.,  vii.  IS7. 
Simpson,     Ii.     I.,     'The    Kinigrant's 

(iuiile  to  the  (lold  Mines,'  vi.  97. 
Sims,  ('ill  ('.,  mention  of,  vii.  4(>9. 
Sinaloa,   .Jesuits  in,   i.  19-20;  annals 

of,  1701   ()'.»;  i.  29  :M);  recruits  from 

fort'al.,  i.  218;  enlistment  in,  1781, 

i.  :ui  2. 
Sincrlair,  .1.,  alcaldo  of  Sutter's  fort, 

1847,  vi.  14;  raiiclioof.  vi.  15;  mining 

operations,  1818,  vi.  7^1;  mention  oi, 

VI.  270. 
Sintoii,   II.   II.,  mention  of,  vii.  454, 

(>()8. 
Siskiyou  county,  name,  etc.,  vii.  441; 

hist,  of,  vi.  494  5. 
Sitka,  Sutter  at,  iv.  127. 
'Sitka,'  iirab  atoamcr  iu  Cal.,  iv.  159; 

v.  57ti. 
Skagga  Hot,  springa,  vii.  6G4. 
Slate  creek,  diggings  at,  vi.  SGI. 
Hist.  Cm,.,  Vou  VII.    W 


Sloat,  Coin.  .1.  I).,  actions  in  coii(|iieMt 

of  Cal.,    v.    I!>9  '.'."(I;    proclainatiou 

of,  lH4ii.  vi.  2.")(i  8. 
Smallpox,    I82H  1),  iii.    |(*7  9;  among 

Inils,  Ih;17  8,  iv.  7:»  4,  l(i.'i. 
Sniedes,  II.  M.,  vii.  "(87. 
Smith,  Col  C.,  com.  for  l.iiid 

V.  4(».'». 


laiini, 
,   1818, 


Smith,  Capt.  A.  .1.,  at  San.  Kt 

vii.  44(i. 
Smith,  C.  K.,  vii.  «>(>8. 
.Smith,   .losepli.    Mormon   colony    for 

Cal.,  I84:i,  IV.  ;«2,  :{9.'i. 
Smith,  N.   T.,  asst  treas.,  etc.,  S.    I*. 

H,  K.,  vii  (i:i2  :i. 

Smith,  r  eontriiet  of,  1849,  vi.  215; 
niuiiliuii  of,  vi.  070;  claim  against 
S.  v.,  18.^1.  vi.  77:i. 

Smith,  Cen.  V.  K.,  gov.  of  Cal.,  1849, 
vi.  272;  administr.,  vi.  272  .'I;  with 
King's  exped.,  1849,  vi.  281. 

Smith,  Oeii.  1'.  F.,  arrival  <)f,  1849, 
vii.  447;  at  .Sonoma,  vii.  4<'>l;  in 
command,  1849,  vii.  471. 

Smith,  S.,at  I'mmL^.i,  IMti  8,  vi.  20. 

Smith,  S.  v.,  vii.  .V.K>. 

.Smith's  landing,  see  '  Antioch.' 

Smut{Kling,  atU^mpt  to  lireak  up,  ii. 
'Mi  7;  accusation  against  Itindiiii, 
iii.  371  3;  IS.'IO  40,  iv.  81;  84.J,  iv. 
375. 

Sn.iath,  Richard  O.,  vii.  ««!). 

.Sneiling,  tow  II,  mention  of,  vi.  510. 

Snyder,  .1.  I  ,  del.  to  constit.  eon- 
veil.,  etc.,  1819,  vi.  2S(i;  i|uarrol 
with  lliihhs,  I8.'i2,  vi.  U*i9. 

iSoaji,  nianufact.,  etc.,  of,  vii.  'H;  vii. 
002. 

Society,  in  1748,  vi.  82-5;  coinjioncnt 
elements  of,  1849  50,  vi.  J-JI  3; 
I8.'M)  80,  vii.  099  702;  dress  and 
appearance,  vi.  224  5;  vii.  710, 
715;  traits,  vi.  225  8;  vii.  714  15; 
moral  character  of,  vi.  228  .'JO; 
diseases,  etc.,  vi.  231  2;  women, 
vi,  232  5;  vii.  709  10,  715;  mail-day, 
vi,  23.5-0;  housekee|iing,  vi.  23(»; 
ilrinking  and  gaiiililiiig,  vi.  2.'t7 - 
41;  vii.  711  12;  hull  and  cock- 
lighting,  vi.  242;  the  drama,  etc., 
vi.  243  5;  vii.  712;  the  .Salil.atli, 
vi.  240;  amusements,  vii.  711  13; 
sports,  vii.  713;  education,  vii. 
710  23;  charity,  705-7;  fraternal 
societies,  700  7;  houses,  vii.  710. 

Sola,  Gov.,   rule  of,  1814-21,  ii.   208- 

4.m 

Solano,  founding,  ii.  490-500;  event* 
at,  1824-30,  ii.  505-0;  1831-40,  iii. 


BIS 


INDEX. 


Kor  iiifnmiiitliin  rnnrrriilnir  plonpiT*.  «' 

7 1 '•>>'<;  ilijar  ami  I'mlrcH'  cdlniiy, 
iii.  'Hm,  '21H  *.l;  iiuciilikriifiiHl,  iii.  ItS.'i; 
value   of   iiiiMH.    property,    1845,   iv. 

r..-.!. 

Soliiiiii   roiiiity,  liint.    of,  vi.   4117  rrfM); 

iiiiiiic,  etc.,  vii,  4'.W. 
HoIccIimI,    fouiitlin^  of,  i.  49N;  niinaU, 

IT'.H    IMMt,      4iW  500;     IMUI    10,   ii. 

I.VJ  :«;    IHII   W,  ii.  mVO;  IH'JJ   :w, 

ii.  l°>J-.>;    |h:{|    40,    iii.  OKH  IM;  iluntli 

of  .\rrilliigit,  IMI4.  ii.  'J(H  Ti;  huIc  ot  : 

iiiisM.   (HtJito,   V.  Su^t;    l«>citl  aiiuaU, 

INII)  H,  V.  641. 
•Snli-i  1(1.1,'  Hhip.  iv.  5.14. 
Soliliers  (/(■  riiitlrii,  iiioatiii:^  "f.  i    KW. 
Soliliors'  rulicf  fund,  foumliiig  of  tlu!, 

vii.  '»M. 
SoliimiiM,  V.  L.,  U.  .S.  mamhal,   1857, 

VI.  711. 
Sonrtii,  Iiiil.  triliu,  ii.  .'i<N'>. 
SciuoMiii,  tirjtt   visit  to,  li.   .'Wl;  snvon' 

Htoriii,    I8'.'5,   iii.   .'tO;    Kitiiiirt'/  iin<l 

(irmouurH  Hciit  to,  iii.  .VJ5;  put^liio 
aiil  out,  I8:i.'>,  iii.  *.'{U;  puuMo 
fuuutli'il,  iii.  7'JI;  iv.  Hi4;  HWuariiit; 
to  till-  UiiM-A  at,  IS4:<.  iv.  :<,V.t:  takm 
l)y  Ui-Axr  II !«  mrly,  l.S4«>,  v.  101  '.'I; 
itti'^iir.-i  at,  •lune-.luly,  v.  145  <>8; 
M.rritt'H  party  at,  184(>,  v.  110; 
arruHt  of  N'alicjo,  v.  171-13;  Kro- 
l)l<lnt'^<  nian'li  to,  18(0,  v.  171; 
Kouitli  of  .h.lv  at,  1840,  v.  178  It; 
U.  S.  !'.';/  raisi-il,  1840.  v.  '24'2  ."<; 
event.-*  at,  1.^40,  v.  '_1Mi  8;  .Stov. 
ri'K't  at,  v.  514;  casi'  of  Alralilff 
Nash,  V.  008  10;  niunlcr  at,  1817, 
V.  lilO;  lovalaiiiialH.  |;540  8,  v.  Ii07 
'.);  t'onilil.ou  ol,  1848,  vi.  'JO;  first 
ilruniatiu  pi'rfonuaiifes  at,  1847,  vi. 
*J4H;  mention  of,  vi.  507;  pub.  scliool 
at,  1851,  vii.  718. 

Soiiouia  county,  liist.  of,  vi.  ."iOG-S; 
R.  U.  ImiMiuK  <».  )>''*>•'>.  vii.  .'>8!). 

Sonoma  valley,  ilcsuript.  of,  1848,  vi. 
•20. 

Sonora,  town  and  Htatt;,  mitvtion  work 
in,  i.  'JO  •2;  imuaU  of,  I7U1-0U,  i. 
U!t  HO;  ovurlaiul  routo  from,  i.  '£2\- 
.'{;  enlistment  in,  i.  'MX;  flight  of 
Kloroi  to,  V.  407;  name,  vi.  77;  dry 
<liu'i{im(s  of,  vi.  :^7');  a  miniiii;  een- 
tre,  vi.  :<74;  luHt.  of,  vi.  4ti»  70; 
fil'Listering  in,  1851  7,  vi.  584-UO'-'. 

•Sonora,'  ship,  northern  voy.,  '775,  i, 
•J4I   4. 

Sons  of  Temperance,  vii.  70(5. 

>Sosa,  Castuno  du,  uxpcd.,  1590-1,  i. 
I'J. 

Soto,  F.,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi.  10. 


e  nUo  tho  PInnrrr  Rrghtfr,  voU.  II  to  V. 

.Soto,  L.,  mention  of,  vi.  80. 

Soto,  K.,  mention  ol,  vi.  ti. 

.Sotoyomes,  IiiiIh,  cx|H'd.  againHt, 
I8;M>  40,  iv.  74. 

.Soule,  liishop,  vii.  7.10. 

Soule,  v.,  aiinaU  of  S.  K..  i.  44;  on 
hraki^'it  anehoniKe,  i.  IHI;  mention 
of,  vi.  O.'iO;  vii.  'AVA;  first  Mulimd 
law,  vii.  718. 

South  America,  revolution  in,  ii.  'J'Jl. 

Southern  Cal.  R.  R..  vii.  0.'<.'<. 

.South  I'acitic  i;oniit  R.  R.,  vii.  .'ifll. 

Southern  I'aeitio  R.  R.,  incorporation 

<if,  vii.  .">'.»3;  aid  to,  vii    .V.U;  route, 

vii.   .V,l.">-0;  laml  jjrant,   vii.    UWt  7; 

urchaHoof  S.  F.  &  .S.  .1.  R.  R.,  vii. 

I   attked,    vii.    51)8;  contract 


piircliaM 
.V.IS;  ail 


anil  linaneo  en.,  vii.  511)1;  ciiangc  of 

route,  vii.  (MtO;  prop.<4alci  to  .S.    F., 

vii.  W>7  8;  T.  k  V.  R.   R.  co.,  vii. 

(il'J   l.'i;  atlairs  of,  vii.  lilt)  'JO;  Cal. 

Southern,  vii.  014;   Mussel   Slouch 

trouldea,  vii.  (il7   18;  system,  oper- 
ations, etc.,  vii.  017  et  seq. 
Southern   I'aeilic  Hranch   R.   It.  co., 

vii.  .'>W,  01."). 
S.  I'.  *  N.  R.  R.,  aid  to,  vii.  :m1. 
iS<M|iicl,  mention  of,  vi.  •5'J5. 
Spain,  need  of  northern  port,  i.   Il'J; 

policy    respecting    iiortfi,    i.    .">(»5  li; 

Htartling  events  in,  180H,  ii.  87;  Sp, 

constitution,  rec'd  in  Cal.,  18I'J,   ii. 

'ZM  li. 
.Spaniards,  expulsion  of,    18'J7-9,   iii. 

51  3.  1)5  8.  401. 
Spanish  liar,  yield,  etc.,  of,  vi.  73. 
.Spanish  dry  diggings,  mention  of,  vi. 

354. 
.Spear,  Mrs,  bcIiiniI  at  >Sac.,  1851,  vii. 

717. 
Spear,  N..  vi.  104. 
.specific  contract  act,  pasnago,  etc.,  of, 

vii.    'JilO  3(N);  attempted   repeal  of, 

18li.\  vii.  317   18.  :i'JI. 
Speculation,  prevalence  «if,  vii.  108-70. 
Speiice,  I).,  mcmlier  of  legis'.  council, 

1847,  vi.  'JliO. 
•Sjience,  E.  F.,  hiog.  of,  vii.  184. 
.Spencer,  .1.  I).,  clerk  of  supr.  court, 

1887,  vii.  4:M. 
Sperry,  Willanl,  vii.  588. 
Spiague,    Senator,    mention    of,    vi. 

liMi. 
Sprague,    R.    T.,    nominated     supr. 

judge.  18.5'J,  vi.  723;  biog.,  etc.,  of, 

vii.  'J3G. 
Spreckels,  Cl.-ius,  liiog.  of.  vii.  101. 
Sitring,  T.  VV.,  hiog.,  vii.  188. 
Springs,  luiucral  and  hot,  vii.  tiU4-5. 


INDKX. 


810 


For  Infiinnitlon  roncernlnif  plniiiM'm,  "mm'  nlni  tho  ISnnrrr  Knji'l'r.  vi)|».  II  to  V 

IM4 


HpritiK    Valluy    Water   co.,    v 

7:».  I 

S|iiirnf<in,  W.  H.,  biog.  of,  vii.  |H4.       1 

',S|iy,'  hlii|i,  lii.  'J4. 

thiirtttiTH.    cfTcct  on   land   title*,   vi.  \ 
hXt  «5.  :.71  •_'. 

Stngo  iinvn,  vii.  lAI   2. 

StAiiilarcl  nunc,  vii.  tk'i.'t.  i 

Htuiifi-  ■!,  L.,  noiiijncu  f<>p  U"V.,  1*<.W, 
vi.   7-H;   vini'y.-inl,   vii.    "IS;    Mtofk-  I 
farm,  vii.    ."iS;  ^i^^\.    \m\\,   vii.    !fl»l;l 
M-iiiitnr,   l.s,s<i,  VII.  4HI:  l)io){.,  etc.,  ' 
VII.  .WJ,    .Vl.'i;  |»r<!M't  (Vnt.   I'ao   K. 
K.,    isiil,   VII.  .■>4t;   artH   approved 
l.y.    \m:\,  vi.   ."f.V.  rt;    U.    U.   iitluirs 
ot.  vii.  .>44.  .Vll»,  .V».'..  .•>;.<»    "Hil.  "rtir), 

mi.  :>>*).  oiw.  «o;i,  «!•-».  ti;w-3;  uuiv. 

\ii.  T'-U 
StaiiKnKini,  .M.  M.,  vii.  5.'>7. 
NUmiHliku.s  t'lty,  nic'iitioii  of,  vi.  513. 
IStAiiiHlauH  coiiiity,    lii.'tt.    of,  vi.   r>l4- 

I'H  cruation,  etc.,  of,  |M.'»4.  vii.  441. 
StJiiuslaii.   nvtT,  mining  on  tlu,  IN4H, 

vi.  7'>  M);  uol<l  ilo|MiHit8  un,  vi.  :{7<i. 
Stani.slaii!4  ami    .MaripoHa  K.   K.  co., 

vii.  r.Hl). 
Stanton,  .lanien,  vii.  ft'Xi. 
Staplfs,  I).  J.,  iiiog.,  etc.,  vi.  73'.);  vii. 

717. 
"Star  of  th«!  Wfnt,'  hIiIji,  iv.  .Vm,  .'iti'J. 
'.Starling,'  Hii;^.  nian-ul-war,   iv.   \\'i, 

I4.V 
SUrr,  A.  I).,  vii.   .'»H2. 
iStittt!  Agricultural  society,  hiat.,  etc., 

of,  vii.  ti.'i  4. 
Statf  normal  »<;hool,  vii.  720. 
Staiinanl,  K.  <).,  vii.  (M)7. 
iSteam  uiiginc,  first  in  C'al.,  1S43,  iv. 

:«».■>. 

Steamer,  first  in  Cal.,  v.  .'«7r>-Hl, 
SteaniH,  .Mm;!,  vii.  OW). 
St«l.l)iiir*.  k.v.  H.,  vii.  3i:»,  730. 
Steele,  Frank,  vii.  5!K>. 
St«!plu'iis,  J.  D.,   Iiiog.,  vii.  IW. 
Bteplien:!,  L.,  the  Panama  K.  K.,  vii. 

522. 
•Sttrlinj;,'  ship,  v.  IKKi,  3.-)7.  432. 
Steuart,  W.  M.,  muiitioii  of.  vi.  27S; 

cuniliilate  for  gov.,  |.S4'.>.  vi.  .'W.'). 
Stevens,    delegate,    the    I'liil.     It.    It. 

convention,   ISTjO,  vii.  .'>I4. 
Stevi'iis,  Charles,  vii.  590. 
Stevens,     Klislia,    party   of,    to   Cal., 

1844,  iv.  :M5  S. 
St<tveii4,  H.  1'.,  iu  Honolulu,  1830,  iv. 

141. 
Stevenson,  A.  M.,  vii.  590. 
Stevenson,  Col  J.    D.,   raises   N.   Y. 

voU,  V.  490. 


Stevenson    regiment,   raising  of.   and 
hist,    in    Cal.,    IHHi  H,   v.   4'.l'.>  .MS; 
list  of  ortieers,  V.  ."K)3  4. 
Stewart,  Capt.,   mention  of,  vii.  2VJ; 

at  Ft  Aleatra/,,  iWil,  .-ii.  4i;;i-4. 
Stillnian,  on  Ih-nke's  voy.,  i.  '.HI. 
.StiM-k-raisiiiu,     statistics,       1773,      i. 
205  (i;   1774.   i.   23'.>:    17'.W),    i.   :iH.S; 
Htatisties,    l7iM    1H<N».  i.  .'.77.  ti-.'l   A, 
ft'it),   •l.'>7.  l>72.   «7ti,  f.sCi.  iJHN.  C.iH*, 
713,   723;    I.S*)I    10,    ii.    MM  )>.    jus, 
110,   115,    I  Hi.  121    3,  I.TJ,  137.  I.3N. 
14H.     |4'.»,     I.V«.    154,     Hi  I.     I  HI   3; 
ISIl   2(»,  ii.  :t4ti,  347.  3I<»,  3.'>0,  :i.Vi, 
3.»H,    :MU.    WM.  'M\X.   374.   375,   377, 
:W4  7,   31H>,    3'.»5;    l«2l    :»0,    li.    .WJ, 
554,    .'(.'>«>,   .5t>7.    57.S,    5>»((  2.    .''IK")  tJ, 
5'.Kt,  (RH   2.  (iltJ,  (il'.t.  (•20.  022.  024; 
IH::|   40,   iii.   *il<.»,  043;  »tatistles  at 
S.  h.  Key,    1N3I   40,   in.  022;  at  S. 
I      .luan.  <'ap..  IH3I    4.  ni.  OJO;     S.   .1. 
Ilintista,    |S3I   4.    in.   l>iH ;   S.    Fer- 
!      nando,    IN3I   4,    ni    •iiti;    Sta    liar- 
!      Iiara,  IH3I-4,  iii.  (i.'iii;  S.  liiuiiaven- 
tiira,    1«3|   4,    iii.    tiiMt;    Sta    Inez, 
I      IM3I    4,  III.   *;02;   I'liri^ima,    1S3I   4, 
I      iii.  »M»4;  S.  Carlos.    \s:\\   4,   iii.  O.H»l; 
'      S     L.    Ol.ispo,    I.S3I   4,    lii.    OSI;  .S. 
Miguel,    |,S3I   40.    ni.    ti.S4;    S.    Aii- 
I      toiiio,    IH3I   40,    iii.    t>SO;    S..I  dad, 
l«31-4,   ill.   (>'.H»;  Sta  Cru/.,   IS3|   2, 
iii.  0U3;  S.  Uafael,    l>S3l-2,  in.  7 Hi; 
Solano,    IH3I-4.    iii.    710;    S.    Jose 
miss.,  IS3I   2.    iii.    724;  Sta  Clara, 
IS3I   2,  iii.  727;  Hlanght<T  of  cattle, 
17X4,    i.    472:   of    pnel.ins,    |MH»,    I. 
(101;    at    raiielio   del    Hey.    1S0(>.    i. 
(iH2  3;    slaiifiliter  of    horv-s,    IS(>.'>, 
ii.  1S2;  superiority  of  Cal.,   ii.  4IM; 
in  I  OS  Alii{el<-s  di.-«t,  li.  .VvS;  at  Itiis- 
sian  settlement,    1S2I   30,  ii.  (i3s  il; 
I.V.'i   30,    li.   (i(i8  <>;    Stat,    of  eatlle 
at  iiii.ss.,    1831   5,   iii.   3."i(i;    Dolorrs 
nii.ss.,    |8.'{I  4,   iii.  714;  at   .Sutter's 


fort,    IR4I 
isli   ri'-giine, 


.» 


iv. 
vii. 
vii.  .v.';  after  the 
53  til ;    droiigiits, 
cattle,  vii.   53  (i; 


228;   under  .Spaii- 
I   2,    53;    pasture, 

goM    di-teov..   VII. 

18112  4,  vii.  .")3; 
lii.st.  of,  vii.  .54  li; 
horses,  vii.  .57  8;  iiiiiles.  vii.  58  It; 
Hheep,  vii.  .50  (11;  goats,  vii.  (iO  I; 
HWiiie,  vii.  0!  2;  in  I88<»  IK),  vii. 
74(1  7. 
Stocks,  mining,  gamliling  in,  vii.  (>(>(>- 
.      81;      exchanges      organized.       vii. 

(107-9. 
'  SbMrkton,    Commodore,     arrival     of, 
1840,  V.  251;  rule  of,    184(1.  v.  255- 
87;  controversy  with    Kearny  and 


INDKX. 


Kor  liiformatioii  r(ini'oriiiiiK  iiIiiiu'its,  nco  iilsu  the  linnrrr  Hrijittrr,  vols.  H  to  V. 
Kruiaoiit,    KS47,   v.   411   ll'J;  ixdiey,    Sup|>ly  KyHtcin,  i.  ;{;>4. 


t'U 


if,  IS47,  vi.  •.'.'>»(•  I. 


Sll|ll'OIIU!    <<)1 


irt,  cstJililislK  (1,   iii.   605; 


8t<iL'kt(.ii,    fiiiiiHliii),'  (if,    IH48,  V.   674;  I      loinnmiiziMl,    184;'!,  i v.  M! 


vi.    II;    hist,    of,    vi.    4)).') 


C.    V. 


K.    K.,    vii.    f)»7;  early   suIkioU  of, 


VII, 


7i; 


Stoi^ktoii  Miiiiii^jr  <'oiM|i.'ii)y,  vi.  74. 
Stockton  ami  ('o|iiifro[ioli.s  K.  U.,  vii. 

r.ss. 

Stockton   itiid    loiiu    K.    U.    CO.,    vii. 

.OSS  11. 
Stockton  and  Vis;»lia  R.  K.,  vii.   M». 
Stdikwoll,  K.  K.,  vii.  ass. 
Stonr,  Kov.  A.  L.,  vii.  7H0. 


Stone 


(it'll.  <i 


itii    Ki 


ng  .s  ex- 


|ir.l.,  IH4'.».  vi.  L'Hl;  U.  R.  coiiiuii.M. 
I.SSO,  vii.  4()'.»;  gov.,    KS8:»,  vii.  4-JI; 
hi..''.,  vii.  4'_'l,  4:f-' 


.Su|iiiyoiiii,  IikI.  till)!',  iv.  :<)).'(. 

Survi-y.s,  cotut,  prof,'re.H8  of  the, 
|H4'J  ')".),  vi.  {i'XA  4;  appronriiitionn 
for,  vi.  (>:!.•{  4;   IH4I    .'■K),    vii.    RHi  7. 

Sutlicrl;in<l,  .1.  R,  the  I'liil.  K.  U. 
i'onv(!ntion,  I8.'i(>,  vii.  .'ila. 

Sutln'rlami,  'V.  .(.,  <l('|>urturu  of  I'ol 
StuvenHon.  v.  .')()8    10. 

Sutro,  A.,  hioj;.,  vii.  IM  I. 

Sutter,  .1.  A.,  Hdttli'nioiits  founiltMl  liy, 
etc.,  18;t'.»  Ki,  vi.  RJ  l.'i;  raiielio  of, 
vi.  I.'>;  iiilliii.'iicu  of,  vi.  'JO;  null, 
etc..   erectecl    1  y,     1847,   vi.   *J8  :«); 


Slum 


ill 


vii.  Ml. 


'St.iiiiiigtoii,"  wilder,  V.  ."{IS,  :W4,  .TJ7. 
StoiiKlitoii,   ,lu;ui,    Spaiii.sli   eon.-<ul   at 


Ro'itoii,  ii.   I.'i. 
Sirent/el.  ,1.  T.,  1 


>10},'. ,    VII.    ) 


41. 


Slrotle,  C.  IV.  mention  ol,  vi. 


477. 


Str<iiiL 


I)    \V.,  <li 


rector,    leu 


t.    Vi 


R.  R..  lsi;i.  vii.  Mi. 


Storv,  \V.  W. 


ISA. 


SI 


ov'cs,  niaiiuluet.  ot,  vii.  !Ni. 


StuliiiH,  .1.  I'.,  vi.o-iircst  S.  I'.  R.  R., 

vii.  <>:{'.'. 
Stiirt;i!f,  Krv'inti^  Co.,  trade  with  C'al., 

i8-"_>,  II.  47r>. 

Sii.iri/,  ('.,  .see.  of  t'al.  junta,  18'25-7, 

iii.  :<. 
Snare/,     I'adre    .1.     M..     mention    of, 

1848,  vi.  78. 
SuMettv,    party    to    I'ld.,     I84.\    iv. 

577  8. 
FiUgar,   production,  etc.,  of,  vii.  !I0  7; 

niaiint'act.,  etc.,  of.  vii.  87. 
Siiisnii,   li>>!itwitli   liidsat,    1810,   ii. 

Ill;   nieiitioii  of,  vi,  4i»<». 
Snisuti,  liid.   trilii',  ii    ".0(5. 
Sullivan,  K.  I..,  vii.  TiHS. 
'Suljiliur,'  .•<liip.  iv.  '.!.",  142,  14.>. 
Sulpjiiir  III  Cd.,  vii.  (itiO. 
Siil|)liiir  liiiik  nolle,  vii.  0457. 
'Sujtaii.i  '  slii|.,  li.  '2\:i. 
Sid/lcieli,    Riiiiolpli,  vii.  .""iS.'). 
Siiiiiniit  I, line,  vii.  (>.'>7. 
Suiiiier,  (i.'U,  super.sedin  .Fohmttvn, 

I8lil,  vii.    •J.S-J;   ).;eo.    order  of,   !M)I, 

vii.    *J!H>;    in    eomniaiiil,     I8d|,    vd. 

4()7,  47 1 -'J. 
Suiiderliaiis,  (i.  If,  ().,  I»i<i^.,  vii.  ij8l. 
Sunol    valley,    lAiges'    ixpedl.    in,    i, 

|H(l. 


Superior   court, 
of,  184-2-3,  iv. 


ofHeers 
'i'.Mi. 


and    actioUH 


tl 


U!    gl 


.Id     di 


1848, 


.TJ  41: 


weakiies.>»   of,   vi.   4'.?  .'<;  attempt  to 


81'cure 
eratioiM, 


tith' 


VI. 

1848, 


4:5  4: 

77: 


I 

cliaracttT,     vi,     ',17    R>7;     candidate 


mining   op- 
career  am 


for 


K' 


I84!l,  vi.  :(();'>:  del,  to  eon 


Htit.  convention.  I84<,>,  vi.  'JS.'i,  'Jit.'); 


fail 


II ri!,  etc. 


vi.   417;  iiidusiriert 


promoted    l.y,     I8:t!)  48.     vi      4S4; 

f»t»'-;  j>-. 


tilli.'   to   New    ll'lvetia,  vi 


mention  of,  vi.  -ii 


Sutil, 


voy.  o 


f,  \:<M 


4.">«». 

i.  im\  7. 


410; 


Sutter  county,    name,    etc.,   vii. 
hint,  of,  vi.  48H  <). 

•Sutter  t'rcuk,  town,  mention  of,  vi. 
.■il'i. 

Sutter'^  fort.  Ind.  hostility  at,  IS40, 
iv.  74;  «eltlement  of,  RS.T.t,  iv.  i:U; 
descnption  of,  iv.  IVJ;  vi.  I,"l.  IM; 
iiaiiiini;  of,  iv.  \'Xi;  anmdi  of, 
I8:i'.t  40,  iv.  \'M  1);  progrcsH  at, 
1841  •-',  iv.  'Ji-'ti  40;  description  of 
fort,  iv,  l.'*.»7;  •illair.s  at,  Ih4;i,  iv. 
:VST  !);  CO,  for  dielieltoreii.a.  1844, 
iv.  47'.»;  alVaii.s  it.  184'),  iv.  1108  IC; 
ellort.H  to  Nell,  iv  (ilH;  Kremoiit  .'it, 
I8ti),  v.  ;<,  R'Jt,  18'!;  treafnient  of 
Vallejos  at,  184(1,  v.  l'J4  (i;  (Jilles- 
pie  at,  v.  I'J7;  V.  S.  Ilai;  raised  at, 
l8Ui,  V.  yjt  i'l;  events  lit,  I84(i  8, 
v,  '.".tH  :«CJ,  tl7r>;  recruiting  at, 
I84<1,  v,  ;t.'i',(;  .MormonH  at,  1847,  v. 
■\'Xi  ");  relief  to  l)oiiner  party,  v. 
.'>.H8  it;  arriva',    of    imrty  at,   v.   .'>4. 

Sutter's  mill,  gohldninting  near, 
iS4S,  vi.  4(»  8. 

.Siitterville,  fouiidinf{,  etc.,  ef,  1841), 
vi.   I.'i;  dcMcr'pt.  of,  vi.  447. 

■  Sus,iii  Drew,'  trau'ijiorl,  v.  .'Ml,  .'ilH. 

Siisaiivdle,  mention  oi,  vi.  4'.t4, 

'Suvarof,'  uhip,  li.  '_'I0,  '.'74,  MM\, 
37.1. 

Swascy,  VV.  !•'.,  iiitnition  of,  vii.   7*27. 


INDKX. 


Ml 


Fur  iiifuriimlloii  ('oiicoriiitiK  jiiiiu'crs,  kit  iiiao  Hit'  I'iimfer  Unjixtir,  vols.  II  to  V. 

SwiiMcy'rixld    Co.,    journey    to   L'al.,  'I'lli^iiiia,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  4'.)(i. 

I.S4."),  iv.  iu\i  ',.  'reli(4i.i|p|i  lines,  lii.st.  <it',  vii.  i.'»l  (i. 

'  Sweden,' Iraniport,  V.  51 1.  Teineeiili     liimho,      prote.st     ag.iiiwt 

Sweet,    W.    IJ..   fal.    traile,    18'_»*J,  ii.  .      urant,  iii.  ;Mil. 

47."i.  '  Tiiie.scal  mine,  vii.  titiO   I. 

Swei'tlaiiil,  mention  of,  vi.  48(5.  'l\^ni|»l.',  .1.,   supr.   eourt  juilj^e,    1S87, 

Swiitt,   .lohn,  VII.  7-M».  VII.  4:t4. 

•Swine,  raising,  etc.,  of,  vii.  Gl -2.  'reiirlm.ine,    inis.sion,   rexolt  at,  l(>lt), 

1.  I.'). 
Ti|ielnianes,  eonijnest  of,  i.  !.">. 

'I.'  Teiiie,  Cialiain  |iri.--oliei'S  al,  iv.  'JO  .'ID. 
'rerr;torial    I'loiner   Nociety,    vii.    707. 

Talile  nu>iintaiii,  miii!n;{  at,  I8.">.">,  vi.  Ti'i-ry,    l».    .S,,   speeeli   in  eoiivintioii, 

;{7;{   »  ete.,  I.S.V.I,  vi.  7-'4  ."i,  7.'i."i:  ilnel  witli 

T.ii^le,   Lt    L.    1'.  lie,  Hclnnitr  for  eol«»-  Kro  lenelx,   |S."t<.t,  vi.  ''M   •_';   Iri.il  of, 

ni/ini;,   IMH,  ii.  4.  fs.'tli,    vi.     7'>tl   I;    vii.     --•>  '»;    ac- 

'TaHle,'    hlll|i,     ii.     '_'0'.'  3,     'Jt»S;     rip-  I'lUal    of,   Vli.    '.'11     I'.';   il.etloll   of, 

t'.ire.H  the  IV.ller,  1814,  II.  »'7I,  ;M*.'».  Inm,     vii.     '.'•JO;     tlie     llill  .^liaioa 

Tait.  (Jco.,  vii.   7"J0.  ease,  ete.,   vii.  4:tll    I. 

Talliert,  T.  A.,  vii.  r»(J.8.  Tevis,  l,lo\,|,  vii.  .'.Ml. 

'I'.illiiit,   I).  .1.,  ineiitioii  of,  vii.  ITil.  Texas,  iml.  |iiMii|(!me,  \     l'.>'_V 

Till.iW,    llM.le    in,     1817,   II.  i.'S:t;    IN-Jl  Tex, IS    I',.,  ilie    11.     11..    .MiliMily    ask.d, 

.'III,  ii.  ttii'.l;  aiinnal  .slii|imeiit.  Ml.  (i4l .  ^ii.    .'I'.l.'i;    aiil    froin    .S.     |)ii;;o,    vii. 

Taiii.il,   IikI.   tiil.e,  li.  ."-(10  .V.Ki;   alliiis    of,  Vii.  (>l>'.»    ID,  CIl*    \X 

' 'I  aiii.'.ia,'    KJiip,   visit   oi,    I8()."i  (J,  li.  Ti  \  n  iV   Cal.   t'oiistriieiion   en.,    vii. 

'.'•  (il.l 

Taiiian/,     l'\    tie     IV,    of    Cal.    junta,  'I'liniiia^.      .\iliiiii.il,     lonnl.     ol      i'ji;^. 

18-_Vi  7,    iii.   :<;  author  of    poliiu-..  tl.M  i.  |s»'j,  iv.  'MYl  :t. 

liiereaiitile   jtlaii,    iii.    U;     report  on  Tlioina-,  Cipt.,  vii.    7-7. 

Cat.   ini.s.s.,  ill.    10',).  Tlioni.ii,     |,t ccij     ('  ,    eoni.      for     taihl 

Tiiiiierie,-,,   vii.  !)!    •_'.  el.iiiiH,  V.  4li:t. 

Taiahiiiiiai'es,  war  with,  i.  10   17.  Jhniiia-,   (<iii.  (■.    II.,    in   <  oniinaii<l, 

'Tartar,'  sliip,  iii.  t!8,  l.sti'.l,  vii.   »7".'. 

'Tasso,'  xhip,   iv.   '-.'07,  'JIO.  WVX  ;i«0,  Thnin.is,  I.  K  ,  m  II. .m, lulu,  IH.'tC,  iv. 

r>.->8,  ,-.(»'.'.  III. 

Tavilion,     l!S;il    ,"..   iii.   :{7l»  SO;    st,.te,  Tliomas.  O.   II,.  the  S.    K.  K.  K.   eoii- 

I8.H)  75,  VI    (;04  'J-';  in  S.  1.,  INJO  veiiiion,   I.S.V.I,  vii.  .'WS. 

7,      vi.     771  •"»;     e\eniptioii.s     from,  'Ti.omi.s    II.    I'lrkilis,'   tr.iii^|ioit,    v. 

18ii(i,    vii      ',V,V,\\    ol  rhinaiiien,    vii  .'ill. 

;U7  4.');  of   liiel,    vii,   \\K\  4;    of  in-  •  Tliom.is  Nowlaii.l,'  slii|.,  in.  il'.t,   IIH. 

ciiiiKH,     vii.     '.'>h\  ,");     poll-tax,     VII.  Thoinp-oii,    Major    jf.Witt   ('.,   ineii- 

,'18.');    of    railrools,    vii.    4'J7 -8;   eo.  tioii  of,  vii.  471. 

;ili<l  stale,  vii     !>■.:    I.  Tlioinpsoii,    W'.nldv,   on    .luiirs  atlair, 

Tay.  <1.   II    iV  «o.,  \       '.J7.  l84-_',     iv.     ;{|l.':{.';i    «;     .lelions    li) 

Tayloi.  I»r,  vii,  7.'0.  imiiii^^iation  to  Cil.,  iv,  :1nO   I. 

'i'aylor,  ''    I,,  hailior  eommis.i.,  ISOM.  riiornlon.    ,1.    I».,   siipr    emirl    jiid^'e, 

VII.  ;ti»4  |ssi>,  VII.  40!>;  I8!S',I.  vii.  7:i.V 

Taylor,    ht  eoi     .1.     I'.,    at     Fremont  I'llJiiiieii.l,  l.iMio^',,  ii    ;tl4.  .'.I    .  (140. 

tll.ll.    v.  4.")IV  Tllloid,    !•'.,   Ihol;.,  ete.,  ot,  Vi.    /I,)7. 

Taylor,   \\v\  .  Wm,  vii.  7-'.l,  Tiiinnoes  di:;^iii^;s,  \ii.  li.'il. 

'I'.i\  iorsville,  nii'iiiioii  of,  vi.  .Ml.  Tin.  vii.   l'>(i(l   I. 

'J'eaeli',   M.    W .,   nieiiilier  sloek   lio.iril,  riin{l<\,    •'Senator    (i.     I'»,,    hill    iiiirod 

vii,  ;i(>S.  hy,   i^.V.^  \  i.  CCm  (i. 

T,a  plain,    attempt  to  eiiltivatc  the,  riiiiiiii.  Ni  n.iior,  vii.  (i'i'J. 

IS.'i.i  70,  vii.  .'Hi  7.  Tiniiiii,   \V.    ,1  ,  hioji,,  ete.,  vii.  I(7."i. 

Ter.ite  ranelio,  plundered,  |8;>7,  iv.  (18.  Tiiador,  .idveiitlire.s  of,    I84,S,   \  i.  ,S() 

Teiiaiiia   eoiinty,    mining  in,   vi.   .'t(il:  I. 

hist,  of,    VI.  4'.Mi   7;   oixalii/ed,    ele,,  Titmiidi,    (',,    in    lluiioluhi,    IS.'tli,    iv. 

i8."i(i,  vii.  441  -J,  ,      141. 


INI>H\. 


For  iiifiirinntion  rniiccriiiiii;  i>iom-eni,  vei-  nU<>  tin-  Piiinrrr  Kreiintrr,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Tithes,  nlusiil  to  pay,    IS4.'<,  iv.  'XIW  jiloiati 


of.     IS40  .•">,    vi. 
liiiiiin>;  oil  the,  vi.  .'tO*.'  .'<. 
Trot,  (  .il.  tni.lr.  IS-.".',  li.  IT't. 


5(10 


'I'liiyaiMiia,  Intl.  trilie,  ii.  iVNi. 

Toli.ici',.,    ciiltiv;!!!))!!,   otc,  of,    IS.">4      Triii-kf<-,    louintiiig,   eto.,    of,    IHtiH  4, 


7'.t,  vii.  ;i4  ."). 
Tolicriiiaii,  •!.  Iv.,  liiog.  of,  vii 
Toiiiiis,  iiid.  fliii'f,  iv.  T'i. 
T'mIiI,  |)r,  iiii'iition  of,  vi.  7S. 


184. 


vi.  4s<i. 
TiiMm,  a.  L.,  hi 


I'iH'.Miii,  .Mormon  hattU' at,  v.  4H."> 


hi{ 


vii.  7'>4. 


T.i! 


tri-,  town,  ini'iition  ot,  \  i. 


>|x. 


'i'oilil   vallvy,   mining  eaini>,   1849,  vi.    Tiilaro  loiinty,   hi.st.    of,   vi.    .">I7   18; 

:i.'i.'>.  cTiMlioii  oi,' I.VcJ,  vii.  'Jt!!*,  441. 

Toihw  .Santos  l»ay.  Walker  at,    I85.'i,    Tiilan-    valley,   diNiovrry  of. 


I'.t7 


lin;  8. 


f\|iloriiioa  o! 


I,  177t».  I. 


Toliml.    I>r    II.    II.,   hioj,'.,   i-tc,    vii.         of,  n.   4'.i;  n-fiice  lor  iMMi|iliytes, 


•-»(»   I. 


Tul. 


<;ov.  15.,  Cal.,  i.  172. 


Tolcii,  Intl.  trilx-,  il.  .'i(N!. 


T. 


■maii'.i,  iiK'iition  of,  vi.  .'> 


II. 


n. 
•J04;  vmt  I'l   in.irs   IMti,  ii.  ;1J7   S; 
rtiiL-hfrrit  iii.  ISIT,  ii   :t;{|   '1;  i Apcil. 
a^.iiiiit  Imlw  III.  li.  :{;{.')  Ii. 
Tiilari-rt,  < '.iJMit  o\|ilori.    JNll.  ii.  IJ'i.'i; 


Toinalr.s  hay,   liodiga's  rxjicilt.  at,   i.         Iii'l  relM-U  ih-fi- ileil.  |S'_'I,  ij.  W.\',\  b; 


!».{. 


t!\iilori-r.s  III, 


IMii, 


Tooiiu'H,    A.   <J.,   raiii'lio  of,    1S48,  vi.    Tiih-lmra.  .see  .stocktoi 


Hi   17. 
oiii|>kinM 


V. 


VII.    ( 


lU 


loiiavto,  Inil.  ti'ilx-,  ii 


'1 
Toial. 


iidti. 


Siria  s  &iiggo.-<tii>ii« 
•JO'.I. 


Tiiliyomi,  ln<l.  trilx',  iv.  'M\X 
Tnllv.   I'.   H.,  hioj;.,  vU-.,  vii.  .'(7.'). 
lully.  IJ    W.,  vii.  ;V.t(». 
Nuhinittcct    Tiiohijiiiie  litv,  mention  of,  vi.  'ill. 


Tnoh 


Ollllt 


y,   niiniii;.;    in, 


IMS 


Ton|U<'niaila,    hililio;.',,    i.    IHi,   '.IS,   I.V.'.         .'Mi,     vi.    .'t7:{  li;     lii.st.     of,    vi.    .')!.'); 
Toro,   Scrra's   Hui(>;t'stion.s    suliiiiitt<'<l        nanif,  cte.,  vii.  440. 


to.  i.  LMM). 


Tnol 


ninni-  t-o.,  .iiriition  ■ 


.f,  vi 


O.S7 


Tone.  M,  O.  ilo  la,   ri'|i.   in  eimj^rvu,  Tiioliiinnc  river,  mining  on,  IM8,  vi. 

IS-.'I,  iii.  •_'.  77  V 

TomIi',  .Mian,  liiojj.  of,  vii.  ti.'M.  Turner.  K    I'.,  vii.  7-tl. 

ToWii  eoiincils,  ttee  ayiintaiiiieiitoM.  Tiiilon  .\   Kno\.  eoiitraetor-i,  vii.  .''I'.N). 

T'lUiie.    .\.    N.,    Iiioj.^.,   eti'.,   vii.   .")!)7,  Tii^tin.  \V.  I.,  inention  of.  \  n.  !Mi. 

(■.:!•_',  (;:i4.  Tuti.iii.    wux   ,a  t'li..'  i.  4.14,  <.m), 

Tow  ii-Miiii,    .1..    town    laiil    out    hy,  '.'"_'.  I''7;  ii.  I7i»;  vi.  717. 


i  T>  ler,     l're»  ,    on    ee-.«ioii    of   Cal.    to 

"Kni:..  IH4:».  iv.  :{H-.'. 

'fyl'T,  mention  of    \ii.  717. 

Tsl'-ri.  |).,  hist,  of  .Mormon  hattle,  v. 

'477  ^<•. 
Tvnoii.   I (r,  with   KiiigH  uxped.,  |84'.>, 
vi.  I'M. 


I  Mil,  VI.  I '.(4. 
To/er.  ('.  \V.,  vii.  :>«■»(». 
Tii.v.  .1.,  VII.  7 111. 
Tialieiii,  <i.   \\'.,  hioi;.,  vii.  747. 
Tii|ipirs,    early    e.xpeils,    iii.    I.'il    7."i. 
Tra-K.   Dr  .lolii'i  H  .  vii.  (ioli. 
•riav.iiei.'   ^Iiip,   li.    •Jl(i,    •.•>.">  7,  ."WJ. 
Tiva.lwell.   .1.    I'.,   l.loji.,   VII.   •-'.VI. 
Trel.Hllre.    export,     ete.,    of,     I8IS  ,S|,  ,  U 

vii     IIS   -Jd. 

Til' ilii>i.    Ciliiieiii;,!,     1SI7.    vi.   •_'.■>•>;  I'liilih-.  ConHl't  <  !on.  (if  K.  provinces, 

(Ina.lalllpe    llnlil-o,    jNtS    vi.  •-'(;_•.  1.  44"*. 

Tre.t  I'iiios,  iiK'iilioii  of.  vi.  .')1.*4.  L^arte,     Con.,    oil!    aetions     in    Cal. 

•Ties  U.ves.' Hliip.  i.  '.IS.  affair-*,    17V.  7.    i.   401,  44:t,   4«S  '.I, 

•  rnniili.l.'  Hliin,  IV.  :tl'J.  :ns.  .-no.  4.'.l.  4«M>.  47".».  4S7.  (Uf.t 

Triniilail  lity,  lust,  of,  vi.  ."lOlt.  I'ki.ih.  nieiitioit  ol.  vi.  ."i(lS  il. 

Tiiiiiilail  liiiy,  •  Lelia  liynl  '  in.  11.  '_'•_'.  I'lloi.  e\iM-.|.  ni,  |.">:{'.l,  1    7. 

Tniiiiiail  port,  ii;iiiieil.  1.  •J4'.'.  (.'hil.ito,  Iml.  trilH  .  11.  .'ilMl. 

Ti  iiiity  eoiiiil  N .  ilraw  hacks  to  iiiinin^  l°iii|Hpi.i  river,  J.  .'^inith's  trappers  at, 

ill.    VI.    .«i.'l   I;    niiniii){    in,   vi.   ,'t<>.'i,  in.   llM). 

!<70:  hist,  ol,  vi.  .'itNl  It;  iiaiiie,  ete.,  Union,     town    (see     alxo    'Areata'), 

vii.  410  nn'iitioii  o(.  vi.  .'MM. 

Triiiilv    river,  explor.,   ete  .  ot.   I.S48,  I'm. .11   Coiiaoliilated    Miiiiii;;   eo.,  vii. 

VI.   ;i(»4;    name,    etc.,   vi.    oOO;    t-x-  (»,">1. 


IN'I»EX. 


«l'.i. 


it. 


For  iiifnriniitinn  Ofinocriilii!;  jiloiiccr-i,  mi'  also  the  I'iimirr  liiiiUlrr,  Viil*.  II  tn  V. 

Union  iiiini',  vii.  W'M.  (>.">".>.  \'al(k'>*,  Scri:i"N  Hiigi-i'Htii'iis  huIjuiIUciI 

Union  Mill  Mininj:  c.,.,  vii.  (»74.  to,  i.  '.'(I'.>. 

Union    I'ai-ilio    II.  K  ,  nanic,  vii.   .VJS;  V.iU-nciii,  I'.,  rani'iio  of,  l,S4S,  vi.  10. 

cli.ir'ir,  ftf.,  ol',  vii.  ,ViS  ;{;{;  wtork,  \'.il<'iii'ia,    (ii'ii.    (1.,   inlniin.   of    itious 

vii.   .")'JS;  l.iiiil-^riknt,  vii.  WJ\);  rliar-  fiin<l,  IN4'_',  iv.  '.\'M\. 

tor,  vii.    'i.'U;  Ifninl.,  I.HiU,  vii.  iV>(l-  V.'illi'jo,  A.,  ('ilicial  ol' pit)tM  fiiiiil,  ISOl), 

■_';  lun<l-;;i  int,   vii.    "(."Kt;  lioiiiU,  vii.  ii.   Itiii. 

"i.'VO   I;  const  I'lU'l  ion,  vii.    "lOil;  join-  X'allijo,  .1,  .1.,  ranclio  ot,  J.MS,  vi.   10. 

in^witlir.   I'.,   I.Stilt,  vii.   f>7;{;  i-oii-  N'alli'jo,    .M.    <;.,    inivatc    aiclnviw,    i. 

Htiliilation.s,  rtc,  of,  vii.  iV.Vl.  4'.t;   'lli.st.  ilt;  CaL.'i.  .V>;   iiilliu'iicu 

Union    |iait\.  iii>litioii  of,  vii.   'J'.H   *_>,  of,  |S4S,   vi.   'JO;  iiii'inlicr  of   Ic^inl. 

-'.I.">  (i,    ."{Ol;    imntioii   of,  vii.  'M\~   S;  I'omnil,     IS47,    vi.    iMiO;   ilrl.   to   i-nll- 

nit',,;<uirs    ii.'i.MMt'd    liy,    vii.    ^il'J  'JO;  stit.  t'onvi.'iitioii,   IN4'.(,  vi.  'IS^t;  So.s- 

iliiMili  iii-f  of,  vii.  ;{"J7.  t'ol  claim,  vi.  ."ili'J. 

l':iitanan.'4,  vii.  7'J'.*.  \'allcjo,  .Major  S,  iiiriition  of,  vii.  470. 

'.■nilfil      .'>t.iti'K,       '  FA|ilor.      cxiiol.,'  X'allfjo,  sfat  ot    ^ov  I    at,     I.Sol    'J,    VI. 

ISI.S  4'J,  iv.  V-U'J;  |iio|.'.tH  ioianni'.xa-  '.Vld;    IS.VJ,    vi.    li.">C.;    IS.'i.'t,    vi.    ()74; 

tion.    IV.    '17u    S;   oil.  r    to    puirli.isi'  iiv.il  of  .'<.   !•".,  \  li.  (is."(  (i. 

«'al.,   IV.   'J'.M.I:  war  iinii;inint,   IMJ,  Vail. jo  iV   .Sonoma   Valley  K.  It.,  vii. 

iv.   .HiHl,    IllN)  :t;   U.   S.    man  cif-war,  .")S'.». 

IV.     :(t)'J  :{,    :>l.'«,     lU'J;    aiHons     n-  V.m  l.okcnn,  A.,  vii.  (JtiH. 

.H|iictink;     <''iin.     .loiics'     allair,    iv.  \ai    .Ni'-..s,    .).,    orilin.ini'c,    IK.5I,    vi. 

:t*.'.'>  .S;  ii'iiort  of  war  with,  iM.'i.  iv.  ',.\)\  vii.  'J'J'.t  .'iO.  •J4.''i;   iii.iyor  of  San 

.VJ4;   Hi'lii'iiii's    of,    IH4.">.    IV.    .")'.(4  S;  Kraiicisio,   \SX>  (i,  vi.  7ti7. 

U.    .'^.     artillery    cervioe,    KS47,    v.  Van  Niiys,  1.  N.,  Inoj.'.  of,  vii.  7')U. 

."lis  "JO;    ioM;>ress,    aetioiii  on    t ',il.  \  ,<n  Onlcii,  S.,  vii.  .">.s7. 

atl.iiis,  V.   .V.t'J  (iol:   I'.  .S.   dragoons  '  N'ai.'cuiver,' sliin,  '^  ■  ''•''■ 

Hervi.e,    I.S4.S  ;»,  V.    :^•l•l  'M  ellect  of  '  Vaii.lill  I, '  hliip,  iv.  4;!;t;   v.  :(l!l,  :{.')7. 

^'old  (li.si'ov.  Ill  Cal.,  1.S4S,  vi.   IN  \',ini|i'rliilt,  ('.,  imntioii  of,  vi.   140. 

'Jl;    atlitiiile    of,    etc.,     Ifvlli  7,    vi.     X'arL'a.s,  >,'ov.,    n iii|iiir.s   N.   .Me\.,  i. 

■J.'i'J  .">;    tlie    eoiii|iH!st   of    Cal.,   vi.  lit. 

'J.">."i  7;    etlect    ol    the   aihniHsion    of  X'assaiilt,     !•'.,     claimant    for    raiidio 

Cal.,     vi      :H4  .">;    lililni.st.     e\|iccls  Camanta.s,  iii.  711. 

from,    Is.'il   (M»,    vi.    ."i.SJ  00.'!;     Imi.  Vca,    .\.    .\|.  de,  Cal.    repri.'Hentative, 

jiolii-y  of,  vii.  477  -S;  railroads,  vii.  I.SJ.'J,  ii.  4X4. 

4'.*'',  O;!.").  Vc^a  dc  i'iijai'o  ranclio,  granted,  I.S'JO, 

UniNvi>ily     of    Californi.i,     the    new  ii.  :t.s:{. 

collstit.,      IN70,    vii.     :i'.IJ   :i;    liist.    of  \'cj,'et.llil(S.  cultivation,  eti-.,  of,   |S,'i| 

the,  vu.  :iO-J,  044,  7-JO.  Nit,  VII.  •J7  :!0,  sti. 

University  of  Soiitlicrn  Cal.,  VII.  7-0.  Velinles,    mamifacl.    of,    I.S.'itiSj,   vi. 

Uiiivcri.ily  ..f  the  I'.ieilic.  vii.  7'JI.  7'.l  .SO. 

University  Cole  j;c  of  .S.  F.,  vii.  7'J'J.  N'l'ntui.i  county,   created,   i^le.,  l.s7'J, 

Urizir.   .1.    A.    ile,   addre.s.s,    I7.S7,    i.  vi.  ."I'JIi;  cnation,  iti' ,  of,  |.s7'J,  vii. 

401   'J.  I      44*J;   petroleum  w I  ll.s  of,  vii.  OO'J. 

'  Uiu|i.' hliip,  iii.  'Jl.'!;  iv.   I.V.I.  '  \'i.im.s,' ;<lii|i,  iv.   147. 

Ut.ili  lak<.,  cro.s.sed  l>y  .leiledi  di  .'^initli,  \'.r  Melir,  missionary,  vii.  7'JO. 

lii.   I.VJ.  \'crdii>jo,    .1.    C,    lieeiisi  d    to    liade, 

Utiiiomanoc,  Ind.  trihe,  li.  ."rfMi.  j       IS'JO,  li.  •J'.CI. 

Verger,     It.ifacl,     j^iiaidi.in.     oHI    act.s, 

j      I77'J  .S'J.  i.  I'.i'J  t,  .TJ.-..  ;i7s 

V  '  X'eiini'iilc,  'I'.   I,.,  nieiitioii  of,  vi.  '.Vl'.\. 
\  eiiion,    founding,    etc.,    of,  |h40,  vi. 

Vae.i,   Cal)e/a  de,    re|iutation    among  4S,S 

iiiitives,  i.  7.  N'letor'.s  'Ateliison  .SyHlem,'  vii.  ti'JO. 

Vaia  Valley  fi.  Char  Lake  U.  U..  vii.  Victor,  .1.  N  ,  vii.  (lis. 

,"),S'(  '.Nl.  \'ietori.i,  ]ircs.,  orders  arrest  of  .^arria, 

Vacivilh',  II  line,  etc.,  vi.  r>(NI.  lii.   |0. 

V.ieciii.itioii,    I'atties'  tour,   Is;.".!,   jji.  N'wtoiia,  gov.,  rule  of,  l.''.'ll,  lii.  181- 

lO.s  '.(.  ,      'J  1 5. 


824 


1NJ>KX. 


'■'"'•  liifortnati,,,,  oonc.rnli.Lr .  i 

...;,,;;•;., ";:::':v;  '■•.'.>.  v..':;>:^  ^^-;;'J.n aK..i. ..,,., .,„,„,,. 

Vl.i.v,,,,,,.,   U.  S.  ,.;,.l...   ...._     .  W..ru.;L"i     ... 


V „i„,., ....,/. I,,,,,  „i\^*'.'.-.  «;t;«i.             '^  '^^  •^''»""«  CO.,  vii. 

\V  ",,t,..„  \-     ..'■.""","""-•'.  vj.r.!»8. 

...  I      V...  ,^i,s   ■*•""''"'"•'■»'"-•'' l>"ar.l. 

\V?k"|'  """'''■^'-  * '"  <!••«»  '  .\^-»'^"».  N.  .s     vi,    -.s' 

"'.  VI.  (i|7.           •'''"'•    '  .    in.ni,,.,,  ,v,.,    '  .     ..■     '"/■""'I'""*t  „t    Tal 

»;•;:•-;'«■'«.■ " . ,,  ,„„„ .  ,.„.  .,^  ^^..»;  .,i,^;;;  S;;;. ,: 

wri:;,i:::n^ "--.r^^  >vri,''-,;:  """ '" 

»'r"T-. ••■•K.V.Li  ..,  ......   •  ■••"■■  ""-"""-•MS,,,.,,, 


..•«■, 


•""^ "■•'•■■"-". ::;.V„'i;,  »,S-',,",i-.; ,v,....  w 

■  «"*•'  '"-'^  v..  7ia  I,. 


INDFX. 


8-J5 


' 


For  inforiniitlDn  CMinroriilnst  ploni-fr:',  sir  iil«itli>'  Pinnrrr  HftfUUr,  vi>l«.  II  to  V. 

Iiill    iiitr.Ml    l»y,    I.S.V),  vi.    T'-'li;    liill  vi.   (Mi'J;    projrot   of,    i^.V«,   vi.  (i7(>; 

rclioi'ti'il  liy,   I.S.V),  vu.  .">•_'(•  H.   K.  .'^ohuiiic  nf,  vu.  ."><>•_•. 

Wfllitck,    W.,    curucr,    et<.'.,    of,    vii.  \\'illiini<-tt<'    {'itik*    co.,    aotioiin    of, 

X'til  m.  1V»7,  IV.  N."i  7 

W'i'lU,  .)uili!<!    A  ,   ulitution,   etc.,    of,  Willciitt,  .1.  1^ ,  vii.  Ji.'!'?. 

IH.V_*,  Ml    •.'•_'(»  I.  Will.y.    S.    H.,   I'li.qil.iiii    to   .oiistil. 

W.IU,   II.  S.,  till!  S.   V.   K.  K.  Lolivell-  couviiitioii,   ISI'.V  VI.  •^>Mh  m<  ll.«.l  at 

tioii,  |H.'i<»,  VII.  ri4:t.  .NIc.iitcny.   Is4'.>,  vii.  717;  :iic'iitii'ii 

\Vflln,  'r.  (i.,  iiiciition  of,  VII.  iliO.  of,  vii.  "•_'7. 

Wfllx,  l'";ii  Ljo  ."t  t  o,,  tr.in.sintioiiH  with  \Villi;iii<H,    1.    II.,   inmiiiif"   for  attor- 

tli<' Ntatc  triMsurcr,  I.S.")(;  7,  vi.  lilft;  iifyma.,    IVV.t,   \  i.    7-.'t;    l>i<  V-.   vi. 

I'Xpn-t.s  liii.siiu'HM  of,  vii.  |.")t)  1.  7-.i;    cu^j^mii.iii.i  of,    1S,VJ  00,   viu 

\Vi!st,  .M  .  liiiirliii  of.  I84S,  vi.  -M.  I      •J4'>  !•. 

Wont,  .•>.  iN.,  vii.  ti.VI.  Willi.irii*,  N'lr^il,  vii.  7'-**J. 

Wostfott,    (\i|it.    <!.    ('.,    oil    Itilcy'H  \Villi:iiii>,  liililioj:.,  i.  ."i7l. 

stitr,    ISIK,  VII.   J4H.  Williaiiit,    A.    r.,    Mii.itor.    Ivsti,    \ii. 

Westini,  .1.,  VII.  71!t.  4:iJ;   l.io;;.,  vii.  4:»-.' 

Wi'sti-iii    ht  viloiiiiiiiit    <-o.    (.-ici!  aUo  W'llliaiiis,  Ktv.  AllxTt,  vii.  717,  7-7. 

Coiitrai't   aii<l    r'niaiii't- en.,  ;iiiil   I'a-  NN'illiaiii".  I  >  < '.,  iiictiiln:r  Htock  iMNinl, 

rllic    liMprovciiu.'lit  CO.),    or^aiii/.til,  vii.  (»(i^. 

vii.  (ilo   II.  \N  illi.tiii.s,  II  .     ii.  «'>40. 

\Vc:h'.itii    rai'ilit!    Itailioii'l    i'oiii|i:iiiy,  Willian.t,   II.   M.,  vu    ."inJ. 

or;.;aiii/fil,   oti-.,    iMi'J,  \  ii.   a.">7:  iiiil  \Viiliaiiit,  .1    S.,  iiiciitioii  of,  IS48,  vi. 

to,  \  li.  ,ViS;  Oalilaiid  Icriniiiil.i,  vu.  17. 

."iT'.l  ">!.  !  ■  \\ 'II 'riioiinxoii,"  hIiiji.  lii.  'Mi4. 

V\  illi,,  U.-v.  K.  .1.,  VII.  7:«». 
Willi.^,  I.,  lU  .Moriiioit  isUikI.  I84S,  vi. 

4".*. 
\\  illiM,  S.,  Hi  .Moriiioii  i^^laIl'l,  IMS,  vi. 

4S  '.». 
\\  illoW'Warii,  iiiaiiiif;u't.  of,  vii.  ,N4t   I. 
\Viliiiiii;^ti>ii.  iiii'iitioii  of.  VI.  5'.'l   '.'. 
W'lltoii,  II.  I  .,  Ihov;  ,  VII.  741. 

•-•;   IH.V.',  VI.  (■)7<t   I;  ill  fiat  of,  |»,V.»,     \\\h .Iiulgi-,  aiMiiiih  on,    ivVJ,   vii. 

vi.  Ii7l   •-'  •-'111   II. 

\\'liiji|ilf,  !,ii  lit  I'lil  S.'.i..  iiioiitioii  (if,  W'lUoii,  ,1.  I»..  VII    ti«W 

vif.  470.  j  Wilson,  .l.iiiH-t,  VII.  i»,"(4 

\\'lii.'4iii:kii,  ,1.  U'.,  iniMitimi  of,  vi,  (\,  '  Wiiiiimr.   I'    L  .  iiitiili.'ii  of,  i.  ;<0  I, 

W'liiti',   'I'.  ,1,   spi'iikiT   of    ai4.si.'iiilil\ ,  \\'iii<liiiill,   tt  ICo^o,  IMii.  II.  4lii. 

isj'.i.  VI    ;i|0.                                      ■  Will. ill,  (  .lilt. ,  VII    «ilO. 

\\  lull    Siil|i|iiir  I'iiriiii,"*,  vii.  (>ti4.  Wiiir,    |«r."liirt,    ipiality,   i-tc,    l.s.'iO 

\\  iiitiii^;,  t'    .\  ,  »iiivuyiir-t{fu.,  isi'.i,  Ml,  Ml  41  'I,  74."«  .'>. 

M.  :il4.  Uiiila.k.   Mi.^.l.  IV,  VII    7IS. 

Wliitiit'y,  .\.,  r.iilroail  Hrli(>iiit>  of,  vii.  Winn,    W  .  M.,  j{<u,  oi   niilitia,   l^.'iO, 

.'kH   7;    Ii     U    Nilii  nil-  of,  vii.  .'il7  vi.  :il'.». 

IS;   niLMition  ol,  vii.  ,'i7(l.  \\  i-«  oiinim  Mill,  niiniiit;  r  unii,  \i.  ■(•Vi. 

WllUllry,  .1.    |l.,   );iolo^l>t,   VII.   <i;Ui.  \\  i-i  ,  .1.    II   .  luoi;  ,  Ml.    I>7. 

Wii-kn,  Kiv.,  iiii-ntion  ol,  vii.  7I>».  \v  iii-,  niini<t«-r,  unliacruft  kjm^i'cIi  of, 

Wiiks,    M.    I,.,    liio>,'.,   ctf,  vii.   N  '.t,  Isui,  V.  ."il'J. 

7»>r.  \\  I'll!  il>\,  t».  S.,  I>i..^    «if,  vii.  I>>.» 

Wi.lii.  V,  .1    I'  .  l.ii.L'.  of,  VII.  •-'."0.  Woll-kili.  ,1.    K.,   raiiiho  of,    IM'J  N, 

Wi.lii.v,  it    M  ,  I.1..K.  of,  vii,  'JM.  VI.  17. 

Wi.lainl,  .li.liii,  I.IO-.  of,  vii.  MM.  W.M..I.    I,     K.,  t'X|>«il.,   i-tr.,  oi,  |s|'.i, 

WllklH.    WOlkHol.    I     40.  M     .'i^U    'J. 

Wilkf-.' I  xi'i'iluioii  111  ('ill,    |S4I,   i\.  NN  01..I,  W.  t;  .  ri'|iort, .  ».•.,  of,  VII.  177. 

•Jltt  J.  U I,  W    W  ,  •  Wan.UriinjSlnt.  lifH." 

Wllk'  1,     t':i|it.     ('.,      niilllloll     of,    VII.  IS.   4.V.'   ,'{. 

•'•••^  N\'ooi|  .rn'k,  mining; on,  IH4H,  vi.  7t»  7: 

Wilkc*,  ti  ,  uilvircto  lliixiri'ii'k,  Is.'io,  ^ii|,|  il('|io^ii.Y  on,  Vi.  :<7<t. 


Wlialiiij,',  i.   IS:»;  VII.  ,v.'  ;i. 

Will  It,   yiiiil,   fli-.,   of,    |S."(0  SH,   vii 

•-•(I  .S;  i"  xiioii  of,  vii.  Ili'i  •_•:[,  4I'J, 
Wlu'.'itlaiiil,  iiicntioii  of,  M.  4S7. 
\Vlicatoii,  niontion  of,  vu.  717. 
Wli.ilir,  il.v.  A.  ('  ,  VII.  7--'7  «. 
Whiilnik,  A.  A.,  vu.  717. 
\\  lii>.'H,  t'liiivi'iition  nf,   |H,*i|,  vi.   (1)0- 


82A 


INDKX. 


Kur  liifdriimtioii  rnnrcriiliii,'  iiIhiumts,  »«■«'  nUn  tlir  ISonrrr  linjMer,  vols.  II  to  V. 


\V<Mi(ll.riclj;i>,  Ki'v.  S.,  vii.   7-7. 

Wiioiiiiriii^c,  t«>\\  II,  iiKMitioii  <ii,  VI.  r>i:i. 

Wciiiill  mil,  iiiwii,  iiittiitiiiii  of,  vi.  4*.l!l. 
Wiiiiils,  I.  ('.,  Ailaiiis  &  C'o.'h  fiiilui'c, 

vii.  174   "i. 
Woi.il.s,  Nirf.,  Ni'liodl,  IS'iO,  vii.  717. 
WiiiidHiili!  iiiini',  vii.  (i4(l. 
Wdiiilvillr,  iiK'iitioii  of,  vi.  518. 
WiMKlwiii'il'.s  j^.iiili'iin,  vii.  (>'.(.■{. 
Wiiiiilwitrtli,   •Senator  S.    K.,    iiieiitioii 

ol,  VII.  L'tM). 
Wool,  (Jfti.  ,1.   K.,  .■mitLTHCtlcM  IliU'li- 

cock,    |.S,"i.'l,   vi.    .V.l."i;    ill  ooiiiiiiiiiKl, 

\s:a,  vii.  MM,  47-'. 
Wool,     growth     of     iiiiliistry,     etc., 

|s."i.'>  S(>,   vii.    ;VJ  (il;  iiiaiiufac-t.   of, 

VII.  h.S. 
\Vool-|nilliii).',  vii.  OU. 
\Voikiii).;iii<'irs       party,       orf,'ani/c"l, 

I.S77,    vii.    'Xm\    |iriiii'i|ilr.s   of,   vii. 

3.Vl  t>;    |>ro;irc.'HH  of,    vii.  .'Itil    'J;   the 

new    coiistit.,     I.S7S  '.>,     VII.    :i7"-*  4; 

tl.rtioli  of,   |N7'.»,  vii    4(».s   II. 
\Voi'kiiiv;ini-ii'.s  tr.'iilc  anil  l.ilior  iiiiinii, 

oryamzi'il,    I.S77,    vii.    IJ.VJ;    ic.ioUi- 

tioiis  of,  \  ii.  ;{,Vi. 
Workiiiaii,  Will,  journoy  of  jiarty  iiii- 

ilir,   I.MI,  IV.  •J7li  H. 
Wniks,    .1.     I'.,    wiiiir.     court   juil^je, 

l.sMt,  vii.  'X'>;  l)io){.,  vii.  7.'{r». 

Wo/clicraft,    ().     M.,    ilcl.    to  coliNtlt. 

I'liiivciitiiiii,    etc.,     I.S4'.I,     vi.     "Jhr; 

Iiiil.  aifciit,   IS.VI  •_».  vii.  4H'.'  Ti. 
♦A'riL'lit,  <ii'ii.   'I',    v.,  iiiciiliou  of,  vii. 

4(i'.)'   Ml  coiiiiiiaiiil,  iMil,  vii.  471. 
Wn^jlit,  liiMi.  < «.,  Miipcr.-icilcH  .Siiiiiiicr. 

I.Slii,  vii.   '_'s|  .'•;    iiK-asnri's  of.   vii. 

•-•Sit  IM;    iiiiasiiics    of.    vii.    .•101;    at 

Kt   itiail.iii.',   I.S.'cJ,  vii.  4lil;   in  coiii- 

iiiainl.   I.M'.l,  vu.  47"-' 
\\  iiylil,  *i.    W.,    rc|in-.siiit.    ill    con- 

-ics.s,    |.S|'.>.  VI.  ;t(Mi. 
Wnnlir  \  <'i>.,  mention  of,  vii.  KR). 
Wvitt,  lilack'iiini.  vii.  lilO. 
WVaM.    Uev.  «'.    IV,  vil.  7l.'H. 
Wslli',    l;.    C,    colony   Ncheilie,    1S4:{, 

IV.  WfVl  4. 


.\ 


Xiicu,  native  town,  i.  ~,'l. 


Y 


ValeHunniCM,  Iiid.  trilm,  iv.  1.18. 
N'aiiiaj.ilM.  Iinl.  tnlie,  i.  '274. 
Yam/,   (iiii  ,    ilefeatit   Uaoiism^t,  etc. 
IS.) 4,  VI.  .VJl. 


N'ankce  Mill,  ininiii^  eainp,  vi.  'MA. 
N'ankee    .liin'.s,     name,     elc,    vi.    ~t'.\, 

4.SH  i;  ininiti^  caiii|i,   IM'.),   vi.  .'{55. 
Yankee  .Silver  .Mining  eo..  vii.  tMJ". 
Yanofski,  aetioii.>i    m   re  Iohh,   colony, 

I8LU  ii.   'Ms  -.It. 
Yaiioii.'ilit,  liiil.  chief,  i.  '•Vil. 
Yellow  .lacket,   lllilie,   vii.  (>7S. 
Yeoinet,  town,  mention  of,  \  i.  Til.T 
Yerh.i   Itiiena,    name  tir;it  applietl,  ii. 

ri'.M);     (lettlt  ineiit    at,    l.S4(l.     Ili.  7«>8- 

10;     Hiirvey     of,      iii.     711;     iiaiiio 

ciian){(!il  to  San   l''raiiei{ico,  vi.    Iti.'i. 
Yerl>a    Itiiena    i.'<lanil,    \i.    \\.    designs 

on,  vii.  .VSj,  I'lOl    '1 
Y){iiacii>,  iniiie,   vii.  )i.*>l. 
^'olo  city,  mention  of,  vi.  4rt8. 
Yolo    county,    hint,     of,     v  i.      4'.t7  9; 

name,    etc.,   vii.    4:i!>;    K.    U.    land 

j:riiiit.s  in,  vii.  5S'J. 
Yolo.s,   liiils.  Y.'illejos  e.xpcilt.  ugailiHt, 

is.T),  ill   :i(iO. 
Yolovtov,    Inil.     trihe,    treaty    with, 

is;i(;.  "iv.  71. 
N'orli.i  rancho,  ii.  ',\y.\. 
■  \'oiktowii,' >lii|t.  IV.  .'IS,  'M'A. 
Yorv.i.  T.,  lanclio  of.   IS4.\  vi.   I'J. 
You  |{«;t,  camp,  miMition  of,  \  i.  4'S(i. 
Yoilii)».   lirigiiaiii.  plan  to  occupy  Tal., 

iHKi,     V.     470  I;     raiK»;.s     .Monnoii 

liatll.  for  ("al.,  v.  474,  47t>,  47S.  481, 

4".t7  S. 
Yiiuiit,  <!.,  mention  <if,  vi.  I!>. 
^'ollllt:^ville,  mention  of,  vi.  'ilO, 
Yr.k.i.  Iii>l.  of,  VI.  4'.t4  .'). 
S  iilia  city,  hist,  of,  VI.  4.sH  '.». 
^'iili.i  county,  miiiiii),'    in,    i.S.'iO  H,  vi. 

:Ci,S  iMt;    lii>t.    of,    vi.   487  8,   name, 

etc.,  vii.  4.'t'.t;   U.  It.  aiii,  vii.  Ml. 
Yulia  K.  It.  CO.,  VII.  ."i8)5. 
Yiilia   river,    ininiim   on.    1848,  vi.  7-; 

|H.">0  (i.  VI,  :{."i7.  .'I.V.I. 
Ynniki,  da roii.s  lor  misHionarieM,  i. 

;i.")!l;    <li»nu.st    of,    i.    W'u;    m.i-isaertJ 

l>y,   i.    'M't'l  4;    cHort.s    to   punish,  i. 

\Wt^^  71;  captives  ran-tomeil,    i.   .■|(>7; 

reiiiain    inile|ieiiileiil,    I.    •'(70;    rai<U 

of  the,  18411  .'lO.  Ml.  481    J,  48(i. 


Zacatt'cafios,  arrisal  of.  I.SIU.  lii.  'MX 
'Jtt;  tioiiMes   with,  ili.  .'VJl;  support 
Carrillo,  18117  8,    iv.  47;  repnlaliou 
ol,  iv    l'»."i. 

Zacat^'i  a»,  arrival  of  friar*  from,  i v. H71. 

/.floiii,  Inil.  tiilic,  II.  ."i«hi. 

Ztmpay,  Iml.  eliief,  iv.  7~ 


Mer,  vols.  H  to  V. 

g  ciiiiii,  vi.  ;i74. 
IK',     etc.,    vi.    7:1, 
•iii».   I.S4'.»,   vi.  .'liV), 
">i  to.,  vii.  (Hi7. 
II   IV  loHH,    coldiiy, 

•f,  i.  :{77. 

1',  vii.  (;7;{. 

tiori  of,  \  i.  TiLI. 
!  lirst  a|i|ilii'<l,  ji. 
It,  1S4(».  lii.  708- 
II'-  711;  liiiino 
laiiijs,'.,,  vi.  H;."). 
If    li.    K.    iltisijjiiii 

f,  vi.  4!>S. 
<if.      vi.      .1!»7  0. 
••«»:   n.    K.    laiuJ 

I  i\l)fclt.  nj,';iiimt, 

<■,    treaty    witli, 


3S.  ;ii.'J. 

IMS,  vi.   |'.». 
ion  of,  vi.   jNd. 
I  to  ocriiiis'  i  'al., 
raihits     .Moniioti 
4.  47ti,  47s,  481, 

r,  vi.  I!». 
r-f,  vi.  .".10. 
i  .">. 

ill,    l,S.">(»  i,  vi. 

I.  4S7  .S,   iiaiiiu, 
aid,  vii.  ofSl. 

Mi. 

II,  KS4S,  vi.  7'2; 

inissidiiarics,  i. 
•{•>( ;  iii.issacri; 
(  t(i  |iuiiisli,  i. 
'"•Illi'il,  I.  '.Ui'!; 
I  •■<70:  lai'ls 
4S1   •-',  4S(>. 


IS.'«.  lii.  :t|S 
.'f-l  ;   sii|>|iiirt 
47;  r('|iutali*)ii 

r»  iriiiii,  iv.HTk 


